US20240026630A1 - Ribbed slab foundation for cylindrical refrigerated tanks for liquified gas storage - Google Patents
Ribbed slab foundation for cylindrical refrigerated tanks for liquified gas storage Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20240026630A1 US20240026630A1 US18/256,902 US202118256902A US2024026630A1 US 20240026630 A1 US20240026630 A1 US 20240026630A1 US 202118256902 A US202118256902 A US 202118256902A US 2024026630 A1 US2024026630 A1 US 2024026630A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- foundation
- air circulation
- piles
- circulation channels
- construction sequence
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000012080 ambient air Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000011150 reinforced concrete Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000002076 thermal analysis method Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000009423 ventilation Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007689 inspection Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims 6
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims 5
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000009415 formwork Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000001273 butane Substances 0.000 description 2
- IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butane Chemical compound CCCC IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-pentane Natural products CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 2
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008186 active pharmaceutical agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005485 electric heating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 231100001261 hazardous Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000000750 progressive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011179 visual inspection Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D27/00—Foundations as substructures
- E02D27/32—Foundations for special purposes
- E02D27/38—Foundations for large tanks, e.g. oil tanks
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D31/00—Protective arrangements for foundations or foundation structures; Ground foundation measures for protecting the soil or the subsoil water, e.g. preventing or counteracting oil pollution
- E02D31/10—Protective arrangements for foundations or foundation structures; Ground foundation measures for protecting the soil or the subsoil water, e.g. preventing or counteracting oil pollution against soil pressure or hydraulic pressure
- E02D31/14—Protective arrangements for foundations or foundation structures; Ground foundation measures for protecting the soil or the subsoil water, e.g. preventing or counteracting oil pollution against soil pressure or hydraulic pressure against frost heaves in soil
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04H—BUILDINGS OR LIKE STRUCTURES FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSES; SWIMMING OR SPLASH BATHS OR POOLS; MASTS; FENCING; TENTS OR CANOPIES, IN GENERAL
- E04H7/00—Construction or assembling of bulk storage containers employing civil engineering techniques in situ or off the site
- E04H7/02—Containers for fluids or gases; Supports therefor
Definitions
- the present invention refers to the Oil & Gas Refining Industry and in particular to an innovative solution for the foundations of cylindrical refrigerated tanks for liquified gas storage, such as Propane, Butane and Ethylene at locations where the minimum ambient temperature is always above freezing (>0° C.), particularly but not exclusively in Tropical and Subtropical Regions.
- this phenomenon is progressive, meaning that freezing of the shallower soil moisture layer usually attracts by capillarity more water that in turn will freeze as well, building-up an ice lens under the tank foundation centre and consequently increasing the strain in the foundation up to a level exceeding its structural capacity or serviceability limits.
- the innovative idea of this invention for cylindrical tank foundations to be erected at sites such as in Tropical and Subtropical Regions where the minimum ambient temperature is always above freezing (>0° C.)—consists in constructing a ribbed slab foundation where the ambient air circulation in the clear spaces in between the webs of said ribbed slab will prevent the ground underneath the foundation from reaching freezing temperatures ( ⁇ 0° C.) due to the contact of tank bottom with the top of the foundation slab and, at the same time, the webs act as main structural component of the foundation.
- the foundation as a reinforced concrete ribbed slab with its webs parallel to the tank diameter and supported at grade.
- the clear spaces in between said foundation webs are open to the ambient in order to ensure a continuous heat transfer from ambient air—which temperature is always higher than 0° C.—into the foundation supporting the refrigerated tank containing the liquified gas, thus preventing the freezing of soil underneath.
- ribbed slab is meant to indicate a reinforced concrete slab sitting on its webs directly in contact with the soil, where said clear spaces between webs function as air circulation channels.
- FIG. 1 shows in vertical cross section the behavior of a usual tank/foundation/soil system, i.e. without any air circulation channels, and demonstrates that temperatures lower than 0° C. are indeed occurring in the soil underneath.
