US2052576A - Short wave signaling - Google Patents

Short wave signaling Download PDF

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Publication number
US2052576A
US2052576A US603310A US60331032A US2052576A US 2052576 A US2052576 A US 2052576A US 603310 A US603310 A US 603310A US 60331032 A US60331032 A US 60331032A US 2052576 A US2052576 A US 2052576A
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Prior art keywords
frequency
circuit
voltage
grid
conductors
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US603310A
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English (en)
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Nils E Lindenblad
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RCA Corp
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RCA Corp
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Priority to NL40197D priority Critical patent/NL40197C/xx
Priority to FR757966D priority patent/FR757966A/fr
Application filed by RCA Corp filed Critical RCA Corp
Priority to US603310A priority patent/US2052576A/en
Priority to US651809A priority patent/US2052888A/en
Priority to US698496A priority patent/US2061947A/en
Priority to US699372A priority patent/US2102426A/en
Priority to US699373A priority patent/US2027919A/en
Priority to US72245A priority patent/US2171629A/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03B—GENERATION OF OSCILLATIONS, DIRECTLY OR BY FREQUENCY-CHANGING, BY CIRCUITS EMPLOYING ACTIVE ELEMENTS WHICH OPERATE IN A NON-SWITCHING MANNER; GENERATION OF NOISE BY SUCH CIRCUITS
    • H03B5/00—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input
    • H03B5/18—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element comprising distributed inductance and capacitance
    • H03B5/1817—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element comprising distributed inductance and capacitance the frequency-determining element being a cavity resonator
    • H03B5/1835—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element comprising distributed inductance and capacitance the frequency-determining element being a cavity resonator the active element in the amplifier being a vacuum tube
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03B—GENERATION OF OSCILLATIONS, DIRECTLY OR BY FREQUENCY-CHANGING, BY CIRCUITS EMPLOYING ACTIVE ELEMENTS WHICH OPERATE IN A NON-SWITCHING MANNER; GENERATION OF NOISE BY SUCH CIRCUITS
    • H03B19/00—Generation of oscillations by non-regenerative frequency multiplication or division of a signal from a separate source
    • H03B19/06—Generation of oscillations by non-regenerative frequency multiplication or division of a signal from a separate source by means of discharge device or semiconductor device with more than two electrodes
    • H03B19/08—Generation of oscillations by non-regenerative frequency multiplication or division of a signal from a separate source by means of discharge device or semiconductor device with more than two electrodes by means of a discharge device
    • H03B19/10—Generation of oscillations by non-regenerative frequency multiplication or division of a signal from a separate source by means of discharge device or semiconductor device with more than two electrodes by means of a discharge device using multiplication only
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03B—GENERATION OF OSCILLATIONS, DIRECTLY OR BY FREQUENCY-CHANGING, BY CIRCUITS EMPLOYING ACTIVE ELEMENTS WHICH OPERATE IN A NON-SWITCHING MANNER; GENERATION OF NOISE BY SUCH CIRCUITS
    • H03B9/00—Generation of oscillations using transit-time effects
    • H03B9/01—Generation of oscillations using transit-time effects using discharge tubes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03B—GENERATION OF OSCILLATIONS, DIRECTLY OR BY FREQUENCY-CHANGING, BY CIRCUITS EMPLOYING ACTIVE ELEMENTS WHICH OPERATE IN A NON-SWITCHING MANNER; GENERATION OF NOISE BY SUCH CIRCUITS
    • H03B9/00—Generation of oscillations using transit-time effects
    • H03B9/01—Generation of oscillations using transit-time effects using discharge tubes
    • H03B9/10—Generation of oscillations using transit-time effects using discharge tubes using a magnetron
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03C—MODULATION
    • H03C7/00—Modulating electromagnetic waves
    • H03C7/02—Modulating electromagnetic waves in transmission lines, waveguides, cavity resonators or radiation fields of antennas
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
    • H04B1/02—Transmitters
    • H04B1/03—Constructional details, e.g. casings, housings

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the short wave signaling art and appertains especially to the frequency control, generation, frequency multiplication, modulation and electromagnetic propagation .of ultra short waves, particularly in the rame of wavelengths below two meters and of the order of frequencies above one hundred fifty million (150,000,000) cycles per second.
  • Pushpull oscillation generators of the regenerative vacuum tube type have been used for the generation of rather high frequency waves.
  • the ordinary pushpull system as now known will prove impractical and in fact, inoperative in the ultra short wave length eld approaching the high frequencies, with which I am now dealing. This failure is due to the large interelement capacity of the electrode elements of the tubes which prevents the building up of the necessary high frequency controlling voltages for oscillation production.
  • a further object of my present invention is to provide some means for making especially constant the frequency of the primary master oscillation generator.
  • the line acts, as described 20 in the patent referred to, in one sense as a phase shifter, waves traveling down the line being fed Vbaci: a time later proportional to the number of waves contained in the line.
  • a shift in frequency there is a shift in phase between 25 the incoming and reflected wave proportional to the ⁇ number of wave lengths on the line, and this shift in phase is in such a direction as to pull the frequency of oscillations generated back into step with the frequency for which the line is the correct number of half wavelengths long.
  • the line laction may be described as that of a ywheel which does not permit anything connected thereto to run ahead or lag behind.
  • an additional resistance or impedance should be located at another voltage nodal point at the correct operating frequency, approximately one-quarter wave length away from either end of the line.
