US20230192628A1

US20230192628A1 - Microbiocidal derivatives

Info

Publication number: US20230192628A1
Application number: US17/614,053
Authority: US
Inventors: Mattia Riccardo MONACO; Stefano RENDINE; Mathias Blum; Andrew Edmunds
Original assignee: Syngenta Crop Protection AG Switzerland
Current assignee: Syngenta Crop Protection AG Switzerland
Priority date: 2019-05-29
Filing date: 2020-05-27
Publication date: 2023-06-22
Also published as: WO2020239853A1; JP2022534271A; EP3976601B1; EP3976601A1; CN113924294A; BR112021023848A2

Abstract

Compounds of the formula (I) wherein the substituents are as defined in claim 1, useful as pesticides, and especially fungicides.

Description

This application is a 371 National Stage application of International Application No. PCT/EP2020/064732 filed May 27, 2020, which claims the benefit to EP 19177414.0, filed May 29, 2019, the entire contents of these applications are hereby incorporated by reference.
The present invention relates to microbiocidal pyrazine derivatives, especially alkoxypyridazine derivatives, e.g., as active ingredients, which have microbiocidal activity, in particular fungicidal activity. The invention also relates to the preparation of these pyridazine derivatives, to agrochemical compositions which comprise at least one of the pyridazine derivatives and to uses of the pyridazine derivatives or compositions thereof in agriculture or horticulture for controlling or preventing the infestation of plants, harvested food crops, seeds or non-living materials by phytopathogenic microorganisms, preferably fungi.
WO 2010/012793 and WO 2017/207362 describe thiazole derivatives as pesticidal agents.
According to the present invention, there is provided a compound of formula (1):
wherein

R¹ is hydrogen, cyano, formyl, C₁-Cealkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₅alkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C_ehaloalkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₈alkoxyC₁-C₆alkylcarbonyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆alkoxyC₁-C₃alkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆alkoxyoxalyl, C₁-C₆alkoxycarbonylC₁C₄alkylC₁-C₅alkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C_ealkenyloxycarbonyl, or C₂-C₈alkynyloxycarbonyl;
R² is hydrogen, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, halogen, hydroxy, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₈haloalkoxy, C³-C₆cycloalkyloxy, C₃-C₅halocycloalkyloxy, C₂-C₆alkenyloxy, C_2-C₆haloalkenyloxy, C₂-C_ealkynyloxy, C₂-C₆haloalkynyloxy, C₁-C₆cyanoalkyloxy, C₁-C₆alkoxyC₁-C₃alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkoxyC₁-C₂alkyl. C₂-C₆alkynyl, C₂-C₆haloalkynyl, or C₃-C₆cycloalkyC₁-C₂alkoxy;
R³ is C₁-C₈alkyl. C₁-C₈haloalkyl, C₁-C₈alkoxy, C₃-C₈alkynyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkylC₁-Czalkyl, phenyl, phenylC₁-C₃alkyl, phenoxyC₁-C₃alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylC₁-C₂alkyl, heteroarylC₁-C₂alkoxyirninoC₁-C₂alkyl, wherein the heteroaryl is a 5- or 6-membered aromatic monocyclic ring comprising 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms individually selected from N, O and S, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylC₁-C₂alkyl, wherein the heterocyclyl is a 4-, 5- or 6-membered non-aromatic monocyclic ring comprising 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms individually selected from N, O, and S, and wherein the cycloalkyl, phenyl, heteroaryl and heterocyclyl moieties are each optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups represented by R⁵or 1 group represented by R⁵; and wherein when R³ is a substituted heterocyclyl, these cycles may contain a carbonyl (C═O) or sulfonyl (S(O)₂) group; or
R³ is a 6- to 10-membered annuiated ring system optionally comprising 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms individually selected from N, O and S, optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups represented by R⁵, and optionally bonded to the rest of the molecule through a C₁-C₂alkylene linker; or
R³ is a 5- to 10-membered non-aromatic spirocyclic carbobi- or carbotri-cyclyl ring system optionally comprising 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 heteroatoms individually selected from N, O and S, optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups represented by R⁵, and optionally bonded to the rest of the molecule through a C₁-C₂alkylene linker;
R⁴ is C₁-C₈alkyl, hydroxyC₁-C_aalkyl, C₃-C_acycloalkyl, C₃-C_acycloalkylC₄-C₂alkyl, phenyl, heteroaryl, wherein heteroaryl is a 5- or 6-membered aromatic monocyclic ring comprising 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms individually selected from N, O and S, heterocyclyl, wherein the heterocyclyl is a 4-, 5- or 6-membered non-aromatic monocyclic ring or a 9- to 10-membered non-aromatic bicyclic ring comprising 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms individually selected from N, O and S, and wherein the cycloalkyl, phenyl, heteroaryl and heterocyclyl moieties are each optionally substituted by 1, 2 or 3 substituents, which may be the same or different, selected from R⁸;
R⁵ is halogen, C_1-C₄alkyl, C₁-C₄alkoxy, C₁-C₄haloalkyl, or C₁-C₄haloalkoxy;
R⁶ is C₁-C₄alkylsulfonyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl. phenyl, benzyl, phenoxy, or pyridyl, wherein each cycloalkyl, phenyl or pyridyl group is optionally substituted by 1 group represented by R⁷;
R⁷ is halogen, C₁-C₄haloalkyl or C₁-G₄haloalkoxy;
R⁸ is halogen, C₁-C₄alkyl, C₁-C₄alkoxy, or C₁-C₄haloalkyl;
or a salt or an N-oxide thereof.

Surprisingly, it has been found that the novel compounds of formula (I) have, for practical purposes, a very advantageous level of biological activity for protecting plants against diseases that are caused by fungi.
According to a second aspect of the invention, there is provided an agrochemical composition comprising a fungicidally effective amount of a compound of formula (I) according to the present invention. Such an agricultural composition may further comprise at least one additional active ingredient and/or an agrochemically-acceptable diluent or carrier.
According to a third aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of controlling or preventing infestation of useful plants by phytopathogenic microorganisms, wherein a fungicidally effective amount of a compound of formula (1), or a composition comprising this compound as active ingredient, is applied to the plants, to parts thereof or the locus thereof.
According to a fourth aspect of the invention, there is provided the use of a compound of formula (1) as a fungicide. According to this particular aspect of the invention, the use may or may not include methods for the treatment of the human or animal body by surgery or therapy.
Where substituents are indicated as being “optionally substituted”, this means that they may or may not carry one or more identical or different substituents, e.g., one, two or three R⁵ substituents . For example, C₁C₈alkyl substituted by 1, 2 or 3 halogens, may include, but not be limited to, —CH₂Cl, —CHCl₂, —CCl₃, —CH₂F, —CHF₂, —CF₃, —CH₂CF₃ or —CF₂CH₃ groups. As another example, C_1–C₆alkoxy substituted by 1, 2 or 3 halogens, may include, but not limited to, CH₂ClO—, CHCl₂O—, CCl₃O—, CH₂FO—, CHF₂O—, CF₃O—, CF₃CH₂O— or CH₃CF₂O— groups.
As used herein, the term “cyano” means a —CN group.
As used herein, the term “halogen” refers to fluorine (fluoro), chlorine (chloro), bromine (bromo) or iodine (iodo).
As used herein, the term “formyl” means a —C(O)H group.
As used herein, the term “acetyl” means a —C(O)CH₃ group.
As used herein, the term “C₁-C₈alkyl” refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain radical consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, containing no unsaturation, having from one to eight carbon atoms, and which is attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond. “C₁-C₆alkyl”, “C₁-C₄alkyl” and “C₁-C₃alkyl” are to be construed accordingly. Examples of C₁-C_aalkyl include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, and the isomers thereof, for example, iso-propyl. A “C₁-C₆alkylene” group refers to the corresponding definition of C₁-C₈alkyl, except that such radical is attached to the rest of the molecule by two single bonds. The term “C₁-C₂alkylene” is to be construed accordingly. Examples of C₁-C₆alkylene, include, but are not limited to, —CH₂—, —CH₂CH₂— and —(CH₂)₃—.
As used herein, the term “C₁-C₅haloalkyl” refers a C₁-C₈alkyl radical as generally defined above substituted by one or more of the same or different halogen atoms. The terms “C₁-C₆haloalkyl” and “C₁-C₄haloalkyl”, are to be construed accordingly. Examples of C₁-C₈haloalkyl include, but are not limited to trifluoromethyl.
As used herein, the term “C₁-C₈alkoxy” refers to a radical of the formula —OR_a where R_a is a C₁-C₈alkyl radical as generally defined above. The terms “C₁-C₆alkoxy”, “C₁-C₄alkoxy” and “C₁-C₃alkoxy” are to be construed accordingly. Examples of C₁-C₈alkoxy include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, 1-methylethoxy (iso-propoxy), and propoxy.
As used herein, the term “C₂-C₅alkenyl” refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain radical group consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, containing at least one double bond that can be of either the (E)- or (Z)-configuration, having from two to six carbon atoms, which is attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond. The term “C₂-C₃alkenyl” is to be construed accordingly. Examples of C₂-C₆alkenyl include, but are not limited to, ethenyl (vinyl), prop-1-enyl, prop-2-enyl (allyl), but-1-enyl.
As used herein, the term “C₂-C₅alkenyloxy” refers to a radical of the formula —OR_a where R_a is a C₂-C_aalkenyl radical as generally defined above.
As used herein, the term “C₂-C₅alkynyl” refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain radical group consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, containing at least one triple bond, having from two to six carbon atoms, and which is attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond. The term “C₂-C₃alkynyl” is to be construed accordingly. Examples of C₂-C₅alkynyl include, but are not limited to, ethynyl, prop-1-ynyl, but-1-ynyl.
As used herein, the term “C₂-C₆alkynyloxy” refers to a radical of the formula —OR₃ where R_a is a C₂-C₈alkynyl radical as generally defined above.
As used herein, the term “C₃-C₈cycloalkyl” refers to a radical which is a monocyclic saturated ring system and which contains 3 to 8 carbon atoms. The terms “C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl”, “C₃-C₄cycloalkyl” are to be construed accordingly. Examples of C₃-C₆cycloalkyl include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, 1-methylcyclopropyl, 2-methylcyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, 1-methylcyclobutyl, 1,1-dimethylcyclobutyl, 2-methylcyclobutyl, and 2,2-dimethylcyclobutyl.
As used herein, the term “C₅-C₆cycloalkylC_1-C₂alkyl” refers to a C₃-C₈cycloalkyl ring attached to the rest of the molecule by a C₁-C₂alkylene linker as defined above.
As used herein, the term “phenylC₁-C₃alkyl” refers to a phenyl ring attached to the rest of the molecule by a C₁-C₃alkylene linker as defined above.
As used herein, the term “heteroaryl” refers to a 5- or 6-membered aromatic monocyclic ring radical which comprises 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms individually selected from N, O and S. Examples of heteroaryl include, but are not limited to, furanyl, pyrrolyl, thienyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidyl or pyridyl.
As used herein, the term “heteroarylC₁-C₂alkyl” refers to a heteroaryl ring attached to the rest of the molecule by a C₁-C₂alkylene linker as defined above.
As used herein, the term “heterocyclyl” refers to a stable 4-, 5- or 6-membered non-aromatic monocyclic ring which comprises 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms, wherein the heteroatoms are individually selected from N, O and S. The heterocyclyl radical may be bonded to the rest of the molecule via a carbon atom or heteroatom. Examples of heterocyclyl include, but are not limited to, aziridinyl, azetidinyl, oxetanyl, thietanyl, tetrahydrofuryl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolidnyl. piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, dioxolanyl, dithiolanyl and thiazolidinyl.
As used herein, the term “heterocyclylC₁-C₂alkyl” refers to a heterocyclyl ring attached to the rest of the molecule by a C₁-C₂alkylene linker as defined above.
As used herein, a “spirocyclic carbobi- or carbotri-cyclyl ring” is a non-aromatic bicyclic ring system comprising two rings joined together at one carbon atom, i.e., sharing one carbon atom. Examples of a spirocyclic carbobi- or carbotri-cyclyl ring system include, but are not limited to, spiro[3.3]heptanyl, spiro[3.4]octanyl, spiro[4,5]decanyl, spiro(cyclobutan-1,2′-indanyl], or spiro[cyclopentane-1,2′-tetralinyl).
As used herein, the term “C₁-C₆alkylcarbonyl” refers to a radical of the formula —C(O)R_a, where R_a is a C₁-C₅alkyl radical as generally defined above.
As used herein, the term “C₁-C₆alkoxyC₁-C₆alkylcarbonyl” refers to a radical of the formula —C(O)R_aOR_b, where R_b is a C₁-C₆alkyl radical as generally defined above, and R_a is a C_1-C₅alkylene radical as generally defined above.
As used herein, the term “C₁-C₆haloalkylcarbonyl” refers to a radical of the formula —C(O)R_a, where R_a is a C₁-C₆haloalkyl radical as generally defined above.
As used herein, the term “C₃-C₆cycloalkylcarbonyl” refers to a radical of the formula —C(O)R_a, where R_a is a C₃-C₆cycloalkyl radical as generally defined above.
As used herein, the term “C₁-C₆alkoxycarbonyl” refers to a radical of the formula —C(O)OR_a, where R_a is a C₁-C₆alkyl radical as generally defined above.
As used herein, the term “C₁-C₆alkoxyoxalyl”, refers to —C(O)C(O)OR_a radical, where R_a C₁-C₆alkyl radical as generally defined above.
As used herein, the term “C₂-C₆alkenyloxycarbonyl” refers to a radical of the formula —C(O)OR_a, where R_a is a C₂-C₆alkenyl radical as generally defined above.
As used herein, the term “C₂-C₆alkynyloxycarbonyl” refers to a radical of the formula —C(O)OR_a, where R_a is a C₂-C₆alkynyl radical as generally defined above.
As used herein, the term “phenylcarbonyl” refers to a radical of the formula —C(O)R_a, where R_a is a phenyl radical.
As used herein, the term “phenoxycarbonyl” refers to a radical of the formula —C(O)OR_a, where R_a is a phenyl radical.
As used herein, the term “heteroarylcarbonyl” refers to a radical of the formula —C(O)R_a, where R_a is a heteroaryl radical as generally defined above.
The presence of one or more possible stereogenic elements in a compound of formula (I) means that the compounds may occur in optically isomeric forms, i.e., enantiomeric or diastereomeric forms, Also, atropisomers may occur as a result of restricted rotation about a single bond, Formula (I) is intended to include all those possible isomeric forms and mixtures thereof. The present invention includes all those possible isomeric forms and mixtures thereof for a compound of formula (I). Likewise, formula (I) is intended to include all possible tautomers. The present invention includes all possible tautomeric forms for a compound of formula (I).
In each case, the compounds of formula (I) according to the invention are in free form, in oxidized form as an N-oxide, or in salt form, e.g., an agronomically usable salt form.
N-oxides are oxidized forms of tertiary amines or oxidized forms of nitrogen-containing heteroaromatic compounds. They are described for instance in the book “Heterocyclic N-oxides” by A. Albini and S. Pietra, CRC Press, Boca Raton (1991).
The following list provides definitions, including preferred definitions, for substituents R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ with reference to compounds of formula (I). For any one of these substituents, any of the definitions given below may be combined with any definition of any other substituent given below or elsewhere in this document.
R¹ is hydrogen, cyano, formyl, C₁-C₆alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆alkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆haloalkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆alkoxyC₁-C₆alkylcarbonyl, C₃-C₅cycloalkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆alkoxyC₁-C₆alkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆alkoxyoxaly), C₁-C₆alkoxycarbonylC₁-C₄alkylC₁-C₆alkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₆alkenyloxycarbonyl, or C₂-C₆alkynyloxycarbonyl. Preferably, R¹ is hydrogen, cyano, C_1-C₆alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₄alkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₄haloalkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₄alkoxyC₁-C₃alkylcarbonyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₄alkoxyC₁-C₂alkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₄alkenyloxycarbonyl, or C₂-C₄alkynyloxycarbonyl. More preferably, R¹ is hydrogen, cyano, C₁-C₆alkylcarbonyl or C₁-C₄alkoxyC₁-C₃alkylcarbonyl. Even more preferably, R¹ is hydrogen, cyano, C₁-C₃alkylcarbonyl, or C₁-C₂alkoxyC₁-C₂alkylcarbonyl. More preferably still, R¹ is hydrogen, cyano, acetyl or methoxymethylcarbonyl. Even more preferably still, R¹ is hydrogen, cyano, or acetyl. Most preferably, R¹ is hydrogen.
R² is hydrogen, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, halogen, hydroxy, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆haloalkoxy, C₃-C₆cycloalkyloxy, C₃-C₆halocycloalkyloxy, C₂-C₆alkenyloxy, C₂-C₆haloalkenyloxy, C₂-C₆alkynyloxy, C_2--C₆haloalkynyloxy, C₁-C₆cyanoalkyloxy, C₁-C₆alkoxyC₁-C₃alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkoxyC₁-C₂alkyl, C₂-C₆alkynyl, C₂-C₆haloalkynyl, or C₃-C6cycloalkylC₁-C₂alkoxy, Preferably, R² is hydrogen, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, halogen, hydroxy, C_1-C₅alkoxy, C₁-C₆haloalkoxy, C₃-C₆cycloalkyloxy, C_2-C₆alkenyloxy, C₂-C₆haloalkenyloxy, C₂-C₆alkynyloxy, C₂-C₈haloalkynyloxy, C₁-C₆alkoxyC₁-C₃alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkoxyC₁-C₂alkyl, C₂-C₆alkynyl, or C₂-C₆haloalkynyl. More preferably, R² is hydrogen, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₄haloalkyl, halogen, hydroxy, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₃haloalkoxy, C₂-C₅alkenyloxy, C₂-C₅haloalkenyloxy, C₂-C₅alkynyloxy, C₁-C₄alkoxyC₁-C₃alkoxy, C₁-C₄alkoxyC₁-C₂alkyl, or C₂-C₅alkynyl, Even more preferably, R² is hydrogen, C₁-C₄alkyl, C₁-C₃haloalkyl, halogen, hydroxy, C₁-C₄alkoxy, C₁-C₃haloalkoxy, C₃-C₄cycloalkyloxy, C₃-C₄alkenyloxy, C₃-C₆alkynyloxy, C₁-C₂alkoxyC₁-C₂alkoxy, C_1- C₂alkoxyC₁-C₂alkyl, C₁-C₃haloalkoxy, or C₃-C₅alkynyl More preferably still, R² is hydrogen, C₁-C₄alkyl, halogen, C₁-C₄alkoxy C₁-C₃haloalkoxy, or cyclopropoxy. Even more preferably still, R² is hydrogen, methyl, chloro, bromo, fluoro, methoxy, ethoxy, isopropoxy, allyloxy, propargyloxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy or cyclopropoxy. Even more preferably, R² is hydrogen, methyl or methoxy. Most preferably, R² is methoxy.
R³ is C₁-C₈alkyl, C₁-C₈haloalkyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₃-C₅alkynyl, C₃-C₅cycloalkyl, C₃-C₅cycloalkylC₁-C₂alkyl, phenyl, phenylC₁-C₃alkyl, phenoxyC₁-C₃alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylC₁-C₂alkyl, heteroarylC₁-C₂alkoxyiminoC₁-C₂alkyl, wherein the heteroaryl is a 5- or 6-membered aromatic monocyclic ring comprising 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms individually selected from N, O and S, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylC₁-C₂alkyl, wherein the heterocyclyl is a 4-, 5- or 6-membered non-aromatic monocyclic ring comprising 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms individually selected from N, O, and S, and wherein the cycloalkyl, phenyl, heteroaryl and heterocyclyl moieties are each optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups represented by R⁵ or 1 group represented by R⁶; and wherein when R³ is a substituted heterocyclyl, these cycles may contain a carbonyl (C═O) or sulfonyl (S(O)₂) group; or

R³ is a 6- to 10-membered annulated ring system optionally comprising 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms individually selected from N, O and S, optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups represented by R⁵, and optionally bonded to the rest of the molecule through a C₁-C₂alkylene linker; or
R³ is a 5- to 10-membered non-aromatic spirocyclic carbobi- or carbotri-cyclyl ring system optionally comprising 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 heteroatoms individually selected from N, O and S, optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups represented by R⁵, and optionally bonded to the rest of the molecule through a C₁-C₂alkylene linker.

Preferably, R³ is C₁-C₈alkyl, C₃-C₈alkynyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkylC₁-C₂alkyl, phenylC₁-C₃alkyl, phenoxyC₁-C₃alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylC₁-C₂alkyl, heteroarylC₁-C₂alkoxyiminoC₁-C₂alkyl, wherein the heteroaryl is a 5- or 6-membered aromatic monocyclic ring comprising 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms individually selected from N, O and S, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylC₁-C₂alkyl, wherein the heterocyclyl is a 5- or 6-membered non-aromatic monocyclic ring comprising 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms individually selected from N, O, and S, and wherein the cycloalkyl, phenyl, heteroaryl and heterocyclyl moieties are each optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups represented by R⁵ or 1 group represented by R⁶; and wherein when R³ is a substituted heterocyclyl, these cycles may contain a carbonyl (C═O) or sulfonyl (S(O)₂) group; or

R³ is a 7- to 10-membered annulated ring system optionally comprising 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms individually selected from N, O and S, optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups represented by R⁵, and optionally bonded to the rest of the molecule through a C₁-C₂alkylene linker; or
R³ is a 6- to 10-membered non-aromatic spirocyclic carbobi- or carbotri-cyclyl ring system optionally comprising 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 heteroatoms individually selected from N, O and S, optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups represented by R⁵, and optionally bonded to the rest of the molecule through a C₁-C₂alkylene linker.

More preferably, R³ is C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₈alkynyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkylC₁-C₂alkyl phenylC₁-C₃alkyl, phenoxyC₁-C₃alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylC₁-C₂alkyl, heteroarylC₁-C₂alkoxyiminoC₁-C₂alkyl, wherein the heteroaryl is a 5- or 6-membered aromatic monocyclic ring comprising 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms individually selected from N and O, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylC₁-C₂alkyl, wherein the heterocyclyl is a 5- or 6-membered non-aromatic monocyclic ring comprising 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms individually selected from N, O, and S, and wherein the cycloalkyl, phenyl, heteroaryl and heterocyclyl moieties are each optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups represented by R⁵ or 1 group represented by R⁶; and wherein when R³ is a substituted heterocyclyl, these cycles may contain a carbonyl (C═O) or sulfonyl (S(O)₂) group; or

R³ is a 7- to 9-membered annulated ring system optionally comprising 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms individually selected from N and O, optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups represented by R⁵, and optionally bonded to the rest of the molecule through a C₁-C₂alkylene linker; or
R³ is a 6- to 9-membered non-aromatic spirocyclic carbobicyclyl ring system optionally comprising 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms individually selected from N and O, optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups represented by R⁵, and optionally bonded to the rest of the molecule through a C₁-C₂alkylene linker.

More preferably still, R³ is C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₇alkynyl, C₃-C₄cycloalkyl, C₃-C₄cycloalkylC₁-C₂alkyl, phenylC₁-C₃alkyl, phenoxyC₁-C₃alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylC₁-C₂alkyl, heteroarylC₁-C₂alkoxyiminoC1-C₂alkyl, wherein the heteroaryl is a 5- or 6-membered aromatic monocyclic ring comprising 1, 2. or 3 heteroatoms individually selected from N and O, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylC₁-C₂alkyl, wherein the heterocyclyl is a 5- or 6-membered non-aromatic monocyclic ring comprising 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms individually selected from N, O, and S, and wherein the cycloalkyl, phenyl, heteroaryl and heterocyclyl moieties are each optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups represented by R⁵ or 1 group represented by R⁶; and wherein when R³ is a substituted heterocyclyl, these cycles may contain a carbonyl (C═O) or sulfonyl (S(O)₂) group; or

R³ is a 7- to 9-membered annulated ring system optionally comprising 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms individually selected from N and O, optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups represented by R⁵, and optionally bonded to the rest of the molecule through a C₁-C₂alkylene linker; or
R³ is a 6- to 9-membered non-aromatic spirocyclic carbobicyclyl ring system optionally comprising 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms individually selected from N and O, optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups represented by R⁵, and optionally bonded to the rest of the molecule through a C₁-C₂alkylene linker.