- FIG. 2 shows in vertical cross section the behavior of the tank/foundation/soil system with air circulation channels according to the invention, and demonstrates that temperatures are higher than 0° C. both in the foundation and in the soil underneath.
- FIG. 3 shows in isometric view the behavior of the tank/foundation/soil system with air circulation channels as per FIG. 2 , and hence demonstrates that temperatures are higher than 0° C. both in the foundation and in the soil underneath.
- FIG. 4 shows in vertical view parallel to the channels, the behavior of the tank/foundation/soil system with air circulation channels as per FIG. 2 , and confirms that temperatures are higher than 0° C. both in the foundation and in the soil underneath.
- FIG. 5 is a plan view of the foundation showing the parallel webs and the resulting channels having rectangular cross section.
- FIG. 6 is a vertical cross section showing the air circulation channels in between the foundation webs having rectangular cross section, constructed using removable formworks.
- FIG. 7 is a vertical cross section of the reinforcement arrangement in the cross section of the ribbed slab foundation showing the “ribs” that support the slab while integrating channels for the natural ventilation of the structure.
- the foundation (FV) is provided with a number of air circulation channels (C) (hereinafter called “channels”), evenly distributed in plan and preferably parallel each other and to the bottom of the tank, that are passing from one side of the foundation (FV) to the opposite one with a substantially constant cross section, with a nominal longitudinal slope and with both ends open to the surrounding ambient air.
- channels air circulation channels
- the ventilation of these channels is preferably, though not exclusively, natural and their minimum transversal cross section dimension is 600 mm to allow their visual inspection.
- This thermal analysis is required during the design stage of the foundation (FV) both to select the size and spacing of air circulation channels (C), and to allow performing the structural design of the ribbed slab foundation (FV) that creates these channels, taking into account the reduction of structural cross section due to the presence of said channels, as well as of any piles required to support the foundation itself.
- the ribs and hence the air circulation channels (C) are preferably realized by means of formworks removable after concrete hardening.
- said channels (C) are prismatic and have a nominal longitudinal slope, these features will also facilitate their inspection and possible cleaning.
- the orientation of air circulation channels (C) is preferably perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction at the site where the described foundation (FV) is placed, with the aim to minimize the possibility of sand or dirt being dragged inside these channels.
- the next table shows the data relevant to three prototype-foundations constructed for “experimental” purposes for three refrigerated tanks (S) with double containment for liquified gas, having the following main features:
- Tank D-0001 D-0002 D-0003 External 45 46 46 diameter (meters) Internal tank 27 27 27 height (meters) Design ⁇ 46° C. ⁇ 7° C. ⁇ 46° C. Temperature Product Propane C3 Butane C4 3/C4 Foundation: Diameter 46 48 48 (meters) Thickness 1.8 1.8 1.8 (meters) Air circulation n.12 ⁇ n.12 ⁇ n.12 ⁇ channels(meters) 1.8 ⁇ 1.0 1.8 ⁇ 1.0 1.8 ⁇ 1.0 Minimum +11° C. +11° C. +11° C. ambient temperature Note: even if the design temperature of tank D-0002 is ⁇ 7° C. instead of ⁇ 46° C., like the two others, its foundation has been designed with the same features of the others both for construction standardization, and in view of a possible future change of tank contents and accordingly of design temperature. indicates data missing or illegible when filed
- FIG. 1 of the finite element 3D model for a usual tank/foundation/soil system without air circulation channels (C) shows clearly that temperatures lower than 0° C. can be reached in the soil (T) underneath the foundation (F).
- FIGS. 2 , 3 and 4 of the finite element 3D model of the tank/foundation/soil system with air circulation channels (C) in accordance with the present invention show clearly that temperatures lower than 0° C. remain confined within the tank (S), while the soil temperature remains greater than +5° C. with a +11° C. minimum ambient air temperature.
