US20230091115A1 - Crosslinkable polysiloxane - Google Patents
Crosslinkable polysiloxane Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20230091115A1 US20230091115A1 US17/792,798 US202117792798A US2023091115A1 US 20230091115 A1 US20230091115 A1 US 20230091115A1 US 202117792798 A US202117792798 A US 202117792798A US 2023091115 A1 US2023091115 A1 US 2023091115A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- optionally substituted
- pdms
- polysiloxane
- thiourea
- siloxane
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- -1 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 408
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 212
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 59
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silane Chemical group [SiH4] BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 claims description 113
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 95
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims description 95
- 239000011342 resin composition Substances 0.000 claims description 81
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 claims description 72
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 43
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 41
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 35
- 239000003999 initiator Substances 0.000 claims description 32
- 125000002947 alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- KPUWHANPEXNPJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N disiloxane Chemical class [SiH3]O[SiH3] KPUWHANPEXNPJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- 238000007639 printing Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 125000000732 arylene group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 16
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 125000000547 substituted alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000005698 Diels-Alder reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 125000003107 substituted aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000565 sealant Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000006096 absorbing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000004721 Polyphenylene oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000006742 Retro-Diels-Alder reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011234 nano-particulate material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- HRPVXLWXLXDGHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylamide Chemical group NC(=O)C=C HRPVXLWXLXDGHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004642 Polyimide Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000003647 acryloyl group Chemical group O=C([*])C([H])=C([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000003011 styrenyl group Chemical group [H]\C(*)=C(/[H])C1=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims description 3
- QYKIQEUNHZKYBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl ether Chemical group C=COC=C QYKIQEUNHZKYBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000005647 linker group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920001567 vinyl ester resin Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004185 ester group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- 229920000435 poly(dimethylsiloxane) Polymers 0.000 description 128
- 239000004205 dimethyl polysiloxane Substances 0.000 description 113
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 103
- 238000004987 plasma desorption mass spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 96
- UMGDCJDMYOKAJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiourea Chemical compound NC(N)=S UMGDCJDMYOKAJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 53
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 46
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 36
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 description 33
- 125000004169 (C1-C6) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 32
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 32
- RIWRBSMFKVOJMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyl-1-phenylpropan-2-ol Chemical compound CC(C)(O)CC1=CC=CC=C1 RIWRBSMFKVOJMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 28
- 238000010146 3D printing Methods 0.000 description 28
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 28
- 239000007983 Tris buffer Substances 0.000 description 25
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 22
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 22
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 19
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 19
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 235000013870 dimethyl polysiloxane Nutrition 0.000 description 18
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 17
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 17
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 15
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 15
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 description 15
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 14
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 14
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 13
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 13
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 13
- 125000000304 alkynyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 12
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 description 12
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 12
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 12
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 12
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 12
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 238000001723 curing Methods 0.000 description 11
- 125000001072 heteroaryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 11
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 238000009864 tensile test Methods 0.000 description 11
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 11
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 11
- 125000004191 (C1-C6) alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 10
- BESKSSIEODQWBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-tris(trimethylsilyloxy)silylpropyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CC(=C)C(=O)OCCC[Si](O[Si](C)(C)C)(O[Si](C)(C)C)O[Si](C)(C)C BESKSSIEODQWBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 10
- 125000000449 nitro group Chemical group [O-][N+](*)=O 0.000 description 10
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 125000004452 carbocyclyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 9
- 125000004093 cyano group Chemical group *C#N 0.000 description 9
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000001542 size-exclusion chromatography Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 9
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229920006037 cross link polymer Polymers 0.000 description 8
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 8
- RAFNCPHFRHZCPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N di(imidazol-1-yl)methanethione Chemical compound C1=CN=CN1C(=S)N1C=CN=C1 RAFNCPHFRHZCPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 8
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000011236 particulate material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 8
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 125000003837 (C1-C20) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 7
- 125000001797 benzyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 7
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 7
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 7
- 239000000806 elastomer Substances 0.000 description 7
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 7
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 125000003396 thiol group Chemical group [H]S* 0.000 description 7
- XQUPVDVFXZDTLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-[4-[[4-(2,5-dioxopyrrol-1-yl)phenyl]methyl]phenyl]pyrrole-2,5-dione Chemical compound O=C1C=CC(=O)N1C(C=C1)=CC=C1CC1=CC=C(N2C(C=CC2=O)=O)C=C1 XQUPVDVFXZDTLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 125000002252 acyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 125000003710 aryl alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- PFKFTWBEEFSNDU-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonyldiimidazole Chemical compound C1=CN=CN1C(=O)N1C=CN=C1 PFKFTWBEEFSNDU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- UHESRSKEBRADOO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl carbamate;prop-2-enoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C=C.CCOC(N)=O UHESRSKEBRADOO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 6
- 229920003192 poly(bis maleimide) Polymers 0.000 description 6
- WGYKZJWCGVVSQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylamine Chemical group CCCN WGYKZJWCGVVSQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Furan Chemical compound C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- DDRPCXLAQZKBJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N furfurylamine Chemical compound NCC1=CC=CO1 DDRPCXLAQZKBJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 5
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 5
- RBQRWNWVPQDTJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N methacryloyloxyethyl isocyanate Chemical compound CC(=C)C(=O)OCCN=C=O RBQRWNWVPQDTJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen Substances N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 125000003367 polycyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- LAQYHRQFABOIFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methoxyhydroquinone Chemical compound COC1=CC(O)=CC=C1O LAQYHRQFABOIFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical group [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 4
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 4
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 150000004678 hydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 4
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- 125000002950 monocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
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- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- LENZDBCJOHFCAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris Chemical compound OCC(N)(CO)CO LENZDBCJOHFCAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- QYCGBAJADAGLLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(cyclohepten-1-yl)cycloheptene Chemical group C1CCCCC=C1C1=CCCCCC1 QYCGBAJADAGLLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000005160 1H NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 3
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000005033 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 3
- 125000004442 acylamino group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 125000003368 amide group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
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- 125000001995 cyclobutyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 3
- 125000000113 cyclohexyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 3
- 125000001511 cyclopentyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 3
- 125000001559 cyclopropyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C1([H])* 0.000 description 3
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- QYZFTMMPKCOTAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-[2-(2-hydroxyethylamino)ethyl]-2-[[1-[2-(2-hydroxyethylamino)ethylamino]-2-methyl-1-oxopropan-2-yl]diazenyl]-2-methylpropanamide Chemical compound OCCNCCNC(=O)C(C)(C)N=NC(C)(C)C(=O)NCCNCCO QYZFTMMPKCOTAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 125000004971 nitroalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
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- YBYIRNPNPLQARY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1H-indene Natural products C1=CC=C2CC=CC2=C1 YBYIRNPNPLQARY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IMQFZQVZKBIPCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2-bis(3-sulfanylpropanoyloxymethyl)butyl 3-sulfanylpropanoate Chemical compound SCCC(=O)OCC(CC)(COC(=O)CCS)COC(=O)CCS IMQFZQVZKBIPCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SURWYRGVICLUBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethyl-9,10-dimethoxyanthracene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=C(OC)C3=CC(CC)=CC=C3C(OC)=C21 SURWYRGVICLUBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000003903 2-propenyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- GPXCORHXFPYJEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-[[3-aminopropyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy-dimethylsilyl]propan-1-amine Chemical compound NCCC[Si](C)(C)O[Si](C)(C)CCCN GPXCORHXFPYJEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WHNPOQXWAMXPTA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-methylbut-2-enamide Chemical compound CC(C)=CC(N)=O WHNPOQXWAMXPTA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DBCAQXHNJOFNGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-bromo-1,1,1-trifluorobutane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)CCCBr DBCAQXHNJOFNGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7553-56-2 Chemical compound [I] ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical compound [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004322 Butylated hydroxytoluene Substances 0.000 description 2
- NLZUEZXRPGMBCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butylhydroxytoluene Chemical compound CC1=CC(C(C)(C)C)=C(O)C(C(C)(C)C)=C1 NLZUEZXRPGMBCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000001157 Fourier transform infrared spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- QOSMNYMQXIVWKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propyl levulinate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)CCC(C)=O QOSMNYMQXIVWKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OKKRPWIIYQTPQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate Chemical compound CC(=C)C(=O)OCC(CC)(COC(=O)C(C)=C)COC(=O)C(C)=C OKKRPWIIYQTPQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JOBBTVPTPXRUBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N [3-(3-sulfanylpropanoyloxy)-2,2-bis(3-sulfanylpropanoyloxymethyl)propyl] 3-sulfanylpropanoate Chemical compound SCCC(=O)OCC(COC(=O)CCS)(COC(=O)CCS)COC(=O)CCS JOBBTVPTPXRUBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-WFGJKAKNSA-N acetone d6 Chemical compound [2H]C([2H])([2H])C(=O)C([2H])([2H])[2H] CSCPPACGZOOCGX-WFGJKAKNSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000002777 acetyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)=O 0.000 description 2
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- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Substances BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 125000000484 butyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
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- 125000000596 cyclohexenyl group Chemical group C1(=CCCCC1)* 0.000 description 2
- 125000006547 cyclononyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
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- 125000004967 formylalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
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- QBERHIJABFXGRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M rhodium;triphenylphosphane;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Rh].C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1.C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1.C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 QBERHIJABFXGRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 125000006413 ring segment Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 125000002914 sec-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000527 sonication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000003696 stearoyl group Chemical group O=C([*])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000004079 stearyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000446 sulfanediyl group Chemical group *S* 0.000 description 1
- BZWKPZBXAMTXNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfurocyanidic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)C#N BZWKPZBXAMTXNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052714 tellurium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellurium atom Chemical compound [Te] PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OPQYOFWUFGEMRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl 2,2-dimethylpropaneperoxoate Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OOC(=O)C(C)(C)C OPQYOFWUFGEMRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NMOALOSNPWTWRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl 7,7-dimethyloctaneperoxoate Chemical compound CC(C)(C)CCCCCC(=O)OOC(C)(C)C NMOALOSNPWTWRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SWAXTRYEYUTSAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl ethaneperoxoate Chemical compound CC(=O)OOC(C)(C)C SWAXTRYEYUTSAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000001973 tert-pentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- CIHOLLKRGTVIJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert‐butyl hydroperoxide Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OO CIHOLLKRGTVIJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SLIOYUPLNYLSSR-UHFFFAOYSA-J tetrachloroplatinum;hydrate;dihydrochloride Chemical compound O.Cl.Cl.Cl[Pt](Cl)(Cl)Cl SLIOYUPLNYLSSR-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- 125000005063 tetradecenyl group Chemical group C(=CCCCCCCCCCCCC)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000003718 tetrahydrofuranyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001712 tetrahydronaphthyl group Chemical group C1(CCCC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001412 tetrahydropyranyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003554 tetrahydropyrrolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003507 tetrahydrothiofenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000004525 thiadiazinyl group Chemical group S1NN=C(C=C1)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000004305 thiazinyl group Chemical group S1NC(=CC=C1)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001984 thiazolidinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000335 thiazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001544 thienyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003777 thiepinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002053 thietanyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001730 thiiranyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003441 thioacyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005000 thioaryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000003573 thiols Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- CMWCOKOTCLFJOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium(3+) Chemical compound [Ti+3] CMWCOKOTCLFJOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005425 toluyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004306 triazinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001425 triazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003866 trichloromethyl group Chemical group ClC(Cl)(Cl)* 0.000 description 1
- WLPUWLXVBWGYMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tricyclohexylphosphine Chemical compound C1CCCCC1P(C1CCCCC1)C1CCCCC1 WLPUWLXVBWGYMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005040 tridecenyl group Chemical group C(=CCCCCCCCCCCC)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000002889 tridecyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000002023 trifluoromethyl group Chemical group FC(F)(F)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000005455 trithianyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000297 undecanoyl group Chemical group O=C([*])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000005065 undecenyl group Chemical group C(=CCCCCCCCCC)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000002948 undecyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000003774 valeryl group Chemical group O=C([*])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000004034 viscosity adjusting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a crosslinkable polysiloxane, to a resin composition comprising the crosslinkable polysiloxane, to a method of producing a three-dimensional silicone article using the crosslinkable polysiloxane, and to a three-dimensional silicone article comprising a crosslinked form of the crosslinkable polysiloxane.
- Silicones also known as polysiloxanes, are a class of polymer widely used in a range of applications, including industrial and medical applications.
- the popularity of silicones arises due to a number of favourable properties such as chemical stability, biocompatibility, non-toxicity, high gas permeability and elasticity.
- Such polymers can also exhibit resistance to degradation and microbial growth.
- additive manufacturing techniques such as three-dimensional (3D) printing has allowed custom-designed complex 3D articles to be rapidly produced.
- 3D printing typically involves the successive addition of material in a layer-by-layer manner to construct a 3D article, with layers then being fused or bonded together.
- 3D printed articles are most commonly produced using suitable metals or thermoplastic polymer.
- polysiloxane-based articles While it would be desirable to manufacture polysiloxane-based articles by 3D printing, that has proven challenging to date. For example, it has proven difficult to achieve sufficiently fast curing (i.e. crosslinking) rates during 3D printing. Also, the physical properties of polysiloxane-based articles produced by 3D printing have been quite poor, particularly in terms of their elasticity.
- the present invention provides a liquid polysiloxane comprising a siloxane-thiourea segment(s) and a crosslinkable functional group(s) selected from one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups, silyl hydride groups, alkylenethiol groups and combinations thereof.
- this unique class of liquid polysiloxane is well suited for use in 3D printing applications, not only in terms of how the polysiloxane performs (e.g. crosslinking ability) during the 3D printing process itself, but also in terms of the excellent physical properties of articles produced using the polysiloxane.
- rapid crosslinking can be achieved during 3D printing and complex articles with fine detail can be produced using the polysiloxane without compromising elasticity.
- Articles produced using that unique class of liquid polysiloxane can also advantageously exhibit self-healing properties.
- the polysiloxane according to the invention presents in the form of a polymer chain that may be linear or branched.
- the polysiloxane comprises as part of the polymer chain one or more siloxane-thiourea segment(s) and one or more crosslinkable functional groups.
- the siloxane-thiourea segment(s) is covalently attached to the polysiloxane polymer chain and may be located in-chain, pendent from and/or at the termini of the polymer chain.
- the cross-linkable functional group(s) is covalently attached to the polysiloxane polymer chain and may be located pendent from and/or at the termini of the polymer chain.
- the siloxane-thiourea segment of the polysiloxane comprises a structure of formula (I):
- R A and R B in at least one repeat unit defined by n in formula (I) is independently selected from H, a moiety comprising an alkylenethiol group, and a moiety comprising one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups.
- R A and R B in the same or different repeat units defined by n may be independently the same or different.
- siloxane-thiourea segment of the polysiloxane comprises a structure of formula (II):
- R A in at least one repeat unit defined by tin formula (II) is independently selected from H, a moiety comprising an alkylenethiol group, and a moiety comprising one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups.
- Each R A , R x and R y in repeat units defined by t may be independently the same or different.
- siloxane-thiourea segment of the polysiloxane comprises a structure of formula (III):
- R A and R B in at least one repeat unit defined by n in formula (III) is independently selected from H, a moiety comprising an alkylenethiol group, and a moiety comprising one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups.
- R A and R B in the same or different repeat units defined by n in formula (III) may be independently the same or different.
- R 1 in repeat units defined by p may be the same or different.
- X in repeat units defined by q may be the same or different.
- R A and/or R B are independently selected from H, a moiety comprising an alkylenethiol group, and a moiety comprising one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups, it will be appreciated they may represent one or more of the crosslinkable functional groups of the polysilioxane.
- the invention further provides a liquid resin composition comprising a liquid polysiloxane according to the invention and an agent for promoting crosslinking of the crosslinkable functional group(s).
- the agent for promoting crosslinking of the crosslinkable functional group(s) is selected from a catalyst and a radical initiator.
- crosslinkable functional groups that can form part of the polysiloxane according to the invention and function to provide a means for crosslinking to produce a crosslinked polymer structure.
- the polysiloxane comprises (i) a siloxane-thiourea segment, and (ii) one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups.
- the polysiloxane comprises (i) a siloxane-thiourea segment, and (ii) two or more ethylenically unsaturated groups.
- the polysiloxane comprises (i) a siloxane-thiourea segment, and (ii) two or more silyl hydride groups.
- the polysiloxane comprises (i) a siloxane-thiourea segment, and (ii) two or more alkylenethiol groups.
- the polysiloxane comprises (i) a siloxane-thiourea segment, (ii) a silyl hydride group, and (iii) an alkylenethiol group.
- the polysiloxane comprises (i) a siloxane-thiourea segment, (ii) a silyl hydride group, and (iii) an ethylenically unsaturated group.
- the polysiloxane comprises (i) a siloxane-thiourea segment, (ii) an alkylenethiol group, and (iii) an ethylenically unsaturated group.
- the polysiloxane in accordance with the invention may comprise one of more crosslinkable functional groups described herein.
- the polysiloxane in accordance with the invention may comprise one of more siloxane-thiourea segments described herein.
- the resin composition comprising the polysiloxane may be provided with a reactive diluent.
- the reactive diluent can assist with modifying the viscosity of the resin composition.
- the reactive diluent can also comprise crosslinkable functional groups that can react with crosslinkable functional groups of the polysiloxane according to the invention to form a crosslinked structure.