  • the positions of these impedances are not limited to the positions specifically mentioned, but may be placed, for example, all along voltage nodal points on the long line frequency controlling means. Also, it is not necessary that the impedances be made equal to the surge impedance of the line, but may vary in value and may be either inductors, condensers, resistors, or any combination thereof ⁇ taken any number at a time.
  • I may adjust the voltages and constants of the master oscillator circuitl such that it is just on the verge of oscillating, although the master oscillator may be used as an ordinary amplier and not adjusted near its oscillating value. Then, by using a low powered oscillator such as acrystal controlled oscillator, or a higher powered oscillator such as a long line frequency controlled oscillator of a desired wave length, whose outputs preferably are frequency multiplied either in known fashion or preferably by the frequency multiplication means to be described hereinafter, the primary oscillator is brought into oscillation and is frequency stabilized by the applied output of the frequency controlling .or frequency multiplied oscillations from one of the sources mentioned.
  • a low powered oscillator such as acrystal controlled oscillator
  • a higher powered oscillator such as a long line frequency controlled oscillator of a desired wave length
  • the primary or master oscillation generator is set into operation by the guiding or frequency multiplied oscillations.
  • a lesser frequency controlling action may be obtained by allowing the primary oscillator to oscillate while feeding controlling oscillations thereto.
  • the latter of which, in that case, pull or lock the master oscillator into step with the constant frequency guiding oscillations which as indicated may be the frequency multiplied output of, say, a crystal controlled oscillator.
  • the primary oscillator be just on the verge of oscillating and be set into oscillation by the supplied low power constant frequency oscillations.
  • An additional source of variation in frequency of the master or power oscillator resides in variations in potential supplied to, for example,y the plates or anodes of the same. Accordingly, a further object of my present invention is to remedy this defect and to do so, I provide, as will be explained more fullyhereinbelow, a vacuum tube voltage regulator which maintains substantially constant voltage on the anodes of my master oscillator and if desired on other tubes and/or other electrodes of my improved short wave system,
  • ordinary frequency multiplication will, to say the least, fail to give a satisfactory working power output.
  • I tune preferably by the use of circuits having substantially uniformly distributed inductance and capacity, the cathode or filament heating circuit of the frequency multiplier as well as the anode and controlling grid circuits.
  • the main feature, however, which I utilize to increase the power output of my frequency multiplier, is the application of a magnetic field to the electron discharge device or devices forming the frequency multiplier.
  • the application of this magnetic eld I have found, substantially augments the output of the frequency multiplier.
  • the effect of this magnetic field may be explained by stating that it produces a tangential approach of the electrons, within the tube, close to the output electrodes and thus results in a sharper stopping and starting of the electron flow than if the electrons approached radially. As the positive peak grows stronger it will break these tangentially moving electrons away from their orbits, as the distance from the orbits to the output electro-de is small, quicker and larger electronic action can be obtained.
  • a further object of my present invention is, therefore, to provide a modulation system for these extremely short wave length ,oscillations of electrical energy which will give substantially 75 pure amplitude modulation and be substantially free of undesired frequency modulation.
  • a modulator somewhat similar to my improved frequency multiplier in that .it makes use of one or more electron discharge devices to which is applied a magnetic field.
  • the control grid, anode and cathode heating circuits are tuned.
  • the anodes may be left floating that is, disconnected from circuit entireiy, the grids or control electrodes, preferablyv those close to the filaments or cathodes being connected to a voltage maximum point in an output circuit of the frequency multiplier as will be described more in detail hereinafter, whereby the output is varied in amplitude in accordance with the modulation applied to the modulator.
  • a further object of my present invention is to provide a radiating system suitable for the ultra short waves generated and frequency multiplied according to my present invention.
  • this system comprises a plane, smooth, metallic reflector having suitably spaced therefrom a plurality of linear radiators.
  • Figure l shows a preferred embodiment of my ultrashort wave length transmitting system utilizing among other things my improved master oscillator and my improved magnetic frequency multiplier and modulator.
  • Figure 2 illustrates a system wherein frequency control of the master oscillator is accomplished by means of a frequency guiding arrangement
  • FIG 3 illustrates an alternative antenna arrangement which may be used with either of the systems shown in Figure 1 or 2,
  • FIG. 5 is a wiring diagram given by way of explanation of my present invention.
  • Figure 6 illustrates a single tube rather than a pushpull tube transmitting arrangement utilizing many features of my present invention
  • Figure 7 is a detail of apparatus used in Figure 6,
  • FIG 8 illustrates an alternative antenna coupling circuit for use in connection with the arrangement shown in Figure 6, and
  • Figure 9 illustrates another form of my invention utilizing my improved frequency multiplication features and phase modulation.
  • Very high frequency oscillations generated vvby my improved master oscillator M. ⁇ 0. are fed through the inductive coupling arrangement C to a buffer amplifier B.
  • This buffer amplier tends to prevent reaction of the magnetic frequency multiplier M. F. M. upon the master oscillator.
  • Coupling between the buffer amplifier and the magnetic frequency multiplier is established through a similar coupling arrangement C-I.
  • the magnetic frequency multiplier frequency multiplies energy from the master oscillatorbuffer amplifier arrangement, and feeds the frequency multiplied energy into an absorption circuit A.
  • S. From the absorption circuit the energy so frequency multiplied is fed through another coupling scheme C-2 by way of transmission line arrangement T. L. to a transmitting antenna system T. A., having a unidirectional radiant characteristic.
