US20230331673A1 - Composition of compounds that modulate cell metabolism and methods of use - Google Patents

Composition of compounds that modulate cell metabolism and methods of use Download PDF

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US20230331673A1
US20230331673A1 US18/012,985 US202118012985A US2023331673A1 US 20230331673 A1 US20230331673 A1 US 20230331673A1 US 202118012985 A US202118012985 A US 202118012985A US 2023331673 A1 US2023331673 A1 US 2023331673A1
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methyl
carboxylic acid
indole
cyclohepta
hexyl
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Emre Koyuncu
Hahn Kim
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Crescenta Biosciences Inc
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D209/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D209/56—Ring systems containing three or more rings
    • C07D209/80—[b, c]- or [b, d]-condensed
    • C07D209/82—Carbazoles; Hydrogenated carbazoles
    • C07D209/86—Carbazoles; Hydrogenated carbazoles with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to carbon atoms of the ring system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
    • A61K31/403—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. carbazole
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/04—Anorexiants; Antiobesity agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
    • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/10—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D209/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D209/56—Ring systems containing three or more rings
    • C07D209/80—[b, c]- or [b, d]-condensed
    • C07D209/94—[b, c]- or [b, d]-condensed containing carbocyclic rings other than six-membered
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D401/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D409/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D409/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
    • C07D409/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C07B2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to specific properties of organic compounds
    • C07B2200/07—Optical isomers

Definitions

  • This invention relates to novel compounds for treatment or prophylaxis of diseases related to metabolism and inflammation, including, but not limited to, type-2 diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, asthma, cancer and other diseases.
  • Compounds in this invention particularly interact with fatty acid binding protein (FABP) 4 and improve glucose consumption in adipocytes.
  • FABP fatty acid binding protein
  • FABPs are a family of proteins that reversibly bind free fatty acids and other lipid molecules and facilitate their transport in cells. To date, nine different FABP isoforms have been identified in mammals. FABP isoforms display differential expression patterns in different tissues. Fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), also often referred to as aP2 in literature, is primarily expressed in adipocytes and macrophages, and mediates key metabolic and inflammatory pathways in these cells such as lipid storage and degradation, signaling and eicosanoid production. In addition, FABP4 is also secreted to plasma and has been proposed to act as an adipose-derived factor regulating systemic glucose homeostasis.
  • Fatty acid binding protein 4 FABP4
  • aP2 Fatty acid binding protein 4
  • FABP4 is also secreted to plasma and has been proposed to act as an adipose-derived factor regulating systemic glucose homeostasis.
  • FABP4 expression has also been detected in airway epithelial cells and FABP4-deficiency was demonstrated to be protective in a mice mouse model of allergic lung inflammation (Shum et al., J Clin Invest. 2006 August; 116(8):2183-2192).
  • triple-negative breast cancer patients with a single nucleotide polymorphism in the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of FABP4 (rs1054135-GG genotype) that also results in reduced FAB4 expression was associated with reduced risk of disease progression and a prolonged disease-free survival time (Wang et al., Oncotarget. 2016 Apr. 5; 7(14):18984-98).
  • Increased expression of FABP4 has been observed in preeclamptic placenta and proposed to have a role in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia (Yan et al., Placenta. 2016 March; 39:94-100).
  • One of their primary roles is taking up excess glucose in plasma and storing it in the form of lipids.
  • FABP4-deficient mice showed increased glucose deposition to adipose tissue.
  • Adipocytes isolated from these animals showed significantly elevated rate of glucose conversion into fatty acids compared to their wild-type counterparts. (Shaughnessy et al., Diabetes 2000 June; 49(6): 904-911).
  • increasing glucose consumption in adipocytes can be achieved by targeting FABP4.
  • the present invention in one of its embodiments, relates to a compound of Formula (I):
  • It is an object of the present invention is the compound according to Formula (I), (II), or (III) for use in the treatment of disorders acting on the fatty acid binding protein (FABP4).
  • Yet another object of the present invention is a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to Formula (I), (II), or (III) as active ingredient, in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier for use in the treatment of disorders acting on the FABP4.
  • the pharmaceutical composition can further comprise an additional therapeutically active agent.
  • Yet another object of the present invention is a method for the treatment of disorders acting on the FABP4, which comprises administering to a subject in need of such treatment (preferably, a human) an effective amount of a compound according to Formula (I), (II), or (III) including, optionally, the co-administration with other therapeutic agents, either as a single (or multiple) dosing, and either simultaneously or sequentially.
  • a subject in need of such treatment preferably, a human
  • an effective amount of a compound according to Formula (I), (II), or (III) including, optionally, the co-administration with other therapeutic agents, either as a single (or multiple) dosing, and either simultaneously or sequentially.
  • Yet another object of the present invention is a method for inhibiting FABP4, which comprises administering to a subject in need of such treatment (preferably, a human) an effective amount of a compound according to Formula (I), (II), or (III).
  • Yet another object of the present invention is the use of a compound according to Formula (I), (II), or (III) for the manufacture of a medicament for use in the treatment of disorders acting on the fatty acid binding protein FABP4.
  • disorders include type 2 diabetes, hyperglycemia, metabolic syndrome, obesity, atherosclerosis, intracranial atherosclerotic disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, asthma, vascular dementia, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, other chronic inflammatory and autoimmune/inflammatory diseases, chronic heart disease, polycystic ovary syndrome, preeclampsia, and cancer.
  • the invention in one embodiment, is a compound of Formula (I) comprising:
  • each is independently CN, COOH, or CONH 2 .