- the resin composition comprises (i) a polysiloxane comprising (a) a siloxane-thiourea segment, and (b) one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups, and (ii) a reactive diluent comprising one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups.
- the resin composition comprises (i) a polysiloxane comprising (a) a siloxane-thiourea segment, and (b) two or more ethylenically unsaturated groups, and (ii) a reactive diluent comprising one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups.
- the resin composition comprises (i) a polysiloxane comprising (a) a siloxane-thiourea segment, and (b) two or more ethylenically unsaturated groups, and (ii) a reactive diluent comprising two or more silyl hydride groups.
- the resin composition comprises (i) a polysiloxane comprising (a) a siloxane-thiourea segment, and (b) two or more silyl hydride groups, and (ii) a reactive diluent comprising two or more ethylenically unsaturated groups.
- the resin composition comprises (i) a polysiloxane comprising (a) a siloxane-thiourea segment, and (b) two or more alkylenethiol groups, and (ii) a reactive diluent comprising two or more ethylenically unsaturated groups.
- the resin composition comprises (i) a polysiloxane comprising (a) a siloxane-thiourea segment, and (b) two or more ethylenically unsaturated groups, and (ii) a reactive diluent comprising two or more alkylenethiol groups.
- reactive diluents include 3-[tris(trimethylsiloxy)silyl]propyl methacrylate, mono- or bis-functional urethane acrylate, e.g. sold commercially as Genomer 1122TM or CN991, dimethyl acrylamide, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, pentaerythritol tetramethacrylate, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-mercaptopropionate), trimethylolpropane tris(3-mercaptopropionate), 3-[tris(trimethylsiloxy)silyl] propyl methacrylate, vinyl terminated polydimethylsiloxane, vinyl terminated diphenylsiloxane-dimethylsiloxane copolymer, vinyl terminated polyphenylmethylsiloxane, vinyl terminated trifluoropropyl
- the reactive diluent comprises one or both of 3-propylbis(trimethylsiloxy)methylsilane-3-(2-methacryloyloxyethyl) urea and 3-[tris(trimethylsoxy)silyl]-3-(2-methacryloyloxyethyl) urea.
- the invention also provides a method of producing a three-dimensional silicone article, the method comprising printing a liquid resin composition according to the invention using a three-dimensional printer and crosslinking the resin composition.
- the invention further provides a silicone article comprising a crosslinked polysiloxane according to the invention.
- the invention also provides a silicone article comprising a crosslinked resin composition according to the invention.
- the invention further provides an adhesive or sealant comprising a liquid polysiloxane or resin composition according to the invention.
- FIG. 1 depicts comparative tensile test results (stress-strain curves) for cured resin samples containing PDMS-thiourea polymer, PDMS-urea polymer and a commercial PDMS after UV crosslinking;
- FIG. 2 depicts tensile test results (stress-strain curves) for cured resin samples containing PDMS-thiourea polymer and reactive diluents compared with PDMS-urea polymer and reactive diluents after UV crosslinking;
- FIG. 3 depicts tensile test results (stress-strain curves) for cured resin samples containing PDMS-thiourea polymers with differing ratios of long PDMS segments to short PDMS segments, with comparison against a commercial PDMS polymer, after UV crosslinking;
- FIG. 4 depicts the cyclic tensile results for cured resin samples containing PDMS-thiourea polymer at different tensile strains and strain rates;
- FIG. 5 depicts the compressive property test for cured resin containing PDMS-thiourea polymer with comparison against a commercial PDMS polymer, after UV crosslinking;
- FIG. 6 depicts photorheology results comparing the cross-link rates of PDMS-thiourea polymers and commercial PDMS resins when exposed to UV light;
- FIG. 7 shows photographs of a complex 3D-printed part produced from resin containing PDMS-thiourea polymer, with comparison against the STL file executed by the printer;
- FIG. 8 depicts photorheology result for crosslinking resins containing different reactive diluents (the results demonstrated the modulus change during the UV curing);
- FIG. 9 depicts viscosity versus shear rate plots for different liquid resins containing different PDMS-thiourea polymers with differing ratios of long PDMS segments to short PDMS segments, using the reactive diluent 3-propylbis (trimethylsiloxy) methylsilane [(2-methacryloyloxyethyl) urea];
- FIG. 10 depicts tensile test results (stress-strain curves) for cured resin samples containing PDMS-thiourea polymers with differing ratios of long PDMS segments to short PDMS segments, using the reactive diluent 3-propylbis(trimethylsiloxy)methylsilane-3-[(2-methacryloyloxyethyl) urea];
- FIG. 11 depicts photographs of complex 3D-printed parts produced from resin containing PDMS-thiourea polymer, using the diluent 3-propylbis(trimethylsiloxy)methylsilane-3-[(2-methacryloyloxyethyl) urea];
- FIG. 12 depicts shear strength of the crosslinked resin adhering between glass and metal, in which a 4.9 cm 2 film of resin holds more than 22 kg;
- FIG. 13 depicts the tensile test result for crosslinked resin containing PDMS-thiourea polymer with different ratio with the addition of the nanoparticulate, hydrophilic silica nanoparticles (Wacker Chemicals, HDK® T30); and
- FIG. 14 depicts the photo of cured resin containing PDMS-thiourea polymer with different ratio of hydrophilic silica nanoparticles (Wacker Chemicals, HDK® T30).
- the polysiloxane according to the invention presents in the form of a polymer chain that may be linear or branched.
- the polysiloxane comprises as part of that polymer chain one or more siloxane-thiourea segment(s) and one or more crosslinkable functional groups.
- the polysiloxane is a liquid polysiloxane.
- a liquid polysiloxane By being a “liquid” is meant the polysiloxane at room temperature (25° C.) can flow under the application of a force such as gravity or an applied pressure.
- the polysiloxane will therefore have a definite volume but may not have a fixed shape.
- the liquid form of the polysiloxane can assist with its use as an adhesive, sealant or in three-dimensional printing applications.
- the siloxane-thiourea segment(s) is covalently attached to the polysiloxane polymer chain and may be located in-chain, pendent from and/or at the termini of the polymer chain.
- siloxane-thiourea segment a portion or region within the polysiloxane molecular structure that comprises a siloxane moiety (—Si(R A )(R B )—O—) covalently coupled to a thiourea moiety (—NH—C(S)—NH—). That siloxane moiety may or may not form part of a polysiloxane in its own right. Where the siloxane moiety of the siloxane-thiourea segment does not form part of a polysiloxane, the polysiloxane according to the invention will nevertheless still comprise one or more polysiloxane moieties.
- the thiourea moiety of the siloxane-thiourea segment will generally be covalently coupled to a silicon atom of the siloxane moiety through a divalent coupling moiety, for example an optionally substituted alkylene or optionally substituted arylene moiety.
- a nitrogen atom of the thiourea moiety will be covalently coupled to a silicon atom of the siloxane moiety through no more than about 10, or about 9, or about 8, or about 7, or about 6, or about 5, or about 4, or about 3 consecutive covalently coupled atoms.
- consecutively covalently coupled atoms between a nitrogen atom of the thiourea moiety and a silicon atom of the siloxane moiety will represent the divalent coupling moiety.
- the polysiloxane according to the invention may have one or more, for example two or more, siloxane-thiourea segments within its molecular (chain) structure.
- the siloxane-thiourea segment may present pendant from a main backbone chain of the polysiloxane, at the termini of a main backbone chain of the polysiloxane, it may also present in-chain of the main backbone chain structure of the polysiloxane, or it may present as a combination of two or more of pendant, termini and in-chain structures. Further detail in relation to the nature of the siloxane-thiourea segment is outlined below.
- the polysiloxane according to the invention comprises a crosslinkable functional group(s) selected from one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups, silyl hydride groups, alkylenethiol groups and combinations thereof Such crosslinkable functional groups render the polysiloxane itself crosslinkable.
- the polysiloxane according to the present invention may therefore also be described as being a crosslinkable polysiloxane.
- the polysiloxane comprising such crosslinkable functional groups it presents the potential for undergoing a crosslinking reaction so as to afford a crosslinked product.
- a crosslinking reaction could involve the polysiloxane reacting with itself, another crosslinkable material/reagent (such as a reactive diluent herein described) or a combination thereof to form a thermoset polysiloxane product.
- the crosslinking process requires reaction of suitable complementary functional groups. As will be discussed in more detail below, such a crosslinking reaction may require the presence of an agent for promoting crosslinking of the crosslinkable functional group(s).
- the crosslinkable functional group(s) may or may not form part of the siloxane-thiourea segment per se.
- siloxane-thiourea segment within the polysiloxane molecular structure promotes a higher rate and extent of crosslinking of the polysiloxane and results in improved elastomeric properties, for example flexibility and resilience, of a crosslinked article produced using the polysiloxane.