- FIGS. 5 , 6 and 7 are showing a plan view and partial cross section of the foundation (FV) in accordance with the as-built prototype of the present invention, where the channels (C) have been realized by means of removable formworks.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Paleontology (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
- Filling Or Discharging Of Gas Storage Vessels (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- This application is the U.S. national phase of International Application No. PCT/IB2021/061550 filed Dec. 10, 2021, which designated the U.S. and claims priority to IT 102020000030440 filed Dec. 10, 2020, the entire contents of each incorporated herein by reference.
- The present invention refers to the Oil & Gas Refining Industry and in particular to an innovative solution for the foundations of cylindrical refrigerated tanks for liquified gas storage, such as Propane, Butane and Ethylene at locations where the minimum ambient temperature is always above freezing (>0° C.), particularly but not exclusively in Tropical and Subtropical Regions.
- The internal temperature of this type of tanks, that operate at ambient pressure, is normally and continuously well lower than 0° C. and hence also the foundation soil might be subjected to temperatures below 0° C. whereas the outside temperature is always higher than 0° C. with high humidity.
- The main issue with these low temperatures is that they would cause soil freezing and consequent frost heaving and hence the uneven displacement of foundation with damages to either the tank and the piping connected thereto.
- Furthermore, this phenomenon is progressive, meaning that freezing of the shallower soil moisture layer usually attracts by capillarity more water that in turn will freeze as well, building-up an ice lens under the tank foundation centre and consequently increasing the strain in the foundation up to a level exceeding its structural capacity or serviceability limits.
- In order to prevent this phenomenon, the engineering practice as well as the international reference codes (i.e.: API 625) recommend two alternative solutions:
-
- To install electric heaters within the thickness of the disc foundation slab, or
- To construct the disc foundation slab elevated above grade, on a set of columns.
- Both these alternative options have a cost impact: the first one for the capital and operational cost of electric heating, while the second for the capital cost of constructing the elevated support structure.
- The innovative idea of this invention—for cylindrical tank foundations to be erected at sites such as in Tropical and Subtropical Regions where the minimum ambient temperature is always above freezing (>0° C.)—consists in constructing a ribbed slab foundation where the ambient air circulation in the clear spaces in between the webs of said ribbed slab will prevent the ground underneath the foundation from reaching freezing temperatures (≤0° C.) due to the contact of tank bottom with the top of the foundation slab and, at the same time, the webs act as main structural component of the foundation.
- In case of presence of non-bearing soil strata under the foundation, then piles are required, and in this case the ribbed slab foundation with its “ribs” directly connected onto the piles allows to implement a “bottom-up” construction sequence, that results much quicker, cheaper and less hazardous in terms of safety, than the usual “top-down” industrial practice. The latter in fact requires first to build a 2.5 meter high (minimum) embankment, to execute the piles through it, then to cast the slab on its top and finally to dig-out the embankment between the slab and the ground surface, thus resulting is an expensive and time consuming activity.
- This has been accomplished by designing the foundation as a reinforced concrete ribbed slab with its webs parallel to the tank diameter and supported at grade. The clear spaces in between said foundation webs are open to the ambient in order to ensure a continuous heat transfer from ambient air—which temperature is always higher than 0° C.—into the foundation supporting the refrigerated tank containing the liquified gas, thus preventing the freezing of soil underneath.
- In the following description the term “ribbed slab” is meant to indicate a reinforced concrete slab sitting on its webs directly in contact with the soil, where said clear spaces between webs function as air circulation channels.
- For a better understanding of the invention, a detailed description is given hereinafter with reference to the enclosed figures that are provided as examples, without any limitation implied therein.