  • Frequency variation in the transmittedwave is further reduced by maintaining the voltages applied to various electrodes of my system con'- stant despite fluctuations in the D. C. voltage from the D. C. voltage or potential source, by means of my improved vacuum tube voltage regulator system V. R.
  • the tuned grid circuit 6 for the grid electrodes or electrodes III, I2 adjacent the cathodes I li, I6 of electron discharge devices 2, li comprises a pair of parallel conductors I8, 20 having substantially uniformly distributed inductance and capacity and arranged relatively close together so that radiation therefrom will be practically nil.
  • the tuned circuit 6 is terminated by short circuiting strip or conductor 22 grounded through a resistor 24 which may be made variable if desired.
  • I2 may be maintained at a suitable operating potential, but it is to be clearly understood that these grids may be polarized by substituting for resistance 24 a suitable source of unidirectional electromotive force such as a battery and potentiometer.
  • the tuned anode circuit 8 is formed like the tuned grid circuit. That is, the tuned circuit 8 is formed of a pair of relatively closely spaced conductors 26, 28, having substantially uniformly distributed capacity and inductance. While the grid circuit 6 has been shown tunable by movement of slide 22 along conductorsl I8, 20, the anode circuit is shown tunable by means of conductive trombone slide arrangem'ents'ill, 32.
  • the grid circuit 6 has been shown tunable by movement of slide 22 along conductorsl I8, 20, the anode circuit is shown tunable by means of conductive trombone slide arrangem'ents'ill, 32.
  • sliding members and the stationary members of the trombone arrangements are arranged so as to be in conductive relationship ⁇ with respect to each other so that the potential supplied through Conductor 34. which, by the action of the voltage regulator is constant despite variations in voltage from the plate voltage rectifier 36, may reach the plates or anodes 38, 40 of the electron discharge devices 2, 4.
  • the cathode heating circuit may be traced from the grounded conductor 42, connected to the D. C. filament source 44, through short circuiting or conducting strip 46, through conductors 48, 50 insulatingly supported within conducting4 tubes 52, 54 through the outer legs of the hiaments I4, I6 and back through the inner legs of the filaments over the conducting tubes; 52, 54 through current varying or voltage controlling resistor 56, to the other conductor 58 of the D. C. lament bus.
  • the return to the conductor 58 is accomplished through the conducting or short circuiting strap 60., which is made movable along tubes 52, 54 so as to enable tuning of the filament or cathode energizing or heating circuit which is an important feature in my improved master oscillator.
  • variable connections 66, 68 are provided for the long line for frequency control comprising preferably a pair of closely spaced linear conductors 10, 12 short circuited at their far ends by short circuiting conductive strap 14 movable along the conductors 10, 12.
  • the cathodes have a substantial control on the frequency of oscillations generated and accordingly, I have connected the long line 'frequency control system comprising the conductors 10, 12 -to the tuned cathodeenergizing circuit.
  • the line when short circuited by strap 14 is tapped to the tubes or hollow cylinders 52, 54, which, because of their large diameter and relativelylow reactance, carry high frequency energy, the inner conductors serving in general to form a path for the unidirectional or low frequency heating current.
  • uni-directional heating currents are employed throughout my improved system; although alternating heating currents utilizing heater type of tubes may be utilized although as a result thereof there may be some sacrifice in frequency stability.
  • This phase shift is in such a direction as to pull the oscillator back into step in frequency with the frequency for which the line was made a corresponding whole number of half wave lengths long and, because of the augmented phase shift produced by the choice of long length for the line, the oscillator is rapidly pulled back to a correct operating frequency.
  • This rapid return adjustment is still further increased by virtue of the fact that the line or frequency stabilizing or controlling means, is coupled to the tuned cathode circuit, which, as already pointed out, is very effective in controlling the generation of oscillations by the push-pull arranged electron discharge devices 2, 4.
  • coupling to the lament circuit is preferred as it is more stable.
  • the line may be left open circuited, in'which case strap 14 would be omitted and the line cut to the correct length. However it is preferred to terminate the line, for structural reasons, by a short circuting strap so that the terminated end is at a voltage nodal point.
  • the resistor which may be made equal in value to the surge impedance of the line, placed approximately at the center thereof, will prevent odd multiple half wave jumps in frequency.
  • a resistor placed one-quarter away from either end of the line will prevent jumps in frequency corresponding to even multiples of a half wave length of the desired operating frequency. Should it bedesired to prevent even ones alone, the resistance at the mid-point is no ⁇ longer necessary and may be removed, and, should it be desired to prevent odd half wave jumps alone, the
  • resistor at the quarter ends may be disconnected.
  • these resistors, or other impedances for example, condensers or inductors, or combinations thereof, may be placed across the line at any number of voltage nodal points thereon. It is to be noted however that by special choice of impedances it may not benecessary to locate these impedances at the nodal points.
  • resistors may be placed across voltage nodal points all along the entire length of the long line used for frequency control.
  • the line may be connected to the master oscillator in a more conventional way, for instance to the grid circuit or to any other portion of the circuit which may be found expedient.
  • the reason for particularly pointing out the connection to the cathode circuit is that it has proved especially convenient and stable.
  • V. R. which in general may be used in any situation wherein it is desired to obtain a constant voltage from a fluctuating uni-directional source.
  • 'Ihe voltage regulator for the plate supply for electron discharge devices 2, 4 comprises an electron discharge device 80 having an anode 82, a cathode 84, and a control electrode or grid 86.