Even more preferably, R³ is t-butyl, isopentyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl, 1,5-dimethylhexyl. 4,4-dimethylpent-2-ynyl, cyclopropyl optionally substituted with 1 group represented by R⁵ or 1 group represented by R⁶, cyclobutyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups represented by R⁵ or 1 group represented by R⁶, cyclopropylmethyl optionally substituted with 1 group represented by R⁵ or 1 group represented by R⁶, phenylC₁-C₃alkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups represented by R⁵ or 1 group represented by R⁶, phenoxyC₁-C₃alkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups represented by R⁶, heteroarylC₁-C₂alkyl, heteroarylC₁-C₂alkoxyiminoC₁-C₂alkyl, wherein the heteroaryl is a 5- or 6-membered aromatic monocyclic ring comprising 1 or 2 heteroatoms individually selected from N and O, and wherein the heteroaryl moieties are optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups represented by R⁵ or 1 group represented by R⁶, heterocyclyl wherein the heterocyclyl is a 5- or 6-membered non-aromatic monocyclic ring comprising a single heteroatom selected from N and O, heterocyclylC₁-C₂alkyl, wherein the heterocyclyl is a 5- or 6-membered non-aromatic monocyclic ring comprising 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms individually selected from N and O, and wherein the heterocyclyl moieties are each optionally substituted with group represented by R⁵ or 1 group represented by R⁶; and wherein when R³ is a substituted heterocyclyl, these cycles may contain a carbonyl (C═O) or sulfonyl (S(O)₂) group; or

R³ is a 7- to 9-membered annulated ring system optionally comprising 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms individually selected from N and O, optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups represented by R⁵, and optionally bonded to the rest of the molecule through a C_1,C₂alkylene linker; or
R³ is a 6- to 9-membered non-aromatic spirocyclic carbobicyclyi ring system optionally comprising 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms individually selected from N and O, optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups represented by R⁵, and optionally bonded to the rest of the molecule through a C₁-C₂alkylene linker.

In one set of embodiments, R³ is t-butyl, isopentyl. 2,2-dimethylpropyl, 1,5-dimethylhexyl, 4,4-dimethylpent-2-ynyl, 1-methylcyclopropyl, 4-fluorophenylcyclopropyl, (4-chlorophenyl)methylcylopropyl, 2,2-dimethylcyclobutyl, 1-methylcyclopentyl, 4-fluorophenoxycyclobutyl, 1-trifluoromethylcyclopropylmethyl, (5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridyi)cyclopropylmethyl, (6-chloro-3-pyridyl)cyclopropylmethyl, benzyl, phenoxybenzyl, phenylethyl, 4-trifluoromethoxyphenylethyl, 2-phenylpropyl. 4-chlorobenzyl, 3,5-difluorobeznyl, 4-fluorophenoxyethyl, 3,5-difluorophenoxy-1-methylethyl, 2,4-dichiorophenoxyethyl, benzylimidazol-4-yl, 4-(difluoromethyl)-1-methylpyrazol-3-ylmethyl, 3,5-dichloro-4-pyridylmethyl, 1-(5-methyloxazol-2-yl)ethyl, 2-trifluoromethylpyrimidin-5-yl, (3,5-dichloro-2-pyridyl)-2-ethoxyimino-ethyl, 1-isopropylsulfonyl-4-piperidinyl, 1,1-dioxothian-4-yl, 5-cyclopropyltetrahydrofuran-3-yl, 3-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-ylmethyl, 1-tetrahydropyran-4-ylethyl, 2-methyltraizol-4-ylmethyl, 5-(trifluoromethyl)indan-1-yl, 6-(trifluoromethyl)indan-1-yl, pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-7-ylmethyl, 1-methylpyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-3-yl, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-3-ylmethyl, 2,2-difluora-1,3-benzodioxol-4-ylmethyl, spiro[3,4]octan-3-yl, 8-methyl-5-oxaspiro[3.5]nonan-8-yl, 2-oxabicyclo[3.3]heptan-6-yl, 7,7-dimethyl-2-oxabicyclo[3.2.0]heptan-6-yl, 2-oxabicyclo[3.2.0]heptan-7-yl, or 4-oxaspiro[2.3]heptan-6-yl.
More preferably, R³ is t-butyl, isopentyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl, 1,5-dimethylhexyl1-methylcyclopropyl, 2,2-dimethylcyclobutyl, 1 -methylcyclopentyl, 1-trifluoromethylcyclopropylmethyl, (5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridyl)cyclopropylmethyl, phenoxybenzyl, 4-trifluoromethoxyphenylethyl3,5-dichloro-4-pyridylmethyl, (3,5-dichloro-2-pyridyl)-2-ethoxyimino-ethyi, 5-cyclopropyltetrahydrofuran-3-yl, 3-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-ylmethyl, 5-(trifluoromethyl)indan-1-yl, 6-(trifluoromethyl)indan-1-yl, pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-7-ylmethyl, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-3-ylmethyl, 2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-4-ylmethyl, 8-methyl-5-oxaspiro[3.5]nonan-8-yl, 7,7-dimethyl-2-oxabicyclo[3.2.0]heptan-6-yl, 2-oxabicyclo[3.2.0]heptan-7-yl, or 4-oxaspiro[2.3]heptan-6-yl.
More preferably still, R³ is t-butyl, isopentyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl, 1-methylcyclopropyl, 2,2-dimethylcyclobutyl, 1-methylcyclopentyl, or spiro[3,4]octan-3-yl.
In another set of embodiments, R³ is t-butyl, isopentyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl, 1,5-dimethylhexyl, 4,4-dimethylpent-2-ynyl, 1-methylcyclopropyl, 4-fluorophenylcyclopropyl, (4-chlorophenyl)methylcylopropyl, 2,2-dimethylcyclobutyl, 4-fluorophenoxycyclobutyl, 1 -trifluoromethylcyclopropylmethyl, (5-(triftuoromethyl)-2-pyridyl)cyclopropylmethyl, (6-chloro-3-pyridyl)cyclopropylmethyl, benzyl, phenoxybenzyl, phenylethyl, 4-trifluoromethoxyphenylethyl, 2-phenylpropyl, 4-chlorobenzyl, 3,5-difiuorobeznyl, 4-fluorophenoxyethyl, 3,5-difluorophenoxy-1-methylethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyethyl, benzylimidazol-4-yl, 4-(difluororomethyl)-1-methylpyrazol-3-ylmethyl, 3,5-dichloro-4-pyridylmethyl, 1-(5-methyloxazol-2-yl)ethyl, 2-trifluoromethylpyrimidin-5-yl, (3,5-dichloro-2-pyridyl)-2-ethoxyimino-ethyl, 1-isopropylsulfonyl-4-piperidinyl, 1, 1-dioxothian-4-yl, 5-cyclopropyltetrahydrofuran-3-yL 3-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-ylmethyl, 1-tetrahydropyran-4-ylethyl, 2-methyltraizol-4-ylmethyl, 5-(trifluoromethyl)indan-1-yl, 6-(trifluorormethyl)indan-1-yl, pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-7-ylmethyl, 1 -methylpyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-3-yl, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-3-ylmethyl, 2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-4-ylmethyl, spiro[3.4]octan-3-yl, 8-methyl-5-oxaspiro[3.5]nonan-8-yl, 2-oxabicyclo[3.3]heptan-6-yl, 7,7-dimethyl-2-oxabicyclo[3.2.0]heptan-6-yl, 2-oxabicyclo[3.2.0]heptan-7-yl, or 4-oxaspiro[2,3]heptan-6-yl.
More preferably, R³ is t-butyl, isopentyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl, 1,5-dimethylhexyl1-methylcyclopropyl, 2,2-dimethylcyclobutyl, 1-trifluoromethylcyclopropylmethyl, (5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridyl]cyclopropylmethyl, phenoxybenzyl, 4-trifluoromethoxyphenylethyl3,5-dichloro-4-pyridylmethyl, (3,5-dichloro-2-pyridyl)-2-ethoxyimino-ethyl, 5-cyclopropyltetrahydrofuran-3-yl, 3-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-ylmethyl, 5-(trifluoromethyl)indan-1-yl, 6-(trifluoromethyl)indan-1-yl, pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-7-ylmethyl, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-3-ylmethyl, 2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-4-ylmethyl, 8-methyl-5-oxaspiro[3.5]nonan-8-yl, 7,7-dimethyl-2-oxabicyclo[3.2.0]heptan-6-yl, 2-oxabicyclo[3.2.0]heptan-7-yl, or 4-oxaspiro[2.3]heptan-6-yl.
More preferably still. R³ is t-butyl, isopentyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl, 1-methylcyclopropyl, 2,2-dimethylcyclobutyl, or spiro[3,4]octan-3-yl.
R⁴ is C₁-C₈alkyl, hydroxyC₁-C₈alkyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkylC₁-C₂alkyl, phenyl, heteroaryl, wherein heteroaryl is a 5- or 6-membered aromatic monocyclic ring comprising 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms individually selected from N, O and S, heterocyclyl, wherein the heterocyclyl is a 4-, 5- or 6-membered non-aromatic monocyclic ring or a 9- to 10-membered non-aromatic bicyclic ring comprising 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms individually selected from N, O and S, and wherein the cycloalkyl, phenyl, heteroaryl and heterocyclyl moieties are each optionally substituted by 1, 2 or 3 substituents, which may be the same or different, selected from R⁸. Preferably, R⁴ is C₁-C₈alkyl, hydroxyC₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkylC₁-C₂alkyl, phenyl, heteroaryl, wherein heteroaryl is a 5- or 6-membered aromatic monocyclic ring comprising 1 or 2 heteroatoms individually selected from N, O and S, heterocyclyl, wherein the heterocyclyl is a 5- or 6-membered non-aromatic monocyclic ring comprising 1 or 2 heteroatoms individually selected from N, O and S, and wherein the cycloalkyl, phenyl, heteroaryl and heterocyclyl moieties are each optionally substituted by 1, 2 or 3 substituents, which may be the same or different, selected from R⁸. More preferably, R⁴ is C₁-C₈alkyl, hydroxyC₁-C₄alkyl, Cs-C₅cycloalkyl, C₃-C₄cycloalkylC₁-C₂alkyl, phenyl, heteroaryl, wherein heteroaryl is a 5- or 6-membered aromatic monocyclic ring comprising 1 or 2 heteroatoms individually selected from N, O and S, and wherein the cycloalkyl, phenyl, and heteroaryl moieties are each optionally substituted by 1 or 2 substituents, which may be the same or different, selected from R⁸. Even more preferably, R⁴ is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl, C_3-C₅cycloalkyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutylmethyl, phenyl, or heteroaryl, wherein heteroaryl is a 5- or 6-membered aromatic monocyclic ring comprising 1 or 2 heteroatoms individually selected from N and S, and wherein the phenyl and heteroaryl moieties are each optionally substituted by 1 or 2 substituents, which may be the same or different, selected from R⁸.
In one set of embodiments, R⁴ is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopropylmethyl, phenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 3-chicrophenyl, 3-methylphenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 3,5-difluorophenyl, 3,5-dichlorophenyl, 3,5-dimethylphenyl, 3,5-dimethoxyphenyl, pyridin-4-yl, 2-fluoropyridin-4-yl, 2-chloropyridin-4-yl, 3,8-difluoropyridin-4-yl, 2,6-dichloropyridin-4-yl, pyridin-3-yl, 6-fluoropyridin-3-yl, 5-fluoropyridin-3-yl. 6-chloropyridin-3-yl, 5-chloropyridin-3-yl, isothiazol-4-yl, thiazol-2-yl, pyrimidin-5-yi or 1,3-benzodooxol-5-yl. In another set of embodiments, R⁴ is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopropylmethyi, phenyl. 3,5-difluorophenyl, 2-fluoropyridin-4-yl, 2,6-difluoropyridin-4-yl, 2-chloropyridin-4-yl, 2,6-difluoropyridin-4-yl, 5-fluoropyridin-3-yl, 6-fluoropyridin-3-yl, isothiazol-4-yl, thiazol-2-yl, pyrimidin-5-yl or 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl. In a further set of embodiments, R⁴ is 3,5-difluorophenyl, 2,6-difluoropyridin-4-yl, or isothiazol-4-yl.
R⁵ is halogen, C₁-C₄alkyl, C₁-C₄alkoxy, C_1-C₄haloalkyl, or C₁-C₄haloalkoxy. Preferably, R⁵ is halogen, C₁-C₃alkyl, C_1-C₃alkoxy, C₁-C₃haloalkyl, or C₁-C₃haloalkoxy. More preferably, R⁵ is halogen, C₁-C₃alkyl, C₁-C₃haloalkyl, or C₁-C₃haloalkoxy. Even more preferably, R⁵ is chloro, fluoro, methyl, difluoromethyl or trifluoromethyl. More preferably still, R⁵ is methyl.
R⁶ is C₁-C₄alkylsulfonyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, phenyl, benzyl, phenoxy, or pyridyl, wherein each cycloalkyl, phenyl or pyridyl group is optionally substituted by 1 group represented by R⁷. Preferably, R⁶ is C₁-C₃alkylsulfonyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, phenyl, benzyl, phenoxy, or pyridyl, wherein each cycloalkyl, phenyl or pyridyl group is optionally substituted by 1 group represented by R⁷. Even more preferably, R⁶ is cyclopropyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, benzyl, phenoxy, or pyridyl, wherein each cycloalkyl, phenyl or pyridyl group is optionally substituted by 1 group represented by R⁷. Most preferably, R⁶ is cyclopropyl, phenyl, phenoxy, or pyridyl, wherein each cyclopropyl, phenyl or pyridyl group is optionally substituted by 1 group represented by R⁷.
R⁷ is halogen, C₁-C₄haloalkyl or C₁-C₄haloalkoxy. Preferably, R⁷ is halogen, C₁-C₃haloalkylor C₁-C₃haloalkoxy. More preferably, R⁷ is chloro, fluoro, trifluoromethyl or trifluoromethoxy. Most preferably, R⁷ is trifluoromethoxy.
R⁸ is halogen, C₁-C₄alkyl, C₁-C₄alkoxy, or C₁-C₄haloalkyl. Preferably, R⁸ is chloro, fluoro, C₁-C₃-alkyl, C₁-C₃alkoxy, or C₁-C₃haloalkyl. More preferably, R⁸ is chloro, fluoro, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, methoxy, ethoxy, isopropoxy, difluoromethyl or trifluoromethyl. Even more preferably, R⁸ is chloro, fluoro, or methyl. Most preferably, R⁸ is fluoro.
In a compound of formula (l) according to the present invention, preferably:

R¹ is hydrogen, cyano, C₁-C₆alkylcarbonyl, or C_1-C₄alkoyyC₁-C₃alkylcarbonyl;
R² is methoxy;
R³ is C₁-C₈alkyl, C₃-C₇alkynyl, C₃-C₄cycloalky), C₃-C₄ycloalkylC₁-C₂alkyl, phenylC₁-C₃alkyl, phenoxyC₁-C₃alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylC₁-C₂alkyl, heteroarylC₁-C₂alkoxyiminoC₁-C₂alkyl, wherein the heteroaryl is a 5- or 6-membered aromatic monocyclic ring comprising 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms individually selected from N and O, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylC₁-C₂alkyl, wherein the heterocyclyl is a 5- or 6-membered non-aromatic monocyclic ring comprising 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms individually selected from N, O, and S, and wherein the cycloalkyl, phenyl, heteroaryl and heterocyclyl moieties are each optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups represented by R⁵ or 1 group represented by R⁵; and wherein when R³ is a substituted heterocyclyl, these cycles may contain a carbonyl (C═O) or sulfonyl (S(O)₂) group; or
R³ is a 7- to 9-membered annulated ring system optionally comprising ₁, 2, or 3 heteroatoms individually selected from N and O, optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups represented by R⁵, and optionally bonded to the rest of the molecule through a C₁-C₂alkylene linker; or
R³ is a 6- to 9-membered non-aromatic spirocyclic carbobicyclyi ring system optionally comprising 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms individually selected from N and O, optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups represented by R⁵, and optionally bonded to the rest of the molecule through a C₁-C₂alkylene linker;
R⁴ is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl, C₃-C₅cycloalkyl, cyclopropylmethy), cyclobutylmethyl, phenyl, or heteroaryl, wherein heteroaryl is a 5- or 6-membered aromatic monocyclic ring comprising 1 or 2 heteroatoms individually selected from N and S, and wherein the phenyl and heteroaryl moieties are each optionally substituted by 1 or 2 substituents, which may be the same or different, selected from R⁸;
R⁵ is chloro, fluoro, methyl, difluoromethyl or trifluoromethyl;
R⁶ is cyclopropyl, phenyl, phenoxy, or pyridyl, wherein each cycloalkyl, phenyl or pyridyl group is optionally substituted by 1 group represented by R⁷;
R⁷ is chloro, fluoro, trifluoromethyl or trifluoromethoxy; and
R⁸ is chloro, fluoro, or methyl.

In another set of embodiments, R¹ is hydrogen, cyano or acetyl;

R² is methoxy;
R³ is C₁-C₈alkyl, C₃-C₇alkynyl, C₃-C₄cycloalkyl, C₃-C₄cycoalkylC₁-C₂alkyl, phenylC₁-C₃alkyl, phenoxyC₁-C₃alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylC₁-C₂alkyl, heteroarylC₁-C₂alkoxyiminoC₁-C₂alkyl, wherein the heteroaryl is a 5- or 6-membered aromatic monocyclic ring comprising 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms individually selected from N and O, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylC₁-C₂alkyl, wherein the heterocyclyl is a 5- or 6-membered non-aromatic monocyclic ring comprising 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms individually selected from N, O, and S, and wherein the cycloalkyl, phenyl, heteroaryl and heterocyclyl moieties are each optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups represented by R⁵ or 1 group represented by R⁶; and wherein when R³ is a substituted heterocyclyl, these cycles may contain a carbonyl (C═O) or sulfonyl (S(O)₂) group; or
R³ is a 7- to 9-membered annulated ring system optionally comprising 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms individually selected from N and O, optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups represented by R⁵, and optionally bonded to the rest of the molecule through a C₁-C₂alkylene linker; or
R³ is a 6- to 9-membered non-aromatic spirocyclic carbobicyclyl ring system optionally comprising 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms individually selected from N and O, optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups represented by R⁵, and optionally bonded to the rest of the molecule through a C₁-C₂alkylene linker:
R⁴ is 3,5-difluorophenyl, 2,6-difluoropyridin-4-yl, or isothiazol-4-yl;
R⁵ is halogen, C₁-C₃alkyl, C₁-C₃haloalkyl, or C₁-C₃haloalkoxy;
R⁶ is cyclopropyl, phenyl, phenoxy, or pyridyl, wherein each cycioalkyl, phenyl or pyridyl group is optionally substituted by 1 group represented by R⁷; and
R⁸ is fluoro.

In a further set of embodiments, R¹ is hydrogen, cyano, or acetyl:

R² is hydrogen, methyl, chloro, bromo, fluoro, methoxy, ethoxy, isopropoxy, allyloxy, propargyloxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy or cyclopropoxy;
R³ is t-butyl, isopentyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl, 1,5-dimethylhexylt-methylcyclopropyl, 2,2-dimethylcyclobutyl, 1-trifluoromethylcyclopropylmethyl, (5-(tnfluoromethyl)-2-pyridyl)cyclopropylmethyl, phenoxybenzyl, 4-trifluoromethoxyphenylethyl3,5-dichloro-4-pyridylmethyl, (3,5-dichloro-2-pyridyl)-2-ethoxyimino-ethyl, 5-cyclopropyltetrahydrofuran-3-yl, 3-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-ylmethyl, 5-(trifluoromethyl)indan1-yl, 6-(trifluoromethyl)indan-1-yl, pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-7-ylmetl)yl, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-3-ylmethyl. 2,2-difluoro-1 ,3-benzodioxol-4-ylmethyl, 8-methyl-5-oxaspiro[3,5]nonan-8-yl, 7,7-dimethyl-2-oxabicyclo[3.2.0]heptan-6-yl, 2-oxabicyclo[3.2.0]heptan-7-yl, or 4-oxaspiro[2.3]heplan-6-yl;
R⁴ is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopropylmethyl, phenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 3-methylphenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 3,5-difluorophenyl, 3,5-dichlorophenyl, 3,5-dimethylphenyl, 3,5-dimethoxyphenyl, pyridin-4-yl, 2-fluoropyridin-4-yl, 2-chloropyridin-4-yl, 2,6-difluoropyridin-4-yl, 2,6-dichicropyridin-4-yl, pyridin-3-yl, 6-fluoropyridin-3-yl, 5-fluoropyridin-3-yl, 6-chloropyridin-3-yl, 5-chloropyridin-3-yl, isothiazol-4-yl, thiazol-2-yl, pyrimidin-5-yl or 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl.