  • the compound of Formula I wherein R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 8 , or R 6 when n is not zero, is each independently alkyl having 4 carbon atoms.
  • the compound of Formula I wherein R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 8 , or R 6 when n is not zero, is each independently alkyl having 5 carbon atoms.
  • the compound of Formula I wherein R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 8 , or R 6 when n is not zero, is each independently alkyl having 6 carbon atoms.
  • the ring Z of the compound of Formula I may have varying size (e.g., may be a five-membered ring, a six-membered ring, etc.).
  • the ring Z of the compound of Formula I contains Z 1 -Z 4 .
  • the ring Z of the compound of Formula I contains Z 1 -Z 5 .
  • the one or more R 1 's on the ring Z is the halogen.
  • the one or more R 1 's on the ring Z is the CN.
  • the one or more R 1 's on the ring Z is the CF 3 .
  • the one or more R 2 's on the ring W is the halogen.
  • the one or more R 1 's on the ring Z comprise the CN and/or the halogen.
  • the one or more R 1 's on the ring Z comprise the CN and/or the halogen and the one or more R 2 's on the ring W comprise another halogen.
  • the halogen is identical to the other halogen. In other examples, the halogen differs from the other halogen.
  • the invention is a compound of Formula (II), comprising:
  • the compound of Formula II includes multiple R 1 's and R 2 's.
  • the compound of Formula II wherein R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 8 , or R 6 when n is not zero, is each independently alkyl having 4 carbon atoms.
  • the compound of Formula I wherein R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 8 , or R 6 when n is not zero, is each independently alkyl having 5 carbon atoms.
  • the compound of Formula I wherein R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 8 , or R 6 when n is not zero, is each independently alkyl having 6 carbon atoms.
  • the invention is a compound of Formula (III) comprising:
  • a compound according to Formula III, wherein n 0 and R 3 is attached to the h-, i-, or j-position.
  • a compound according to Formula III, wherein n 1 and R 3 is attached to the h-, i-, or j-position.
  • a compound according to Formula III, wherein n 2 and R 3 is attached to the h-, i-, or j-position.
  • a compound according to Formula III which is a pure optical isomer.
  • acid isostere includes, but is not limited to, the following functional groups, where R is an alkyl group:
  • alkyl refers to a saturated, straight- or branched-chain hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
  • Representative alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, 2-methyl-1-propyl, 2-methyl-2-propyl, 2-methyl-1-butyl, 3-methyl-1-butyl, 2-methyl-3-butyl, 2,2-dimethyl-1-propyl, 2-methyl-1-pentyl, 3-methyl-1-pentyl, 4-methyl-1-pentyl, 2-methyl-2-pentyl, 3-methyl-2-pentyl, 4-methyl-2-pentyl, 2,2-dimethyl-1-butyl, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butyl, 2-ethyl-1-butyl, butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, n-hexyl
  • alkylenyl refers to a divalent alkyl group.
  • alkoxy as used herein includes —O-(alkyl), wherein alkyl is defined above.
  • amino refers to an —NH 2 group.
  • Aryl means a mono-, bi-, or tricyclic aromatic group, wherein all rings of the group are aromatic and all ring atoms are carbon atoms. For bi- or tricyclic systems, the individual aromatic rings are fused to one another. Examples of aryl groups are 6 and 10 membered aryls.
  • aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, naphthalene, and anthracene.
  • cyano as used herein means a substituent having a carbon atom joined to a nitrogen atom by a triple bond.
  • deuterium as used herein means a stable isotope of hydrogen having one proton and one neutron.
  • halo represents chloro, fluoro, bromo, or iodo. In some embodiments, halo is chloro, fluoro, or bromo.
  • halogen refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.
  • hydroxy means an —OH group.
  • oxo means an ⁇ O group and may be attached to a carbon atom or a sulfur atom.
  • N-oxide refers to the oxidized form of a nitrogen atom.
  • cycloalkyl refers to a saturated or partially saturated, monocyclic, fused polycyclic, bridged polycyclic, or spiro polycyclic carbocycle having from 3 to 15 carbon ring atoms.
  • a non-limiting category of cycloalkyl groups are saturated or partially saturated, monocyclic carbocycles having from 3 to 6 carbon atoms.
  • Illustrative examples of cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, the following moieties:
  • Heterocycloalkyl refers to a monocyclic, or fused, bridged, or spiro polycyclic ring structure that is saturated or partially saturated and has from three to 12 ring atoms selected from carbon atoms and up to three heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
  • the ring structure may optionally contain up to two oxo groups on carbon or sulfur ring members, or an N-oxide.
  • Illustrative heterocycloalkyl entities include, but are not limited to:
  • heteroaryl refers to a monocyclic, or fused polycyclic, aromatic heterocycle having from three to 15 ring atoms that are selected from carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. Suitable heteroaryl groups do not include ring systems that must be charged to be aromatic, such as pyrylium. Suitable 5-membered heteroaryl rings (as a monocyclic heteroaryl or as part of a polycyclic heteroaryl) have one oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen ring atom, or one nitrogen plus one oxygen or sulfur, or 2, 3, or 4 nitrogen ring atoms.
  • Suitable 6-membered heteroaryl rings (as a monocyclic heteroaryl or as part of a polycyclic heteroaryl) have 1, 2, or 3 nitrogen ring atoms.
  • heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, pyridinyl, imidazolyl, imidazopyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, pyrazinyl, tetrazolyl, furyl, thienyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrrolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, indolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, cinnolinyl, indazolyl, indolizinyl, phthalazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, isoindolyl, pteridinyl, purinyl
  • bicyclic heteroaryl refers to a heteroaryl as defined above, having two constituent aromatic rings, wherein the two rings are fused to one another and at least one of the rings is a heteroaryl as defined above.
  • Bicyclic heteroaryls include bicyclic heteroaryl groups comprising 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatom ring atoms selected from O, N or S. In certain embodiments, wherein the heteroatom is N it can be an N-oxide.
  • Bicyclic heteroaryls also include 8-, 9-, or 10-membered bicyclic heteroaryl groups.
  • Bicyclic heteroaryls also include 8-, 9-, or 10-membered bicyclic heteroaryl groups that have 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatom ring atoms selected from O, N or S.
  • Illustrative examples of bicyclic heteroaryls include, but are not limited to:
  • heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkyl groups listed or illustrated above are not exhaustive, and that additional species within the scope of these defined terms may also be selected.
  • substituted means that the specified group or moiety bears one or more suitable substituents.
  • unsubstituted means that the specified group bears no substituents.
  • optionally substituted means that the specified group is unsubstituted or substituted by the specified number of substituents. Where the term “substituted” is used to describe a structural system, the substitution is meant to occur at any valency-allowed position on the system.
  • substituents denotes one to maximum possible number of substitution(s) that can occur at any valency-allowed position on the system.
  • one or more substituent means 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents.
  • one or more substituent means 1, 2, or 3 substituents.
  • Any atom that is represented herein with an unsatisfied valence is assumed to have the sufficient number of hydrogen atoms to satisfy the atom's valence.
  • variable e.g., alkyl or Ra
  • the definition of that variable on each occurrence is independent of its definition at every other occurrence.
  • Numerical ranges are intended to include sequential whole numbers. For example, a range expressed as “from 0 to 4” or “0-4” includes 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4.
  • the point of attachment to the remainder of the formula can be at any point on the multifunctional moiety.
  • the point of attachment is indicated by a line or hyphen.
  • aryloxy- refers to a moiety in which an oxygen atom is the point of attachment to the core molecule while aryl is attached to the oxygen atom.
  • proto nuclear magnetic resonance or 1H NMR is the application of nuclear magnetic resonance in NMR spectroscopy with respect to hydrogen-1 nuclei within the molecules of a substance, in order to determine the structure of its molecules.
  • the term “subject” encompasses mammals and non-mammals.
  • mammals include, but are not limited to, any member of the Mammalian class: humans; non-human primates such as chimpanzees, and other apes and monkey species; farm animals such as cattle, horses, sheep, goats, swine; domestic animals such as rabbits, dogs, and cats; and laboratory animals including rodents, such as rats, mice and guinea pigs, and the like.
  • non-mammals include, but are not limited to, birds, fish and the like.
  • the mammal is a human.
  • Patient includes both human and animals.
  • inhibitor refers to a molecule such as a compound, a drug, an enzyme activator, or a hormone that blocks or otherwise interferes with a particular biologic activity.
  • modulator refers to a molecule, such as a compound of the present invention, that increases or decreases, or otherwise affects the activity of a given enzyme or protein.
  • an “effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount” refer to a sufficient amount of the agent to provide the desired biological result. That result can be reduction and/or alleviation of the signs, symptoms, or causes of a disease or medical condition, or any other desired alteration of a biological system.
  • an “effective amount” for therapeutic use is the amount of a compound, or of a composition comprising the compound, that is required to provide a clinically relevant change in a disease state, symptom, or medical condition.
  • An appropriate “effective” amount in any individual case may be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art using routine experimentation.
  • the expression “effective amount” generally refers to the quantity for which the active substance has a therapeutically desired effect.
  • treat encompass both “preventative” and “curative” treatment.
  • Preventative treatment is meant to indicate a postponement of development of a disease, a symptom of a disease, or medical condition, suppressing symptoms that may appear, or reducing the risk of developing or recurrence of a disease or symptom.
  • “Curative” treatment includes reducing the severity of or suppressing the worsening of an existing disease, symptom, or condition.
  • treatment includes ameliorating or preventing the worsening of existing disease symptoms, preventing additional symptoms from occurring, ameliorating or preventing the underlying metabolic causes of symptoms, inhibiting the disorder or disease, e.g., arresting the development of the disorder or disease, relieving the disorder or disease, causing regression of the disorder or disease, relieving a condition caused by the disease or disorder, or stopping the symptoms of the disease or disorder.
  • any formula given herein is intended to represent compounds having structures depicted by the structural formula as well as certain variations or forms.
  • compounds of any formula given herein may have asymmetric or chiral centers and therefore exist in different stereoisomeric forms. All stereoisomers, including optical isomers, enantiomers, and diastereomers, of the compounds of the general formula, and mixtures thereof, are considered to fall within the scope of the formula.
  • certain structures may exist as geometric isomers (i.e., cis and trans isomers), as tautomers, or as atropisomers. All such isomeric forms, and mixtures thereof, are contemplated herein as part of the present invention.
  • any formula given herein is intended to represent a racemate, one or more enantiomeric forms, one or more diastereomeric forms, one or more tautomeric or atropisomeric forms, and mixtures thereof.
  • Diastereomeric mixtures may be separated into their individual diastereomers on the basis of their physical chemical differences by methods well known to those skilled in the art, such as, for example, by chromatography and/or fractional crystallization.