  • the cathode is energized from a D. C. lament source 88, the voltage applied to the cathode being controlled by variable resistor 90 in series with the cathode filament.
  • the plate voltage fromsource 36 is fed through a conductor 92 which in turn is connected to ground 94 through resistor 96 and source of potential 98 which may be a D. C. generator or any other suitable source.
  • the source 98 need not be of high current capacity but simply a source applied in reversed polarity relative to the polarity from conductor 92, in order to obtain the proper negative bias on the grid 86.
  • is connected to some intermediate point on resistor 96, this point being so chosen that constant Voltage is fed to the master oscillator anodes despite variations in the primary source 36. o
  • may be explained somewhat as follows. Adjustments are made so that with acertain current flowing through resistance
  • the inductive couplingv C is formed by the single loops
  • 2 is part of the tuned anode circuit 8 of the master oscillator tubes 2, 4.
  • the mechanical and electrical construction of the buffer amplifier and its associated circuits are similar to the circuits of the master oscillator.
  • 08 is reproduced and fed in amplied form through the coupling C
  • the line H4 is made of such a length that it is tuned to the fundamental frequency and that its output ends
  • 26 should be such that the cathode ends of the circuit are of optimum phase and voltage to produce optimum performance of tubes
  • the buffer amplifier may be set' into oscillation by the application of the control potentials from the master oscillator
  • the buiier amplifier is, by virtue of its tuning, and also by virtue of the application of the frequency controlling currents or potentials from the master oscillator
  • the buer amplifier if the grid circuit is given a tuning equivalent to grounded grids, is extremely stable. Moreover, although the feedback for such tuning is degenerative, the eihciency is not out to the extent, compared with conventional, balanced or regenerative circuits, that it would at longer waves. The virtue of the arrangement is .that it often solves the problem of circuit stability at very high frequencies.
  • the slider on the grid tuning leads is placed a multiple (first multiple preferably) of a half wave from the grids proper. This then gives the same effect as if the grids were directly shorted together.
  • 36 are tied on to voltage nodal points or current maximum points or low impedance points for harmonic Waves on the tuned anode circuit constituted by conductors
  • the anode ends of the anode circuit are high voltage or high impedance points.
  • Ihese conductors are short circuited by strap
  • a source of potential may, if desired, be placed in the conductor
  • the output circuit of the frequency multiplier is formed of conductors
  • Filament heatingcurrent may be traced from conductor 58 through voltage regulating resistance
  • the cathode circuit is tuned for best matching with the rest of the circuits. 'I'his means it has a compromise optimum for both fundamental and harmonic frequency.
  • the grid circuit' being set for optimum impedance to harmonic energy, this energy readily feeds into and flows through the same and builds up to a. large value.
  • the magnetic apparatus consists of a pair of solenoids
  • 82 are serially connected as shown, and supplied through conductors iil,
  • 54 are connected to the output circuit formed of conductors
  • I'he resistor ft2 is preferably so chosen that the positive peaks of input potential applied to the anodes
  • this improved action may also be due to the fact that due to the suspending of the electrons within the space closely adjacent the control grids, there is less time diiference between the electrons which travel from the space suspension to the control grids when arrayed on curves almost tangential with the grid relative to the time diierence between radially arrayed electrons.
  • These arrays lare considered in the sense of the motion of the electrons and not in the sense of their actual location. At the high frequencies involved, this time lag effect is, as will be evident, very important, for, unless the electrons impinge upon the output electrodes in unison, the abruptness of variation required to produce a harmonic will never be obtained.
  • the application of the uni-directional magnetic eld causes a sharper impingement of electrons as Well as cut oi of electron flow to the output electrodes upon the start and cessation of the positive peaks of input controlling potentials and it is this sharp starting and stopping of electron flow which is responsible to a large degree for harmonic waves.
  • the space charge around the lament may swelP out and as this swelling out represents a motion of electrons, these will perform a slow spiral (the spiral due to the magnetic field) towards the grid; and, if there is time enough and the tube dimensions so permit, a few electrons may, if time permits, actually reach the grid before it has changedfrom negative to zero, due to aforementioned initial temperature velocity of the electrons. The bulk of the electrons will, however, not pass to the grid until it goes positive.
  • the dynamic curve of the grid voltage while it is positive is represented by the top portion of a sinus curve. This portion has the least slopeso while its slope is sufficient to cause the abruptness in the electron iiow which causes the harmonic or at least an appreciable portion of the same, it can be seen that the voltage rises above zero towards positive values in a rather leisurely way. For this reason the electrons do not bombard the grids very violently and with the power I have had available sol far in my experiments,.I
  • cathodes in the various tubes illustrated in connection with the master oscillator and magnetic frequency multiplier modulator tubes and the like have been illustrated in conventional form, it should be understood that they may be of any one of the types adverted to and also as illustrated in Figure 5, may be of the A. C. energized type.
  • Odd harmonics are fed into the absorption circuit or modulation link circuit A. S. as already Iexplained, and eventually transmitted by means of transmitting antenna T. A.
  • known forms of keying apparatus may be inserted, or known types of chopper wheels for that purpose.
  • my improved modulating system comprising, as illustrated, the absorption circuit or system A. S. and the magnetic modulator M. M.