In a further still set of embodiments, R¹ is hydrogen, cyano, or acetyl;

R² is methoxy;
R³ is t-butyl, isopentyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl, 1-methylcyclopentyl, 1-methylcyclopropyl, 2,2-dimethylcyclobutyl, or spiro[3,4]octan-3-yl; and
R⁴ is 3,6-difluorophenyl, 2,6-dichloropyridin-4-yl, or isothiazol-4-yl,

In one set of embodiments, R³ is C₃-C₄cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups represented by R⁵, or R³ is an 8-membered spirocyclic ring system, and R⁴ is 3,5-difluorophenyl or 2,6-difluoro-4-pyrioyl.
Preferably, the compound according to formula (I) is selected from compounds P-1 to P-50 as shown in Table 3 (below).
Compounds of the present invention can be made as shown in the following schemes, in which, unless otherwise stated, the definition of each variable is as defined above for a compound of formula (I).
The process according to the invention for preparing compounds of formula (I) is carried out by methods known to those skilled in the art, and described in more detail below. For example, compounds of formula (I) can be prepared by reaction of a carboxylic acid of formula (II):
wherein R¹, R² and R⁴ are as defined under formula (I), with an amine of formula (III):
wherein R³ is as defined under formula (I), under various conditions are known to those skilled in the art, some of which are outlined in Scheme 1.
As shown in Scheme 1 compounds of formula (II), wherein R¹, R² and R⁴ are as defined in formula (I), are activated to compounds of formula (IIa) by methods known to those skilled in the art and described for example in Tetrahedron, 61 (46), 10827-10852, 2005. For example, compounds of formula (IIa) where X₀ is halogen are formed by treatment of compounds of formula (II) with for example, oxalyl chloride or thionyl chloride in the presence of catalytic quantities of DMF in inert solvents such as methylene dichloride or THF at temperatures between 25-170° C., preferably 25-80° C. Treatment of compounds of formula (IIa) with compounds of formula (III), wherein R³ is as defined in formula (I), optionally in the presence of a base, e.g. triethylamine or pyridine leads to compounds of formula (I). Alternatively, compounds of formula (I) can be prepared by treatment of compounds of formula (III) with dicyclohexyl carbodilmide (DCC) or 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) to give the activated species (IIa), wherein X₀ is X₀₁ or X₀₂, in an inert solvent, e.g. pyridine, or THF optionally in the presence of a base, e.g. triethylamine, at temperatures between 50-180° C. In addition, an acid of the formula (II) can also be activated by reaction with a coupling reagent such as propanephosphonic acid anhydride (T3P®) or O-(7-Aza-1-benzotriazolyl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium-hexafluorophosphate (HATU) to provide compounds of formula (IIa) wherein X₀ is X₀₃ and X₀₄ as described for example in Synthesis 2013, 45, 1569 and Journal Prakt. Chemie 1998, 340, 581 Subsequent reaction with an amine of the formula (III) provides compounds of formula (1). Intermediates of formula (ll):
wherein R¹, R², and R⁴ are as defined in formula (I), can be prepared from compounds of formula (IV):
wherein R⁴ R¹ and R² are as described in formula (I) and R⁸ is C₁-C₆alkyl, by acid or base hydrolysis. For example, compounds of formula (IV) wherein R⁹ is t-butyl, upon treatment with mineral acids or trifluoro acetic acid in an inert solvent such as methylene chloride or dioxane leads to compounds of formula (II). Alternatively, base hydrolysis of compounds of formula (IV), wherein R⁹ is for example methyl, ethyl, isopropyl and the like, with aqueous alkaline earth metal bases such as lithium, sodium or potassium hydroxides optionally in the presence of a water miscible solvent such as THF, dioxane, acetone and the like leads to compounds of formula (II). Such reactions are known to those skilled in the art.
Compounds of formula (IV) can be prepared by reaction of compounds of formula (V)
wherein R² and R⁸ are as previously described, and Xa¹ is chlorine, bromine, iodine, arysulfonate, alkylsulfonate or trifluoromethanesulfonate, with compounds of formula (VI):
wherein R¹ and R⁴ are as defined as in formula (I), under Buchwald-Hartwig coupling conditions. The Buchwald-Hartwig reaction is well known to those skilled in the art, and is a chemical reaction used in organic chemistry for the synthesis of carbon-nitrogen bonds via the palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions of amines with aryl and heteroaryl halides and sulphonates. Such reactions have been reported for example in for example, ACS calal., 2019, 3822-3830 and references cited therein. The reaction typically involves a palladium catalyst such Pd(OAc)₂, Pd₂(dba)₃, and ligands such diphenylphosphinobinapthyl (BINAP) and diphenylphosphinoferrocene {DPPF), and Xantphos. More modern methods of Buchwald-Hartwig couplings involve the use of palladium pre-catalysts such as BreitPhos Pd G3 (CAS[1470372-59-8]) or RuPhos Pd G3 (CAS [1445085-77-7]), use of which ensures the efficient and rapid generation of the active catalytic species. The reaction requires presence of bases such as alkaline earth metal alkoxides and hydroxides, for example potassium or sodium t-butoxides or hydroxides, alkaline earth metal carbonates such as sodium or cesium carbonates, and organic bases such as 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU). The reactions are carried out in a variety of inert solvents such as THF, water, toluene, dioxane, and DMF and/or mixtures thereof at temperatures between 20-170° C. (Buchwald, S.L. Chem. Rev., 2016. 116(19), 12564). The reaction is especially favoured in cases wherein R¹ is hydrogen,
The chemistry for the synthesis of compounds of formula (1) is summarized in Scheme 2.
Those skilled in the art will recognize that the order of the reactions can be changed and compounds of formula (I) can also be synthesized as shown in Scheme 3
As shown in Scheme 3, esters of formula (V) can be hydrolyzed to compounds of formula (Va) by methods previously discussed and known to those skilled in the art. Acids of formula (Va) can be activated to compounds of formula (Vb) also using methods previously discussed, which upon treatment with compounds of formula (III) under the conditions discussed in Scheme 2, lead to compounds of formula (VII). Previously discussed Buchwald-Hartwig amination of compounds of formula (VII) with compounds of formula (VI) leads to compounds of formula (I).
Compounds where R¹ is cyano, formyl, C₁-C₆alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆alkylC₁carbonyl, C₃-C₆alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆alkoxyC₁-C₆alkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆alkoxyoxalyl, C1-C₆ alkoxycarbonylC₁-C₄alkylC₁-C₆alkoxycarbonyl,C₂-C₆alkenyloxycarbonyl, C₂-C₆alkynyloxycarbonyl, phenylcarbonyl, phenoxycarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, wherein the heteroaryl is a 5- or 6-membered aromatic monocyclic ring comprising 1 or 2 heteroatoms individually selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur can be prepared by methods well known to those skilled in the art. For example, compounds wherein R¹ is formyl, C₁-C₆alkylcarbonyl. C₁-C₆alkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆haloalkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆alkoxyC₁-C₆alkylcarbonyl, C₃-C₆ycloalkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆alkoxyC₁-C₃alkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆alkoxyoxalyl, C₁-C₆alkoxycarbonylC₁-C₄alkylC₁-C₆alkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₆aikenyloxycarbonyl, C₂-C₆alkynyloxycarbonyl, phenylcarbonyl, phenoxycarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, wherein the heteroaryl is a 5- or 6-membered aromatic monocyclic ring comprising 1 or 2 heteroatoms individually selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur can be obtained as shown in Scheme 4.
As shown in Scheme 4, compounds of formula (VIII), wherein R^1a is H, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₁-C₆alkoxyC₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, C₁-C₆alkoxyC₁-C₃alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkoxyoxalyl, C₁-C₆alkoxycarbonylC₁alkylC₄-C₁alkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₆alkenyloxycarbonyl, C₃-C₆alkynyloxy, C₁-C₆alkylsulfanyl. phenyl, phenoxy, heteroaryl, wherein the heteroaryl is a 5- or 6-membered aromatic monocyclic ring comprising 1 or 2 heteroatoms individually selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur can be activated to compounds of formula (VIIIa) by methods shown in Scheme 4 and as discussed previously in Scheme 1, Subsequent reaction of compounds of formula (VIIIa) or (VIII) with compounds of formula (1a), optionally in the presence of a base, leads to compounds of formula (1b).
Compounds of formula (I), wherein R², R³, and R⁴ are as defined for formula (I), and R¹ is cyano, namely compounds of formula (1c), can be obtained by reaction of a compound of formula (IX), wherein Xa² is halogen, preferably bromo, either by thermal heating, or with the aid of a base, such as sodium hydride, butyl Lithium, or an organic base such as pyridine, in an inert solvent such as THF, dioxane, methylene chloride and the like. This is shown in Scheme 5.
Similar reactions have been reported in the literature, for example Eur. J. Chem., 24(52), 13788-13791, 2018, Org. Lett., 19(14), 3835-3838, 2017, and Synthesis, 3077-3088, 2009,
A further synthesis of compounds of formula (I), wherein R¹, R³, and R⁴ are as described under formula (I) and R³ is C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆haloalkoxy, C₃-C₆cycloalkyloxy, C₃-C₆halocycloalkyloxy, C₂-C₆alkenyloxy, C₂-C₆haloalkenyloxy, C₂-C₆alknyloxy , C₂-C₆haloalkynyloxy. C₁-C₆cyanoalkyloxy , C₁-C₆alkoxyC₁-C₃alkoxy, or C₃-C₆cycloalkylC₁-C₂alkoxy, namely compounds of formula (ld), is shown in Scheme 6.
As shown in Scheme 6, compounds of formula (IX), wherein R⁹ is C₁-C₆alkyl and Xa¹ is chlorine, bromine, iodine, arysulfonate, alkylsulfonate or trifluoromethanesulfonate, can be diazotized by methods known to those skilled in the art, for example by treatment with sodium nitrite and a strong acid, such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, or HBF_4, or under anhydrous conditions by treatment with for example organic nitrites, such as t-butyl nitrite, followed by treatment with a compound of formula R¹⁰-OH, wherein R¹⁰ is C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, C₃--C₆halocyclalkyl, G₂-C₆alkynyl, C₂-C₆haloalkynyl. C₁-C₆cyanoalkyl, C₁-C₆alkoxyC₁-C₃alkyl, or C₃-C₆cycloalkylC₁-C₂alkyl, to give compounds of formula (Va). Compounds of formula (Vc) are transformed to compounds of formula (Iva) by Buchwald-Hartwig coupling as previously described. Compounds of formula (Iva) can be hydrolyzed to compounds of formula (IIb) by methods previously described, and then coupled to compounds of formula (III) also using methods described in this application (Scheme 1) to give compounds of formula (Id).
It is in some cases more advantageous to prepare compounds of formula (Id) as shown in Scheme 7.
Those skilled in the art will recognize that the chemistry is similar to that described in Scheme 6, Thus, diazotation of compounds of formula (X), and hydrolysis of the intermediate diazonium salt under acidic conditions leads to compounds of formula (Vd), wherein Xa¹ and R⁹ are as previously described. Such reactions have been described in the literature, for example in Org. Synth. Coll. Vol. III, E.C. Horning Ed., Wiley, New York, 1956, Chapter I. The reaction can also be carried out using copper salts to react with the diazonium salt as described in J. Org. Chem, 42, 1977, p. 2053. Compounds of formula (Vd) are converted to compounds of formula (IVb) by Buchwald-Hartwig amination as previously described, and the ester (IVb) hydrolyzed to compounds of formula (IIc) by afore mentioned methods. Compounds of formula (IIc) are then coupled to compounds of formula (III) by the methods described in Scheme 1 to give compounds of formula (le), wherein R¹, R², R³ and R⁴ are as described as in formula (I). Compounds of formula (Ie) can be converted to compounds of formula (Id) by reaction with a compound of formula R¹⁰-Xa³, wherein R¹⁰ is C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl. C₃-C₆cycfoalkyl, C₃-C₆halocycloalkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆haloalkenyl, C₂-C₆alkynyl, C₂-C₆haloalkynyl, C₁-C₆cyanoalkyl, C₁-C₆alkoxyC₁-C₃alkyl, or C₁-C₆cycloalkylC₁-C₂alkyl. and Xa³ is halogen, in the presence of a base, such as cesium, sodium or potassium carbonate, and an inert solvent, such as DMF or acetonitrile. Such alkylation reactions are well known to those skilled in the art.
Compounds of formula (III), (VI), and (VIII) are either commercially available or known in the literature. Compounds of formula (V) are also either commercially available or known for example; methyl 6-bromopyrazine-2-carboxyiate (CAS [40155-34-8]), methyl 3,6-dibromopyrazine-2-carboxylate (CAS [13301-04-7]), methyl 6-bromo-3-chioro-pyrazine-2-carboxylate (CAS [1256921-67-1]), methyl6-bromo-3-iodo-pyrazine-2-carboxylate (CAS [1838713-31-7]), methyl 6-bromo-3-hydroxy-pyrazine-2-carboxylate (CAS [21874-61-3]), methyl 3-amino-6-bromo-pyrazine-2-carboxylate (CAS [6966-01-4]), methyl 6-bromo-3-methoxy-pyrazine-2-carboxylate (CAS [259794-06-4]), ethyl 6-bromo-3-methylpyrazine-2-carboxylate (CAS [1823378-04-6]) and methyl 6-chloro-3-methyl-pyrazine-2-carboxylate (CAS [1166831-45-3]).
Surprisingly, it has now been found that the novel compounds of formula (I) have, for practical purposes, a very advantageous level of biological activity for protecting plants against diseases that are caused by fungi.
The compounds of formula (I) can be used in the agricultural sector and related fields of use, e.g., as active ingredients for controlling plant pests or on non-living materials for control of spoilage microorganisms or organisms potentially harmful to man. The novel compounds are distinguished by excellent activity at low rates of application, by being well tolerated by plants and by being environmentally safe. They have very useful curative, preventive and systemic properties and may be used for protecting numerous cultivated plants. The compounds of formula (I) can be used to inhibit or destroy the pests that occur on plants or parts of plants (fruit, blossoms, leaves, stems, tubers, roots) of different crops of useful plants, while at the same time protecting also those parts of the plants that grow later, e.g., from phytopathogenic microorganisms.
The present invention further relates to a method for controlling or preventing infestation of plants or plant propagation material and/or harvested food crops susceptible to microbial attack by treating plants or plant propagation material and/or harvested food crops wherein an effective amount a compound of formula (I) is applied to the plants, to parts thereof or the locus thereof.
It is also possible to use the compounds of formula (I) as fungicide. The term “fungicide” as used herein means a compound that controls, modifies, or prevents the growth of fungi. The term “fungicidally effective amount” means the quantity of such a compound or combination of such compounds that is capable of producing an effect on the growth of fungi. Controlling or modifying effects include all deviation from natural development, such as killing, retardation and the like, and prevention includes barrier or other defensive formation in or on a plant to prevent fungal infection.
It is also possible to use compounds of formula (I) as dressing agents for the treatment of plant propagation material, e.g., seed, such as fruits, tubers or grains, or plant cuttings (e.g., rice), for the protection against fungal infections, as well as against phytopathogenic fungi occurring in the soil. The propagation material can be treated with a composition comprising a compound of formula (I) before planting: seed, e.g., can be dressed before being sown.
The active ingredients according to the invention can also be applied to grains (coating), either by impregnating the seeds in a liquid formulation or by coating them with a solid formulation. The composition can also be applied to the planting site when the propagation material is being planted, e.g., to the seed furrow during sowing. The invention relates also to such methods of treating plant propagation material and to the plant propagation material so treated
Furthermore, the compounds according to present invention can be used for controlling fungi in related areas, for example in the protection of technical materials, including wood and wood related technical products, in food storage, in hygiene management.
In addition, the invention could be used to protect non-living materials from fungal attack, e.g., lumber, wall boards and paint.
The compounds of formula (I) may be, for example, effective against fungi and fungal vectors of disease as well as phytopathogenic bacteria and viruses. These fungi and fungal vectors of disease as well as phytopathogenic bacteria and viruses are for example:
Absidia corymbifera, Alternaria spp, Aphanomyces spp, Ascochyta spp, Aspergillus spp. including A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. nidulans, A. niger, A. terrus, Aureobasidium spp. including A. pullulans, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Blumeria graminis, Bremia lactucae, Botryosphaeria spp. including B. dothidea, B. obtusa, Botrytis spp. inducing B. cinerea, Candida spp. including C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei, C. lusitaniae, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, Cephaloascus fragrans, Ceratocystis spp, Cercospora spp. including C. arachidicola, Cercosporidium personatum, Cladosporium spp, Claviceps purpurea, Coccidioides immitis. Cochliobolus spp, Colletotrichum spp. including C. musae, Cryptococcus neoformans, Diaporthe spp. Didymella spp, Drechslera spp, Elsinoe spp, Epidermophyton spp, Erwinia amylovora, Erysiphe spp. including E. cichoracearum, Eutypa lata, Fusarium spp. including F. culmorum, F. graminearum. F. langsethiae, F. moniliforme, F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum, F. subglutinans, F. solani, Gaeumannomyces graminis, Gibberella fujikuroi, Gloeodes pomigena, Gloeosporium musarum, Glomerella cingulate, Guignardia bidwellii, Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae, Helminthosporium spp, Hernileia spp. Histoplasma spp. including H. capsulatum, Laetisaria fuciformis, Leptographium lindbergi, Leveillula taurica, Lophodermium seditiosum, Microdochium nivale, Microsporum spp, Monilinia spp. Mucor spp, Mycosphaerella spp, including M. graminicola, M. pomi, Oncobasidium theobromaeon, Ophiostoma piceae, Paracoccidioides spp, Penicillium spp. including P. digitatum, P. italicum, Petriellidium spp, Peronosclerospora spp. Including P. maydis, P. philippinensis and P. sorghi, Peronospora spp, Phaeosphaeria nodorum, Phakopsora pachyrhizi, Phellinus igniarus, Phiaiophora spp, Phoma spp, Phomopsis viticola, Phytophthora spp. including P. infestans, Plasmopara spp. including P. halstedii, P. viticola, Pleospora spp., Podosphaera spp. including P. leucotricha, Polymyxa graminis, Polymyxa betae, Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides, Pseudomonas spp, Pseudoperonospora spp, including P. cubensis, P. humuli. Pseudopeziza tracheiphila, Puccinia Spp. including P. hordei. P. recondita, P. striiformis, P. triticina, Pyrenopeziza spp, Pyrenophora spp, Pyricularia spp. including P. oryzae, Pythium spp. including P. ultimum, Ramularia spp, Rhizoctonia spp, Rhizomucor pusillus, Rhizopus arrhizus, Rhynchosporium spp, Scedosporium spp. including S. apiospermum and S. prolificans, Schizothyrium pomi, Sclerotinia spp, Sclerotium spp, Septoria spp, including S. nodorum, S. tritici, Sphaerotheca macularis, Sphaerotheca fusca (Sphaerotheca fuliginea), Sporothorix spp, Stagonospora nodorum, Stemphylium spp., Stereum hirsutum, Thanatephorus cucumeris, Thielaviopsis basicola, Tilletia spp, Trichoderma spp., including T. harzianum, T. pseudokoningil, T. viride. Trichophyton spp, Typhula spp, Uncinula necator, Urocystis spp, Ustilago spp, Venturia spp. including V. inaequalis, Verticillium spp, and Xanthomonas spp.
Within the scope of present invention, target crops and/or useful plants to be protected typically comprise perennial and annual crops, such as berry plants for example blackberries, blueberries, cranberries, raspberries and strawberries; cereals for example barley, maize (corn), millet, oats, rice, rye, sorghum triticale and wheat: fibre plants for example cotton, flax, hemp, jute and sisal: field crops for example sugar and fodder beet, coffee, hops, mustard, oilseed rape (canola), poppy, sugar cane, sunflower, tea and tobacco: fruit trees for example apple, apricot, avocado, banana, cherry, citrus, nectarine, peach, pear and plum: grasses for example Bermuda grass, bluegrass, bentgrass, centipede grass, fescue, ryegrass, St. Augustine grass and Zoysia grass; herbs such as basil, borage, chives, coriander, lavender, lovage, mint, oregano, parsley, rosemary, sage and thyme: legumes for example beans, lentils, peas and soya beans; nuts for example almond, cashew, ground nut, hazelnut, peanut, pecan, pistachio and walnut: palms for example oil palm; ornamentals for example flowers, shrubs and trees; other trees, for example cacao, coconut, olive and rubber; vegetables for example asparagus, aubergine, broccoli, cabbage, carrot, cucumber, garlic, lettuce, marrow, melon, okra, onion, pepper, potato, pumpkin, rhubarb, spinach and tomato; and vines for example grapes.
The term “useful plants” is to be understood as including also useful plants that have been rendered tolerant to herbicides like bromoxynil or classes of herbicides (such as, for example, HPPD inhibitors, ALS inhibitors, for example primisulfuron, prosulfuron and trifioxysulfuron, EPSPS (5-enol-pyrovyl-shikimate-3-phosphate-synthase) inhibitors, GS (glutamine synthetase) inhibitors or PPO (protoporphyrinogen-oxidase) inhibitors) as a result of conventional methods of breeding or genetic engineering. An example of a crop that has been rendered tolerant to imidazolinones, e.g. imazamox, by conventional methods of breeding (mutagenesis) is Clearfield® summer rape (Canola). Examples of crops that have been rendered tolerant to herbicides or classes of herbicides by genetic engineering methods include glyphosate- and glufosinate-resistant maize varieties commercially available under the trade names RoundupReady®, Herculex I® and LibertyLink®.
The term “useful plants” is to be understood as including also useful plants which have been so transformed by the use of recombinant DNA techniques that they are capable of synthesising one or more selectively acting toxins, such as are known, for example, from toxin-producing bacteria, especially those of the genus Bacillus.
Examples of such plants are: YieldGard® (maize variety that expresses a CrylA(b) toxin); YieldGard Rootworm® (maize variety that expresses a CrylllB(b1) toxin); YieldGard Plus® (maize variety that expresses a CrylA(b) and a CrylllB(b1) toxin); Starlink® (maize variety that expresses a Cry9(c) toxin); Herculex I® (maize variety that expresses a CrylF(a2) toxin and the enzyme phosphinothricine N-acetyltransferase (PAT) to achieve tolerance to the herbicide glufosinate ammonium); NuCOTN 33B® (cotton variety that expresses a CrylA(c) toxin); Bollgard I® (cotton variety that expresses a CrylA(c) toxin); Bollgard II® (cotton variety that expresses a CrylA(c) and a CryllA(b) toxin); VIPCOT® (cotton variety that expresses a VIP toxin); NewLeaf® (potato variety that expresses a CrylllA toxin); NatureGard®Agrisure® GT Advantage (GA21 glyphosate-tolerant trait), Agrisure® CB Advantage (Bt11 corn borer (CB) trait), Agrisure® RW (corn rootworm trait) and Protecta®.
The term “crops” is to be understood as including also crop plants which have been so transformed by the use of recombinant DNA techniques that they are capable of synthesising one or more selectively acting toxins, such as are known, for example, from toxin-producing bacteria, especially those of the genus Bacillus.
Toxins that can be expressed by such transgenic plants include, for example, insecticidal proteins from Bacillus cereus or Bacillus popilliae; or insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis, such as δ-endotoxins, e.g. Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1F, Cry1Fa2, Cry2Ab, Cry3A, Cry3Bb1 or Cry9C, or vegetative insecticidal proteins (Vip), e.g. Vip1, Vip2, Vip3 or Vip3A; or insecticidal proteins of bacteria colonising nematodes, for example Photorhabdus spp. or Xenorhabdus spp., such as Photorhabdus luminescens, Xenorhabdus nematophius; toxins produced by animals, such as scorpion toxins, arachnid toxins, wasp toxins and other insect-specific neurotoxins; toxins produced by fungi, such as Streptomycetes toxins, plant lectins, such as pea lectins, barley lectins or snowdrop lectins; agglutinins; proteinase inhibitors, such as trypsin inhibitors, serine protease inhibitors, patatin, cystatin, papain inhibitors: ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIP), such as ricin, maize-RIP, abrin, luffin, saporin or bryodin; steroid metabolism enzymes, such as 3-hydroxysteroidoxidase, ecdysteroid-UDP-glycosyl-transferase, cholesterol oxidases, ecdysone inhibitors, HMG-COA-reductase, ion channel blockers, such as blockers of sodium or calcium channels, juvenile hormone esterase, diuretic hormone receptors, stilbene synthase, bibenzyl synthase, chitinases and glucanases.
In the context of the present invention there are to be understood by δ-endotoxins, for example Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1F, Cry1Fa2, Cry2Ab, Cry3A, Cry3Bb1 or Cry9C, or vegetative insecticidal proteins (Vip), for example Vip1, Vip2, Vip3 or Vip3A, expressly also hybrid toxins, truncated toxins and modified toxins. Hybrid toxins are produced recombinantly by a new combination of different domains of those proteins (see, for example, WO 02/15701). Truncated toxins, for example a truncated Cry1Ab, are known. In the case of modified toxins, one or more amino acids of the naturally occurring toxin are replaced. In such amino acid replacements, preferably non-naturally present protease recognition sequences are inserted into the toxin, such as, for example, in the case of Cry3A055, a cathepsin-G-recognition sequence is inserted into a Cry3A toxin (see WO 03/018810).
Examples of such toxins or transgenic plants capable of synthesising such toxins are disclosed, for example, in EP-A-0 374 753, WO 93/07278, WO 95/34656, EP-A-0 427 529, EP-A-451 878 and WO 03/052073,
The processes for the preparation of such transgenic plants are generally known to the person skilled in the art and are described, for example, in the publications mentioned above. Cry1-type deoxyribonucleic acids and their preparation are known, for example, from WO 95/34656, EP-A-0 367 474, EP-A-0 401 979 and WO 90/13651.
The toxin contained in the transgenic plants imparts to the plants tolerance to harmful insects. Such insects can occur in any taxonomic group of insects, but are especially commonly found in the beetles (Coleoptera), two-winged insects (Diptera) and butterflies (Lepidoptera).
Transgenic plants containing one or more genes that code for an insecticidal resistance and express one or more toxins are known and some of them are commercially available. Examples of such plants are: YieldGard® (maize variety that expresses a Cry1Ab toxin); YieldGard Rootworm® (maize variety that expresses a Cry3Bb1 toxin); YieldGard Plus® (maize variety that expresses a Cry1Ab and a Cry3Bb1 toxin); Starlink® (maize variety that expresses a Cry9C toxin); Herculex I® (maize variety that expresses a Cry1Fa2 toxin and the enzyme phosphinothricine N-acetyltransferase (PAT) to achieve tolerance to the herbicide glufosinate ammonium); NuCOTN 33B® (cotton variety that expresses a Cry1Ac toxin); Bollgard I® (cotton variety that expresses a Cry1Ac toxin); Bollgard II® (cotton variety that expresses a Cry1Ac and a Cry2Ab toxin); VipCot® (cotton variety that expresses a Vip3A and a Cry1Ab toxin); NewLeaf® (potato variety that expresses a Cry3A toxin); NatureGard®, Agrisure® GT Advantage (GA21 glyphosate-tolerant trait), Agrisure® CB Advantage (Bt11 corn borer (CB) trait) and Protecta®.
Further examples of such transgenic crops are:
1. Bt11 Maize from Syngenta Seeds SAS, Chemin de I′Hobit 27, F-31 790 St. Sauveur, France, registration number C/FR/96/05/10. Genetically modified Zea mays which has been rendered resistant to attack by the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis and Sesamia nonagrioides) by transgenic expression of a truncated Cry1Ab toxin. Bt11 maize also transgenically expresses the enzyme PAT to achieve tolerance to the herbicide glufosinate ammonium.
2. Bt176 Maize from Syngenta Seeds SAS, Chemin de I′Hobit 27, F-31 790 St. Sauveur, France, registration number C/FR/96/05/10. Genetically modified Zea mays which has been rendered resistant to attack by the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis and Sesamia nonagrioides) by transgenic expression of a Cry1Ab toxin. Bt176 maize also transgenically expresses the enzyme PAT to achieve tolerance to the herbicide glufosinate ammonium.
3. MIR604 Maize from Syngenta Seeds SAS, Chemin de I′Hobit 27, F-31 790 St. Sauveur, France, registration number C/FR/96/05/10. Maize which has been rendered insect-resistant by transgenic expression of a modified Cry3A toxin. This toxin is Cry3A055 modified by insertion of a cathepsin-G-protease recognition sequence. The preparation of such transgenic maize plants is described in WO 03/018810.
4. MON 863 Maize from Monsanto Europe S.A. 270-272 Avenue de Tervuren, B-1150 Brussels, Belgium, registration number C/DE/02/9. MON 863 expresses a Cry3Bb1 toxin and has resistance to certain Coleoptera insects.
5. IPC 531 Cotton from Monsanto Europe S.A. 270-272 Avenue de Tervuren, B-1150 Brussels, Belgium, registration number C/ES/96/02.
6. 1507 Maize from Pioneer Overseas Corporation, Avenue Tedesco, 7 B-1160 Brussels, Belgium, registration number C/NL/00/10. Genetically modified maize for the expression of the protein Cry1F for achieving resistance to certain Lepidoptera insects and of the PAT protein for achieving tolerance to the herbicide glufosinate ammonium.
7. NK603 × MON 810 Maize from Monsanto Europe S.A. 270-272 Avenue de Tervuren, B-1150 Brussels, Belgium, registration number C/GB/02/M3/03. Consists of conventionally bred hybrid maize varieties by crossing the genetically modified varieties NK603 and MON 810. NK603 × MON 810 Maize transgenically expresses the protein CP4 EPSPS, obtained from Agrobacterium sp. strain CP4, which imparts tolerance to the herbicide Roundup® (contains glyphosate), and also a Cry1Ab toxin obtained from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki which brings about tolerance to certain Lepidoptera, include the European corn borer.
Additionally, to date, no cross-resistance has been observed between the compounds of Formula (I) (including any one of compounds described in Table 3 (below)) and any fungicidal solutions used to control phytopathogenic fungi such as Absidia corymbifera, Alternaria spp, Aphanomyces spp, Ascochyta spp, Aspergillus spp. including A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. nidulans, A. niger, A. terrus, Aureobasidium spp. including A. puilulans, Blastomyces dermadtidis, Blumeria graminis, Brernia lactucae, Botryosphaeria spp. including B. dothidea, B. obtusa, Botrytis spp. inclusing B. cinerea, Candida spp. including C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei, C. lusitaniae, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, Cephaloscus fragrans, Ceratocystis spp, Cercospora spp, including C. arachidicola, Cercosporidium personatum, Cladosporium spp, Claviceps purpurea, Coccidioides immitis, Cochliobolus spp, Colletotrichum spp. including C. musae, Cryptococcus neoformans, Diaporthe spp, Didymella spp, Drechslera spp, Elsinoe spp, Epidermophyton spp, Erwinia amylovora, Erysiphe spp. including E. cichoracearum, Eutypa lata, Fusarium spp. including F. culmorum, F. graminearum, F. langsethiae, F. moniliforme, F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum, F. subglutinans, F. solani, Gaeumannomyces graminis, Gibberella fujikuroi, Gloeodes pomigena, Gloeosporium musarum, Glomerella cingulate, Guignardia bidwellii, Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae, Helminthosporium spp, Hemileia spp, Histoplasma spp. including H. capsulatum, Laetisaria fuciformis, Leptographium lindbergi, Leveillula taurica, Lophodermium seditiosum, Microdochium nivale, Microsporum spp, Monilinia spp, Mucor spp, Mycosphaerella spp. including M. graminicola, M. pomi, Oncobasidium theobromaeon, Ophiostoma piceae, Paracoccidioides spp, Penicillium spp. including P. digitatum, P. italicum, Petriellidium spp, Peronosclerospora spp. Including P. maydis, P. philippinensis and P. sorghi, Peronospora spp, Phaeosphaeria nodorum, Phakopsora pachyrhizi, Phellinus igniarus, Phialophora spp, Phoma spp, Phomopsis viticola, Phytophthora spp. including P. infestans, Plasmopara spp. including P. halstedii, P. viticola, Pleospora spp., Podosphaera spp. including P. leucotricha, Polymyxa graminis, Polymyxa belae, Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides, Pseudomonas spp, Pseudoperonospora spp, including P. cubensis, P. humuli, Pseudopeziza tracheiphila, Puccinia Spp. including P. hordei, P. recondita, P. striiformis, P. triticina, Pyrenopeziza spp, Pyrenophora spp, Pyricularia spp. including P. oryzae, Pythium spp. including P. ultimum, Ramularia spp, Rhizoclonia spp, Rhizomucor pusillus, Rhizopus arrhizus, Rhynchosporium spp, Scedosporium spp. including S. apiospermum and S. prolificans, Schizothyrium pomi, Sclerotinia spp, Sclerotium spp, Septoria spp, including S. nodorum, S. tritici, Sphaerotheca macularis, Sphaerotheca fusca (Sphaerotheca fuliginea), Sporothorix spp, Stagonospora nodorum, Stemphylium spp., Sternum hirsutum, Thanatephorus cucumeris, Thielaviopsis basicola, Tilletia spp. Trichoderma spp., including T. harzianum, T. pseudokoningii, T. viride, Trichophylon spp, Typhula spp, Uncinula necator, Urocystis spp, Ustilago spp, Venturia spp. including V. inaequalis, Verticillium spp, and Xanthomonas spp., in particular, Zymoseptoria tritici, Puccinia recondite, Puccinia striiformis, Erysiphe graminis, Uncinula necator, Sphaerotheca fuliginea, Leveillula taurica, Phakopsora pachyrhizi, Pyricularia oryzae, Alternaria solani, Alternaria alternata, Mycosphaerella fijiensis, Colletotrichum lagenarium, Didymella bryoniae, Ascochyta pisii, Verticillium dahliae, Pyrenophora teres, Cercospora beticate, Ramularia collo-cygui, Botrylis cinerea, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Monilinia laxa. Monographaella nivalis and Venturia inaequalis.
Indeed, fungicidal-resistant strains in any of the species as outlined above have been reported in the scientific literature, with strains resistant to one or more fungicides from at least one of the following fungicidal mode of action classes: quinone-outside-inhibitors (Qol), quinone-inside-inhibitors (Qil), succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHl) and sterol demethylation-inhibitors (DMI). Such fungicidal-resistant strains may contain:

A mutation in the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene conferring resistance to Qo inhibitors, wherein the mutation is G143A, F129L or G137R. See for example: Gisi et al.. Pest Manag Sci 56, 833-841, (2000), Lucas, Pestic Outlook 14(6), 268-70 (2003), Fraaije et al., Phytopathol 95(8), 933-41 (2005), Sierotzki et al., Pest Manag Sci 63(3), 225-233 (2007), Semar et al., Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection (3), 117-119 (2007); and Pasche et al., Crop Protection 27(3-5), 427-435 (2008).
A mutation in the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene conferring resistance to Qi inhibitors, wherein the mutation is G37A/C/D/S/V. See for example: Meunier et al., Pest Manag Sci 2019; 75: 2107-2114.
A mutation in the genes encoding the SdhB,C,D subunits conferring resistance to SDHI inhibitors wherein the mutation is in the following major pathogens:
- Botrytis cinerea; B-P225H/L/T/Y/F, B-N2301, B-H272L/Y/R, C-P80H/L, C-N87S ;
- Alternaria solani: B-H278R/Y, C-H134R/Q, D-D123E, D-H133R and C-H134R;
- Zymoseptoria tritici: sdhB: N225T, N225I, R265P, T2681, T268A. In sdhC: T79N, T791, W80S, W80A, A84F, N86S, N86A, P127A, R151M/S/T/G, R151S, R151T, H152R/Y, V166M, T168R. In sdhD: 150F, M114V, D129G, T20P+K186R;
- Pyrenophora teres: in sdhB: S66P, N235I, H277Y. In sdhC: K49E, R64K, N75S, G79R, H134R, S135R. In sdhD: D124E, H134R, G138V, D145G;
- o Ramularia collo-cygni: In sdhB: N224T, T267I. In sdhC: N87S, G91R, H145R/L, G171D, H153R;
- Phakopsora pachyrhizi C-I86F;
- Sclerotinia sclerotiorum: In sdhB: H273Y. ln sdhC: G91R, H146R. ln sdhD: T108K, H132R, G150R.
Major source of information is www.frac.info, Sierotzki and Scalliet Phytopathology (2013) 103(9): 880-887 and Simoes et al., J Plant Dis Prot (2018) 125: 21-2.
A mutation or combination of mutations in the CYP51 gene conferring resistance to DMI inhibitors wherein the mutations are: L50S, D134G, V136A/C. Y137F, S188N, A379G, l381V, deletion 459-460, Y461H/S, N513K, S524T. Major source of information is www.frac.info, Cools et al., Plant Pathol (2013) 62: 36-42 and Schmitz HK et al., Pest Manag Sci (2014) 70: 378-388.