- In the following drawings:
-
FIG. 1 shows in vertical cross section the behavior of a usual tank/foundation/soil system, i.e. without any air circulation channels, and demonstrates that temperatures lower than 0° C. are indeed occurring in the soil underneath. -
FIG. 2 shows in vertical cross section the behavior of the tank/foundation/soil system with air circulation channels according to the invention, and demonstrates that temperatures are higher than 0° C. both in the foundation and in the soil underneath. -
FIG. 3 shows in isometric view the behavior of the tank/foundation/soil system with air circulation channels as perFIG. 2 , and hence demonstrates that temperatures are higher than 0° C. both in the foundation and in the soil underneath. -
FIG. 4 shows in vertical view parallel to the channels, the behavior of the tank/foundation/soil system with air circulation channels as perFIG. 2 , and confirms that temperatures are higher than 0° C. both in the foundation and in the soil underneath. -
FIG. 5 is a plan view of the foundation showing the parallel webs and the resulting channels having rectangular cross section. -
FIG. 6 is a vertical cross section showing the air circulation channels in between the foundation webs having rectangular cross section, constructed using removable formworks. -
FIG. 7 is a vertical cross section of the reinforcement arrangement in the cross section of the ribbed slab foundation showing the “ribs” that support the slab while integrating channels for the natural ventilation of the structure. - According to the invention, the foundation (FV) is provided with a number of air circulation channels (C) (hereinafter called “channels”), evenly distributed in plan and preferably parallel each other and to the bottom of the tank, that are passing from one side of the foundation (FV) to the opposite one with a substantially constant cross section, with a nominal longitudinal slope and with both ends open to the surrounding ambient air.
- The ventilation of these channels is preferably, though not exclusively, natural and their minimum transversal cross section dimension is 600 mm to allow their visual inspection.
- During the experimental campaign, the real behavior of the tank/foundation/soil (S/FV/T) system has been analyzed by means of a finite elements 3D Model (prepared using the ANSYS software), in order to simulate the heat transfer from ambient air in the channels and the liquified gas inside the tank (S).
- This thermal analysis is required during the design stage of the foundation (FV) both to select the size and spacing of air circulation channels (C), and to allow performing the structural design of the ribbed slab foundation (FV) that creates these channels, taking into account the reduction of structural cross section due to the presence of said channels, as well as of any piles required to support the foundation itself.
- The ribs and hence the air circulation channels (C) are preferably realized by means of formworks removable after concrete hardening. In order to enhance the stack effect, it is preferable that said channels (C) are prismatic and have a nominal longitudinal slope, these features will also facilitate their inspection and possible cleaning.
- According to the invention, the orientation of air circulation channels (C) is preferably perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction at the site where the described foundation (FV) is placed, with the aim to minimize the possibility of sand or dirt being dragged inside these channels.
- The next table shows the data relevant to three prototype-foundations constructed for “experimental” purposes for three refrigerated tanks (S) with double containment for liquified gas, having the following main features:
-
Tank: D-0001 D-0002 D-0003 External 45 46 46 diameter (meters) Internal tank 27 27 27 height (meters) Design −46° C. −7° C. −46° C. Temperature Product Propane C3 Butane C4 3/C4 Foundation: Diameter 46 48 48 (meters) Thickness 1.8 1.8 1.8 (meters) Air circulation n.12 × n.12 × n.12 × channels(meters) 1.8 × 1.0 1.8 × 1.0 1.8 × 1.0 Minimum +11° C. +11° C. +11° C. ambient temperature Note: even if the design temperature of tank D-0002 is −7° C. instead of −46° C., like the two others, its foundation has been designed with the same features of the others both for construction standardization, and in view of a possible future change of tank contents and accordingly of design temperature. indicates data missing or illegible when filed -