  • the harmonic frequency output is taken from points of relatively high impedance in the output circuit comprising loop 9B through blocking eondensers
  • S. The absorption circuit A. S. comprises aconductive loop
  • the tuned circuit 2m consists of conductors 2
  • , Zit are connected respectively to the control grids 222 and 224 of electron discharge devices' applying a unidirectional magnetic field to the modulator tubes 2
  • the anodes 230, 232 are floating, that is, left disconnected. However. if desired. a tuned circuit similar to any of the anode circuits described hereinabove, may be connected thereto. Now, it will be found that if it is attempted to modulate, with conventional schemes, the energy in the absorption circuit, for example, by by-passing that circuit to ground through a variable impedance in the form of electron discharge devices, variations in the .iirect current through the impedance device in accordance with modulating potentials will produce-only innitesimal effects upon the energy in the absorption circuit.
  • the grids are in this case preferably having a positive bias so that they at all times are posi tive. In this way, electrons of tangential motion versus the grid are at all times available in great numbers in the extreme vicinity of the grid so that even though low, potentials of high irequency can spend work on the same with the result that absorption takes place.
  • incoming modulation from a source (not shown) is applied through a transformer 234 to a plurality of electron discharge device ampliers 236 connected in parallel.
  • These audio frequency ampliiiers may have their filaments energized by a source of alternating currents (not shown) through a transformer 238.
  • Anode potential is supplied through conductor 240 from a source (not shown) in which there is serially connected a choke coil 242 for audio frequency currents. This choke insures the ow o1 the varying amplified modulating currents through a potentiometer or resistor 246.V
  • the xed or normal bias on the control grids of the modulator tubes is derived from resistor 244 through variable'tap 246 and conductor 246.
  • a choke 250 is placed in series with a conductor 248 for a purpose which will be explained more fully hereinafter.
  • the choke 250 As the tapping point 246 giving a correct D. C. bias level for the grid electrodes of the magnetic modulator tubes may-be erroneously placed as regards desired audio voltages which itis desired to apply to the control grids, the choke 250 as already indicated, has been placed in series with conductor 248. f This choke prevents the flow o f substantially all audio frequency currents or potentials from point 246.
  • the variations in potential on the control grids of the magnetic modulator tubes vary the amount of energy absorbed from the absorption circuit, as a result of which through,ad justable coupling C-2 and transmission line 256 there is fed to the transmitting antenna T.
  • the transmission line construction T. L. follows the construction given in my United States Patent No. 2,000,032, granted May "I, 1935. Briey the harmonic modulated carrier energy travels through transmission line 256 through building wall 258 over transmission lines 260, 262 and 264 to the feeder Wires 214 for radiating or transmitting antenna T. A., which is provided with a smooth plane metallic reflector 212.
  • the transmitting antenna comprises a plurality of linear radiators 216 each substantially onehalf wave .length long arranged coaxially with each other and parallel to another group of half wave radiators 218.
  • the radiators 21B are also coaxial with respect to each other and parallel to the radiators 216.
  • the radiators 216, 218 are formed by bending single conductors 280, 282. These conductors are so bent that alternate half Wave portions thereof form radiating portions as indicated, the cross portions at 282, 28d being substantially parallel and closeA together produce substantially cancelling radiations.
  • the instantaneous currents in theradiating portions 216, 218 are in like phase as a result of which a bi-directional radiant characteristic is obtained.
  • This bidirectional characteristic is reduced to a uni-directional characteristic by placing a metallic reflector 212 behind the plane formed by the radiating conductors 216, 218 which are arranged in the same linear piane.
  • the spacing between the antenna system and the smooth metallic reecting sheet 212 is preferably made substantially one-quarter wave lengthalthough any substantially odd quarter wave length spacing will produce the desired result.
  • the radiators may be supported upon the reflector, the insulators being fixed to voltage nodal points on the conductors, for example, the mid-points of radiators 216, 218 and the cross over points of the conductors 280, 282.
  • .214 is formed of a pair of conductors as illustems may be placed one above the other as illustrated. Energization is accomplished through the common feed line 214 as is apparent from This feed line ilector andantenna may be tilted at any angle so as to project, say, a beam of waves upon a smooth plane' reflector situated, say, on the top of a high tower. The reflector mounted on the tower will in turn reflect the waves at an angle of reection equal to the angle of incidence thereon. For example, a transmitting antenna T. A. may be pointed to a reflector on top of a tower some 500 feet high.
  • the reector may be so positioned that the beam is propagated horizontally until, due to the curvature of the earth, it ap-- proaches the surface of the earth.
  • another reflector may be provided to say, turn the direction of the beam at right angles to the direction up to that point, to a suitable receiver located at some distant point.
  • One may also build up systems of curved reflectors with common foci or wire'systems with refractive properties, etc.
  • any form of bi-direction antenna may be used. For example, if an antenna hastwo main characteristic ears", one can be A used for the incoming signal and the other tok relay it in another direction. Even unidirectionalv antennae may be used provided the incoming and relayed signals are on the same side of the antenna system.
  • a primary master oscillating or guiding oscillator 300 is provided. This oscillatoruis ofthe constant frequency type, for exlong line frequency controlled type.
  • the output of the guiding oscillator G. O. is fed to a frequency multiplier and/or amplifier F. M. in whose output circuit 302 there appears the desired fundamental frequency energy.
  • the energy of fundamental frequency from output circuit 302 is fed to the tuned cathode energizing circuit 304 of the local master oscillator L. M. O.
  • this osciuator L. M. o. is so adjusted that it just fails to oscillate without the application of energy from a frequency multiplier and amplifier F. M. or 306.