  • Enantiomers may be separated by converting the enantiomeric mixture into a diastereomeric mixture by reaction with an appropriate optically active compound (e.g., chiral auxiliary such as a chiral alcohol or Mosher's acid chloride, or formation of a mixture of diastereomeric salts), separating the diastereomers and converting (e.g., hydrolyzing or de-salting) the individual diastereomers to the corresponding pure enantiomers.
  • Enantiomers may also be separated by use of chiral HPLC column.
  • the chiral centers of compounds of the present invention may be designated as “R” or “S” as defined by the IUPAC 1974 Recommendations.
  • the compounds of the invention can form pharmaceutically acceptable salts, which are also within the scope of this invention.
  • a “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to a salt of a free acid or base of a compound of Formula I, II, or III that is non-toxic, is physiologically tolerable, is compatible with the pharmaceutical composition in which it is formulated, and is otherwise suitable for formulation and/or administration to a subject.
  • Reference to a compound herein is understood to include reference to a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said compound unless otherwise indicated.
  • Compound salts include acidic salts formed with inorganic and/or organic acids, as well as basic salts formed with inorganic and/or organic bases.
  • a given compound contains both a basic moiety, such as, but not limited to, a pyridine or imidazole, and an acidic moiety, such as, but not limited to, a carboxylic acid
  • a zwitterion inner salt
  • such salts are included within the term “salt” as used herein.
  • Salts of the compounds of the invention may be prepared, for example, by reacting a compound with an amount of a suitable acid or base, such as an equivalent amount, in a medium such as one in which the salt precipitates or in an aqueous medium followed by lyophilization.
  • Exemplary salts include, but are not limited, to sulfate, citrate, acetate, oxalate, chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate, bisulfate, phosphate, acid phosphate, isonicotinate, lactate, salicylate, acid citrate, tartrate, oleate, tannate, pantothenate, bitartrate, ascorbate, succinate, maleate, gentisinate, fumarate, gluconate, glucuronate, saccharate, formate, benzoate, glutamate, methanesulfonate (“mesylate”), ethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, and pamoate (i.e., 1,1′-methylene-bis(2-hydroxy-3-naphthoate)) salts.
  • methanesulfonate (“mesylate”), ethane
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable salt may involve the inclusion of another molecule such as an acetate ion, a succinate ion or other counterion.
  • the counterion may be any organic or inorganic moiety that stabilizes the charge on the parent compound.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable salt may have more than one charged atom in its structure. Instances where multiple charged atoms are part of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt can have multiple counterions. Hence, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt can have one or more charged atoms and/or one or more counter ion.
  • Exemplary acid addition salts include acetates, ascorbates, benzoates, benzenesulfonates, bisulfates, borates, butyrates, citrates, camphorates, camphorsulfonates, fumarates, hydrochlorides, hydrobromides, hydroiodides, lactates, maleates, methanesulfonates, naphthalenesulfonates, nitrates, oxalates, phosphates, propionates, salicylates, succinates, sulfates, tartarates, thiocyanates, toluenesulfonates (also known as tosylates) and the like.
  • Exemplary basic salts include ammonium salts, alkali metal salts such as sodium, lithium, and potassium salts, alkaline earth metal salts such as calcium and magnesium salts, salts with organic bases (for example, organic amines) such as dicyclohexylamines, t-butyl amines, and salts with amino acids such as arginine, lysine and the like.
  • alkali metal salts such as sodium, lithium, and potassium salts
  • alkaline earth metal salts such as calcium and magnesium salts
  • salts with organic bases for example, organic amines
  • organic amines such as dicyclohexylamines, t-butyl amines
  • salts with amino acids such as arginine, lysine and the like.
  • Basic nitrogen-containing groups may be quarternized with agents such as lower alkyl halides (e.g., methyl, ethyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides and iodides), dialkyl sulfates (e.g., dimethyl, diethyl, and dibutyl sulfates), long chain halides (e.g., decyl, lauryl, and stearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides), aralkyl halides (e.g., benzyl and phenethyl bromides), and others.
  • lower alkyl halides e.g., methyl, ethyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides and iodides
  • dialkyl sulfates e.g., dimethyl, diethyl, and dibutyl sulfates
  • long chain halides e.g., decyl, lauryl, and
  • acids and bases which are generally considered suitable for the formation of pharmaceutically useful salts from pharmaceutical compounds are discussed, for example, by P. Stahl et al., Camille G. (eds.) Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts: Properties, Selection and Use. (2002) Zurich: Wiley-VCH; S. Berge et al., J Pharm. Sci . (1977) 66(1) 1-19; P. Gould, Int. J Pharm . (1986) 33 201-217; Anderson et al., The Practice of Medicinal Chemistry (1996), Academic Press, New York; and in The Orange Book (Food & Drug Administration, MD, available from FDA). These disclosures are incorporated herein by reference thereto.
  • any compound described herein is intended to refer also to any unsolvated form, or a hydrate, solvate, or polymorph of such a compound, and mixtures thereof, even if such forms are not listed explicitly.
  • “Solvate” means a physical association of a compound of the invention with one or more solvent molecules. This physical association involves varying degrees of ionic and covalent bonding, including hydrogen bonding. In certain instances the solvate will be capable of isolation, for example when one or more solvent molecules are incorporated in the crystal lattice of a crystalline solid. “Solvate” encompasses both solution-phase and isolatable solvates. Suitable solvates include those formed with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and the like. In some embodiments, the solvent is water and the solvates are hydrates.
  • One or more compounds of the invention may optionally be converted to a solvate.