Thus, in a preferred embodiment, the compounds of Formula (I) (including any one of compounds described in Table 3 (below)), or fungicidal compositions according to the present invention comprising a compound of Formula (1), are used to control fungal strains which are resistant to one or more fungicides from any of the following fungicidal MoA classes: quinone-outside-inhibitors (Qol), quinone-inside-inhibitors (Qil), succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHl) and sterol demethylation-inhibitors (DMI),
The term “locus” as used herein means fields in or on which plants are growing, or where seeds of cultivated plants are sown, or where seed will be placed into the soil. It includes soil, seeds, and seedlings, as well as established vegetation.
The term “plants” refers to all physical parts of a plant, including seeds, seedlings, saplings, roots, tubers, stems, stalks, foliage, and fruits.
The term “plant propagation material” is understood to denote generative parts of the plant, such as seeds, which can be used for the multiplication of the latter, and vegetative material, such as cuttings or tubers, for example potatoes. There may be mentioned for example seeds (in the strict sense), roots, fruits, tubers, bulbs, rhizomes and parts of plants. Germinated plants and young plants which are to be transplanted after germination or after emergence from the soil, may also be mentioned. These young plants may be protected before transplantation by a total or partial treatment by immersion. Preferably “plant propagation material” is understood to denote seeds.
Pesticidal agents referred to herein using their common name are known, for example, from “The Pesticide Manual”, 15th Ed., British Crop Protection Council 2009.
The compounds of formula (I) may be used in unmodified form or, preferably, together with the adjuvants conventionally employed in the art of formulation. To this end, they may be conveniently formulated in known manner to emulsifiable concentrates, coatable pastes, directly sprayable or dilutable solutions or suspensions, dilute emulsions, wettable powders, soluble powders, dusts, granulates, and also encapsulations e.g. in polymeric substances. As with the type of the compositions, the methods of application, such as spraying, atomising, dusting, scattering, coating or pouring, are chosen in accordance with the intended objectives and the prevailing circumstances. The compositions may also contain further adjuvants such as stabilizers, antifoams, viscosity regulators, binders or tackifiers as well as fertilizers, micronutrient donors or other formulations for obtaining special effects.
Suitable carriers and adjuvants, e.g., for agricultural use, can be solid or liquid and are substances useful in formulation technology, e.g. natural or regenerated mineral substances, solvents, dispersants, wetting agents, tackifiers, thickeners, binders or fertilizers. Such carriers are for example described in WO 97/33890.
The compounds of formula (I) are normally used ln the form of compositions and can be applied to the crop area or plant to be treated, simultaneously or in succession with further compounds. These further compounds can be, e.g., fertilizers or micronutrient donors or other preparations, which influence the growth of plants. They can also be selective herbicides or non-selective herbicides as well as insecticides, fungicides, bactericides, nematicides, molluscicides or mixtures of several of these preparations, if desired together with further carriers, surfactants or application promoting adjuvants customarily employed in the art of formulation.
The compounds of formula (I) may be used in the form of (fungicidal) compositions for controlling or protecting against phytopathogenic microorganisms, comprising as active ingredient at least one compound of formula (I) or of at least one preferred individual compound as above-defined, in free form or in agrochemically usable salt form, and at least one of the above-mentioned adjuvants.
The invention provides a composition, preferably a fungicidal composition, comprising at least one compound formula (I) an agriculturally acceptable carrier and optionally an adjuvant. An agricultural acceptable carrier is for example a carrier that is suitable for agricultural use. Agricultural carriers are well known in the art. Preferably, said composition may comprise at least one or more pesticidaliy active compounds, for example an additional fungicidal active ingredient ln addition to the compound of formula (I)
The compound of formula (i) may be the sole active ingredient of a composition or it may be admixed with one or more additional active ingredients such as a pesticide, fungicide, synergist, herbicide or plant growth regulator where appropriate. An additional active ingredient may, in some cases, result in unexpected synergistic activities.
Examples of suitable additional active ingredients include the following acycloamino acid fungicides, aliphatic nitrogen fungicides, amide fungicides, anilide fungicides, antibiotic fungicides, aromatic fungicides, arsenical fungicides, aryl phenyl ketone fungicides, benzamide fungicides, benzanilide fungicides, benzimidazole fungicides, benzothiazole fungicides, botanical fungicides, bridged diphenyl fungicides, carbamate fungicides, carbanilate fungicides, conazole fungicides, copper fungicides, dicarboximide fungicides, dinitrophenol fungicides, dithiocarbamate fungicides, dithiolane fungicides, furamide fungicides, furanilide fungicides, hydrazide fungicides, imidazole fungicides, mercury fungicides, morpholine fungicides, organophosphorous fungicides, organotin fungicides, oxathiin fungicides, oxazole fungicides, phenylsulfamide fungicides, polysulfide fungicides, pyrazole fungicides, pyridine fungicides, pyrimidine fungicides, pyrrole fungicides, quaternary ammonium fungicides, quinoline fungicides, quinone fungicides, quinoxaline fungicides, strobilurin fungicides, sulfonanilide fungicides, thiadiazole fungicides, thiazole fungicides, thiazolidine fungicides, thiocarbamate fungicides, thiophene fungicides, triazine fungicides, triazole fungicides, triazolopyrimidine fungicides, urea fungicides, valinamide fungicides, and zinc fungicides.
Examples of suitable additional active ingredients also include the following: petroleum oils, 1,1-bis(4-chloro-phenyl)-2-ethoxyethanol, 2,4-dichlorophenyl benzenesulfonate, 2-fluoro-N-methyl-N-1-naphthylacetamide, 4-chlorophenyl phenyl sulfone, acetoprole, aldoxycarb, amidithion, amidothioate, amiton, amiton hydrogen oxalate, amitraz, aramite, arsenous oxide, azobenzene, azothoate, benomyl, benoxa-fos, benzyl benzoate, bixafen, brofenvalerate, bromo-cyclen, broniophos, bromopropylate, buprofezin, butocarboxim, butoxycarboxim, butylpyridaben, calcium polysuifide, camphechlor, carbanolate, carbophenothion, cyrmiazole, chino-methionat, chlorbenside, chlordimeform, chlordimeform hydrochloride, chlorfenethol, chlorfenson, chlorfensulfide, chlorobenzilate, chloromebuform, chloromethiuron, chloropropylate, chlorthiophos, cinerin I, cinerin II, cinerins, closantel, coumaphos, crotarniton, crotoxyphos, cufraneb, cyanthoate, DCPM, DDT, demephion, demephion-O, demephion-S, demeton-methyl, demeton-O, demeton-O-methyl, demeton-S. demeton-S-methyl, demeton-S-methylsulfon, dichlofluanid, dichlorvos, dicliphos, dienochlor, dimefox, dinex, dinex-diclexine, dinocap-4, dinocap-6, dinocton, dino-penton, dinosulfon, dinoterbon, dioxathion, diphenyl sulfone, disulfiram, DNOC, dofenapyn, doramectin, endothion, eprinomectin, ethoate-methyl, etrimfos, fenazaflor, fenbutatin oxide, fenothiocarb, fenpyrad, fen-pyroximate, ferpyrazamine, fenson, fentrifanil, flubenzimine, flucycloxuron, fluenetil, fluorbenside. FMC 1137, formetanate, formetanate hydrochloride, formparanate, garnma-HCH, glyodin, halfenprox, hexadecyl cyclopropanecarboxylate, isocarbophos, jasmolin I, jasmolin II, jodfenphos, lindane, malonoben, mecarbam, mephosfolan, mesulfen, methacrifos, methyl bromide, metolcarb, mexacarbate, milbemycin oxime, mipafox, monocrotophos, morphothion, moxidectin, naled, 4-chloro-2-(2-chloro-2-methyl-propyl)-5-[(6-iodo-3-pyridyl)methoxy]pyridazin-3-one, nifluridide, nikkornycins, nitrilacarb, nitrilacarb 1:1 zinc chloride complex, omethoate, oxydeprofos, oxydisulfoton, pp′-DDT, parathion, permethrin, phenkapton, phosalone, phosfolan, phosphamidon, polychloroterpenes, polynactins, proclonol, promacyl, propoxur, prothidathion, prothoate, pyrethrin I, pyrethrin II, pyrethrins, pyridaphenthion, pyrimitate, quioalphos, quintiofos, R-1492, phosglycin, rotenone, schradan, sebufos, selamectin, sophamide. SSI-121, sulfiram, sulfluramid, sulfotep, sulfur, diflovidazin, tau-fluvalinate, TEPP, terbam, tetradifon, tetrasul, thiafenox, thiocarboxime, thiofanox, thiometon, thioquinox, thuringiensin, triamiphos, triarathene, triazophos, triazuron, trifenofos, trinactin, vamidothion, vaniliprole, bethoxazin, copper dioctanoate, copper sulfate, cybutryne, dichlone, dichlorophen, endothal, fentin, hydrated lime, nabam, quinoclamine, quinonamid, simazine, triphenyltin acetate, triphenyltin hydroxide, crufomate, piperazine, thiophanate, chloralose, fenthion, pyridin-4-amine, strychnine, 1-hydroxy-1H-pyridine-2-thtone, 4-(quinoxalin-2-ylamino)benzenesulfonamide, 8-hydroxyquinotine sulfate, bronopol, copper hydroxide, cresol, dipyrithione, dodicin, fenaminosulf, formaldehyde, hydrargaphen, kasugarnycin, kasugamyciri hydrochloride hydrate, nickel bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate), nitrapyrin, octhilinone, oxolinic acid, oxytetracycline, potassium hydroxyquinoline sulfate, probenazole, streptomycin, streptomycin sesquisulfate, tecloftalam, thiomersal, Adoxophyes orana GV, Agrobacterium radiobacter, Amblyseius spp., Anagrapha falcifera NPV, Anagrus atomus, Aphelinus abdominalis. Aphidius colemani, Aphidoletes aphidimyza, Autographa californica NPV, Bacillus sphaericus Neide, Beauveria brongniartii, Chrysoperla carnea, Qryptoiaemus montrouzieri, Cydia pomonella GV, Dacnusa sibirica, Diglyphus isaea, Encarsia formosa, Eretmocerus eremicus, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and H. megidis, Hippodamia convergens, Leptomastix dactylopii, Macrolophus caliginosus, Mamestra brassicae NPV, Metaphycus helvolus, Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum, Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae, Neodiprion sertifer NPV and N. lecontei NPV, Orius spp., Paecilomyces fumosoroseus, Phytoseiulus persimilis, Steinernema bibionis, Steinernema carpocapsae, Steinernema feltiae, Steinernema glaseri. Steinernema riobrave, Steinernema riobravis, Steinernema scapterisci, Steinernema spp., Trichogramma spp., Typhlodromus occidentalis, Verticillium lecanii, apholate, bisazir, busulfan, dimatif. hemel, hempa. metepa, methiotepa, methyl apholate, morzid, penfluron, tepa, thiohempa, thiotepa, tretamine, uredepa, (E)-dec-5-en-1-ylacetate with (E)-dec-5-en-1-ol, (E)-tridec-4-en-1-yl acetate, (E)-6-methylhept-2-en-4-ol, (E,Z)-tetradeca-4,10-dien-1-yl acetate, (Z)-dodec-7-en-1-yl acetate, (Z)-hexadec-11-enal. (Z)-hexadec-11-en-1-yl acetate, (Z)-hexadec-13-en-11-yn-1-yl acetate, (Z)-icos-13-en-10-one. (Z)-tetradec-7-en-1-al, (Z)-tetradec-9-en-1-ol, (Z)-tetradec-9-en-1-yl acetate, (7E,9Z)-dodeca-7,9-dien-1-yl acetate. (9Z,11E)-tetradeca-9,11-dien-1-yl acetate, (9Z,12E)-tetradeca-9,12-dien-1-yl acetate, 14-methyioctadec-1-ene, 4-methylnonan-5-ol with 4-methylnonan-5-one, alpha-multistriatin, brevicomin, codlelure, codlemone, cuelure, disparture, dodec-8-en-1-yl acetate, dodec-9-en-1-yl acetate, dodeca-8, 10-dien-1-yl acetate, dominicalure, ethyl 4-methyloctanoate, eugenol, frontalin, grandlure, grandlure I. grandlure II, grandlure III, grandlure IV, hexalure, ipsdienol, ipsenol, japonilure, lineatin, litlure, looplure, medlure, megatomoic acid, methyl eugenol, muscalure, octadeca-2,13-dien-1-yl acetate, octadeca-3,13-dien-1-yl acetate, orfralure, oryctalure, ostramone, siglure, sordidin, suicatol, tetradec-11-en-1-yl acetate, trimedlure, trimedlure A. trimedlure B₁, trimedlure B₂, trimedlure C, trunc-call. 2-(octylthio)-ethanol, butopyronoxyl, butoxy(polypropylene glycol), dibutyl adipate, dibutyl phthalate, dibutyl succinate, diethyltoluamide, dimethyl carbate, dimethyl phthalate, ethyl hexanediol, hexamide, methoquin-butyl, methylneodecanamide, oxamate, picaridin, 1-dichloro-1-nitroethane, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-ethylphenyl)-ethane, 1,2-dichloropropane with 1,3-dichloropropene, 1-bromo-2-chloroethane, 2,2,2-trichloro-1-(3,4-dichloro-phenyl)ethyl acetate, 2,2-dichlorovinyl 2-ethylsulfinylethyl methyl phosphate, 2-(1,3-dithiolan-2-yl)phenyl dimethylcarbamate. 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethyl thiocyanate, 2-(4,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)phenyl methylcarbamate, 2-(4-chloro-3,5-xylyloxy)ethanol, 2-chlorovinyl diethyl phosphate, 2-imidazolidone, 2-isovalerylindan-1,3-dione, 2-methyl(prop-2-ynyl)aminophenyl methylcarbamate, 2-thiocyanatoethyl laurate, 3-bromo-1-chloroprop-1-ene, 3-methyl-1-phenylpyrazol-5-yl dimethyl-carbamate, 4-methyl(prop-2-ynyl)amino-3,5-xylyl methylcarbamate, 5,5-dimethyl-3-oxocyclohex-1-enyl dimethylcarbamate, acethion, acrylonitrile, aldrin, allosamidin, allyxycarb, alpha-ecdysone, aluminium phosphide, aminocarb, anabasine, athidathion, azamethiphos, Bacillus thuringiensis delta endotoxins, barium hexafluorosilicate, barium polysulfide, barthrin, Bayer 22/190, Bayer 22408, beta-cyfluthrin, beta-cypermethrin, bioethanomethrin, biopermethrin, bis(2-chloroethyl) ether, borax, bromfenvinfos, bromo-DDT, bufencarb, butacarb, butathiofos, butonate, calcium arsenate, calcium cyanide, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, cartap hydrochloride, cevadine, chlorbicyclen, chlordane, chlordecone, chloroform, chloropicrin, chlorphoxim, chlorprazophos, cis-resrnethrin, cismethrin, clocythrin, copper acetoarsenite, copper arsenate, copper oleate, coumithoate, cryolite, CS 708, cyanofenphos, cyanophos, cyclethrin, cythioate, d-tetramethrin, DAEP, dazomet, decarbofuran, diamidafos, dicapthon, dichlofenthion, dicresyl, dicyclanil, dieldrin, diethyl 5-methylpyrazol-3-yl phosphate, dilor, dimefluthrin, dimetan, dimethrin, dimethylvinphos, dimetilan, dinoprop, dinosam, dinoseb, diofenolan, dioxabenzofos, dithicrofos, DSP, ecdysterone. El 1642, EMPC, EPBP, etaphos, ethiofencarb, ethyl formate, ethylene dibromide, ethylene dichloride, ethylene oxide, EXD, fenchlorphos, fenethacarb, fenitrothion, fenoxacrim, fenpirithrin, fensulfothion, fenthion-ethyl, flucofuron, fosmethilan, fospirate, fosthietan, furathiocarb, furethrin, guazatine, guazatine acetates, sodium tetrathiocarbonate, halfenprox, HCH, HEOD, heptachlor, heterophos, HHDN, hydrogen cyanide, hyquincarb, IPSP, isazofos, isobenzan, isodrin, isofenphos, isolane, isoprothiolane, isoxathion, juvenile hormone I, juvenile hormone II, juvenile hormone III, kelevan, kinoprene, lead arsenate, leptophos, lirimfos, lythidathion, m-cumenyl methylcarbamate, magnesium phosphide, mazidox, mecarphon, menazon, mercurous chloride, mesulfenfos, metam, metam-potassium, metam-sodium, methanesulfonyl fluoride, methocrotophos, methoprene, methothrin, methoxychlor, methyl isothiocyanate, methylchloroform, methylene chloride, metoxadiazone, mirex, naftalofos, naphthalene, NC-170, nicotine, nicotine sulfate, nithiazine, nornicotine, O-5-dichloro-4-iodophenyl O-ethyl ethylphosphonothioate, O,O-diethyl O-4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yl phosphorothioate, O,O-diethyl O-6-methyl-2-propylpyrimidin-4-yl phosphorothioate, O,O,O′,O′-tetrapropyl dithiopyrophosphate, oleic acid, para-dichlorobenzene, parathion-methyl, pentachlorophenol, pentachlorophenyl laurate, PH 60-38, phenkapton, phosnichlor, phosphine, phoxim-methyl, pirimetaphos, polychlorodicyclopentadiene isomers, potassium arsenite, potassium thiocyanate, precocene I, precocene II, precocene III, primidophos, profluthrin, promecarb, prothiofos, pyrazophos, pyresmethrin, quassia, quinalphos-methyl, quinothion, rafoxanide, resmethrin, rotenone, kadethrin, ryania, ryanodine, sabadilla), schradan, sebufos, SI-0009. thiapronil, sodium arsenite, sodium cyanide, sodium fluoride, sodium hexafluorosilicate, sodium pentachlorophenoxide, sodium selenate, sodium thiocyanate, sulcofuron, sulcofuron-sodium, sulfuryl fluoride, sulprofos, tar oils, tazimcarb, TDE. tebupirimfos, temephos, terallethrin, tetrachloroethane, thicrofos, thiocyclam, thiocyclam hydrogen oxalate, thionazin, thiosultap, thiosultap-sodium, tralomethrin, transpermethrin, triazamate, trichlormetaphos-3, trichloronat, trimethacarb, tolprocarb, triciopyricarb, triprene, veratridine, veratrine, XMC, zetamethrin, zinc phosphide, zolaprofos, and meperfluthrin, tetramethylfluthrin, bis(tributyltin) oxide, bromoacetamide, ferric phosphate, niclosamide-olamine, tributyltin oxide, pyrimorph, trifenmorph. 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane, 1,3-dichloropropene, 3,4-dichlorotetrahydrothio-phene 1,1-dioxide. 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-methylrhodanine, 5-methyl-6-thioxo-1,3,5-thiadiazinan-3-ylacetic acid, 6-isopentenylaminopurine, 2-fluoro-N-(3-methoxyphenyl)-9H-purin-6-amine, benclothiaz, cytokinins, DCIP, furfural, isamidofos, kinetin, Myrothecium verrucaria composition, tetrachlorothiophene, xylenols, zeatin, potassium ethylxanthate, acibenzolar, acibenzolar-S-methyl, Reynoutria sachalinensis extract, alpha-chlorohydrin, antu, barium carbonate, bisthiosemi, brodifacoum, bromadiolone, bromethalin, chlorophacinone, cholecalciferol, coumachlor, coumafuryl, coumatetralyl, crimidine, difenacoum, difethialone, diphacinone, ergocalciferol, flocoumafen, fluoroacetamide, flupropadine, flupropadine hydrochloride, norbormide, phosacetim, phosphorus, pindone, pyrinuron, scilliroside, sodium fluoro-acetate, thallium sulfate, warfarin, 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)-ethyl piperonylate, 5-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3-hexylcyclohex-2-enone, farnesol with nerolidol, verbutin, MGK 264, piperonyl butoxide, piprotal, propyl isomer, S421, sesamex. sesasmolin, sulfoxide, anthraquinone, copper naphthenate, copper oxychloride, dicyclopentadiene, thiram, zinc naphthenate, ziram, imanin, ribavirin, mercuric oxide, thiophanate-methyl, azaconazole, bitertanol, bromuconazole, cyproconazole, difenoconazole, diniconazole, epoxicon-azole, fenbuconazole, fluquinconazole, flusilazole, flutriafol, furametpyr, hexaconazole, imazalil, imiben-con-azole, ipconazole, metconazole, myclobutanil, paclobutrazole, pefurazoate, penconazole, prothioconazole, pyrifenox, prochloraz, propiconazole, pyrisoxazole, simeconazole, tebucon-azole, tetraconazole, triadimefon, triadime-nol, triflumizole, triticonazole, ancymidol, fenarimol, nuarimol, bupirimate, dimethirimol, ethirimol, dodemorph, fenpropidin, fenpropimorph, spiroxamine, tridemorph, cyprodinil, mepanipyrim, pyrimethanil, fenpiclonil, fludioxonil, benalaxyl, furalaxyl, metalaxyl, R-metalaxyl, ofurace, oxadixyl, carbendazim, debacarb, fuberidazole, thiaben-dazole, chlozolinate, dichlozoline, myclozoline, procymi-done, vinclozoline, bosealid, carboxin, fenfuram, flutoianil, mepronil, oxycarboxin, penthiopyrad, thifluzamide, dodine, iminoctadine, azoxystrobin, dimoxystrobin, enestroburin, fenaminstrobin, flufenoxystrobin, fluoxastrobin, kresoxim-methyl, metomi-nostrobin, trifloxystrobin, orysastrobin, picoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, pyrametostrobin, pyraoxystrobin, ferbam, mancozeb, maneb, metiram, propineb, zineb, captafol, captan, fluoroimide, folpet, tolylfluanid, bordeaux mixture, copper oxide, mancopper, oxine-copper, nitrothal-isopropyl, edifenphos, iprobenphos, phosdiphen, tolclofos-methyl, anilazine, benthiavalicarb, blasticidin-S, chloroneb, chloro-tha-lo-nil, cyflufenamid, cymoxanil, cyclobutrifluram, dictocymet, diclomezine, dicloran, diethofencarb, dimetho-morph, flumorph, dithianon, ethaboxam, etridiazole, famoxa-done, fenamidone, fenoxanil, terimzone, fluazinam, fluopicolide, flusulfamide, fluxapyroxad, fenhexamid, fos-etyl-aluminium, hymexazol, iprovalicarb, cyazofamid, methasulfo-carb, metrafenone, pencycuron, phthalide, polyoxins, propamocarb, pyribencarb, proquinazid, pyroquilon, pyriofenone, quinoxyfen, quintozene, tiadinil, triazoxide, tricyclazole, triforine, validamycin, valifenalate, zoxamide, mandipropamid, flubeneteram, isopyrazam, sedaxane, benzovindiflupyr, pydiflumetofen, 3-difluoromethyl-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid (3V,4′,5′-trifluoro-biphenyl-2-yl)-amide, isoflucypram, isotianil, dipymetitrone, 6-ethyl-5,7-dioxo-pyrrolo[4.5][1,4]dithiino[1,2-c]isothiazole-3-carbonitrile, 2-(difluoromethyl)-N-[3-ethyl-1,1-dimethyl-indan-4-yl]pyridine-3-carboxamide, 4-(2,6-difiuorophenyl)-6-methyl-5-phenyl-pyridazine-3-carbonitrile. (R)-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[1,1,3-trimethylindan-4-yl]pyrazole-4-carboxamide, 4-(2-bromo-4-fluoro-phenyl)-N-(2-chloro-6-fluoro-phenyl)-2,5-dimethyl-pyrazol-3-amine, 4- (2-bromo- 4-fluorophenyl) -N- (2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)- 1,3- dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-5- amine, fluindapyr, coumethoxystrobin (jiaxiangjunzhi), lvbenmixianan, dichlobentiazox, mandestrobin, 3-(4,4-difluoro-3,4-dihydro-3,3-dimethylisoquinolin-1-yl)quinolone, 2-[2-fluoro-6-[(8-fluoro-2-methyl-3-quinolyl)oxy]phenyl]propan-2-ol, oxathiapiprolin, tert-butyl N-[6-[[[(1-methyltetrazol-5-yl)-phenyl-methylene]amino]oxymethyl]-2-pyridyl]carbamate, pyraziflumid, inpyrfluxam, trolprocarb, mefentrifluconazole, ipfentrifluconazole, 2-(difluoromethyl)-N-[(3R)-3-ethyl-1,1-dimethyl-indan-4-yl]pyridine-3-carboxamide, N′-(2,5-dimethyl-4-phenoxy-phenyl)-N-ethyl-N-methyl-formamidine, N′-[4-(4,5-dichlorothiazol-2-yl)oxy-2,5-dimethylphenyl]-N-ethyl-N-methyl-formamidine, [2-[3-[2-[1-[2-[3,5-bis(difluoromethyl)pyrazol-1-yl]acetyl]-4-pipendyl]thiazole-4-yl]-4,5-dihydroisoxazol-5-yl]-3-chloro-phenyl] methanesulfonate, but-3-ynyl N-[6-[[(Z)-[(1-methyltetrazol-yl)-phenyl-methylene]amino]oxymethyl]-2-pyridyl]carbamate, methyl N-[[5-[4-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)triazol-2-yl]-2-methyl-phenyl]methyl]carbamate, 3-chloro-6-methyl-5-phenyl-4-(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)pyridazine, pyridachlometyl, 3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[1,1,3-trimethylindan-4-yl]pyrazole-4-carboxamide, 1-[2-[[1-(4-chlorophenyl)pyrazol-3-yl]oxymethyl]-3-methyl-phenyl]-4-methyl-tetrazol-5-one, 1-methyl-4-[3-methyl-2-[[2-methyl-4-(3,4,5-trimethylpyrazol-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl]phenyl]tetrazol-5-one, aminopyrifen, ametoctradin, amisulbrom, penflufen, (Z,2E)-5-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)pyrazol-3-yl]oxy-2-methoxyimino-N,3-dimethyl-pent-3-enamide, florylpicoxamid, fenpicoxamid, tebufloquin, ipflufenoquin, quinofumelin, isofetamid, N-[2-[2,4-dichloro-phenoxy]phenyl]-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, N-[2-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]phenyl]-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, benzothiostrobin, phenamacril, 5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thiol zinc salt (2:1), fluopyram, flutianil, fluopimomide, pyrapropoyne, picarbutrazox, 2-(difluoromethyi)-N-(3-ethyl-1,1-dimethyl-indan-4-yl)pyridine-3-carboxamide, 2- (difluoromethyl) - N- ((3R) - 1, 1, 3- trimethylindan-4- yl)pyridine-3-carboxamide, 4-[[6-[2-[2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-2-hydroxy-3-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propyl]-3-pyridyl]oxy]benzonitrile, metyltetraprole, 2- (difluoromethyl)-N-((3R)-1, 1,3- trimethylindan-4- yl) pyridine-3-carboxamide, α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-α-[4′-(trifluoromethoxy)[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl]-5-pyrimidinemethanol, fluoxapiprolin, enoxastrobin, 4-[[6-[2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-2-hydroxy-3-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propyl]-3-pyridyl]oxy] benzonitrile, 4-[[6-[2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-2-hydroxy-3-(5-sulfanyl-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propyl]-3-pyridyl]oxy] benzonitrile, 4-[[6-[2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-2-hydroxy-3-(5-thioxo-4H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propyl]-3-pyridyl]oxy]benzonitnile, trinexapac, coumoxystrobin, zhongshengmycin, thiodiazole copper, zinc thiazole, amectotractin, iprodione, N-octyl-N′-[2-(octylamino)ethyl]ethane-1,2-diamine, N′-[5-bromo-2-methyl-6-[(1S)-1-methyl-2-propoxy-ethoxy]-3-pyridyl]-N-ethyl-N-methyl-formamidine, N′-[5-bromo-2-methyl-6-[(1R)-1-methyl-2-propoxy-ethoxy]-3-pyridyl]-N-ethyl-N-methyl-formamidine, N′-[5-bromo-2-methyl-6-(1-methyl-2-propoxy-ethoxy)-3-pyridyl]-N-ethyl-N-methyl-formamidine, N′-[5-chloro-2-methyl-6-(1-methyl-2-propoxy-ethoxy)-3-pyridyl]-N-ethyl-N-methyl-formamidine, N′-[5-bromo-2-methyl-6-(1-methyl-2-propoxy-ethoxy)-3-pyridyl]-N-isopropyl-N-methyl-formamidine (these compounds may be prepared from the methods described in WO2015/155075); N′-(5-bromo-2-methyl-6-(2-propoxypropoxy)-3-pyridyl]-N-ethyl-N-methyl-formamidine (this compound may be prepared from the methods described in IPCOM000249876D); N-isopropyl-N′-[5-methoxy-2-methyl-4-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-hydroxy-1-phenyl-ethyl)phenyl]-N-methyl-formamidine, N′-[4-(1-cyclopropyl-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-hydroxy-ethyl)-5-methoxy-2-methyl-phenyl]-N-isopropyl-N-methyl-formamidine (these compounds may be prepared from the methods described in WO2018/228896); N-ethyl-N′-[5-methoxy-2-methyl-4-[(2-trifluoromethyl)oxetan-2-yl]phenyl]-N-methyl-formamidine, N-ethyl-N′-[5-methoxy-2-methyl-4-[(2-trifuoromethyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]phenyl]-N-methyl-formamidine (these compounds may be prepared from the methods described in WO2019/110427); N-[(1R)-1-benzyl-3-chloro-1-methyl-but-3-enyl]-8-fluoro-quinoline-3-carboxamide, N-[(S)-1-benzyl-3-chloro-1-methyl-but-3-enyl]-8-fluoro-quinoline-3-carboxamide, N-[(1R)-1-benzyl-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-methyl-propyl]-8-fluoro-quinoline-3-carboxamide, N-[(1S)-1-benzyl-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-methyl-propyl]-8-fluoro-quinoline-3-carboxamide, N-[(1R)-1-benzyl-1,3-dimethyl-butyl]-7,8-difluoro-quinoline-3-carboxamide. N-[(1S)-1-benzyl-1,3-dimethyl-butyl]-7,8-difluoro-quinoline-3-carboxamide, 8-fluoro-N-[(1R)-1-[(3-fluorophenyl)methyl]-1,3-dimethyl-butyl]quinoline-3-carboxamide, 8-fluoro-N-[(1S)-1-[(3-fluorophenyl)methyl]-1,5-dimethyl-butyl]quinoline-3-carboxamide, N-[(1R)-1-benzyl-1,3-dimethyl-butyl]-8-fluoro-quinoline-3-carboxamide, N-((1S)-1-benzyl-1,3-dimethyl-butyl]-8-fluoro-quinoline-3-carboxamide. N-((1R)-1-benzyl-3-chloro-1-methyl-but-3-enyl)-8-fluoro-quinoline-3-carboxamide, N-((1S)-1-benzyl-3-chloro-1-methyl-but-3-enyl)-8-fluoro-quinoline-3-carboxamide (these compounds may be prepared from the methods described in WO2017/153380); 1-(6,7-dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)-4,4,5-trifluoro-3,3-dimethyl-isaquinoline, 1-(6,7-dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)-4,4,6-trifluoro-3,3-dimethyl-isoquinoline, 4,4-difluoro-3,3-dimethyl-1-(6-methylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)isoquinoline, 4,4-difluoro-3,3-dimethyl-1-(7-methylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)isoquinoline, 1-(6-chloro-7-methyl-pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)-4,4-difluoro-3,3-dimethyl-isoquinoline (these compounds may be prepared from the methods described in WO2017/025510); 1-(4,5-dimethylbenzimidazol-yl)-4,4,5-trifluoro-3,3-dimethyl-isoquinoline, 1-(4,5-dimethylbenzimidazol-1-yl)-4,4-difluoro-3,3-dimethyl-isoquinoline, 6-chloro-4,4-difluoro-3,3-dimethyl-1-(4-methylbenzimidazol-1-yl)isoquinoline, 4,4-difluoro-1-(6-fluoro-4-methyl-benzimidazol-yl)-3,3-dimethyl-isoquinoline, 3-(4,4-difluoro-3,3-dimethyl-1-isoquinolyl)-7,8-dihydro-6H-cyclopenta[e]benzimidazole (these compounds may be prepared from the methods described in WO2016/156085); N-methoxy-N-[[4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]phenyl]methyl]cyclopropanecarboxamide, N,2-dimethoxy-N-[[4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]phenyl]methyl]propanamide, N-ethyl-2-methyl-N-[(4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]phenyl]methyl]propanamide, 1-methoxy-3-methyl-1-[(4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]phenyl]methyl]urea, 1,3-dimethoxy-1-[[4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]phenyl]methyl]urea, 3-ethyl-1-methoxy-1-[[4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]phenyl]methyl]urea, N-[[4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]phenyl]methyl]propanamide, 4,4-dimethyl-2-[[4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]phenyl]methyl]isoxazolidin-3-one, 5,5-dimethyl-2-[[4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]phenyl]methyl]isoxazolidin-3-one, ethyl 1-[[4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]phenyl]methyl]pyrazole-4-carboxylate, N,N-dimethyl-1-[[4-[5-(bifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]phenyl]methyl]-1,2,4-triazol-3-amine (these compounds may be prepared from the methods described in WO 2017/055473, WO 2017/055469, WO 2017/093348 and WO 2017/118689); 2-[6-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pyridyl]-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propan-2-ol (this compound may be prepared from the methods described in WO 2017/029179): 2-[6-(4-bromophenoxy)-2-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pyridyl]-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propan-2-ol (this compound may be prepared from the methods described in WO 2017/029179); 3-[2-(1-chlorocyclopropyl)-3-(2-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxypropyl]imidazole-4-carbonitrile (this compound may be prepared from the methods described in WO 2016/156290): 3-[2-(1-chlorocyclopropyl)-3-(3-chloro-2-fluoro-phenyl)-2-hydroxy-propyl]imidazole-4-carbonitrile (this compound may be prepared from the methods described in WO 2016/156290); (4-phenoxyphenyl)methyl 2-amino-6-methyl-pyridine-3-carboxylate (this compound may be prepared from the methods described in WO 2014/006945); 2,6-Dimethyl-1H,5H-[1,4]dithiino[2,3-c:5,6-c′]dipynole-1,3,5,7(2H,6H)-tetrone (this compound may be prepared from the methods described in WO 2011/133281) N-methyl-4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]benzenecarbothioamide; N-methyl-4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]benzamide; (Z,2E)-5-[1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)pyrazol-3-yl]oxy-2-methoxyimino-N,3-dimethyl-pent-3-enamide (this compound may be prepared from the methods described in WO 2018/153707); N′-(2-chloro-5-methyl-4-phenoxy-phenyl)-N-ethyl-N-methyl-formamidine: N′-[2-chloro-4-(2-fluorophenoxy)-5-methyl-phenyl]-N-ethyl-N-methyl-formamidine (this compound may be prepared from the methods described in WO 2016/202742); 2-(difluoromethyl)-N-[(3S)-3-ethyl-1,1-dimethyl-indan-4-yl]pyridine-3-carboxamide (this compound may be prepared from the methods described in WO 2014/095675); (5-methyl-2-pyridyl)-[4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]phenyl]methanone, (3-methylisoxazol-5-yl)-[4-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]phenyl]methanone (these compounds may be prepared from the methods described in WO 2017/220485): 2-oxo-N-propyl-2-[4-[5-(trifiuoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]phenyl]acetamide (this compound may be prepared from the methods described in WO 2018/065414); ethyl 1-[[5-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]-2-thienyl]methyl]pyrazole-4-carboxylate (this compound may be prepared from the methods described in WO 2018/158365); 2,2-difluoro-N-methyl-2-[4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4,-oxadiazol-3-yl]phenyl]acetamide, N-[(E)-methoxyiminomethyl]-4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]benzamide, N-[(Z)-methoxyiminomethyl]-4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]benzamide, N-[N-methoxy-C-methyl-carbonimidoyl]-4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]benzamide (these compounds may be prepared from the methods described in WO 2018/202428).
The compounds of the invention may also be used in combination with anthelmintic agents. Such anthelmintic agents include, compounds selected from the macrocyclic lactone class of compounds such as ivermectin, avermectin, abamectin, emamectin, eprinomectin, doramectin, selamectin, moxidectin, nemadectin and milbemycin derivatives as described in EP-357460, EP-444964 and EP-594291. Additional anthelmintic agents include semisynthetic and biosynthetic avermectin/milbemycin derivatives such as those described in US-5015630, WO-9415944 and WO-9522552 Additional anthelmintic agents include the benzimidazoles such as albendazole, cambendazole, fenbendazole, fiubendazole, mebendazole, oxfendazole, oxibendazole, parbendazole, and other members of the class. Additional anthelmintic agents include imidazothiazoles and tetrahydropyrimidines such as tetramisole, levamisole, pyrantel pamoate, oxantel or morantel. Additional anthelmintic agents include flukicides, such as triclabendazole and clorsulon and the cestocides, such as praziquantel and epsiprantel.
The compounds of the invention may be used in combination with derivatives and analogues of the paraherquamide/marcfortine class of anthelmintic agents, as well as the antiparasitic oxazolines such as those disclosed in US-5478855, US- 4639771 and DE-19520936
The compounds of the invention may be used in combination with derivatives and analogues of the general class of dioxomorpholine antiparasitic agents as described in WO-9615121 and also with anthelmintic active cyclic depsipeptides such as those described in WO-9611945, WO-9319053, WO-9325543, EP-626376, EP-382173, WO-9419334, EP-382173, and EP-503538.
The compounds of the invention may be used in combination with other ectoparasiticides: for example, fipronil; pyrethroids; organophosphates; insect growth regulators such as lufenuron; ecdysone agonists such as tebufenozide and the like; neonicotinoids such as imidacloprid and the like.
The compounds of the invention may be used in combination with terpene alkaloids, for example those described in WO 95/19363 or WO 04/72086, particularly the compounds disclosed therein.
Other examples of such biologically active compounds that the compounds of the invention may be used in combination with include but are not restricted to the following:
Organophosphates: acephate, azamethiphos, azinphos-ethyl, azinphos- methyl, bromophos, bromophos-ethyl, cadusafos, chlorethoxyphos, chlorpyrifos, chlorfenvinphos, chlormephos, demeton, demeton-S-methyl, demeton-S-methyl sulphone, dialifos, diazinon, dichlorvos, dicrotophos, dimethoate, disulfoton, ethion, ethoprophos, etrimfos, famphur, fenamiphos, fenitrothion, fensulfothion, fenthion, flupyrazofos, fonofos, formothion, fosthiazate, heptenophos, isazophos, isothioate, isoxa:tilion, malathion, methacriphos, metharnidophos, methidathion, methyl- parathion, mevinphos, monocrotophos, naled, omethoate, oxydemeton-methyl, paraoxon, parathion, parathion-methyl, phenthoate, phosalone, phosfolan, phosphocarb, phosmet, phosphamidon, phorate, phoxim, pirimiphos, pirimiphos- methyl, profenofos, propaphos, proetamphos, prothiofos, pyraclofos, pyridapenthion, quinalphos, sulprophos, temephos, terbufos, tebupirimfos, tetrachlorvinphos, thimeton, triazophos, trichlorfon, vamidothion.
Carbamates: alanycarb, aldicarb, 2-sec-butylphenyl methylcarbamate, benfuracarb, carbaryl, carbofuran, carbosulfan, cloethocarb, ethiofencarb, fenoxycarb, fenthiocarb, furathiocarb, HCN-801, isoprocarb, in doxacarb, methiocarb, methomyl, 5-methyl-m-cumenylbutyryl(methyl)carbamate, oxatiiyi, pirimicarb, propoxur, thiodicarb, thiofanox, triazamate, UC-51717.
Pyrethroids: acrinathin, allethrin, alphametrin, 5-benzyl-3-furylmethyl (E)-(1R)-cis-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-oxothiolan-3-ylidenemethyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate, bifenthrin, beta-cyfluthrin, cyfluthrin, a-cypermethrin, beta -cypermethrin, bioallethrin, bioallethrin((S)-cyclopentylisomer), bioresmethnn, bifenthrin. NCI-85193, cycloprotiirin, cyhalothrin, cythithrin, cyphenothrin, deltamethrin, empenthrin, esfenvalerate, ethofenprox, fenfluthrin, fenpropathrin, fenvalerate, flucythrinate, flumethrin, fluvalinate (D isomer), imiprothrin, cyhalothrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin, phenothrin, prallethrin, pyrethrins (natural products), resmethrin, tetramethrin, transfluthrin, theta-cypermethrin, silafluofen, t-fluvalinate, tefluthrin, traiomethrin, Zeta-cypermethrin.
Arthropod growth regulators: a) chitin synthesis inhibitors: benzoylureas: chlorfiuazuron, diflubenzuron, fluazuron, flucycloxuron), flufenoxuron, hexaflumuron, lufenuron, novaluron, teflubenzuron, triflumuron, buprofezin, diofenolan, hexythiazox, etoxazole, chlorfentazine; b) ecclysone antagonists: halofenozide, methoxyfenozide, tebufenozide; c) juvenoids: pyriproxyfen, methoprene (including S-methoprene), fenoxycarb; d) lipid biosynthesis inhibitors: spirodiclofen,
Other antiparasitics; acequinocyl, amitraz, AKD-1022, ANS-118. azadirachtin, Bacillus thuringiensis, bensultap, bifenazate, binapacryl, bromopropylate, BTG-504, BTG-505, camphechlor, cartap, chlorobenzilate, chlordimeform, chlorfenapyr, chromafenozide, clothianidine, cyromazine, diacloden, diafenthiliron, DBI-3204. dinactin, dihydroxymc-thyidihydroxypyrrolidine, dinobuton, dinocap, endosulfan, ethiprole, ethofenprox, fenazaquin, flumite, MTI- 800, fenpyroximate, fluacrypyrim, flubenzirmine, flubrocythrinate, flufenzine, fiufenprox, fluproxyfen, halofenprox, hydramethylnon, IKI-220, kanemite, NC-196, neem guard, nidinorterfuran, nitenpyram, SD-35651, WL-108477, pirydaryl, propargite, protrifenbute, pymethrozine, pyridaben, pyrimidifen. NC-1111, R-195,RH-0345, RH-2485, RYI-210, S-1283, S-1833, SI-8601, silafluofen, silomadine, spinosad, tebufenpyrad, tetradifon, tetranactin, thiacioprid, thiocyclam, thiamethoxam, tolfenpyrad, triazamate, triethoxyspinosyn, trinactin, verbutin, vertalec. YI-5301.
Biological agents: Bacillus thuringiensis ssp aizawai, kurstaki, Bacillus thuringiensis delta endotoxin, baculovirus, entemopathogenic bacteria, virus and fungi.
Bactericides: chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, streptomycin.
Other biological agents: enrofloxacin, febantel, penethamate, moloxicam, cefalexin, kanamycin, pimobendan, clenbuterol, omeprazole, tiamulin, benazepril, pyriprole, cefquinome, florfenicol, buserelin, cefovecin, tulathramycin, ceftiour, carprofen, metafiumizone, praziquarantel, triclabendazole.
Another aspect of invention is related to the use of a compound of formula (I) or of a preferred individual compound as above-defined, of a composition comprising at least one compound of formula (I) or at least one preferred individual compound as above-defined, or of a fungicidal or insecticidal mixture comprising at least one compound of formula (I) or at least one preferred individual compound as above-defined, in admixture with other fungicides or insecticides as described above, for controlling or preventing infestation of plants, e.g. useful plants such as crop plants, propagation material thereof, e.g. seeds, harvested crops, e.g., harvested food crops, or non-living materials by insects or by phytopathogenic microorganisms, preferably fungal organisms.
A further aspect of invention is related to a method of controlling or preventing an infestation of plants, e.g., useful plants such as crop plants, propagation material thereof, e.g. seeds, harvested crops, e.g. harvested food crops, or of non-living materials by insects or by phytopathogenic or spoilage microorganisms or organisms potentially harmful to man, especially fungal organisms, which comprises the application of a compound of formula (I) or of a preferred individual compound as above-defined as active ingredient to the plants, to parts of the plants or to the locus thereof, to the propagation material thereof, or to any part of the non-living materials.
Controlling or preventing means reducing infestation by insects or by phytopathogenic or spoilage microorganisms or organisms potentially harmful to man, especially fungal organisms, to such a level that an improvement is demonstrated.
A preferred method of controlling or preventing an infestation of crop plants by phytopathogenic microorganisms, especially fungal organisms, or insects which comprises the application of a compound of formula (I), or an agrochemical composition which contains at least one of said compounds, is foliar application. The frequency of application and the rate of application will depend on the risk of infestation by the corresponding pathogen or insect. However, the compounds of formula (I) can also penetrate the plant through the roots via the soil (systemic action) by drenching the locus of the plant with a liquid formulation, or by applying the compounds in solid form to the soil, e.g., in granular form (soil application). In crops of water rice such granulates can be applied to the flooded rice field. The compounds of formula (I) may also be applied to seeds (coating) by impregnating the seeds or tubers either with a liquid formulation of the fungicide or coating them with a solid formulation.
A formulation, e.g. a composition containing the compound of formula (I), and, if desired, a solid or liquid adjuvant or monomers for encapsulating the compound of formula (I), may be prepared in a known manner, typically by intimately mixing and/or grinding the compound with extenders, for example solvents, solid carriers and optionally, surface active compounds (surfactants).
Advantageous rates of application are normally from 5 g to 2 kg of active ingredient (a.i.) per hectare (ha), preferably from 10 g to 1 kg a.i./ha, most preferably from 20 g to 600 g a.i./ha. When used as seed drenching agent, convenient dosages are from 10 mg to 1gof active substance per kg of seeds.
When the combinations of the present invention are used for treating seed, rates of 0.001 to 50 g of a compound of formula (I) per kg of seed, preferably from 0.01 to 10 g per kg of seed are generally sufficient.
The compositions of the invention may be employed in any conventional form, for example in the form of a twin pack, a powder for dry seed treatment (DS), an emulsion for seed treatment (ES), a flowable concentrate for seed treatment (FS), a solution for seed treatment (LS), a water dispersible powder for seed treatment (WS), a capsule suspension for seed treatment (CF), a gel for seed treatment (GF), an emulsion concentrate (EC), a suspension concentrate (SC), a suspo-emulsion (SE), a capsule suspension (CS), a water dispersible granule (WG), an emulsifiable granule (EG), an emulsion, water in oil (EO), an emulsion, oil in water (EW), a micro-emulsion (ME), an oil dispersion (OD), an oil miscible flowable (OF), an oil miscible liquid (OL), a soluble concentrate (SL), an ultra-low volume suspension (SU), an ultra-low volume liquid (UL), a technical concentrate (TK), a dispersible concentrate (DC), a wettable powder (WP) or any technically feasible formulation in combination with agriculturally acceptable adjuvants.
Such compositions may be produced in conventional manner, e.g., by mixing the active ingredients with appropriate formulation inerts (diluents, solvents, fillers and optionally other formulating ingredients such as surfactants, biocides, anti-freeze, stickers, thickeners and compounds that provide adjuvancy effects). Also conventional slow release formulations may be employed where long lasting efficacy is intended. Particularly formulations to be applied in spraying forms, such as water dispersible concentrates (e.g. EC, SC. DC, OD. SE, EW, EO and the like), wettable powders and granules, may contain surfactants such as wetting and dispersing agents and other compounds that provide adjuvancy effects, e.g. the condensation product of formaldehyde with naphthalene sulphonate, an alkylarylsulphonate, a lignin sulphonate, a fatty alkyl sulphate, and ethoxylated alkylphenol and an ethoxylated fatty alcohol.
A seed dressing formulation is applied in a manner known per se to the seeds employing the combination of the invention and a diluent in suitable seed dressing formulation form, e.g., as an aqueous suspension or in a dry powder form having good adherence to the seeds. Such seed dressing formulations are known in the art. Seed dressing formulations may contain the single active ingredients or the combination of active ingredients in encapsulated form, e.g. as slow release capsules or microcapsules.
In general, the formulations include from 0.01 to 90% by weight of active agent, from 0 to 20% agriculturally acceptable surfactant and 10 to 99.99% solid or liquid formulation inerts and adjuvant(s), the active agent consisting of at least the compound of formula (I) together with component (B) and (C), and optionally other active agents, particularly microbiocides or conservatives or the like. Concentrated forms of compositions generally contain in between about 2 and 80%, preferably between about 5 and 70% by weight of active agent. Application forms of formulation may for example contain from 0.01 to 20% by weight, preferably from 0.01 to 5% by weight of active agent. Whereas commercial products will preferably be formulated as concentrates, the end user will normally employ diluted formulations.
Table 1 below illustrates examples of individual compounds of formula (I) according to the invention.