  • the local master oscillator L. M. O. goes into oscillation at a relatively high output and it is frequency guided and controlled or locked into step with the constant frequency oscillations from the frequency multiplier and amplifier 306.
  • Another way of controlling the frequency of the oscillations ofthe oscillator L. M. O. would be to allow it to oscillate at nearly the fundamental frequency and then ⁇ couple the relatively constant frequency oscillations from source 306 thereto.
  • the oscillations generated by the oscillator L. M. O. will be-locked or guided into step with the oscillations supplied by the harmonics of the guiding oscillator, but, of course, the control will be to a lesser degree than in the case previously referred to wherein the master oscillator L. M. O. is adjusted to be on the verge of oscillating rather than actually independently oscillating.
  • the frequency controlled output of the local master oscillator L. M. O. is fed to a magnetic frequency multiplier M. F. M. similar to the one described in connection with Figure 1.
  • the output of the magnetic frequency multiplier in turn is fed to an absorption circuit A. S. to which at suitable voltage maximum points I couple my improved magnetic modulator M. M. to modulate the carrier energy transmitted by the transmitting antenna T. A., in accordance with the output of the vaudio amplier A. A.
  • the electron discharge device oscillators or high vacuum tubes 308, 31,0 are provided with a tunable anode circuit 3I2, a tunable controlV ving circuit 304.
  • the tuning means may take the form of tromboneslides within the various circuits, or may be short circuiting straps to which D. C. connections are made, but, for the sake of simplicity they have been omitted.
  • the cathode energizing conductors 3I6, ⁇ 3I8 may be, as illustrated, simple linear conductors adjustable in length and arranged so that the portions leading to each filament are relatively close together as to prevent radiation therefrom. Or. the tubular system shown in Figure 1 may be utilized.
  • the conductors 3l6, 3I0 are short clrcuited for high frequency currents at their ilament ends by bypassing condensers 320, 322 so that lwith respect to radio frequency currents, the portions of the conductors 3
  • the coupling L. C. is tapped on to the filament tuned circuit at points 3I1, 319 of such impedance that there will be a minimum of reaction upon the guiding oscillator with a change in load upon the local ⁇ master oscillator L. M. O.
  • the coupling may be made at a high or low voltage point or high impedance point on the cathode energizing circuit.
  • the grid tuning circuit 314 is grounded at a voltage nodal point through resistor 324, which, through grid rectication, furnishes suitable D. C. control bias upon the grids.
  • V. R. The action of the voltage regulator V. R. is similar to that given to the voltage regulator in Figure 1. variations in voltage across resistance 320 causing variations in current ow through' vacuum' tube 330, as a result of which varying voltage drops across resistor 334 occur in such a magnitude as to compensate vfor voltage variations in the output circuit of rectifier 326, thereby maintaining constant voltagein conductor 332 and lhence upon the anodes of the oscillator tubes 308.
  • Filament heating or energizing energy for both the magnetic frequency multiplier M. F. M. and the local master oscillator L. M. O. is supplied from source 334 which, though illustrated as a battery, may obviously be any form of uni-directional current. Uni-directional current, of course, for this purpose is preferred although A. C. types of filaments may be utilized.
  • source 334 which, though illustrated as a battery, may obviously be any form of uni-directional current. Uni-directional current, of course, for this purpose is preferred although A. C. types of filaments may be utilized.
  • One end of the lilament energizing source is grounded at 336, and, through the conductors388 feed the tuned cathode circuit of the local master oscillator L. M. O. through voltage nodal points on the tuned circuit 304, the ilxation of this point may be further secured as is desirable, by the action of by-passing condenser 340, and 342.
  • I'he magnetic field, longitudinally applied to the tubes 346, 348 in the arrangement shown in Figure 2 is accomplished by the action of solenoids 354, 356 which may be Wrapped about or simply placed about the tubes 346, 348.
  • the solenoids may be provided with magnetic cores or the magnetic arrangement may take the form described in connection with Figure 1.
  • 'I'he intensity of the magnetic ield is, of course, controlled by the variation of either or both of Asource 360 and resistor 362.
  • FIG. 2 The arrangement shown in Figure 2 has been simplied as illustrated to the extent that the buffer amplifier of Figure 1 has been omitted.
  • the coupling from circuit A. S. to the absorber or modulator tubes 406 and 408 is shown in a simplied way.
  • resistor 366 suitable grid bias is maintained upon the grids of the tubes 346, 348, the resistor being connected to a short circuiting conductor 368 variable along the conductors 310, 312 forming part of the circuit A. S. as well as the tuned grid circuit.
  • the grid circuit as in Figure 1 forms the output circuit of the magnetic frequency multiplier, the short circuiting strap 368 being connected as indicated across voltage nodal points on the circuit A. S. whereas the conductors 314, 316 .connected to the circuit A. S. through by-passing condensers 318, 380 are connected to this circuit at voltage maximum points 31
  • Modulated harmonic frequency energy is taken from the circuit A. S. through transmission line T. L. inductively coupled thereto which, in turn, is also coupled to transmitting antenna T. A. formed of conductors 384, 386. This antenna is described more fully in my United States Patent No. 1,927,522, supra.
  • the antenna line T. L. may be coupled as illustratedin Figure 3 to pairs of conductors similar to 384, 386, each pair, of course, being arranged in a dierent plane.
  • the conductors 386, 386 are in one plane whereas conductors 380, 39o are in another plane. These planes may be the horizontal or vertical planes or any planes intermediate the two.