- crosslinked articles produced using the polysiloxane have been found to exhibit self-healing properties. Without wishing to be limited by theory, it is believed such advantageous properties stem at least in part from physical crosslinking between polymer chains through H-bonding interactions associated with the siloxane-thiourea segment that suppress unfavourable crystallization.
- the siloxane-thiourea segment within the polysiloxane molecular structure is believed to improve solubility and stability of dispersions of additives, for example reactive diluents, solid particulate material (e.g. silica) and agents for promoting cross-linking, within the liquid state of the polysiloxane.
- additives for example reactive diluents, solid particulate material (e.g. silica) and agents for promoting cross-linking
- additives for example reactive diluents, solid particulate material (e.g. silica) and agents for promoting cross-linking
- additives for example reactive diluents, solid particulate material (e.g. silica) and agents for promoting cross-linking
- additives for example reactive diluents, solid particulate material (e.g. silica) and agents for promoting cross-linking
- Such improved solubility and stability of dispersions of additives is believed to
- the liquid polysiloxane is a homogeneous liquid phase.
- the specified crosslinkable functional group(s) of the polysiloxane are believed to be particularly well suited for use in combination with the siloxane-thiourea segment to provide for the improved properties derived from the polysiloxane.
- the crosslinkable functional group(s) include one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups.
- a given ethylenically unsaturated groups will of course be of a type suitable to undergo a reaction to promote crosslinking of the polysiloxane. Such ethylenically unsaturated groups may therefore be described as being crosslinkable ethylenically unsaturated groups.
- ethylenically unsaturated groups suitable to undergo a reaction to promote crosslinking can be broadly classified into two classes, namely so called activated and non-activated ethylenically unsaturated groups. Unless specified otherwise, reference herein to an “ethylenically unsaturated group” is therefore intended to embrace both activated and non-activated ethylenically unsaturated groups.
- an ethylenically unsaturated group being “activated” in the context of crosslinking/polymerisation is meant it is activated by a proximal functional group so as to be capable of undergoing free radical addition.
- Such activated ethylenically unsaturated group(s) may, for example, form part of a (meth)acryloyl, (meth)acryloyloxy, styrenyl, vinyl ether, vinyl ester or (meth)acrylamide group.
- an ethylenically unsaturated group being “non-activated” in the context of crosslinking/polymerisation is meant it is not activated by a proximal functional group so as to be capable of undergoing free radical addition.
- Such non-activated ethylenically unsaturated groups may, for example, be represented by —R—(X)C ⁇ C(Y) 2 , where R is Si or alkylene and X and each Y is independently alkyl or H. If R is alkylene, it may be C1-C6 alkylene or C1-C3 alkylene. R is of course also covalently coupled to the polysiloxane. If X or Y are alkyl, they may be C1-C6 alkyl or C1-C3 alkyl.
- each Y is H. In another embodiment, both X and each Y is H.
- a polysiloxane chain can be crosslinked provided it contains at least one activated ethylenically unsaturated group.
- a polysiloxane could react with a separate compound/polymer (e.g. reactive diluent described herein) comprising multiple activated ethylenically unsaturated groups to form a crosslinked network.
- the polysiloxane comprises two or more activated ethylenically unsaturated groups then it can be crosslinked merely by reacting with itself.
- the polysiloxane according to the invention comprises two or more activated ethylenically unsaturated groups.
- crosslinkable functional group(s) of the polysiloxane include only non-activated ethylenically unsaturated groups, to promote crosslinking those skilled in the art will appreciate the polysiloxane will need to comprise two or more of such non-activated ethylenically unsaturated groups.
- the crosslinkable functional group(s) of the polysiloxane can include a silyl hydride group (SiH).
- SiH silyl hydride group
- the silyl hydride group will of course be of a type suitable to undergo a reaction to promote crosslinking of the polysiloxane. Such silyl hydride groups may therefore be described as being crosslinkable silyl hydride groups.
- crosslinkable functional group(s) of the polysiloxane include only silyl hydride groups, to promote crosslinking those skilled in the art will appreciate the polysiloxane according to the invention will need to comprise two or more silyl hydride groups.
- the silyl hydride groups will typically be of a type suitable to undergo a reaction with an ethylenically unsaturated group, for example a non-activated ethylenically unsaturated group, to promote crosslinking of the polysiloxane.
- the crosslinkable functional group(s) of the polysiloxane can include an alkylene thiol group.
- the alkylene thiol group will of course be of a type suitable to undergo a reaction to promote crosslinking of the polysiloxane. Such alkylene thiol groups may therefore be described as being crosslinkable alkylene thiol groups.
- crosslinkable functional group(s) of the polysiloxane include only alkylene thiol groups, to promote crosslinking those skilled in the art will appreciate the polysiloxane according to the invention will need to comprise two or more alkylene thiol groups.
- the alkylene thiol groups will typically be of a type suitable to undergo a reaction with an ethylenically unsaturated group, for example a non-activated ethylenically unsaturated group, to promote crosslinking of the polysiloxane.
- the polysiloxane in accordance with the invention may of course comprise various combinations of the specified functional groups to enable crosslinking to occur.
- Such combinations would be known to those skilled in the art and include, for example, a silyl hydride group in combination with an alkylenethiol group, a silyl hydride group in combination with a non-activated ethylenically unsaturated group, an alkylenethiol group in combination with a non-activated ethylenically unsaturated group, or an activated ethylenically unsaturated group in combination with an alkylenethiol group or a silyl hydride group.
- the siloxane-thiourea segment comprises a structure of formula (I):
- At least one of R A and R B in formula (I) is selected from H, optionally substituted alkylene thiol, and a moiety comprising one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups.
- R A and/or R B are independently selected from H, a moiety comprising an alkylenethiol group, and a moiety comprising one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups, it will be appreciated they may represent one or more of the crosslinkable functional groups of the polysilioxane.
- n in formula (I) is an integer ranging from 1 to about 200, or from 1 to about 180, or from 1 to about 160, or from 1 to about 140, or from 1 to about 120, or from 1 to about 100, or from 1 to about 80, or from 1 to about 60.
- n in formula (I) is an integer ranging from 2 to about 200, or from 2 to about 180, or from 2 to about 160, or from 2 to about 140, or from 2 to about 120, or from 2 to about 100, or from 2 to about 80, or from 2 to about 60.
- R A and R B in the same or different repeat units defined by n in formula (I) may be independently the same or different.
- R 1 in formula (I) is optionally substituted C 2 -C 12 alkylene or optionally substituted C 6 -C 12 arylene.
- the siloxane-thiourea segment of the polysiloxane comprises a structure of formula (III):
- R A , R B , R 1 and n in formula (III) may be independently the same as herein described in respect of formula (I).
- At least one of R A and R B in formula (III) is selected from H, optionally substituted alkylene thiol, and a moiety comprising one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups.
- R A and/or R B are independently selected from H, a moiety comprising an alkylenethiol group, and a moiety comprising one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups, it will be appreciated they may represent one or more of the crosslinkable functional groups of the polysilioxane.
- X in formula (III) may be selected from optionally substituted C 1 -C 12 alkylene, optionally substituted C 6 -C 12 arylene, polysiloxane, polyether, and polyester.
- p and q in formula (III) may range from 1 to about 50, or from 1 to about 20.
- R A and R B in the same or different repeat units defined by n in formula (III) may be independently the same or different.
- R 1 in repeat units defined by p in formula (III) may be the same or different.
- Polysiloxanes suitable for use in accordance with the invention may include, but are not limited to, those having a structure of formula (IV):
- R 1 , R A , R B and n may be as herein described in respect of formula (I).
- At least one of R A and R B in formula (IV) is selected from H, optionally substituted alkylene thiol, and a moiety comprising one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups.
- R A and/or R B are independently selected from H, a moiety comprising an alkylenethiol group, and a moiety comprising one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups, it will be appreciated they may represent one or more of the crosslinkable functional groups of the polysilioxane.
- R E , R F , R G and R H , R C and R D may each independently be defined as herein described in respect of R A or R B .
- R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 may be defined as herein described for IV.
- Y may be selected from —NH—C(O)—NH— or —NH—C(S)—NH—
- Z 1 and Z 2 in formula (IV) are each independently selected from a moiety comprising one or more silyl hydride groups, a moiety comprising one or more alkylenethiol groups, and a moiety comprising one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups. As described herein, such groups are intended to represent functionality capable of promoting crosslinking of the polysiloxane.
- Z 1 and Z 2 may therefore be defined as herein described for R A or R B in the context of the same crosslinkable functionality.
- n may be defined as herein described in the context of formula (I).
- p may be an integer ranging from 1 to about 200, or from 1 to about 180, or from 1 to about 160, or from 1 to about 140, or from 1 to about 120, or from 1 to about 100, or from 1 to about 80, or from 1 to about 60.