TABLE 1

Individual compounds of formula (I) according to the invention
Cpd No.	R²	R⁴	Cpd No.	R²	R⁴
001	H	phenyl	131	H	2-fluoropyridin-4-yl
002	CH₃	phenyl	132	CH₃	2-fluoropy ridin-4-yl
003	F	phenyl	133	F	2-fluoropyridin-4-yl
004	Cl	phenyl	134	Cl	2-fluoropyridin-4-yl
005	Br	phenyl	135	Br	2-fluoropyridin-4-yl
006	OCH₃	phenyl	136	OCH₃	2-fluoropyridin-4-yl
007	OCH₂CH₃	phenyl	137	OCH₂CH₃	2-fluoropyridin-4-yl
008	O-cyclopropyl	phenyl	138	O-cyclopropyl	2-fluoropyridin-4-yl
009	OCH(CH₃)₂	phenyl	139	OCH(CH₃)₂	2-fluoropyridin-4-yl
010	OCH₂CCH	phenyl	140	OCH₂CCH	2-fluoropyridin-4-yl
011	OCH₂CHCH₂	phenyl	141	OCH₂CHCH₂	2-fluoropyridin-4-yl
012	OCHF₂	phenyl	142	OCHF₂	2-fluoropyridin-4-yl
013	OCF₃	phenyl	143	OCF₃	2-fluoropyridin-4-yl
014	H	3-fluorophenyl	144	H	2,6-difluoropyridin-4-yl
015	CH₂	3-fluorophenyl	145	CH₃	2,6-difluoropyridin-4-yl
016	F	3-fluorophenyl	146	F	2,6-difluoropyridin-4-yl
017	Cl	3-fluorophenyl	147	Cl	2,6-difluoropyridin-4-yl
018	Br	3-fluorophenyl	148	Br	2,6-difluoropyridin-4-yl
019	OCHs	3-fluorophenyl	149	OCH₃	2,6-difluoropyridin-4-yl
020	OCH₂CH₃	3-fluorophenyl	150	OCH₂CH₃	2,6-difluoropyridin-4-yl
021	O-cyclopropyl	3-fluorophenyl	151	O-cyclopropyl	2,6-difluoropyridin-4-yl
022	OCH(CH₂)₂	3-fluorophenyl	152	OCH(CH₃)₂	2,6-difluoropyridin-4-yl
023	OCH₂CCH	3-fluorophenyl	153	OCH₂CCH	2,6-difluoropyridin-4-yl
024	OCH₂CHCH₂	3-fluorophenyl	154	OCH₂CHCH₂	2,6-difluoropyridin-4-yl
025	OCHF₂	3-fluorophenyl	155	OCHF₂	2,6-difluoropyridin-4-yl
026	OCF₃	3-fluorophenyl	156	OCF₃	2,6-difluoropyridin-4-yl
027	H	3,5-difluorophenyl	157	H	2-chloropyridin-4-yl
028	CH₃	3,5-difluorophenyl	158	CH₃	2-chloropyridin-4-yl
029	F	3,5-difluorophenyl	159	F	2-chloropyridin-4-yl
030	Cl	3,5-difluorophenyl	160	Cl	2-chlorapyridin-4-yl
031	Br	3,5-difluorophenyl	161	Br	2-chloropyridin-4-yl
032	OCH₃	3,5-difluorophenyl	162	OCH₃	2-chloropyridin-4-yl
033	OCH₂CH₃	3,5-difluorophenyl	163	OCH₂CH₃	2-chloropyridin-4-yl
034	O-cyclopropyl	3,5-difluorophenyl	164	O-cyclopropyl	2-chloropyridin-4-yi
035	OCH(CH₃)₂	3,5-difluorophenyl	165	OCH(CH₃)₂	2-chloropyridin-4-yl
036	OCH₂CCH	3,5-difluorophenyl	166	OCH₂CCH	2-chloropyridin-4-yl
037	OCH₂CHCH₂	3,5-difluorophenyl	167	OCH₂CHCH₂	2-chloropyridin-4-yl
038	OCHF₂	3,5-difluorophenyl	168	OCHF₂	2-chloropyridin-4-yl
039	OCF₃	3,5-difluorophenyl	169	OCF₃	2-chloropyridin-4-yl
040	H	3-chlorophenyl	170	H	2,6-dichloropyridin-4-yl
041	CH₂	3-chlorophenyl	171	CH₃	2,6-dichloropyridin-4-yl
042	F	3-chlorophenyl	172	F	2,6-dichloropyridin-4-yl
043	Cl	3-chlorophenyl	173	Cl	2,6-dichloropyridin-4-yl
044	Br	3-chlorophenyl	174	Br	2,6-dichloropyridin-4-yl
045	OCH₃	3-chlorophenyl	175	OCH₂	2,6-dichloropyridin-4-yl
046	OCH₂CH₃	3-chlorophenyl	176	OCH₂CH₃	2,6-dichloropyridin-4-yl
047	O-cyclopropyl	3-chlprophenyl	177	O-cyclopropyl	2,6-dichloropyridin-4-yl
048	OCH(CH₂)₂	3-chlorophenyl	178	OCH(CH₂)₂	2,6-dichloropyridin-4-yl
049	OCH₂CCH	3-chlorophenyl	179	OCH₂CCH	2,6-dichloropyridin-4-yl
050	OCH₂CHCH₂	3-chlorophenyl	180	OCH₂CHCH₂	2,6-dichloropyridin-4-yl
051	OCHF₂	3-chlorophenyl	181	OCHF₂	2,6-dichloropyridin-4-yl
052	OCF₃	3-chlorophenyl	182	OCF₃	2,6-dichloropyridin-4-yl
053	H	3,5-dichlorophenyl	183	H	pyridin-3-yl
054	CH₃	3,5-dichlorophenyl	184	CH₃	pyridin-3-yl
055	F	3,5-dichlorophenyl	185	F	pyridin-3-yl
056	Cf	3,5-dichlorophenyl	186	Cl	pyridin-3-yl
057	Br	3,5-dichlorophenyl	187	Br	pyridin-3-yl
058	OCH	3,5-dichlorophenyl	188	OCH₃	pyridin-3-yl
059	OCH₂CH₃	3,5-dichlorophenyl	189	OCH₂CH₃	pyridin-3-yl
060	O-cyclopropyl	3,5-dichlorophenyl	190	O-cyclopropyl	pyridin-3-yl
061	OCH(CH₃)₂	3,5-dichlorophenyl	191	OCH(CH₃)₂	pyridin-3-yl
062	OCH₂CCH	3,5-dichlorophenyl	192	OCH₂CCH	pyridin-3-yl
063	OCH₂CHCH₂	3,5-dichlorophenyl	193	OCH₂CHCH₂	pyridin-3-yl
064	OCHF₂	3,5-dichlorophenyl	194	OCHF₂	pyridin-3-yl pyridin-3-yl
065	OCF₃	3,5-dichlorophenyl	195	OCF₃	pyridin-3-yl
066	H	3-methylphenyl	196	H	6-fluoropyridin-3-yl
067	CH₃	3-methylphenyl	197	CH₃	6-fluoropyridin-3-yl
068	F	3-methylphenyl	198	F	6-fluoropyridin-3-yl
069	Cl	3-methylphenyl	199	Cl	6-fluoropyridin-3-yl
070	Br	3-methylphenyl	200	Br	6-fluoropyridin-3-yl
071	OCH₃	3-methylphenyl	201	OCH₃	6-fluoropyridin-3-yl
072	OCH₂CH₃	3-methylphenyl	202	OCH₂CH₃	6-fluoropyridin-3-yl
073	O-cyclopropyl	3-methylphenyl	203	O-cyclopropyl	6-fluoropyridin-3-yl
074	OCH(CH₃)₂	3-methylphenyl	204	OCH(CH₂)₂	6-fluoropyridin-3-yl
075	OCH₂CCH	3-methylphenyl	205	OCH₂CCH	6-fluoropyridin-3-yl
076	OCH₂CHCH₂	3-methylphenyl	206	OCH₂CHCH₂	6-fluoropyridin-3-yl
077	OCHF₂	3-methylphenyl	207	OCHF₂	6-fluoropyridin-3-yl
078	OCF₃	3-methylphenyl	208	OCF₃	6-fluoropyridin-3-yl
079	H	3,5-dimethylphenyl	209	H	5-fluoropyridin-3-yl
080	CH₂	3,5-dimethylphenyl	210	CH₃	5-fluoropyridin-3-yl
081	F	3,5-dimethylphenyl	211	F	5-fluoropyridin-3-yl
082	Cl	3,5-dimethylphenyl	212	Cl	5-fluoropyridin-3-yl
083	Br	3,5-dimethylphenyl	213	Br	5-fluoropyridin-3-yl
084	OCH₃	3,5-dimethytphenyl	214	OCH₃	5-fluoropyridin-3-yl
065	OCH₂CH₃	3,5-dimethylphenyl	215	OCH₂CH₃	5-fluoropyridin-3-yl
086	O-cyclopropyl	3,5-dimethylphenyl	216	O-cyclopropyl	5-fluoropyridin-3-yl
087	OCH(CH₃)₂	3,5-dimethylphenyl	217	OCH(CH₃)₂	5-fluoropyridin-3-yl
088	OCH₂CCH	3,5-dimethylphenyl	218	OCH₂CCH	5-fluoropyridin-3-yl
089	OCH₂CHCH₂	3,5-dimethylphenyl	219	OCH₂CHCH₂	5-fluoropyridin-3-yl
090	OCHF₂	3,5-dimethylphenyl	220	OCHF₂	5-fluoropyridin-3-yl
091	OCF₃	3,5-dimethylphenyl	221	OCF₃	5-fluoropyridin-3-yl
092	H	3-methoxyphenyl	222	H	6-chloropyridin-3-yl
093	CH₃	3-methoxyphenyl	223	CH₃	6-chloropyridin-3-yl
094	F	3-methoxyphenyl	224	F	6-chloropyridin-3-yl
095	Cl	3-methoxyphenyl	225	Cl	6-chloropyridin-3-yl
096	Br	3-methoxyphenyl	226	Br	6-chloropyridin-3-yl
097	OCH₃	3-methoxyphenyl	227	OCH₃	6-chloropyridin-3-yl
098	OCH₂CH₃	3-methoxyphenyl	228	OCH₂CH₃	6-chloropyridin-3-yl
099	O-cyclopropyl	3-methoxyphenyl	229	O-cyclopropyl	6-chloropyridin-3-yl
100	OCH(CH₃)₂	3-methoxyphenyl	230	OCH(CH₃)₂	6-chloropyridin-3-yl
101	OCH₂CCH	3-methoxyphenyl	231	OCH₂CCH	6-chloropyridin-3-yl
102	OCH₂CHCH₂	3-methoxyphenyl	232	OCH₂CHCH₂	6-chloropyridin-3-yl
103	OCHF₂	3-methoxyphenyl	233	OCHF₂	6-chloropyridin-3-yl
104	OCF₃	3-methoxyphenyl	234	OCF₃	6-chloropyridin-3-yl
105	H	3,5-dimethoxyphenyl	235	H	5-chloropyridin-3-yl
106	CH₃	3,5-dimethoxyphenyl	236	CH₂	5-chloropyridin-3-yl
107	F	3,5-dimethoxyphenyl	237	F	5-chloropyridin-3-yl
108	Cl	3,5-dimethoxyphenyl	238	Cl	5-chloropyridin-3-yl
109	Br	3,5-dimethoxyphenyl	239	Br	5-chloropyridin-3-yl
110	OCH₃	3,5-dimethoxyphenyl	240	OCH₃	5-chloropyridin-3-yl
111	OCH₂CH₃	3,5-dimethoxyphenyl	241	OCH₂CH₃	5-chloropyridin-3-yl
112	O-cyclopropyl	3,5-dimethoxyphenyl	242	O-cyclopropyl	5-chloropyridin-3-yl
113	OCH(CH₃)₂	3,5-dimethoxyphenyl	243	OCH(CH₃)₂	5-chloropyridin-3-yl
114	OCH₂CCH	3,5-dimethoxyphenyl	244	OCH₂CCH	5-chloropyridin-3-yl
115	OCH₃CHCH₂	3,5-dimethoxyphenyl	245	OCH₂CHCH₂	5-chloropyridin-3-yl
116	OCHF₂	3,5-dimethoxyphenyl	246	OCHF₂	5-chloropyridin-3-yl
117	OCF₃	3,5-dimethoxyphenyl	247	OCF₃	5-chloropyridin-3-yl
118	H	pyridin-4-yl	248	H	isothiazole-4-yl
119	CH₃	pyridin-4-yl	249	CH₃	isoihiazole-4-yl
120	F	pyridin-4-yl	260	F	isothiazole-4-yl
121	Cl	pyridin-4-yl	251	Cl	isothiazole-4-yl
122	Br	pyridin-4-yl	252	Br	isothiazole-4-yl
123	OCH₃	pyridin-4-yl	253	OCH₃	isothiazole-4-yl
124	OCH₂CH₃	pyridtn-4-yl	254	OCH₂CH₃	isothiazale-4-yl
125	O-cyclopropyl	pyridin-4-yl	255	O-cyclopropyl	isothiazole-4-yl
126	OCH(CH₃)₂	pyridin-4-yl	256	OCH(CH₃)₃	isothiazote-4-yl
127	OCH₂CCH	pyridin-4-yl	257	OCH₂CCH	isothiazole-4-yl
128	OCH₂CHCH₂	pyridin-4-yl	258	OCH₂CHCH₂	isothiazole-4-yl
129	OCHF₂	pyridin-4-yl	259	OCHF₂	isothiazole-4-yl
130	OCF₃	pyridin-4-yl	260	OCF₃	isothiazole-4-yl

wherein

a) 260 compounds of formula (I.a):
wherein R² and R⁴ are as defined in Table 1.
b) 260 compounds of formula (I.b):
wherein R² and R⁴ are as defined in Table 1.
c) 260 compounds of formula (I.c):
wherein R² and R⁴ are as defined in Table 1.
d) 260 compounds of formula (I.d):
wherein R² and R⁴ are as defined in Table 1.
e) 260 compounds of formula (I.e):
wherein R² and R⁴ are as defined in Table 1.