  • the transmitting antenna T. A. of Figure 2 may, of course, be arranged in either a horizontal plane, a vertical plane or in any plane between the horizontal and vertical, and the antenna system of Figure 3 may be rotated any angle about the bisector of the solid angle formed by the conductors.
  • Modulation is accomplished by absorbing variable amounts of energy corresponding to amplitudes of the modulating potentials, from circuit A. S. by means of modulator or absorber tubes 606, 08.
  • amplified modulating potentials from, for example, microphone 392, are fed to an audio ampli'- bomb 394, which, through the action of transformer 396, impresses those potentials through conductor 398 short clrcuiting strap 400 and conductors M2, 606, to the grids of electron discharge devices 406, 408 of my magnetic modulator.
  • short ⁇ circuiting conductor $03 is provided.
  • a uni-directional source of potential dit is provided.
  • the cathode energizing circuit di@ of the magnetic modulator M. M. is tuned.
  • the anodes of electron discharge devices tile, of the netic modulator may be left floating that is, completely disconnected, or short circuited by short circuit 4t2.
  • circuit tit may be tuned to the harmonic or, in other words, to the samefrequency as that to which the absorption circuit A. S. M. M. is tuned.
  • the solenoids Sid, l i 6 are energized by a source @is and produce a uni-directional magnetic eld which, of course, is applied to the electron now within the modulator tubes MS, tilt. 'i
  • my improved magnetic modulator is the only arrangement wherein desired variable absorption from the transfer circuit A. S. can take place.
  • aocaevc voltage across 'resistor 432 connected between the anodes and cathodes of the modulator tubes 420 will vary according to the modulating potentials due to the varying current ows therein. Consequently, the voltage upon the grids of the modulator tubes $26, 428 will vary as a result of which varying amounts of current will be drawn from the absorption circuit A. S.
  • the arrangement shown in ' Figure 4 offers the advantage of eliminating in the modulation circuit blocmng condensers. such as condenser 25e of Figure l. Moreover, this arrangement shown in Figure 4 has the added advantage that, because of resistance coupling, the circuit is extremely stable, is of fine delity, and greatly simplifies operation.
  • the lament tuning conductors may be the means for conveying heating currents to the ilaments of the various tubes.
  • heating currents' may be supplied through chokes to the filaments, the tuning conductors in that case carrying only high frequency currents and if desired blocked oi from the'heating currents by means of large blocking condensers.
  • the arrangement shown in Figure 6 utilizes a master oscillator M. 0. supplying an improved single tube magnetic frequency multiplier M. F. M. whose output is frequency modulated and fed to a suitable transmitting antenna T. A.
  • Cathode heating energy for the cathode of the master oscillator tube .500 is supplied through concentric conductor 502, tubular in form, and internal conductor after being impressed thereon through the medium of transformer 506.
  • the potentiometer die is really not needed if the potentiometer el? is present in the grid circuit.
  • the iilament of tube 500 may be heated by direct current and the arrangement shown in connection with tube S23 may be used wherein the potentiometer 56@ serves the dual purpose of regulating cathode bias and cathode heating current. It is to be clearly understoodthat either arrangement maybe used on either tube.
  • a similar sliding arrangement 511e is used to tune the grid circuit comprising linear conductor 521i.
  • High frequency/'oscillations generated by the master oscillator are fed from the anode 522 through the adjustable tuning trombone 52d, D. C. blocking condenser or radio frequency bypassing condenser 53@ to the input electrode or anode 52s of the magnetic frequency multiplier tube 52a.
  • the anode circuits of the master oscillator be@ and the magnetic frequency multiplier are 'formed similarly to the cathode circuit of the master oscillator and are similarly l similarly to the magnetic frequency. multipliers hereinabove described and is provided with a solenoid 548 in order to apply longitudinally of the tube y528, a uni-directional magnetic eld.
  • the output electrode 542 is the normal grid electrode or electrode adjacent the cathode of the tube 528 and is tuned to a harmonic of the input frequency by means of slider 558.
  • the cathode circuit of the magnetic frequency multiplier is adjusted in impedance by means of a slider 588 so that the potentials arisingthereon have the most benecial phase relation for harmonic production in the output circuit including conductors 558 and capacitively grounded strip-554.
  • the output conductor 510 is tapped to a point 512 in the output circuit for mostefcient energy transfer to the radiating linear antenna 518 as illustrated.
  • the transmission line 518 containing an adjustable trombone slide B16. For more perfect balancing, this coupling may be inductive rather than conductive.
  • frequency modulated energy may be obtained by simply varying the voltage on any of thecold electrodes of the magnetic frequency multiplier and/or master oscillator. 'I'he frequency variation thus obtained is at these very high frequencies very much greater in magnitude than the inherently obtained amplitude modulation.
  • the voltage on the cold electrode 542 of the magnetic frequency multiplier is wobbled by means of transformer 518 supplied with alternating currents from a suitable source 580 and keyed by means' of a keyer 582. This alternating voltage from source 581i is superimposed upon.
  • an absorption system employing the principles hereinbefore delineated is preferably utilized.
  • the output circuit may be arranged as shown in Figure 8.
  • the output trombone 516 is connected to output inductor loop 58u grounded by means of conductor 582.
  • the antenna 514 is coupled to the loop 580 by adjustable loop 582 and adjustable transmission line 584.
  • energy may be drawn from line 585 as illustrated by the tube arrangement heretofore described. 4
  • My frequency multiplication action may be carried into effect by the use of a tube having a cylindrical split anode, and a linear lament ar ⁇ ranged coaxially with the split anode, the split anode being in the form of two troughs completely insulated from each other arranged on either side of the linear filament.