- m may be an integer ranging from 1 to about 50, or from 1 to about 40, or from 1 to about 30, or from 1 to about 20.
- R A and R B in the same or different repeat units defined by n in formula (IV) may be independently the same or different.
- R C , R D , R 1 and R 2 in the same or different repeat units defined by m in formula (IV) may be independently the same or different.
- R E and R F in the same or different repeat units defined by p in formula (IV) may be independently the same or different.
- the molecular weight of a polysiloxane there is no particular limitation on the molecular weight of a polysiloxane according to the invention.
- the molecular weight of the polysiloxane will typically be dictated by its intended application. For example, viscosity parameters for adhesive, sealant and 3D printing applications may different to those resin compositions that are made for extrusion printing used in the production of artificial spinal disks or meniscus.
- the molecular weight of the polysiloxane will range from about 30,000 to about 200,000 g/mol, or about 30,000 to about 150,000 g/mol, or about 30,000 to about 120,000 g/mol, or about 30,000 to about 100,000 g/mol.
- polysiloxane in accordance with the invention include, but are not limited to, those of formulae (V)-(X):
- each X in formulate (VII) is independently selected from optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted arylene, polyether (e.g. polyethylene glycol—PEG) and polyester (poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid—PLGA); and n, m, p and q are each independently an integer of at least 1.
- a thiourea moiety presents in-chain relative to the siloxane of the siloxane-thiourea segment.
- a thiourea moiety of the siloxane-thiourea segment may also present pendant to the siloxane moiety of the siloxane-thiourea segment.
- the siloxane-thiourea segment of the polysiloxane may comprise a structure of formula (II) as herein described.
- polysiloxanes that may be used in accordance with the invention also include those of formulae (XI) and (XII):
- each R is independently optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted siloxane, optionally substituted alkylenethiol, a moiety comprising one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups or other group as herein defined for R y in Formula (II), and wherein in formula (XI) and (XII) each m, x and y is independently an integer ranging from 1 to about 30, or about 5 to about 20.
- a polysiloxane in accordance with the invention includes two or more reactive functional groups, including crosslinkable functional groups, it will be appreciated those functional groups will be selected to not be spontaneously reactive with each other. Such spontaneous reactivity would of course render the polysiloxane impractical for use.
- the polysiloxane according to the invention may be linear or branched.
- Branched polymer structures include, but are not limited to, comb polymers, star polymers and hyperbranched polymers.
- the polysiloxane according to the invention may be a homopolymer or a copolymer.
- the polysiloxane according to the invention is a copolymer.
- Polysiloxanes suitable for use in accordance with the present invention can advantageously be prepared using synthetic techniques known to those skilled in the art.
- a typical synthetic procedure for preparing such polysiloxanes might, for example, include reacting a bis-amino terminated polysiloxane (amino-siloxane precursor) with 1,1′-thiocarbonyl diimidazole to form an intermediate polysiloxane comprising a siloxane-thiourea segment. That intermediate polysiloxane may then be reacted with a compound for introducing to the polysiloxane the required crosslinkable functional groups. For example, that intermediate polysiloxane may be reacted with a compound comprising one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups. Such a compound comprising one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups might, for example, include an amino or isocyanate terminated (meth)acrylate compound.
- reaction schemes 1-9 Examples of general suitable synthetic pathways for producing polysiloxanes according to the present invention include, but are not limited to, reaction schemes 1-9:
- n, m, p, x and y are as herein described.
- the molar ratio between the siloxane and thiourea segments in the polysiloxane can, for example, be adjusted by varying the molecular weight of the amino-siloxane precursor and its mixing ratio with thiocarbonyl bis(imidazole). Different molecular weight of the amino-siloxane precursor can be mixed to vary the distribution of the thiourea segment within the polysiloxane chain.
- the polysiloxane in accordance with the invention is particularly well suited for use in adhesive, sealant and 3D printing applications.
- the polysiloxane may be provided in the form of a resin composition.
- the present invention therefore provides a liquid resin composition comprising a polysiloxane according to the invention and an agent for promoting crosslinking of the crosslinkable functional group(s).
- a “liquid” resin composition By being a “liquid” resin composition is meant that at room temperature (25° C.) the resin composition can flow under the application of a force such as gravity or an applied pressure.
- the resin composition will therefore have a definite volume but may not have a fixed shape.
- the polysiloxane in accordance with the invention may not undergo crosslinking in the absence of an agent for promoting that crosslinking. Furthermore, combining the polysiloxane with such an agent will generally not in itself give rise to spontaneous crosslinking of the polysiloxane. Activity of the agent to promote crosslinking will generally need to be invoked through, for example, application to the resin composition of an energy source such as heat and/or electromagnetic radiation.
- a resin composition in accordance with the invention will therefore generally be stable and not undergo crosslinking until being exposed to a suitable energy source.
- the resin composition can advantageously be manufactured and stored until it is ready for use in, for example adhesive, sealant and 3D printing applications.
- the resin composition may be printed in layers to form a 3D article where during the printing process the printed resin composition is exposed to a suitable energy source which causes crosslinking of the polysiloxane contained therein.
- the resin composition may be prepared so as to contain one or more polysiloxanes having two or more different crosslinkable functional groups which undergo crosslinking by different means. In that way, the 3D printed article produced from the resin composition can undergo staged crosslinking to promote structural integrity of the final 3D article.
- the agent for promoting crosslinking of the crosslinkable functional groups will be selected from a catalyst and/or a radical initiator.
- the agent is present in the resin composition in an amount ranging from about 0.1 wt % to about 5 wt.
- Radical initiators are known in the art for promoting reaction of (i) activated ethylenically unsaturated functional groups with the same or different type of activated ethylenically unsaturated groups, or (ii) non-activated ethylenically unsaturated groups with thiol functional groups.
- a radical initiator can function to promote reaction between activated ethylenically unsaturated groups such as (meth)acryloyl, (meth)acryloyloxy, styrenyl, and (meth)acrylamide groups.
- Radical initiators are a type of compound or system used for generating a source of radicals which then proceed to promote the desired crosslinking reaction. Radicals are typically generated through thermal induced homolytic scission of a suitable radical initiator compound (for example thermal radical initiators such as peroxides, peroxy esters or azo compounds), through redox initiating systems, photo-initiating systems or high energy radiation such as electron beam, X- or gamma-radiation.
- a suitable radical initiator compound for example thermal radical initiators such as peroxides, peroxy esters or azo compounds
- the radical initiator or radical initiation system is chosen to provide radicals at conditions under which the desired crosslinking reaction is intended to take place.
- radical initiators include thermal radical initiators such as one or more of the following compounds:
- Suitable radical initiators also include photo-radical initiators such as benzoin derivatives, benzophenone, acyl phosphine oxides, phosphinate derivatives and photo-redox systems.
- photo-radical initiators include photo radical initiators such as one or more of the following compounds: ethyl (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phenylphosphinate, bis-(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phenyl phosphine oxide), 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl-diphenylphosphine oxide, 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenyl-1-propanone, 2-hydroxy-1-[4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl]-2-methyl-1-propanone, [1-(4-[phenylsulfanylbenzoyl)heptylideneamino]benzoate, [1-[9-ethyl-6-(2-methylbenzoyl)carbazol-3-yl]eth
- radical initiators include redox initiator systems such as combinations of the following oxidants and reductants:
- the agent for promoting crosslinking of the crosslinkable functional groups may also be a catalyst.
- type of agent may be required where crosslinking is through reaction between a silane functional group and a non-activated vinyl functional group, known as a hydrosilylation reaction.
- Suitable catalysts include, but are not limited to, platinum ruthenium, and rhodium catalysts, such as Speier's or Karstedt's catalysts.
- Suitable catalysts include, but are not limited to, chloroplatinic acid hydrate, platinum(0)-1,3-divinyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane complex, platinum (II) acetylacetonate, tetrakis(1-phenyl-3-hexyl-triazenido) platinum, pentamethylcyclopentadienyltris(acetonitrile)-ruthenium(II) hexafluorophosphate, dichloro (p-cymene)ruthenium(II) dimer, pentamethylcyclopentadienyltris(acetonitrile)-ruthenium(II), hexafluorophosphatebenzylidenebis(tricyclohexylphosphine)dichloro-ruthenium(II), tris(triphenylphosphine)rhodium(I) chloride, (bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta
- crosslinking of the crosslinkable functional groups will generally not take place until that composition is exposed to a suitable energy source such as heat and/or a particular wavelength of the electromagnetic spectrum.
- a suitable energy source such as heat and/or a particular wavelength of the electromagnetic spectrum.
- a catalyst or a thermal radical initiator the resin composition will need to be heated to a required temperature in order for the crosslinking reaction to proceed.
- a photo-radical initiator the resin composition will need to be exposed to a suitable wavelength of the electromagnetic spectrum, for example in the ultraviolet region, for the crosslinking reaction to proceed.