  • Methods for the preparation of solvates are generally known. Thus, for example, M. Caira et al., J. Pharm. Sci., 93(3), 601-611 (2004), describes the preparation of the solvates of the antifungal fluconazole in ethyl acetate as well as from water. Similar preparations of solvates, hemisolvate, hydrates, and the like are described by E. C. van Tonder et al., AAPS PharmSciTech., 5(1), article 12 (2004); and A. L. Bingham et al., Chem. Commun., 603-604 (2001).
  • a typical, non-limiting process involves dissolving the inventive compound in a suitable amounts of the solvent (organic solvent or water or a mixture thereof) at a higher than ambient temperature, and cooling the solution at a rate sufficient to form crystals which are then isolated by standard methods.
  • Analytical techniques such as, for example, infrared spectroscopy, show the presence of the solvent (or water) in the crystals as a solvate (or hydrate).
  • the invention also relates to pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs of the compounds of Formula I, II, or III, and treatment methods employing such pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs.
  • prodrug means a precursor of a designated compound that, following administration to a subject, yields the compound in vivo via a chemical or physiological process such as solvolysis or enzymatic cleavage, or under physiological conditions (e.g., a prodrug on being brought to physiological pH is converted to the compound of Formula I, II, or III).
  • a “pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug” is a prodrug that is non-toxic, biologically tolerable, and otherwise suitable for formulation and/or administration to the subject. Illustrative procedures for the selection and preparation of suitable prodrug derivatives are described, for example, in “Design of Prodrugs”, ed. H. Bundgaard, Elsevier, 1985.
  • prodrugs include pharmaceutically acceptable esters of the compounds of the invention, which are also considered to be part of the invention.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable esters of the present compounds include the following groups: (1) carboxylic acid esters obtained by esterification of the hydroxy groups, in which the non-carbonyl moiety of the carboxylic acid portion of the ester grouping is selected from straight or branched chain alkyl (for example, acetyl, n-propyl, t-butyl, or n-butyl), alkoxyalkyl (for example, methoxymethyl), aralkyl (for example, benzyl), aryloxyalkyl (for example, phenoxymethyl), aryl (for example, phenyl optionally substituted with, for example, halogen, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 alkoxy, or amino); (2) sulfonate esters, such as alkyl- or aralkylsulfonyl (for example, methanesulfony
  • the phosphate esters may be further esterified by, for example, a C 1-20 alcohol or reactive derivative thereof, or by a 2,3-di(C 6-24 )acyl glycerol. Additional discussion of prodrugs is provided in T. Higuchi and V. Stella, Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems (1987) 14 of the A.C.S. Symposium Series, and in Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design, (1987) Edward B. Roche, ed., American Pharmaceutical Association and Pergamon Press.
  • a prodrug can comprise an ester formed by the replacement of the hydrogen atom of the acid group with a group such as, for example, (C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 12 )alkanoyloxymethyl, 1-(alkanoyloxy)ethyl having from 4 to 9 carbon atoms, 1-methyl-1-(alkanoyloxy)-ethyl having from 5 to 10 carbon atoms, alkoxycarbonyloxymethyl having from 3 to 6 carbon atoms, 1-(alkoxycarbonyloxy)ethyl having from 4 to 7 carbon atoms, 1-methyl-1-(alkoxycarbonyloxy)ethyl having from 5 to 8 carbon atoms, N-(alkoxycarbonyl)aminomethyl having from 3 to 9 carbon atoms, 1-(N-(alkoxycarbonyl)amino)ethyl having from 4
  • a prodrug can be formed by the replacement of the hydrogen atom of the alcohol group with a group such as, for example, (C 1 -C 6 )alkanoyloxymethyl, 1-((C 1 -C 6 )alkanoyloxy)ethyl, 1-methyl-1-((C 1 -C 6 )alkanoyloxy)ethyl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxycarbonyloxymethyl, N—(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxycarbonylaminomethyl, succinoyl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkanoyl, ⁇ -amino(C 1 -C 4 )alkanyl, arylacyl and ⁇ -aminoacyl, or ⁇ -aminoacyl- ⁇ -aminoacyl, where each ⁇ -aminoacyl group is independently selected from the naturally occurring L-amino acids,
  • a prodrug can be formed by the replacement of a hydrogen atom in the amine group with a group such as, for example, R′′-carbonyl, R′′O-carbonyl, NR′′R-carbonyl where R′′ and R′ are each independently (C 1 -C 10 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 7 ) cycloalkyl, benzyl, or R′′-carbonyl is a natural ⁇ -aminoacyl or natural ⁇ -aminoacyl, —C(OH)C(O)OY 1 wherein Y 1 is H, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or benzyl, —C(OY 2 )Y 3 wherein Y 2 is (C 1 -C 4 ) alkyl and Y 3 is (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, carboxy(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, amino(C 1 -
  • the present invention also relates to pharmaceutically active metabolites of compounds of Formula I, II, or III, and uses of such metabolites in the methods of the invention.
  • a “pharmaceutically active metabolite” means a pharmacologically active product of metabolism in the body of a compound of Formula I, II, or III or salt thereof.
  • Prodrugs and active metabolites of a compound may be determined using routine techniques known or available in the art. See, e.g., Bertolini et al., J. Med. Chem. 1997, 40, 2011-2016; Shan et al., J Pharm. Sci. 1997, 86 (7), 765-767; Bagshawe, Drug Dev. Res. 1995, 34, 220-230; Bodor, Adv. Drug Res.
  • any formula given herein is also intended to represent unlabeled forms as well as isotopically labeled forms of the compounds.