FIG. 1 of the finite element 3D model for a usual tank/foundation/soil system without air circulation channels (C) shows clearly that temperatures lower than 0° C. can be reached in the soil (T) underneath the foundation (F). - Whereas,
FIGS. 2, 3 and 4 of the finite element 3D model of the tank/foundation/soil system with air circulation channels (C) in accordance with the present invention, show clearly that temperatures lower than 0° C. remain confined within the tank (S), while the soil temperature remains greater than +5° C. with a +11° C. minimum ambient air temperature. -
FIGS. 5, 6 and 7 are showing a plan view and partial cross section of the foundation (FV) in accordance with the as-built prototype of the present invention, where the channels (C) have been realized by means of removable formworks. -
-
- S=tank
- F=usual foundation
- T=soil or ground
- FV=ribbed slab foundation
- C=air circulation channels
- P=pile
- W=web of the ribbed slab
Claims (21)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
IT102020000030440 | 2020-12-10 | ||
IT102020000030440A IT202000030440A1 (en) | 2020-12-10 | 2020-12-10 | VENTILATED HONEYCOMB FOUNDATION FOR REFRIGERATED CYLINDRICAL LIQUEFIED GAS TANKS |
PCT/IB2021/061550 WO2022123506A1 (en) | 2020-12-10 | 2021-12-10 | Ribbed slab foundation for cylindrical refrigerated tanks for liquified gas storage |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20240026630A1 true US20240026630A1 (en) | 2024-01-25 |
Family
ID=74669440
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US18/256,902 Pending US20240026630A1 (en) | 2020-12-10 | 2021-12-10 | Ribbed slab foundation for cylindrical refrigerated tanks for liquified gas storage |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20240026630A1 (en) |
KR (1) | KR20230128288A (en) |
CN (1) | CN116568894A (en) |
ES (1) | ES2951324A1 (en) |
IT (1) | IT202000030440A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2022123506A1 (en) |
Family Cites Families (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3654766A (en) * | 1969-12-22 | 1972-04-11 | Atlantic Richfield Co | Drilling |
US3791443A (en) * | 1971-12-13 | 1974-02-12 | Atlantic Richfield Co | Foundation for construction on frozen substrata |
DE2552041C3 (en) * | 1975-11-20 | 1979-09-20 | Buss Ag, Basel (Schweiz) | Storage for a ball container |
NL7905567A (en) * | 1978-08-24 | 1980-02-26 | Sulzer Ag | SUPPORT FOR A BALL-SHAPED RESERVOIR AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING SUCH A SUPPORT |
DE2837007C3 (en) * | 1978-08-24 | 1981-03-12 | Gebrüder Sulzer AG, 8401 Winterthur | Storage for a ball container |
CN208415018U (en) * | 2018-03-20 | 2019-01-22 | 中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所 | A kind of prefabricated section and frozen earth roadbed composite construction of frozen earth roadbed cooling |
-
2020
- 2020-12-10 IT IT102020000030440A patent/IT202000030440A1/en unknown
-
2021
- 2021-12-10 KR KR1020237022233A patent/KR20230128288A/en unknown
- 2021-12-10 WO PCT/IB2021/061550 patent/WO2022123506A1/en active Application Filing
- 2021-12-10 CN CN202180082709.9A patent/CN116568894A/en active Pending
- 2021-12-10 ES ES202390055A patent/ES2951324A1/en active Pending
- 2021-12-10 US US18/256,902 patent/US20240026630A1/en active Pending
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
IT202000030440A1 (en) | 2022-06-10 |
WO2022123506A1 (en) | 2022-06-16 |
KR20230128288A (en) | 2023-09-04 |
CN116568894A (en) | 2023-08-08 |
ES2951324A1 (en) | 2023-10-19 |
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Owner name: TECHNIP ENERGIES FRANCE SAS, FRANCE Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:LOPRIORE, PAOLO;COLONE, VALERIO;SELLARO, MARIO;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:063914/0283 Effective date: 20230605 Owner name: TECHNIP ENERGIES ITALY S.P.A., ITALY Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:LOPRIORE, PAOLO;COLONE, VALERIO;SELLARO, MARIO;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:063914/0283 Effective date: 20230605 |
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