- thermal induced crosslinking will depend on the thermal radical initiator used. Generally, thermal induced crosslinking will occur at temperatures ranging from about 15° C. to about 300° C., or form about 20° C. to about 180° C., or from about 30° C. to about 180° C., or from about 40° C. to about 180° C., or from about 50° C. to about 180° C.
- Wavelength(s) of the electromagnetic spectrum used to photo-induce crosslinking will depend on a number of factors, but primarily the type of photo-radical initiator used. Generally, photo-induced crosslinking will occur at wavelengths ranging from about 200 nm to about 600 nm, or from about 300 nm to about 550 nm.
- the resin composition according to the present invention may comprise one or more different polysiloxanes according to the invention that can undergo crosslinking. Such different polysiloxanes may undergo crosslinking with the aid of the same or different agent.
- the resin composition may comprise polysiloxane(s) having two different types of crosslinkable functional groups, one type that requires the presence of a catalyst to undergo crosslinking and the other type that requires the presence of a radical initiator to undergo crosslinking.
- the catalyst and radical initiator system will generally be selected so as to promote crosslinking upon exposing the resin composition to different energy inputs.
- the catalyst and radical initiator system may require a different temperature to promote crosslinking, or the radical initiator could be a photo-radical initiator (thereby requiring exposure a specific wavelength(s) of the electromagnetic spectrum).
- Providing the resin composition with crosslinkable functional groups that undergo crosslinking using different agents enables the composition to be crosslinked in a multistage process.
- Such multistage crosslinking might be desirable, for example, to enhance crosslinking between layers of the resin composition formed during a 3D printing process.
- the resin composition must of course contain a required complement of crosslinkable functional groups. That required complement may be provided by a single polysiloxane according to the invention.
- the resin composition may comprise two or more of such polysiloxanes which provide for the required complement of crosslinkable functional groups.
- the resin composition may comprise a polysiloxane according to the invention and one or more other reagents that provides for the required complement of reactive functional groups to enable crosslinking to occur.
- the resin composition may comprise one or more reagents such as reactive diluent that comprises a crosslinkable functional group(s) selected from one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups, silyl hydride groups, alkylenethiol groups and combinations thereof.
- That reagent may itself be polysiloxane.
- a reagent other than a polysiloxane according to the invention is present in the resin composition and that reagent is a polysiloxane, it will be appreciated the intention is for such a “reagent” polysiloxane to not comprise a siloxane-thiourea segment.
- the present invention contemplates resin compositions comprising a number of permutations of a polysiloxane(s) according to the invention and optionally one or more other reagents comprising crosslinkable functional groups selected from one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups, silyl hydride groups, alkylenethiol groups and combinations thereof as described herein.
- the resin composition comprises (i) a polysiloxane comprising (a) a siloxane-thiourea segment, and (b) one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups, and (ii) a reactive diluent comprising one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups.
- the resin composition comprises (i) a polysiloxane comprising (a) a siloxane-thiourea segment, and (b) one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups, and (ii) a reactive diluent comprising two or more silyl hydride groups.
- the resin composition comprises (i) a polysiloxane comprising (a) a siloxane-thiourea segment, and (b) two or more silyl hydride groups, and (ii) a reactive diluent comprising one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups.
- the resin composition comprises (i) a polysiloxane comprising (a) a siloxane-thiourea segment, and (b) two or more alkylenethiol groups, and (ii) a reactive diluent comprising one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups.
- the resin composition comprises (i) a polysiloxane comprising (a) a siloxane-thiourea segment, and (b) one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups, and (ii) a reactive diluent comprising two or more alkylenethiol groups.
- crosslinkable functional groups are intended to embrace “two or more” of such crosslinking functional groups.
- a “reactive diluent” used in accordance with the invention is intended to mean a compound or polymer that contains one or more functional group that can react to form at least one covalent bond with the crosslinked polysiloxane formed according to the invention. Typically, such a reactive diluent will react with the one or more crosslinkable groups of the polysiloxane during the crosslinking reaction so as to become covalently bound to the so formed crosslinked polysiloxane.
- a reactive diluent may assist with formulation of the resin composition or its use in a given application.
- a reactive diluent may be used to adjust the viscosity of the resin composition for use in adhesive, sealant and printing applications.
- Suitable reactive diluents include, but are not limited to, 3-[tris(trimethylsiloxy)silyl]propyl methacrylate, mono- or bis-functional urethane acrylate, e.g. sold commercially as Genomer 1122TM or CN991, dimethyl acrylamide, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, pentaerythritol tetramethacrylate, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-mercaptopropionate), trimethylolpropane tris(3-mercaptopropionate), 3-[tris(trimethylsiloxy)silyl]propyl methacrylate, vinyl terminated polydimethylsiloxane, vinyl terminated diphenylsiloxane-dimethylsiloxane copolymer, vinyl terminated polyphenylmethylsiloxane, vinyl terminated
- the resin composition according to the present invention may further comprise one or more additional components (i.e. additives).
- additional components i.e. additives.
- the need for including additional components will generally be determined by the intended application for the resin composition.
- Additives used in conventional polysiloxane based resins tend to precipitate out of solution over time due to their poor solubility thereby reducing the working time/shelf-life of the resins.
- the polysiloxanes in accordance with the invention exhibit improved solubility of additives which in turn improves their working time/shelf-life and also broadens the range of additives that can be solubilized in the resin.
- the siloxane-thiourea segment of the polysiloxanes plays in important role in the improvement in additive solubilisation.
- Additives such as nanoparticles, or conducting polymers such as polyaniline (PANI) may impart useful additional properties to articles produced from the polysiloxane/resin, for example high tear strength and conductivity.
- the liquid resin composition is a homogeneous liquid phase.
- additives examples include free radical inhibitors and photo-absorbers.
- the resin composition in accordance with the invention has a viscosity ranging from about 100-10 000 mPa ⁇ s.
- Viscosity of the resin composition may be adjusted through manipulation of the polysiloxane molecular structure and/or its molecular weight, and also through use of the aforementioned reactive diluents.
- 3D printing techniques that typically use photocurable resins including inkjet, stereolithography (SLA), digital light processing (DLP), and material extrusion.
- SLA stereolithography
- DLP digital light processing
- material extrusion a preferred viscosity range (inkjet the lowest, DLP/SLA moderate and material extrusion being the highest).
- a formulation that has too high viscosity or too low viscosity for one process may be more suitable for an alternative 3D process.
- the temperature of the 3D printing conditions may also be altered to allow a more viscous formulations to be 3D printed for a selected 3D printing technique.
- the resin composition may, for example, comprise a radical inhibitor.
- a radical inhibitor may assist with formulation of the resin composition or its use in a given application. For example, low concentrations of radical inhibitors are required to prevent premature gelation of acrylates on storage.
- inhibitors examples include, but are not limited to, butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) and methoxy hydroquinone (MEHQ), which are two of the most common radical inhibitors.
- BHT butylated hydroxy toluene
- MEHQ methoxy hydroquinone
- the resin composition in accordance with the invention may further comprise a photo-absorber.
- a photo-absorber may be used in the composition when the agent for inhibiting crosslinking of the crosslinkable functional group(s) of the polysiloxane is a photo-radical initiator.
- the photo-absorber reduces the depth of cure from the light source so that the curing occurs in a more controlled volume, so its purpose is to reduce curing from ‘stray’ light.
- photo-absorbers include, but are not limited to, isopropyl thioxanthone, 2,5-bis(5-tert-butyl-2-benzoxazolyl) thiophene (Uvitex OBTM), 2-ethyl-9,10-dimethoxy anthracene (EDMA), 1,4-bis(2-dimethylstyryl)benzene (BMSB), 2-(4,6-Diphenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-5-[(hexyl)oxy]-phenol, 2-Ethylhexyl-2-cyano-3,3-diphenylpropenoate, N,N′-Bis(4-ethoxycarbonylphenyl)-N-benzylformamidine, 2,2′-dihydroxy-4,4′-dimethoxy-benzophenon, 2,2′-p-phenylenebis-4H-3,1-benzoxazin-4-one, N-(Ethoxycarbon
- a photo-absorber will generally be present in an amount ranging from about 0.01 wt % to about 2 wt %, or about 0.05 to about 0.1 wt %.
- the resin composition according to the present invention may comprise as an additive particulate material, for example nanoparticulate material. That particulate material may be solid particulate material.
- nanoparticulate material is intended to mean particulate material having at least one dimension that is less than 100 nm. In some embodiment, all dimensions of the nanoparticulate material are less than 100 nm.
- suitable particulate material including nanoparticulate material
- suitable particulate material include, but a are not limited to, fumed silica, allyl substituted poly(Isobutylsilsesquioxane), T8 cube with single substitution, silver nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, nickel nanoparticles, nano-cellulose particles, nano-fibres, clays, graphene, graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes.