TABLE 2

Individual compounds of formula (I) according to the invention
Cpd No.	R¹	R²	R⁵	Cpd No.	R¹	R²	R⁵
001	CN	OCH₃	3,5-difluorophenyl	005	COCH₃	OCH₂	3,5-diflurophenyl
002	CN	OCH₃	2,6-difluoropyridin-4-yl	006	COCH₃	OCH₃	2,6-difluoropyridin-4-yl
003	CN	OCH₂CH₃	3,5-difluorophenyl	007	COCH₃	OCH₂CH₃	3,5-difluofophenyl
004	CN	OCH₂CH₃	2,6-difluoropyrictin-4-yl	008	COCH₃	OCH₂CH₃	2,6-difluoropyridin-4-yl

wherein

f) 8 compounds of formula (I.f):
wherein R¹, R² and R⁴ are as defined in Table 2.
g) 8 compounds of formula (I.g):
wherein R¹, R² and R⁴ are as defined in Table 2.
h) 8 compounds of formula (I.h):
wherein R¹, R² and R⁴ are as defined in Table 2.
j) 8 compounds of formula (I.j):
wherein R¹, R² and R⁴ are as defined in Table 2.
k) 8 compounds of formula (I.k):
wherein R¹, R² and R⁴ are as defined in Table 2.

Formulation Examples

Wettable powders	a)	b)	c)
active ingredient [compound of formula (I)]	25%	50%	75%
sodium lignosulfonate	5%	5%	-
sodium lauryl sulfate	3%	-	5%
sodium diisobutylnaphthalenesulfonate	-	6%	10%
phenol polyethylene glycol ether	-	2%	-
(7-8 mol of ethylene oxide)
highly dispersed silicic acid	5%	10%	10%
Kaolin	62%	27%	-

The active ingredient is thoroughly mixed with the adjuvants and the mixture is thoroughly ground in a suitable mill, affording wettable powders that can be diluted with water to give suspensions of the desired concentration.

Powders for dry seed treatment	a)	b)	c)
active ingredient [compound of formula (I)]	25%	50%	75%
light mineral oil	5%	5%	5%
highly dispersed silicic acid	5%	5%	-
Kaolin	65%	40%	-
Talcum	-		20%

The active ingredient is thoroughly mixed with the adjuvants and the mixture is thoroughly ground in a suitable mill, affording powders that can be used directly for seed treatment.

Emulsifiable concentrate
active ingredient [compound of formula (I)]	10%
octylphenol polyethylene glycol ether	3%
(4-5 mol of ethylene oxide)
calcium dodecylbenzenesulfonate	3%
castor oil polyglycol ether (35 mol of ethylene oxide)	4%
Cyclohexanone	30%
xylene mixture	50%

Emulsions of any required dilution, which can be used in plant protection, can be obtained from this concentrate by dilution with water.

Dusts	a)	b)	c)
Active ingredient [compound of formula (I)]	5%	6%	4%
talcum	95%	-	-
Kaolin	-	94%	-
mineral filler	-	-	96%

Ready-for-use dusts are obtained by mixing the active ingredient with the carrier and grinding the mixture in a suitable mill. Such powders can also be used for dry dressings for seed.

Extruder granules
Active ingredient [compound of formula (I)]	15%
sodium lignosulfonate	2%
carboxymethylcellulose	1%
Kaolin	82%

The active ingredient is mixed and ground with the adjuvants, and the mixture is moistened with water, The mixture is extruded and then dried in a stream of air.

Coated granules
Active ingredient [compound of formula (I)	8%
polyethylene glycol (mol. wt. 200)	3%
Kaolin	89 %

The finely ground active ingredient is uniformly applied, in a mixer, to the kaolin moistened with polyethylene glycol. Nan-dusty coated granules are obtained in this manner.

Suspension concentrate
active ingredient [compound of formula (I)]	40%
propylene glycol	10%
nonylphenol polyethylene glycol ether (15 mol of ethylene oxide)	6 %
Sodium lignosulfonate	10 %
carboxymethylcellulose	1%
silicone oil (in the form of a 75 % emulsion in water)	1%
Water	32%

The finely ground active ingredient is intimately mixed with the adjuvants, giving a suspension concentrate from which suspensions of any desired dilution can be obtained by dilution with water. Using such dilutions, living plants as -well as plant propagation material can be treated and protected against infestation by microorganisms, by spraying, pouring or immersion.

Flowable concentrate for seed treatment
active ingredient [compound of formula (I)]	40%
propylene glycol	5%
copolymer butanol PO/EO	2%
tristyrenephenole with 10-20 moles EO	2%
1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one (in the form of a 20% solution in water)	0.5%
monoazo-pigment calcium salt	5%
Silicone oil (in the form of a 75% emulsion in water)	0.2%
Water	45.3%

The finely ground active ingredient is intimately mixed with the adjuvants, giving a suspension concentrate from which suspensions of any desired dilution can be obtained by dilution with water. Using such dilutions, living plants as well as plant propagation material can be treated and protected against infestation by microorganisms, by spraying, pouring or immersion.

Slow Release Capsule Suspension

28 parts of a combination of the compound of formula (I) are mixed with 2 parts of an aromatic solvent and 7 parts of toluene diisocyanate/polymethylene-polyphenylisocyanate-mixture (8:1). This mixture is emulsified in a mixture of 1.2 parts of polyvinyl alcohol, 0.05 parts of a defoamer and 51.6 parts of water until the desired particle size is achieved. To this emulsion a mixture of 2.8 parts 1,6-diaminohexane in 5.3 parts of water is added. The mixture is agitated until the polymerization reaction is completed.
The obtained capsule suspension is stabilized by adding 0.25 parts of a thickener and 3 parts of a dispersing agent. The capsule suspension formulation contains 28% of the active ingredients. The medium capsule diameter is 8-15 microns.
The resulting formulation is applied to seeds as an aqueous suspension in an apparatus suitable for that purpose.

EXAMPLES

The Examples which follow serve to illustrate the invention. The compounds of the invention can be distinguished from known compounds by virtue of greater efficacy at low application rates, which can be verified by the person skilled in the art using the experimental procedures outlined in the Examples, using lower application rates if necessary, for example 50 ppm, 12.5 ppm, 6 ppm, 3 ppm, 1.5 ppm, 0.8 ppm or 0.2 ppm.
Compounds of formula (I) may possess any number of benefits including, inter alia, advantageous levels of biological activity for protecting plants against diseases that are caused by fungi or superior properties for use as agrochemical active ingredients (for example, greater biological activity, an advantageous spectrum of activity, an increased safety profile (including improved crop tolerance), improved physico-chemical properties, or increased biodegradability)

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

^◦C = degrees Celsius, CDCl₃ = chloroform-d, d = doublet, DIPEA = N,N-diisopropylethylamine, DMF = dimethylformamide, HAUT = 1-[Bis(dimethylamino)methylene]-1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyridinium 3-oxid hexafluorophosphate, m = multiplet, MHz = mega hertz, N = normal, s = singlet
Example 1: This example illustrates the preparation of 6-(3,5-difluoroanilino)-N-(2,2-dimethylpropyl)-3-methoxy-pyraxine-2-carboxamide (Compound P-39, Table 3)

A) Preparation of Methyl 6-bromo-3-methoxy-pyrazine-2-carboxylate

Methyl 3-amino-6-bromo-pyrazine-2-carboxylate (1.0 g, 4.31 mmol) was dissolved in concentrated sulfuric acid (5.86 mL) and the mixture was stirred at 0° C. Next sodium nitrite (2.0 equlv.) was added, the reaction was stirred for 30 min at 0° C. The mixture was slowly poured into methanol (53 mL) at room temperature and the resulting mixture was stirred for 5 additional hours. Next the methanol was distilled off and the residue poured into ice cold water (100 mL). The aqueous phase was extracted three times with dichloromethane and the combined organic phases washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate aqueous solution, brine and then dried over sodium sulphate. The volatiles were removed in vacuo and the crude purified by chromatography on silica gel (eluent: mixtures cyclohexane ethyl acetate). The desired methyl 6-bromo-3-methoxy-pyrazine-2-carboxylate was obtained. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, (CD₃)₂SO): δ = 3.87 (s, 3 H), 3.98 (s, 3 H), 8.19 (s, 1 H).

B) Preparation of Methyl 6-(3.5-difluoroanilino)-3-methoxy-pyrazine-2-carboxylate

Under an argon atmosphere, BrettPhos-G3-palladacycle ([(2-Di-cyclohexylphosphino-3,6-dimethoxy-2’,4’,6’-triisopropy-1,1′-biphenyl)-2-(2′-amino-1,1′-biphenyl)]palladium(II) methanesulfonate methanesulfonate, 0.1 equiv.) and cesium carbonate (2.5 equiv.) were added to a degassed, stirred mixture of methyl 6-bromo-3-methoxy-pyrazine-2-carboxylate (2.0 g, 8.1 mmol, 1 equiv.) and 3,5-difluoro aniline (1.1 equiv.) in THF (32.5 mL). The reaction was heated to 80° C. and stirred for 1 hour, then the mixture was cooled to room temperature. The volatiles were removed using a rotatory evaporator and the residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate. The organic phase was washed twice with water, dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by column chromatography on silica gel (eluent: mixtures cyclohexane ethyl acetate) afforded the desired methyl 6-(3,5-difluoroanilino)-3-methoxy-pyrazine-2-carboxytate. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz. (CD₃₎₂SO): δ = 3.85 (s, 3 H), 3.92 (s. 3 H), 6.60-6.70 (m, 1 H), 7.40-7.50 (m, 2 H), 8.16 (s. 1H).

C) Preparation of 6-(3,5-difluoroanilino)-3-methoxy-pyrazine-2-carboxylic Acid

Lithium hydroxide monohydrate (4 equiv.) was added to a solution of methyl 6-(3,5-difluoroanilino)-3-methoxy-pyrazine-2-carboxylate (2.10 g, 3.16 mmol) in a mixture of tetrahydrofuran (72 mL) and water (36 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred 1 hour at room temperature, then the solvents were removed in vacuo. The residue was diluted with ethyl acetate and water, then 2 N hydrochloric acid was slowly added until a pH of 2 - 3 was reached. The phases were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. Then the combined organic phases were dried over sodium sulphate and all the volatiles evaporated using a rotatory evaporator. The obtained 6-(3,5-difluoroanilino)-3-methoxy-pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid was directly used in the next step without further purification.

D) Preparation of 6-(3,5-difluoroanilino)-N-(2,2-dimethylpropyl)-3-methoxy-pyrazine-2-carboxamide (Compound P-39, Table 3)

2,2-dimethylpropan-1-amine (1.1 equiv.), 1-[Bis(dimethylamino)methylene]-1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyridinium 3-oxide hexafluorophosphate (HATU, 1.1. equiv.) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (2.6 equiv.) were added in sequence to a DMF solution (2.5 mL) of 6-(3,5-difluoroanilino)-3-methoxy-pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid (70 mg., 0.25 mmol, 1 equiv.). The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours until consumption of starting material (LCMS control). Then a saturated NaHCO₃ solution was added to the mixture and the solution extracted three times with ethyl acetate, the organic phases combined, dried over sodium sulphate and all the volatiles removed by rotatory evaporator. Purification by column chromatography on silica gel (eluent: mixtures of cyclohexane/ethyl acetate) gave the desired product 6-(3,5-difluoroanilino)-N-(2,2-dimethylpropyl)-3-methoxy-pyrazine-2-carboxamide. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): d = 1.02 (s, 9 H), 3.30 (d. 2 H), 4.02 (s. 3 H), 6.35-6.45 (m, 1 H), 7.00 - 7.10 (m, 2 H), 7.75 - 7.85 (m, 2 H), 8.16 (s, 1 H).
Throughout this description, temperatures are given in degrees Celsius (°C) and “m.p.” means melting point LC/MS means Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry and the description of the apparatus and the method is: (Method A: ACQUITY UPLC from Waters, Waters UPLC HSS T3, 1.8 µm particle size, 30 x 2.1 mm column, 0.85 mL/min., 60° C., H₂O/MeOH 95:5 + 0.05% HCOOH (90%) / CH₃CN + 0.05% HCOOH (10%) - 1.2 min. - CH₃CN +0.05% HCOOH (100%) - 0.30 min., ACQUITY SQD Mass Spectrometer from Waters, ionization method: electrospray (ESI), Polarity: positive ions, Capillary (kV) 3.00, Cone (V) 30.00, Extractor (V) 2.00, Source Temperature (°C) 150, Desolvation Temperature (°C) 350, Cone Gas Flow (L/Hr) 0, Desolvation Gas Flow (L/Hr) 650). Method B: ACQUITY UPLC from Waters, Waters UPLC HSS T3. 1.8 µm particle size, 30 x 2.1 mm column, 0.85 mL/min., 60° C., H₂O/MeOH 95:5 + 0.05% HCOOH (90%) / CH₃CN + 0.05% HCOOH (10%) - 2.7 min. - CH₃CN + 0.05% HCOOH (100%) - 0.30 min., ACQUITY SQD Mass Spectrometer from Waters, ionization method: electrospray (ESI), Polarity: positive ions. Capillary (kV) 3.00, Cone (V) 30.00, Extractor (V) 2.00, Source Temperature (°C) 150, Desolvation Temperature (°C) 350, Cone Gas Flow (L/Hr) 0, Desolvation Gas Flow (L/Hr) 650). Method C: ACQUITY Mass Spectrometer from Waters Corporations (SQD or SQDII Single quadrupole mass spectrometer) equipped with an electrospray source (Polarity: positive or negative ions, Capillary: 3.0 kV, Cone: 30V, Extractor: 3.00 V, Source Temperature: 150° C., Desolvation Temperature: 400° C., Cone Gas Flow: 60 L/hr, Desolvation Gas Flow: 700 L/hr, Mass range: 140 to 800 Da) and an ACQUITY UPLC from Waters Corporations with solvent degasser, binary pump, heated column compartment and diode-array detector. Column: Waters UPLC HSS T3, 1.8 µm, 30 x 2.1 mm, Temp: 60° C., DAD Wavelength range (nm): 210 to 400, Solvent Gradient: A = Water/Methanol 9:1 + 0.1%, formic acid, B= Acetonitrile + 0.1% formic acid, gradient: 0-100% B in 2.5 min; Flow (ml/min) 0.75.).

TABLE 3

Melting point and LC/MS data (R_t = Retention time) for selected compounds of Table 1 and Table 2.
No.	Compound Name	Structure	Mp (°C)	LC/MS
P-1	6-(cyclopentylamino)-N-(2,2-dimethylcyclobutyl)-3-methoxy-pyrazine-2-carboxamide		85 - 87	R_t= 1.11 min (A); MS: m/z = 319 (M+1)
P-2	6-(cyclobutylamino )-N-(2,2-dimethylcyclobutyl)-3 methoxy-pyrazine-2-carboxamide		70-72	R_t=1.06 min (A); MS: m/z = 305 (M+1)
P-3	6-(cyclopropylamino)-N-(2,2-dimethylcyclobutyl)-3-methoxy-pyrazine-2-carboxamide			R_t= 1.00 min (A); MS: m/z 291 (M+1)
P-4	6-anilino-N-(2,2-dimethylcyclobutyl)-3-methoxy-pyrazine-2-carboxamide		67 - 69	R_t= 1.06 min (A); MS: m/z = 327 (M+1)
P-5	N-(2,2-dimethylcyclobutyl)-6-(3-fluoroanilino)-3-methoxy-pyrazine-2-carboxamide		69 - 71	R_t= 1.08 min i (A); MS: m/z = 345 (M+1)
P-6	6-(3,5-difluoroanilino)-3-methoxy-N-[2-oxo-1-[3-(trifluoromethoxy) phenyl]pyrrolidin-3-yl]pyrazine-2-carboxamide		187 - 190	R_t= 1.11 min (A); MS: m/z = 524 (M+1)
P-7	6-(3,5-difluoroanilino)-pyridyl)cyclopropyl]py razine-2-carboxamide			R_t= 0.91 min-(A); MS: m/z = 398 (M+1)
P-8	N-(2,2-dimethylcyclobutyl)-6-[(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)amino]-3-methoxy-pyrazine-2-carboxamide		66 - 67	R_t= 0.89 min (A); MS: m/x = 323 (M+1)
P-9	6-(cyclopropylmethylam ino)-N-(2,2-dimethyylcyclobutyl)-3-methoxy-pyrazine-2-carboxamide			R₁=1.03 min (A), MS: m/z = 305 (M+1)
P-10	6-(isothiazol-4-ylamino)-3-methoxy-N-[2-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phe nyl]ethyl]pyrazine-2-carboxamide			R₁= 1.71 min: (C): MS: m/z = 440 (M+1)
P-11	6-(isothiazol-4-ylamino)-3-methoxy-N- [[1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclop ropyl]methyl]pyrazine-2-carboxamide			R₁= 1.45 min: (C); MS: m/z = 374 (M+1)
P-12	N-[(2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-4-yl)methyl)-6-(isothiazol-4-ylamino)-3-methoxy-pyrazine-2-carboxamide			R₁= 1.61 min (C) : MS: m/z = 422 (M+1)
P-13	6-(isothiazol-4-ylamino)-3-methoxy-N-[(4-phenoxyphenyl)methy l]pyrazine-2-carboxamide			R₁= 1.74 min (C) ; MS: m/z = 434 (M+1)
P-14	6-(isothiazol-4-ylamino)-3-methoxy-N-[6-(trifluoromethyl)indan-1-yl]pyrazine-2-carboxamide			R₁= 1.73 min (C) ; MS: m/z = i 436 (M+1)
P-15	6-(isothiazol-4-ylamino)-3-methoxy-N-[5-(trifluoromethyl)indan-1-yl]pyrazine-2-carboxamide			R₁= 1.77 min: (C); MS: m/z = 436 (M+1)
P-16	6-(3,5-difiuoroanilino)-N-(7,7-dimethyl-2-oxabicyclo[3.2.0]hept an-6-yl)-3-methoxy-pyrazine-2-carboxamide			R₁= 1.69 min (C) : MS: m/z = 405 (M+1)
P-17	N-[2-(3,5-dichloro-2-pyridyl)-2-ethoxyimino-ethyl]-6-(3,5-difluoroanilino)-3-methoxy-pyrazine-2-carboxamide			R₁= 2.02 min (C) ; MS: m/z = 511 (M+1)
P-18	6-(3,5-difluoroanilino)-3-methoxy-N-[2-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phe nyl]ethyl]pyrazine-2-carboxamide			R₁= 2.01 min (C) ; MS: m/z = 469 (M+1)
P-19	6-(3,5-difluoroanilino)-3-methoxy-N-[[1-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridyl]cyclopropyl]me thyl]pyrazine-2-carboxamide			R₁= 1.97 min (C) ; MS: m/z = 480 (M+1)
P-20	6-(3,5-difluoroanilino)-3-methoxy-N-(4-oxaspiro[2.4]heptan-6-yl)pyrazine-2-carboxamide			R₁= 1.58 min (C) ; MS: m/z = 377 (M+1)
P-21	6-(3,5-difluoroanilino)-3-methoxy-N-[(3-methyltetrahydrofuran -3-yl)methyl]pyrazine-2-carboxamide			R₁=1.51 min (C) ; MS: m/z = 379 (M+1)
P-22	6-(3,5-difluoroanilino)-3-methoxy-N-[(8-methyl-5-oxaspiro[3.5]nonan-8-yl)methyl]pyrazine-2-carboxamide			R₁= 1.84 min (C) ; MS: m/z = : 433 (M+1)
P-23	N-[(3,5-dichloro-4-pyridyl)methyl]-6-(3,5-difluoroanilino)-3-methoxy-pyrazine-2-carboxamide			R₁= 1.72 min (C) ; MS: m/z = 440 (M+1)
P-24	N-(5-cyclopropyltetrahydrof uran-3-yl)-6-(3,5-difluoroanilino)-3-methoxy-pyrazine-2- carboxamide			R₁=1.62 min (C) ; MS: m/z = 391 (M+1)
P-25	6-(3,5-difluoroanilino)-3-methoxy-N-[[1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclop ropyl]methyl]pyrazine-2-carboxamide			R₁= 1.79 min: (C); MS: m/z = 403 (M+1)
P-26	6-(3,5-difluoroanilino)-N-(2,3-dihydrabenzofuran-3-ylmethyl)-3-methoxy-pyrazine-2-carboxamide			R₁= 1.75 min (C) ; MS: m/z = 413 (M+1)
P-27	6-(3,5-difluoroanilino)-3-methoxy-N-(pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-7-ylmethyl)pyrazine-2-ccarboxamide			R_t=1.69 min (C) : MS: m/z = 441 (M+1)
P-28	6-(3,5-difluoroanilino)-3-methoxy-N-(2-oxabicyclo[3.2.0]hept an-7-yl)pyrazine-2-carboxamide			R_t= 1.59 min (C) : MS: m/z = 377 (M+1)
P-29	6-(3,5-difluoroanilino)-N-[(2,2-difluoro-1.3-benzodioxol-4-yl)methyl]-3-methoxy-pyrazine-2-carboxamide			R_t= 1.91 min (C); MS: m/z = 451 (M+1)
P-30	6-(3,5-difluoroanilino)-3-methoxy-N-[(4-phenoxyphenyl)methy l]pyrazine-2-carboxamide			R_t= 2.01 min (C) ; MS: m/z = 463 (M+1)
P-31	6-(3,5-difluoroanilino)-3-methoxy-N-[6-(trifluoramethyl)indan-1-yl]pyrazine-2-carboxamide			R_t= 2.01 min (C) ; MS: m/z = 465 (M+1)
P-32	6-(3,5-difluoroanilino)-3-methoxy-N-[5-(trifluoromethyl)indan-1-yl]pyrazine-2-carboxamide			R_t= 2.05 min (C) ; MS: m/z = 465 (M+1)
P-33	N-(2-(3,5-dichloro-2-pyridyl)-2-ethoxyimino-ethyl]-6-[(2,6-difluoro-4-pyridyl)amino]-3-methoxy-pyrazine-2-carboxamide			R_t= 1.84 min (C) ; MS: m/z = 512 (M+1)
P-34	6-[(2,6-difluoro-4-pyridyl)amino]-3-methoxy-N-[(8-methyl-5-oxaspiro[3,5]nonan-8-yl)methyl]pyrazine-2-carboxamide			R_t= 1.63 min (C) : MS: m/z = 434 (M+1)
P-35	6-[(2,6-difluoro-4-pyridyl)amino]-3-methoxy-N-[[1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclop ropyl]methyl]pyrazine-2-carboxamide			R_t= 1.60 min (C) ; MS: m/z = 404 (M+1)
P-36	6-[(2,6-difluoro-4-pyridyl)amino]-3-methoxy-N-[(4-phenoxyphenyl)methy l]pyrazine-2-carboxamide			R_t= 1.86 min (C) ; MS: m/z = 464 (M+1)
P-37	6-(3,5-difluoroanilino)-3-methoxy-N-(1-methylcyclopropyl)pyr azine-2-carboxamide		187 - 188	R_t= 0.99 min (A); MS: m/z = 335 (M+1)
P-38	N-tert-butyl-6-(3,5-difluoroanilino)-3-methoxy-pyrazine-2-carboxamide		167 - 168
P-39	6-(3,5-difluoroanilino)-N-(2,2-dimethylpropyl)-3-methoxy-pyrazine-2-carboxamide		149 - 151
P-40	6-(3,5-difluoroanilino)-N-(1,5-dimethylhexyl)-3-methoxy-pyrazine-2-carboxamide		89 - 92
P-41	6-[(2,6-difluoro-4-pyridyl)amino]-N-(2,2-dimethylcyclobutyl)-3-methoxy-pyrazine-2-carboxamide		217 - 219
P-42	N-(2,2-dimethylcyclobutyl)-6-(isothiazol-4-ylamino)-3-methoxy-pyrazine-2-carboxamide		69 - 71
P-43	6-(3,5-difluoroanilino)-N-(2,2-dimethylcyclobutyl)-3-methoxy-pyrazine-2-carboxamide		149 - 151
P-44	6-(3,5-difluoroanilino)-N-isopentyl-3-methoxy-pyrazine-2-carboxamide		192 -193
P-45	6-[(2,6-difluoro-4-pyridyl)amino]-N-isopentyl-3-methoxy-pyrazine-2-carboxamide		190 - 192
P-46	6-[(2,6-difluoro-4-pyridyl)amino]-N-(2,2-dimethylcyclobutyl)pyr azine-2-carboxamide		166 - 168	R_t= 0.99 min (A); MS: m/z = 334 (M+1)
P-47	6-(3,5-difluoroanilino)-N-(2,2-dimethylcyclobutyl)-3-methyl-pyrazine-2-carboxamide			R_t= 1.12 min (A); MS: m/z = 347(M+1)
P-48	6-(3,5-difluoroanilino)-N-(1-methylcyclopentyl)pyr azine-2-carboxamide		178 - 181	R_t= 1.12 min : (A); MS: m/z = 333 (M+1)
P-49	6-[(2,6-difluoro-4-pyridyl)amino]-N-(1-methylcyclopentyl)pyr azine-2-carboxamide			R_t= 1.03 min (A); MS: m/z = 334 (M+1)
P-50	6-[(2,6-difluoro-4-pyridyl)amino]-N-(2,2-dimethylcyclobutyl)-3-methyl-pyrazine-2-carboxamide		98 - 99	R_t= 1.02 min (A); MS: m/z = 348 (M+1)