  • Isotopically labeled compounds have structures depicted by the formulas given herein except that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having a selected atomic mass or mass number.
  • isotopes that can be incorporated into compounds of the invention include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, fluorine, chlorine, and iodine, such as 2 H, 3 H, 11 C, 13 C, 14 C, 15 N, 18 O, 17 O, 31 P, 32 P, 35 S, 18 F, 36 Cl, and 125 I, respectively.
  • Such isotopically labelled compounds are useful in metabolic studies (for example with 14 C), reaction kinetic studies (with, for example 2 H or 3 H), detection or imaging techniques [such as positron emission tomography (PET) or single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)] including drug or substrate tissue distribution assays, or in radioactive treatment of patients.
  • PET positron emission tomography
  • SPECT single-photon emission computed tomography
  • an 18 F or 11 C labeled compound may be particularly suitable for PET or SPECT studies.
  • substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium (i.e., 2 H) may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements.
  • Isotopically labeled compounds of this invention and prodrugs thereof can generally be prepared by carrying out the procedures disclosed in the schemes or in the examples and preparations described below by substituting a readily available isotopically labeled reagent for a non-isotopically labeled reagent.
  • the invention can also be a compound selected from the group consisting of: 5-[(3-cyanophenyl)methyl]-2-fluoro-7-hexyl-5H,6H,7H,8H,9H,10H-cyclohepta[b]indole-4-carboxylic acid, 5-[(6-cyanopyridin-2-yl)methyl]-7-hexyl-5H,6H,7H,8H,9H,10H-cyclohepta[b]indole-4-carboxylic acid, 5-[(6-carbamoylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]-7-hexyl-5H,6H,7H,8H,9H,10H-cyclohepta[b]indole-4-carboxylic acid, 6-( ⁇ 4-carboxy-7-hexyl-5H,6H,7H,8H,9H,10H-cyclohepta[b]indol-5-yl ⁇ methyl
  • Yet another embodiment is a method for administering a compound of the instant invention to a subject (e.g., a human) in need thereof by administering to the subject the pharmaceutical formulation of the present invention.
  • a subject e.g., a human
  • Yet another embodiment is a method of preparing a pharmaceutical formulation of the present invention by mixing at least one pharmaceutically acceptable compound of the present invention, and, optionally, one or more pharmaceutically acceptable additives or excipients.
  • inert, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers can be either solid or liquid.
  • Solid form preparations include powders, tablets, dispersible granules, capsules, cachets and suppositories.
  • the powders and tablets may be comprised of from about 5 to about 95 percent active ingredient.
  • Suitable solid carriers are known in the art, e.g., magnesium carbonate, magnesium stearate, talc, sugar or lactose. Tablets, powders, cachets and capsules can be used as solid dosage forms suitable for oral administration. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and methods of manufacture for various compositions may be found in A. Gennaro (ed.), Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th Edition, (1990), Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa.
  • compositions and formulations of the invention can be administered as sterile compositions and sterile formulations.
  • Sterile pharmaceutical formulations are compounded or manufactured according to pharmaceutical-grade sterilization standards (e.g., United States Pharmacopeia Chapters 797, 1072, and 1211; California Business & Professions Code 4127.7; 16 California Code of Regulations 1751, 21 Code of Federal Regulations 21, or ex-U.S. counterparts to such regulations) known to those of skill in the art.
  • Liquid form preparations include solutions, suspensions and emulsions. As an example may be mentioned water or water-propylene glycol solutions for parenteral injection or addition of sweeteners and opacifiers for oral solutions, suspensions and emulsions. Liquid form preparations may also include solutions for intranasal administration.
  • Aerosol preparations suitable for inhalation may include solutions and solids in powder form, which may be in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, such as an inert compressed gas, e.g. nitrogen.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier such as an inert compressed gas, e.g. nitrogen.
  • solid form preparations that are intended to be converted, shortly before use, to liquid form preparations for either oral or parenteral administration.
  • liquid forms include solutions, suspensions and emulsions.
  • the compounds of the invention may also be deliverable transdermally.
  • the transdermal compositions can take the form of creams, lotions, aerosols and/or emulsions and can be included in a transdermal patch of the matrix or reservoir type as are conventional in the art for this purpose.
  • the compounds of this invention may also be delivered subcutaneously.
  • the compound can be administered orally or intravenously.
  • the pharmaceutical preparation can be in a unit dosage form.
  • the preparation is subdivided into suitably sized unit doses containing appropriate quantities of the active component, e.g., an effective amount to achieve the desired purpose.
  • the quantity of active compound in a unit dose of preparation may be varied or adjusted from about 1 mg to about 1000 mg, for example from about 1 mg to about 500 mg, in particular from about 1 mg to about 250 mg, or from about 1 mg to about 25 mg, according to the particular application.
  • the actual dosage employed may be varied depending upon the requirements of the patient and the severity of the condition being treated. Determination of the proper dosage regimen for a particular situation is within the skill of the art. For convenience, the total daily dosage may be divided and administered in portions during the day as required.
  • a typical recommended daily dosage regimen for oral administration can range from about 1 mg/day to about 500 mg/day, preferably 1 mg/day to 200 mg/day, in two to four divided doses.
  • Compounds according to the invention may be synthesized by synthetic routes that include processes analogous to those well-known in the chemical arts, particularly in light of the description contained herein, and those for other heterocycles described in: Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry II, Editors Katritzky and Rees, Elsevier, 1997, e.g. Volume 3; Liebigs Annalen der Chemie, (9):1910-16, (1985); Helvetica Chimica Acta, 41:1052-60, (1958); Arzneistoff-Forschung, 40(12):1328-31, (1990), each of which are expressly incorporated by reference.