- the solid particulate material may be dispersed throughout homogeneous liquid phase of the resin composition.
- the present invention also provides a silicone article comprising a crosslinked form of the polysiloxane according to the invention.
- Such a silicone article will generally be produced using a resin composition according to the invention. Accordingly, the silicone article may also be described as comprising a crosslinked form of the resin composition according to the invention. Either way, it will be appreciated “a crosslinked form” of the resin composition or the polysiloxane is intended to mean the silicone article comprises polysiloxane according to the invention that has undergone crosslinking to form a thermoset polymer structure. Such articles will therefore comprise the crosslinked reaction residues of the crosslinkable functional groups.
- the article according to the present invention can take the form of any desired shape, with that shape typically being dictated by the technique used to form the article.
- the article may be in the form of simple or complex shapes.
- Examples of techniques that may be used to form an article according to the present invention include, but are not limited to, extrusion, moulding (e.g. injection moulding), printing, including 3D printing.
- the article is formed using a printing technique, for example a 3D printing technique.
- a silicone article according to the present invention can advantageously exhibit improved properties relative to silicone articles produced using conventional polysiloxanes (i.e. those not containing a siloxane-thiourea segment).
- articles produced using the polysiloxane according to the present invention can exhibit excellent adhesion, elastomeric and/or self-healing properties.
- elastomeric properties may be expressed in terms of flexibility and resilience.
- Articles according to the present invention can advantageously exhibit excellent flexibility and resilience.
- Elastomers Polymers that exhibit rubber-like elasticity are commonly known as elastomers. Elastomers can be damaged by external factors. Elastomers can change their structure in an undesirable way, for example under the effect of elevated temperature, pressure, mechanical stress, the effect of chemicals like ozone, or external stress. Surface damage, cracks in particular, can thus develop. After the occurrence of the first crack or surface damage the material often is especially susceptible to further damage. For instance, an initially fine crack can become deeper with further stress and can lead to a situation where the material overall can no longer perform its function. For that reason, elastomers often have to be frequently checked and mended or replaced in many applications.
- self healing properties is meant the polymer has an inherent capacity to repair defects including micro-cracks and surface scratches that occur in or on the polymer.
- the polysiloxanes according to the present invention exhibits hydrogen bonding between polysiloxane chains via the thiourea segment. Without wishing to be limited by theory, it is believed such hydrogen bonds between polysiloxane chains via the thiourea segment can increase the mechanical strength of the polymer. Increased elongation and tensile strength were demonstrated in Instron measurement of the cured polysiloxane-thiourea based polymer, in comparison to the cured conventional polysiloxane.
- Self-healing properties can be also be introduced through incorporation into the polysiloxane of a moiety that provides for reversible covalent bond formation, such as norcantharimide through cycloaddition between furan and maleimide groups or other Diels-Alder product.
- a Diels-Alder reaction is a reversible reaction wherein the Diels-Alder adduct may undergo a so-called retro Diels-Alder reaction (rDA) to reform the diene and dienophile moieties from which they are derived.
- rDA retro Diels-Alder reaction
- An example of the reversibility of the Diels-Alder reaction is shown in Scheme 10 below, where heating the Diels-Alder adduct (on the right hand side of the reaction) causes regeneration of the substituted furan (diene) and the substituted maleimide (dienophile) upon cooling (on the left hand side of the reaction).
- Scheme 10 A Diels-Alder reaction (forward direction) and retro Diels-Alder reaction (backward direction).
- R in Scheme 10 would represent a coupling point within the polysiloxane structure.
- the polysiloxane comprises a Diels-Alder adduct that can undergo a retro Diels-Alder reaction.
- the present invention provides a silicone article comprising a crosslinked form of the polysiloxane according to the invention.
- that polysiloxane comprises a Diels-Alder adduct that can undergo a retro Diels-Alder reaction.
- the polysiloxane contains also reversible covalent bonds between furan and bismaleimide through Diels-Alder cycloaddition.
- the self-healing property is attribute to the dual effects of hydrogen bonding from thiourea and dynamic covalent bond from Diels-Alder reaction.
- Resin compositions in accordance with the present invention are particularly well suited for use in printing applications, for example 3D printing applications.
- One embodiment of the invention uses the DLP printing technique, i.e. Kudo 3D Titan 1 printer or Asiga freeform 3D printer.
- a vat of liquid polymer is exposed to light from a DLP projector under safelight conditions.
- the DLP projector displays the image of the 3D model onto the liquid polymer layer.
- the exposed liquid polymer layer hardens onto a build platform, which moves up and down for iterative curing process of next polymer layers. The process is repeated until the 3D model is fully printed.
- DLP 3D printing is generally faster than SLA, inkjet (drop-on-demand) or extrusion printer. Typically, higher printing resolution ( ⁇ 100 ⁇ m) can be achieved.
- the printed article can be cleaned (e.g. with isopropanol) to extract any unreacted (macro)monomers, and may then be subjected to further curing, for example by being subjected to UV light.
- Polysiloxanes are a class of flexible and elastic materials that have high thermal and chemical stability. As such they are used in a number of high-performance application including medical devices. Currently 3D printable polysiloxane based resins are not commercially available. Most polysiloxanes are liquids and require a chemical reaction to induce crosslinking to form a solid (thermoset).
- the inherent high viscosity of polysiloxanes can be challenging for some 3D printing processes, e.g. DLP and inkjet. Therefore, reactive diluent can be added to decrease the viscosity.
- the limited solubility of other reactive component or diluent in polysiloxanes can be a problem.
- the use of solvent is typically avoided to avoid shrinkage problems.
- the polysiloxane according to this invention exhibits a benefit of improved miscibility with reactive diluents, for example Genomer 1122TM, which results in better mechanical property upon curing. In contrast, poor miscibility between Genomer 1122TM and conventional methacryloxypropyl terminated polydimethylsiloxane gives rise to poor mechanical properties of the cured article.
- the invention is also useful in conventional manufacturing methods such as casting/moulding (compression, injection, extrusion etc.) and sealing (i.e. architecture and electronic) subsequent or as extruded light exposure to cure.
- the polysiloxane and resin composition of the present invention can advantageously be used as an adhesive material.
- the polysiloxane and resin composition has been found to exhibit high adhesive strength, adhering particularly well to glass, metal and/or plastic material.
- optionally substituted is taken to mean that a group may or may not be substituted or fused (so as to form a condensed polycyclic group) with one, two, three or more of organic and inorganic groups (i.e. the optional substituent) including those selected from: alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, acyl, aralkyl, alkaryl, alkheterocyclyl, alkheteroaryl, alkcarbocyclyl, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkynyl, haloaryl, halocarbocyclyl, haloheterocyclyl, haloheteroaryl, haloacyl, haloaryalkyl, hydroxy, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxyalkenyl, hydroxyalkynyl, hydroxycarbocyclyl, hydroxy
- a group is optionally substituted with a polymer chain.
- a polymer chain includes a polysiloxane, polyether, polyester, polyurethane, or copolymers thereof.
- Optional substituents may include the aforementioned polymer chains, alkyl (e.g. C 1-6 alkyl such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl), hydroxyalkyl (e.g. hydroxymethyl, hydroxyethyl, hydroxypropyl), alkoxyalkyl (e.g. methoxymethyl, methoxyethyl, methoxypropyl, ethoxymethyl, ethoxyethyl, ethoxypropyl etc) alkoxy (e.g.
- alkyl e.g. C 1-6 alkyl such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl
- hydroxyalkyl e.g. hydroxymethyl, hydroxyethyl,
- C 1-6 alkoxy such as methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, cyclopropoxy, cyclobutoxy
- halo trifluoromethyl, trichloromethyl, tribromomethyl, hydroxy, phenyl (which itself may be further substituted e.g., by C 1-6 alkyl, halo, hydroxy, hydroxyC 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, haloC 1-6 alkyl, cyano, nitro OC(O)C 1-6 alkyl, and amino)
- benzyl wherein benzyl itself may be further substituted e.g., by C 1-6 alkyl, halo, hydroxy, hydroxyC 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, haloC 1-6 alkyl, cyano, nitro OC(O)C 1-6 alkyl, and amino
- phenoxy wherein phenyl itself may be further substituted e.g., by C 1-6 al
- C 1-6 alkyl such as methylamino, ethylamino, propylamino etc
- dialkylamino e.g. C 1-6 alkyl, such as dimethylamino, diethylamino, dipropylamino
- acylamino e.g.
- phenylamino (wherein phenyl itself may be further substituted e.g., by C 1-6 alkyl, halo, hydroxy hydroxyC 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, haloC 1-6 alkyl, cyano, nitro OC(O)C 1-6 alkyl, and amino), nitro, formyl, —C(O)-alkyl (e.g. C 1-6 alkyl, such as acetyl), O—C(O)-alkyl (e.g.