BIOLOGICAL EXAMPLES

Example B1: Alternaria Solani / Tomato / Leaf Disc (Early Blight)

Tomato leaf disks cv. Baby are placed on agar in multiwell plates (24-well format) and sprayed with the formulated test compound diluted in water. The leaf disks are inoculated with a spore suspension of the fungus 2 days after application. The inoculated leaf disks are incubated at 23° C. / 21° C. (day/night) and 80% rh under a light regime of 12/12 h (light/dark) in a climate cabinet and the activity of a compound is assessed as percent disease control compared to untreated when an appropriate level of disease damage appears on untreated check disk leaf disks (5 - 7 days after application). The following compounds gave at least 80% control of Alternaria solani at 200 ppm when compared to untreated control under the same conditions, which showed extensive disease development: P-4, P-5, P-9, P-13, P-16, P-20, P-22, P-25, P-28, P-30, P-37, P-38, P-39, P-41, P-43, and P-44.

Example B2: Glomerella Lagenarium (Colletotrichum Lagenarium) / Liquid Culture (Anthracnose)

Conidia of the fungus from cryogenic storage are directly mixed into nutrient broth (PDB potato dextrose broth). After placing a (DMSO) solution of test compound into a microtiter plate (96-well format), the nutrient broth containing the fungal spores is added. The test plates are incubated at 24° C. and the inhibition of growth is measured photometrically 3-4 days after application. The following compounds gave at least 80% control of Glomerella lagenarium at 20 ppm when compared to untreated control under the same conditions, which showed extensive disease development: P-1, P-2. P-3, P-4, P-5, P-6, P-8, P-9, P-10, P-11, P-12, P-13, P-14, P-15, P-16, P-17, P-18, P-19, P-20, P-21, P-22, P-23, P-24, P-25, P-26, P-27. P-28, P-29, P-30, P-31, P-32, P-33, P-34, P-35, P-36, P-37, P-38, P-39, P-40, P-41, P-43, P-44, P-45, P-46, P-47, P-48, P-49, and P-50,

Example B3:Blumeria Graminis F. Sp. Tritici (Erysiphe Graminis F. Sp. Trifici) / Wheat / Leaf Disc Preventative (Powdery Mildew On Wheat)

Wheat leaf segments cv. Kanzler are placed on agar in a multiwell plate (24-well format) and sprayed with the formulated test compound diluted in water. The leaf disks are inoculated by shaking powdery mildew infected plants above the test plates 1 day after application. The inoculated leaf disks are incubated at 20° C. and 60% rh under a light regime of 24 h darkness followed by 12 h light / 12 h darkness in a climate chamber and the activity of a compound is assessed as percent disease control compared to untreated when an appropriate level of disease damage appears on untreated check leaf segments (6 - 8 days after application). The following compounds gave at least 80% control of Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici at 200 ppm when compared to untreated control under the same conditions, which showed extensive disease development: P-4, P-5, P-8, P-9, P-16, P-20, P-21, P-22, P-24, P-25, P-28, P-30, P-35, P-37, P-38, P-39, P-40, P-41, P-43, P-44, P-45, and P-50,

Example B4: Phaeosphaeria Nodorum (Septoria Nodorum / Wheat / Leaf Disc Preventative (Glume Blotch)

Wheat leaf segments cv. Kanzler are placed on agar in a multiwell plate (24-weli format) and sprayed with the formulated test compound diluted in water. The leaf disks are inoculated with a spore suspension of the fungus 2 days after application. The inoculated test leaf disks are incubated at 20° C. and 75% rh under a light regime of 12 h light / 12 h darkness in a climate cabinet and the activity of a compound is assessed as percent disease control compared to untreated when an appropriate level of disease damage appears in untreated check leaf disks (5 - 7 days after application). The following compounds gave at least 80% control of Phaeosphaeria nodorum at 200 ppm when compared to untreated control under the same conditions, which showed extensive disease development: P-29, P-38, P-39, P-43, and P-44.

Example B5: Monographella Nivalis (Microdochium Nivale) / Liquid Culture (Foot Rot Cereals)

Conidia of the fungus from cryogenic storage are directly mixed into nutrient broth (PDB potato dextrose broth). After placing a (DMSO) solution of test compound into a microtiter plate (96-well format), the nutrient broth containing the fungal spores is added. The test plates are incubated at 24° C. and the inhibition of growth is determined photometrically 4-5 days after application. The following compounds gave at least 80% control of Monographella nivalis at 20 ppm when compared to untreated control under the same conditions, which showed extensive disease development: P-1, P-2, P-3, P-4, P-5, P-6, P-7, P-8. P-9, P-10, P-11, P-12, P-13, P-14, P-15, P-16, P-17, P-18, P-19, P-20, P-21, P-22, P-24, P-25, P-29, P-30, P-32, P-37, P-38, P-39, P-40, P-41, P-42, P-43, P-44, P-45, P-46, P-47, P-48, P-49, and P-50.

Example B6: Mycosphaerella Arachidis (Cercospora Arachidicola) / Liquid Culture (Early Leaf Spot)

Conidia of the fungus from cryogenic storage are directly mixed into nutrient broth (PDB potato dextrose broth). After placing a (DMSO) solution of test compound into a microtiter plate (96-well format), the nutrient broth containing the fungal spores is added. The test plates are incubated at 24° C. and the inhibition of growth is determined photometrically 4-5 days after application. The following compounds gave at least 80% control of Mycosphaerella arachidis at 20 ppm when compared to untreated control under the same conditions, which showed extensive disease development: P-1, P-4, P-5, P-9, P-13, P-16, P-20, P-22, P-24, P-25, P-29, P-30, P-38, P-39, P-40, P-43, P-44, and P-48,

Example B7: Phakopsora Pachyrhizi / Soybean / Preventative (Soybean Rust)

Soybean leaf disks are placed on water agar in multiwell plates (24-well format) and sprayed with the formulated test compound diluted in water. One day after application leaf discs are inoculated by spraying a spore suspension on the lower leaf surface. After an incubation period in a climate cabinet of 24-36 hours in darkness at 20° C. and 75% rh leaf disc are kept at 20° C. with 12 h light/day and 75% rh, The activity of a compound is assessed as percent disease control compared to untreated when an appropriate level of disease damage appears in untreated check leaf disks (12 - 14 days after application). The following compounds gave at least 80% control of Phakopsora pachyrhizi at 200 ppm when compared to untreated control under the same conditions, which showed extensive disease development: P-4, P-37, P-38, P-41, P-43, and P-44,

Example B8: Puccinia Recondita F. Sp. Tritici / Wheat / Leaf Disc Preventative (Brown Rust)

Wheat leaf segments cv. Kanzler are placed on agar in multiwell plates (24-well format) and sprayed with the formulated test compound diluted in water. The leaf disks are inoculated with a spore suspension of the fungus 1 day after application. The inoculated leaf segments are incubated at 19° C. and 75% rh under a light regime of 12 h light / 12 h darkness in a climate cabinet and the activity of a compound is assessed as percent disease control compared to untreated when an appropriate level of disease damage appears in untreated check leaf segments (7 - 9 days after application). The following compounds gave at least 80% control of Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici at 200 ppm when compared to untreated control under the same conditions, which showed extensive disease development: P-4, P-5, P-9, P-20, P-22, P-25, P-29, P-34, P-37, P-38, P-39, P-40, P-41, P-43, P-44, and P-45.

Example B9: Magnaporthe Grisea (Pyricularia Oryzae) / Rice / Leaf Disc Preventative (Rice Blast)

Rice leaf segments cv. Ballila are placed on agar in a multiwell plate (24-well format) and sprayed with the formulated test compound diluted in water. The leaf segments are inoculated with a spore suspension of the fungus 2 days after application. The inoculated leaf segments are incubated at 22° C. and 80% rh under a light regime of 24 h darkness followed by 12 h light / 12 h darkness in a climate cabinet and the activity of a compound is assessed as percent disease control compared to untreated when an appropriate level of disease damage appears in untreated check leaf segments (5 - 7 days after application). The following compounds gave at least 80% control of Magnaporthe grisea at 200 ppm when compared to untreated control under the same conditions, which showed extensive disease development: P-5, P-6, P-13, P-14, P-16, P-19, P-20, P-21, P-22, P-23, P-25, P-26, P-28, P-29, P-30, P-34, P-35, P-36, P-37, P-38, P-39, P-40, P-41, P-42, P-43. P-44, P-45, P-47, P-49, and P-50.

Example B10: Pyrenophora Teres / Barley / Leaf Disc Preventative (Net Blotch)

Barley leaf segments cv. Hasso are placed on agar in a multiwell plate (24-well format) and sprayed with the formulated test compound diluted in water. The leaf segments are inoculated with a spore suspension of the fungus 2 days after application. The inoculated leaf segments are incubated at 20° C. and 65% rh under a light regime of 12 h light / 12 h darkness in a climate cabinet and the activity of a compound is assessed as disease control compared to untreated when an appropriate level of disease damage appears in untreated check leaf segments (5 - 7 days after application). The following compounds gave at least 80% control of Pyrenophora teres at 200 ppm when compared to untreated control under the same conditions, which showed extensive disease development: P-5, P-25, P-37, P-38, P-39, P-41, P-43, P-44, and P-45.

Example B11: Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum / Liquid Culture (Cottony Rot)

Mycelia fragments of a newly grown liquid culture of the fungus are directly mixed into nutrient broth (PDB potato dextrose broth). After placing a (DMSO) solution of test compound into a microtiter plate (96-well format) the nutrient broth containing the fungal material is added. The test plates are incubated at 24° C. and the inhibition of growth is determined photometrically 3-4 days after application. The following compounds gave at least 80% control of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum at 20 ppm when compared to untreated control under the same conditions, which showed extensive disease development: P-5, P-13, P-20, P-22, P-38, and P-42,

Example B12: Mycosphaerella Graminicola (Septoria Tritici) / Liquid Culture (Septoria Blotch)

Conidia of the fungus from cryogenic storage are directly mixed into nutrient broth (PDB potato dextrose broth). After placing a (DMSO) solution of test compound into a microtiter plate (96-well format), the nutrient broth containing the fungal spores is added. The test plates are incubated at 24° C. and the inhibition of growth is determined photometrically 4-5 days after application. The following compounds gave at least 80% control of Mycosphaerella graminicola at 20 ppm when compared to untreated control under the same conditions, which showed extensive disease development: P-1, P-2, P-4, P-5, P-9, P-11, P-12, P-13, P-14, P-15, P-16, P-20, P-21, P-22, P-24, P-25, P-29, P-30, P-31, P-32, P-37, P-38, P-39, P-40, P-41, P-42, P-43, P-44, P-45, P-46, P-48, and P-49.

Example B13: Botryotinia Fuckeliana (Botrytis Cinerea) / Liquid Culture (Gray Mould)

Conidia of the fungus from cryogenic storage are directly mixed into nutrient broth (Vogels broth). After placing a (DMSO) solution of test compound into a microtiter plate (96-well format), the nutrient broth containing the fungal spores is added The test plates are incubated at 24° C. and the inhibition of growth is determined photometrically 3-4 days after application. The following compound gave at least 80% control of Botryotinia fuckeliana at 20 ppm when compared to untreated control under the same conditions, which showed extensive disease development: P-25.

Claims

1. A compound of formula (I):

wherein

R¹ is hydrogen, cyano, formyl, C₁-C₆alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆alkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆haloalkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆alkoxyC₁-C₆alkylcarbonyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆alkoxyC₁-C₃alkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆alkoxyoxalyl, C₁-C₆alkoxycarbonylC₁-C₄alkylC₁-C₆alkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₆alkenyloxycarbonyl, or C₂-C₆alkynyloxycarbonyl;

R² is hydrogen, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, halogen, hydroxy, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆haloalkoxy, C₃-C₆cycloalkyloxy, C₃-C₆halocycloalkyloxy, C₂-C₆alkenyloxy, C₂-C₆haloalkenyloxy, C₂-C₆alkynyloxy, C₂-C₆haloalkynyloxy, C₁-C₆cyanoalkyloxy, C₁-C₆alkoxyC₁-C₃alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkoxyC₁-C₂alkyl, C₂-C₆alkynyl, C₂-C₆haloalkynyl, or C₃-C₆cycloalkylC₁-C₂alkoxy;

R³ is Ci-Csalkyl, Ci-Cshaloalkyl, Ci-Csalkoxy, C₃-C₈alkynyl, C₃-Cscycloalkyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkylC₁-C₂alkyl, phenyl, phenylC₁-C₃alkyl, phenoxyC₁-C₃alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylCi-C₂alkyl, heteroarylC₁-C₂alkoxyiminoC₁-C₂alkyl, wherein the heteroaryl is a 5- or 6-membered aromatic monocyclic ring comprising 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms individually selected from N, O and S, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylC₁-C₂alkyl, wherein the heterocyclyl is a 4-, 5- or 6-membered non-aromatic monocyclic ring comprising 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms individually selected from N, O, and S, and wherein the cycloalkyl, phenyl, heteroaryl and heterocyclyl moieties are each optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups represented by R⁵ or 1 group represented by R⁶; and wherein when R³ is a substituted heterocyclyl, these cycles may contain a carbonyl (C═O) or sulfonyl (S(O)₂) group; or

R³ is a 6- to 10-membered annulated ring system optionally comprising 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms individually selected from N, O and S, optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups represented by R⁵, and optionally bonded to the rest of the molecule through a C₁-C₂alkylene linker; or

R³ is a 5- to 10-membered non-aromatic spirocyclic carbobi- or carbotri-cyclyl ring system optionally comprising 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 heteroatoms individually selected from N, O and S, optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups represented by R⁵, and optionally bonded to the rest of the molecule through a C₁-C₂alkylene linker;

R⁴ is Ci-Csalkyl, hydroxyCi-Csalkyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkylC₁-C₂alkyl, phenyl, heteroaryl, wherein heteroaryl is a 5- or 6-membered aromatic monocyclic ring comprising 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms individually selected from N, O and S, heterocyclyl, wherein the heterocyclyl is a 4-, 5- or 6-membered non-aromatic monocyclic ring or a 9- to 10-membered non-aromatic bicyclic ring comprising 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms individually selected from N, O and S, and wherein the cycloalkyl, phenyl, heteroaryl and heterocyclyl moieties are each optionally substituted by 1, 2 or 3 substituents, which may be the same or different, selected from R⁸;

R⁵ is halogen, C₁-C₄alkyl, C₁-C₄alkoxy, C₁-C₄haloalkyl, or C₁-C₄haloalkoxy;

R⁶ is C₁-C₄alkylsulfonyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, phenyl, benzyl, phenoxy, or pyridyl, wherein each cycloalkyl, phenyl or pyridyl group is optionally substituted by 1 group represented by R⁷;

R⁷ is halogen, C₁-C₄haloalkyl or C₁-C₄haloalkoxy;

R⁸ is halogen, C₁-C₄alkyl, C₁-C₄alkoxy, or C₁-C₄haloalkyl;

or a salt or an N-oxide thereof.

2. The compound according to claim 1, wherein R¹ is hydrogen, cyano, C₁-C₃alkylcarbonyl, or C₁-C₂alkoxyC₁-C₂alkylcarbonyl.

3. The compound according to claim 1 , wherein R¹ is hydrogen, cyano or acetyl.

4. The compound according to claim 1, wherein R² is hydrogen, C₁-C₄alkyl, C₁-C₃haloalkyl, halogen, hydroxy, C₁-C₄alkoxy, C₁-C₃haloalkoxy, C₃-C₄cycloalkyloxy, C₃-C₄alkenyloxy, C₃-C₄alkynyloxy, C₁-C₂alkoxyC₁-C₂alkoxy, C₁-C₂alkoxyC₁-C₂alkyl, C₁-C₃haloalkoxy, or C₃-C₅alkynyl.

5. The compound according to claim 1, wherein R³ is Ci-Csalkyl, C₃-C₇alkynyl, C₃-C₄cycloalkyl, C₃-C₄cycloalkylC₁-C₂alkyl, phenylC₁-C₃alkyl, phenoxyC₁-C₃alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylC₁-C₂alkyl, heteroarylC₁-C₂alkoxyiminoC₁-C₂alkyl, wherein the heteroaryl is a 5- or 6-membered aromatic monocyclic ring comprising 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms individually selected from N and O, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylC₁-C₂alkyl, wherein the heterocyclyl is a 5- or 6-membered non-aromatic monocyclic ring comprising 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms individually selected from N, O, and S, and wherein the cycloalkyl, phenyl, heteroaryl and heterocyclyl moieties are each optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups represented by R⁵ or 1 group represented by R⁶; and wherein when R³ is a substituted heterocyclyl, these cycles may contain a carbonyl (C═O) or sulfonyl (S(O)₂) group; or

R³ is a 7- to 9-membered annulated ring system optionally comprising 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms individually selected from N and O, optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups represented by R⁵, and optionally bonded to the rest of the molecule through a C₁-C₂alkylene linker; or

R³ is a 6- to 9-membered non-aromatic spirocyclic carbobicyclyl ring system optionally comprising 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms individually selected from N and O, optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups represented by R⁵, and optionally bonded to the rest of the molecule through a C₁-C₂alkylene linker.

6. The compound according to claim 1, wherein R³ is t-butyl, isopentyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl, 1-methylcyclopropyl, 2,2-dimethylcyclobutyl, or spiro[3.4]octan-3-yl.

7. The compound according to claim 1, wherein R⁴ is C₁-C₆alkyl, hydroxyC₁-C₄alkyl, C₃-Cscycloalkyl, C₃-C₄cycloalkylC₁-C₂alkyl, phenyl, heteroaryl, wherein heteroaryl is a 5- or 6-membered aromatic monocyclic ring comprising 1 or 2 heteroatoms individually selected from N, O and S, and wherein the cycloalkyl, phenyl, and heteroaryl moieties are each optionally substituted by 1 or 2 substituents, which may be the same or different, selected from R⁸.

8. The compound according to claim 1, wherein R⁴ is C₁-C₆alkyl, hydroxyC₁-C₄alkyl, C₃-Cscycloalkyl, C₃-C₄cycloalkylC₁-C₂alkyl, phenyl, heteroaryl, wherein heteroaryl is a 5- or 6-membered aromatic monocyclic ring comprising 1 or 2 heteroatoms individually selected from N, O and S, and wherein the cycloalkyl, phenyl, and heteroaryl moieties are each optionally substituted by 1 or 2 substituents, which may be the same or different, selected from R⁸.

9. The compound according to claim 1, wherein R⁵ is chloro, fluoro, methyl, difluoromethyl or trifluoromethyl.

10. The compound according to claim 1, wherein R⁶ is cyclopropyl, phenyl, phenoxy, or pyridyl, wherein each cyclopropyl, phenyl or pyridyl group is optionally substituted by 1 group represented by R⁷.

11. The compound according to claim 1, wherein R⁷ is chloro, fluoro, trifluoromethyl or trifluoromethoxy.

12. An agrochemical composition comprising a fungicidally effective amount of a compound of formula (I) according to claim 1.

13. The composition according to claim 12, further comprising at least one additional active ingredient and/or an agrochemically-acceptable diluent or carrier.

14. A method of controlling or preventing infestation of useful plants by phytopathogenic microorganisms, wherein a fungicidally effective amount of a compound of formula (I) according to claim 1, is applied to the plants, to parts thereof or the locus thereof.

15. Use of a compound of formula (I) according to claim 1 as a fungicide.

16. The compound according to claim 2, wherein R¹ is hydrogen, cyano or acetyl.

17. A method of controlling or preventing infestation of useful plants by phytopathogenic microorganisms, wherein a fungicidally effective amount of a compound of formula (I) according to a composition according to claim 12, is applied to the plants, to parts thereof or the locus thereof.