  • Synthetic chemistry transformations and protecting group methodologies useful in synthesizing compounds according to the invention and necessary reagents and intermediates are known in the art and include, for example, those described in R. Larock, Comprehensive Organic Transformations, VCH Publishers (1989); T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3rd Ed., John Wiley and Sons (1999); and L. Paquette, ed., Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons (1995) and subsequent editions thereof.
  • the need for such protection will vary depending on the nature of the remote functionality and the conditions of the preparation methods.
  • Suitable amino-protecting groups include acetyl, trifluoroacetyl, t-butoxycarbonyl (BOC), benzyloxycarbonyl (CBz) and 9-fluorenylmethyleneoxycarbonyl (Fmoc). The need for such protection is readily determined by one skilled in the art.
  • Additional particularly useful reactions in preparing compounds of the present invention include alkylation, reductive amination, oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis reactions. Such transformations are well within the ordinary skill in the art.
  • Compounds according to the invention may be prepared singly or as compound libraries comprising, for example, at least two, or 5 to 1,000 compounds, or 10 to 100 compounds.
  • Libraries of compounds of Formula I, II, or III may be prepared by a combinatorial “split and mix” approach or by multiple parallel syntheses using either solution phase or solid phase chemistry, by procedures known to those skilled in the art.
  • a compound library comprising at least two compounds of Formula I, II, or III, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • reaction products from one another and/or from starting materials.
  • the desired products of each step or series of steps is separated and/or purified to the desired degree of homogeneity by the techniques common in the art.
  • separations involve multiphase extraction, crystallization from a solvent or solvent mixture, distillation, sublimation, or chromatography.
  • Chromatography can involve any number of methods including, for example: reverse-phase and normal phase; size exclusion; ion exchange; high, medium and low pressure liquid chromatography methods and apparatus; small scale analytical; simulated moving bed (SMB) and preparative thin or thick layer chromatography, as well as techniques of small scale thin layer and flash chromatography.
  • SMB simulated moving bed
  • reagents selected to bind to or render otherwise separable a desired product, unreacted starting material, reaction by product, or the like.
  • reagents include adsorbents or absorbents such as activated carbon, molecular sieves, ion exchange media, or the like.
  • the reagents can be acids in the case of a basic material, bases in the case of an acidic material, binding reagents such as antibodies, binding proteins, selective chelators such as crown ethers, liquid/liquid ion extraction reagents (LIX), or the like.
  • a single stereoisomer, e.g., an enantiomer, substantially free of its stereoisomer may be obtained by resolution of the racemic mixture using a method such as formation of diastereomers using optically active resolving agents (Eliel, E. and Wilen, S. “Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds,” John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1994; Lochmuller, C. H., (1975) J. Chromatogr., 113(3):283-302).
  • Racemic mixtures of chiral compounds of the invention can be separated and isolated by any suitable method, including: (1) formation of ionic, diastereomeric salts with chiral compounds and separation by fractional crystallization or other methods, (2) formation of diastereomeric compounds with chiral derivatizing reagents, separation of the diastereomers, and conversion to the pure stereoisomers, and (3) separation of the substantially pure or enriched stereoisomers directly under chiral conditions. See: “Drug Stereochemistry, Analytical Methods and Pharmacology,” Irving W. Wainer, Ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York (1993).
  • diastereomeric salts can be formed by reaction of enantiomerically pure chiral bases such as brucine, quinine, ephedrine, strychnine, a-methyl-b-phenylethylamine (amphetamine), and the like with asymmetric compounds bearing acidic functionality, such as carboxylic acid and sulfonic acid.
  • the diastereomeric salts may be induced to separate by fractional crystallization or ionic chromatography.
  • addition of chiral carboxylic or sulfonic acids such as camphorsulfonic acid, tartaric acid, mandelic acid, or lactic acid can result in formation of the diastereomeric salts.
  • the substrate to be resolved is reacted with one enantiomer of a chiral compound to form a diastereomeric pair
  • a diastereomeric pair E. and Wilen, S. “Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1994, p. 322.
  • Diastereomeric compounds can be formed by reacting asymmetric compounds with enantiomerically pure chiral derivatizing reagents, such as menthyl derivatives, followed by separation of the diastereomers and hydrolysis to yield the pure or enriched enantiomer.
  • a method of determining optical purity involves making chiral esters, such as a menthyl ester, e.g., ( ⁇ ) menthyl chloroformate in the presence of base, or Mosher ester, a-methoxy-a-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl acetate of the racemic mixture and analyzing the 1H NMR spectrum for the presence of the two atropisomeric enantiomers or diastereomers (Jacob III. J. Org. Chem. (1982) 47:4165).
  • Stable diastereomers of atropisomeric compounds can be separated and isolated by normal- and reverse-phase chromatography following methods for separation of atropisomeric naphthyl-isoquinolines (WO 96/15111).
  • a racemic mixture of two enantiomers can be separated by chromatography using a chiral stationary phase (“Chiral Liquid Chromatography” (1989) W. J. Lough, Ed., Chapman and Hall, New York; Okamoto, J. Chromatogr., (1990) 513:375-378).
  • Enriched or purified enantiomers can be distinguished by methods used to distinguish other chiral molecules with asymmetric carbon atoms, such as optical rotation and circular dichroism.