  • Fundamental input potentials may be applied to the two halves of the anodes through a simple linear conductor tunable circuit such as described, and, at suitable points along the conductors, a suitable harmonically tuned circuit may be connected or coupled thereto.
  • Application of the magnetic field in a direction coaxial with the linear dimension of the lament will, of course, give the harmonic output in the harmonically related circuit.
  • two,- linear tuned circuits should be used.
  • Each of the open ends of one of the circuits should be connected to different ones of the anode sections as should also be connected the open ends of the conductors of the other circuit.
  • One of these circuits may then be adjusted to apply fundamental frequency energy to the anode sections and the other circuit may be adjusted to have harmonic waves set 'up therein.
  • such a system will replace the pushpull arrangement of tubes and make use of a common linear filament or cathode, the heating leads for which may be drawn out through the slits between the anode sections and through the side of the tube at'a position intermediate the length of the anode.
  • Such a frequency multiplying system for use in connection with a phase modulation transmitter is illustrated in Figure 9.
  • Oscillations from a crystal controlled oscillator 608 are amplified by means of a. buffer amplifier 602 in turn supplying energy to the phase modulator tubes 684, 68E, through the inductive reactance 608 and capacitive reactance 6H) respectively.
  • Signal energy is applied to the screen grids of the tubes 684, 60B in phase opposition through the intermediary of transformer 608 as a result of which, the tubes 604, 606 become alternately more conductive.
  • the common output circuit 6i! constant frequency energy but shifted in phase in accordance with the signal or audio frequency input applied l to the screen grids of the tubes 604, 606.
  • circuit SI2 The output of circuit SI2 is fed to succeeding ampliers and frequency multipliers 6M, the frequency multiplication action of which serves to augment the phase shift caused by the modulation.
  • the output of the frequency multiplier and amplifier 6M is of desired value, it is applied to the tuned fundamental frequency input circuit GIS of the magnetic frequency multiplier 6
  • Tuning of the fundamental frequency circuit BIG is accomplished as before by preferably the use of adjustable trombone' slide 628.
  • the conductors ofthe circuit 816 are connected to the split anodes 622, 824 insulated from each otherand arranged concentrically about a coaxial linear filament or cathode 626 supplied with energy from a heating source 628.
  • the cathode 626 may be grounded, or, insulated from ground for extremely high frequencies by means of radio frequency chokes inserted in the heating leads from source 628. Magnetic field applied by the field coil of the magnetic frequency multiplier is applied coaxial with the linear filament 628 and causes action heretofore described.
  • the eld coil produces a magnetic field in accordance with the current from source 630 regulated by potentiometer 632.
  • 'I'he output circuit 835 of the magnetic frequency multiplier is tuned to a harmonic frequency and also is connected as illustrated to the split anodes. Frequency multiplied energy may then be taken inductively from the output circuit 634 to the adjustable transmission line 636 and fed to a suitable radiating antenna not shown.
  • the split anodes may be made of carbon or any combination thereof

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Inductance-Capacitance Distribution Constants And Capacitance-Resistance Oscillators (AREA)
  • Stabilization Of Oscillater, Synchronisation, Frequency Synthesizers (AREA)
US603310A 1932-04-05 1932-04-05 Short wave signaling Expired - Lifetime US2052576A (en)

Priority Applications (8)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL40197D NL40197C (fr) 1932-04-05
FR757966D FR757966A (fr) 1932-04-05
US603310A US2052576A (en) 1932-04-05 1932-04-05 Short wave signaling
US651809A US2052888A (en) 1932-04-05 1933-01-14 Short wave signaling
US698496A US2061947A (en) 1932-04-05 1933-11-17 Modulation
US699372A US2102426A (en) 1932-04-05 1933-11-23 Frequency control
US699373A US2027919A (en) 1932-04-05 1933-11-23 Short wave signaling
US72245A US2171629A (en) 1932-04-05 1936-04-02 Modulation

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US603310A US2052576A (en) 1932-04-05 1932-04-05 Short wave signaling
US699373A US2027919A (en) 1932-04-05 1933-11-23 Short wave signaling

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US2052576A true US2052576A (en) 1936-09-01

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US603310A Expired - Lifetime US2052576A (en) 1932-04-05 1932-04-05 Short wave signaling
US699373A Expired - Lifetime US2027919A (en) 1932-04-05 1933-11-23 Short wave signaling

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US699373A Expired - Lifetime US2027919A (en) 1932-04-05 1933-11-23 Short wave signaling

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FR (1) FR757966A (fr)
NL (1) NL40197C (fr)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2590373A (en) * 1947-11-20 1952-03-25 Philco Corp Modulation system and method

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE758546C (de) * 1938-11-20 1953-03-23 Telefunken Gmbh Magnetfeldroehre mit vier oder mehr in zwei Gruppen arbeitenden Anodensegmenten
US2785305A (en) * 1952-06-28 1957-03-12 Rca Corp Signal responsive circuit
US3029397A (en) * 1958-04-22 1962-04-10 Arnoux Corp Self-excited magnetron oscillator with frequency varying means

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2590373A (en) * 1947-11-20 1952-03-25 Philco Corp Modulation system and method

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US2027919A (en) 1936-01-14
NL40197C (fr)
FR757966A (fr) 1934-01-05

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