  • Step 1.1 Hydrazine (1.12 g) and ketone (3 g) was mixed in AcOH and stirred at 130° C. which after 3 hr, AcOH was distilled off. Reaction was then neutralized with saturated sodium bicarbonate and extracted with EtOAc (300 mL ⁇ 3) which was dried and concentrated by rotary evaporation. Purification by column chromatography (30% EtOAc:Pet Ether) gave 1 g of desired indole product.
  • Step 1.2 1 g of indole was dissolved in 15 mL of MeOH. 1 mL of H 2 SO 4 was added and heated at 80° C. After 16 hrs, MeOH was distilled off from the reaction mixture, neutralized with saturated sodium bicarbonate and extracted with EtOAc (300 mL ⁇ 3) which was dried and concentrated by rotary evaporation. Purification by column chromatography (20% EtOAc:Pet Ether) gave 900 mg of desired indole ester product
  • Step 2.1 The indole ester (900 mg) and the 3-Cyano-benzyl bromide (1.18 g) was dissolved in DMSO (10 mL) and then KOH (842 mg) was added at room temperature and stirred. After 2 hr, reaction was diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc (300 mL ⁇ 3) which was dried and concentrated by rotary evaporation. Purification by column chromatography (15% EtOAc:Pet Ether) gave 700 mg of desired indole ester product Step 2.2: Benzyl indole was dissolved in EtOH:H 2 O (30:6 mL) and then KOH (473 mg) was added at room temperature and heated to 70° C.
  • Step 1.1 Hydrazine (6.0 g) and ketone (6.2 g) was mixed in AcOH (100 mL) and stirred at 130° C. which after 3 hr, AcOH was distilled off. Reaction was then neutralized with saturated sodium bicarbonate and extracted with EtOAc (300 mL ⁇ 3) which was dried and concentrated by rotary evaporation. Purification by column chromatography (30% EtOAc:Pet Ether) gave 5 g of desired indole product.
  • Step 1.2 5 g of indole was dissolved in 100 mL of MeOH. 7 mL of concentrated H 2 SO 4 was added and heated at 80° C. After 16 hours, MeOH was distilled off from the reaction mixture, neutralized with saturated sodium bicarbonate and extracted with EtOAc (300 mL ⁇ 3) which was dried and concentrated by rotary evaporation. Purification by column chromatography (20% EtOAc:Pet Ether) gave 4.2 g of desired indole ester product.
  • Step 2 The indole ester (3 g) was dissolved in DMSO (50 mL) and then KOH (3.675 g) was added at room temperature. 3-Cyano-benzyl bromide (5.13 g) was then added in portions and stirred. After 2 hr, reaction slowly poured into 1N HCl in flask with ice bath and then the organics were extracted with EtOAc (300 mL ⁇ 3) which was dried and concentrated by rotary evaporation. Purification by column chromatography (20% EtOAc:Pet Ether) gave 3.5 g of desired indole ester product
  • Step 3 To the solution of indole ester (500 mg) in dichloromethane (7 mL) at ⁇ 40° C., was added DMSO (0.315 mL). to this mixture, Trifluoro-acetic anhydride (0.617 mL) was added dropwise and stirred at ⁇ 40° C. After 1 hr, ethyl magnesium bromide (17.647 mL, 1M) was added dropwise to this mixture. After 2 hrs, the reaction was slowly poured into a solution of 10 mL of saturated NaHCO3+20 mL H2O+30 mL of EtOAc. Organic layer was separated and dried and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by column chromatography (20% EtOAc:Pet Ether) gave 300 mg of desired product
  • Step 4 Benzyl indole (150 mg) was dissolved in EtOH:H 2 O (5:2 mL) and then KOH (156 mg) was added at room temperature and stirred. After 16 hrs, reaction neutralized with 1N HCl solution and solid was filtered as 9-[(3-carbamoylphenyl)methyl]-2-pentyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-8-carboxylic acid (30 mg).
  • HPLC methods that may be used include the following:
  • 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were routinely cultured in a growth medium composed of DMEM high-glucose (Sigma), 10% FBS (Gibco), 10 U/ml penicillin and 10 ⁇ g/ml streptomycin (P/S; Gibco).
  • DMEM high-glucose Sigma
  • FBS Gibco
  • P/S penicillin
  • P/S streptomycin
  • a confluent layer of 3T3-L1 cells were incubated with the growth medium containing 2 ⁇ M rosiglitazone, 1 ⁇ M dexamethasone, 500 ⁇ M IBMX, and 1 ⁇ g/ml insulin (Sigma).
  • Glucose concentration in the supernatants was determined using a colorimetric assay (Glucose Assay Kit I, Eton Biosciences). Glucose consumption in compound and vehicle treated cells was measured as loss of glucose from the culture medium and represented as mean fold change (compound/DMSO) t standard deviation (SD).
  • Tb Terbium
  • TR-FRET time resolved fluorescence energy transfer
  • the assay was initiated by adding 41 ⁇ L of the resulting protein/antibody solution into the wells containing the compounds and BODIPY FL C12. The plate was centrifuged and incubated at room temperature for 10 min. The TR-FRET signals were recorded using an EnVision Multilabel plate reader (PerkinElmer; TB excitation 320 nm, BODIPY FL C12 emission 520 nm; TB emission 615 nm). Relative fluorescence ratio (520 nm*10,000/615 nm) were used to calculate the compound mediated inhibition of BODIPY C12 FL fatty acid binding to FABP4. The compounds were tested in triplicates and the results were displayed as mean percent inhibition (compound*100/DMSO) ⁇ standard deviation (SD). Glucose consumption and FABP4 inhibition is shown below in Table 3 below.

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