- C 1-6 alkyl such as acetyloxy
- benzoyl wherein the phenyl group itself may be further substituted e.g., by C 1-6 alkyl, halo, hydroxy hydroxyC 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, haloC 1-6 alkyl, cyano, nitro OC(O)C 1-6 alkyl, and amino
- replacement of CH 2 with C ⁇ O, CO 2 H, CO 2 alkyl e.g.
- C 1-6 alkyl such as methyl ester, ethyl ester, propyl ester, butyl ester
- CO 2 phenyl wherein phenyl itself may be further substituted e.g., by C 1-6 alkyl, halo, hydroxy, hydroxyl C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, halo C 1-6 alkyl, cyano, nitro OC(O)C 1-6 alkyl, and amino
- CONH 2 CONHphenyl (wherein phenyl itself may be further substituted e.g., by C 1-6 alkyl, halo, hydroxy, hydroxyl C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, halo C 1-6 alkyl, cyano, nitro OC(O)C 1-6 alkyl, and amino)
- CONHbenzyl wherein benzyl itself may be further substituted e.g., by C 1-6 alkyl, halo, hydroxy hydroxyl
- C 1-6 alkyl such as methyl ester, ethyl ester, propyl ester, butyl amide) CONHdialkyl (e.g. C 1-6 alkyl) aminoalkyl (e.g., HN C 1-6 alkyl-, C 1-6 alkylHN—C 1-6 alkyl- and (C 1-6 alkyl) 2 N—C 1-6 alkyl-), thioalkyl (e.g., HS C 1-6 alkyl-), carboxyalkyl (e.g., HO 2 CC 1-6 alkyl-), carboxyesteralkyl (e.g., C 1-6 alkylO 2 CC 1-6 alkyl-), amidoalkyl (e.g., H 2 N(O)CC 1-6 alkyl-, H(C 1-6 alkyl)N(O)CC 1-6 alkyl-), formylalkyl (e.g., OHCC 1-6 alkyl-), acylalkyl
- alkyl used either alone or in compound words denotes straight chain, branched or cyclic alkyl, for example C 1-40 alkyl, or C 1-20 or C 1-10 .
- straight chain and branched alkyl include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, 1,2-dimethylpropyl, 1,1-dimethyl-propyl, hexyl, 4-methylpentyl, 1-methylpentyl, 2-methylpentyl, 3-methylpentyl,1,1-dimethylbutyl, 2,2-dimethylbutyl, 3,3-dimethylbutyl, 1,2-dimethylbutyl, 1,3-dimethylbutyl, 1,2,2-trimethylpropyl, 1,1,2-trimethylpropyl, heptyl, 5-methylhexyl, 1-methylhexyl, 1-methylhexyl
- cyclic alkyl examples include mono- or polycyclic alkyl groups such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl, cyclodecyl and the like. Where an alkyl group is referred to generally as “propyl”, butyl” etc, it will be understood that this can refer to any of straight, branched and cyclic isomers where appropriate. An alkyl group may be optionally substituted by one or more optional substituents as herein defined.
- alkenyl denotes groups formed from straight chain, branched or cyclic hydrocarbon residues containing at least one carbon to carbon double bond including ethylenically mono-, di- or polyunsaturated alkyl or cycloalkyl groups as previously defined, for example C 2-40 alkenyl, or C 2-20 or C 2-10 .
- alkenyl is intended to include propenyl, butylenyl, pentenyl, hexaenyl, heptaenyl, octaenyl, nonaenyl, decenyl, undecenyl, dodecenyl, tridecenyl, tetradecenyl, pentadecenyl, hexadecenyl, heptadecenyl, octadecenyl, nondecenyl, eicosenyl hydrocarbon groups with one or more carbon to carbon double bonds.
- alkenyl examples include vinyl, allyl, 1-methylvinyl, butenyl, iso-butenyl, 3-methyl-2-butenyl, 1-pentenyl, cyclopentenyl, 1-methyl-cyclopentenyl, 1-hexenyl, 3-hexenyl, cyclohexenyl, 1-heptenyl, 3-heptenyl, bicycloheptenyl, 1-octenyl, cyclooctenyl, 1-nonenyl, 2-nonenyl, 3-nonenyl, 1-decenyl, 3-decenyl, 1,3-butadienyl, 1,4-pentadienyl, 1,3-cyclopentadienyl, 1,3-hexadienyl, 1,4-hexadienyl, 1,3-cyclohexadienyl, 1,4-cyclohexadienyl, 1,3-cycloheptadienyl, 1,
- alkynyl denotes groups formed from straight chain, branched or cyclic hydrocarbon residues containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond including ethylenically mono-, di- or polyunsaturated alkyl or cycloalkyl groups as previously defined, for example, C 2-40 alkenyl, or C 2-20 or C 2-10 .
- alkynyl is intended to include propynyl, butylynyl, pentynyl, hexaynyl, heptaynyl, octaynyl, nonaynyl, decynyl, undecynyl, dodecynyl, tridecynyl, tetradecynyl, pentadecynyl, hexadecynyl, heptadecynyl, octadecynyl, nondecynyl, eicosynyl hydrocarbon groups with one or more carbon to carbon triple bonds.
- alkynyl examples include ethynyl, 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl, and butynyl isomers, and pentynyl isomers.
- An alkynyl group may be optionally substituted by one or more optional substituents as herein defined.
- An alkenyl group may comprise a carbon to carbon triple bond and an alkynyl group may comprise a carbon to carbon double bond (i.e. so called ene-yne or yne-ene groups).
- aryl denotes any of single, polynuclear, conjugated and fused residues of aromatic hydrocarbon ring systems.
- aryl include phenyl, biphenyl, terphenyl, quaterphenyl, naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, anthracenyl, dihydroanthracenyl, benzanthracenyl, dibenzanthracenyl, phenanthrenyl, fluorenyl, pyrenyl, idenyl, azulenyl, chrysenyl.
- Preferred aryl include phenyl and naphthyl.
- An aryl group may be optionally substituted by one or more optional substituents as herein defined.
- alkylene As used herein, the terms “alkylene”, “alkenylene”, and “arylene” are intended to denote the divalent forms of “alkyl”, “alkenyl”, and “aryl”, respectively, as herein defined.
- halogen denotes fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine (fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo). Preferred halogens are chlorine, bromine or iodine.
- carbocyclyl includes any of non-aromatic monocyclic, polycyclic, fused or conjugated hydrocarbon residues, preferably C 3-20 (e.g. C 3-10 or C 3-8 ).
- the rings may be saturated, e.g. cycloalkyl, or may possess one or more double bonds (cycloalkenyl) and/or one or more triple bonds (cycloalkynyl).
- Particularly preferred carbocyclyl moieties are 5-6-membered or 9-10 membered ring systems.
- Suitable examples include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl, cyclodecyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclooctenyl, cyclopentadienyl, cyclohexadienyl, cyclooctatetraenyl, indanyl, decalinyl and indenyl.
- heterocyclyl when used alone or in compound words includes any of monocyclic, polycyclic, fused or conjugated hydrocarbon residues, preferably C 3-20 (e.g. C 3-10 or C 3-8 ) wherein one or more carbon atoms are replaced by a heteroatom so as to provide a non-aromatic residue.
- Suitable heteroatoms include O, N, S, P and Se, particularly O, N and S. Where two or more carbon atoms are replaced, this may be by two or more of the same heteroatom or by different heteroatoms.
- the heterocyclyl group may be saturated or partially unsaturated, i.e. possess one or more double bonds. Particularly preferred heterocyclyl are 5-6 and 9-10 membered heterocyclyl.
- heterocyclyl groups may include azridinyl, oxiranyl, thiiranyl, azetidinyl, oxetanyl, thietanyl, 2H-pyrrolyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolinyl, piperidyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, indolinyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, thiomorpholinyl, dioxanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydropyrrolyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, pyrazolinyl, dioxalanyl, thiazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, dihydropyranyl, oxazinyl, thiazinyl, thiomorpholinyl, oxathianyl, dithi
- heteroaryl includes any of monocyclic, polycyclic, fused or conjugated hydrocarbon residues, wherein one or more carbon atoms are replaced by a heteroatom so as to provide an aromatic residue.
- Preferred heteroaryl have 3-20 ring atoms, e.g. 3-10.
- Particularly preferred heteroaryl are 5-6 and 9-10 membered bicyclic ring systems.
- Suitable heteroatoms include, O, N, S, P and Se, particularly O, N and S. Where two or more carbon atoms are replaced, this may be by two or more of the same heteroatom or by different heteroatoms.
- heteroaryl groups may include pyridyl, pyrrolyl, thienyl, imidazolyl, furanyl, benzothienyl, isobenzothienyl, benzofuranyl, isobenzofuranyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, indolizinyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, phthalazinyl, 1,5-naphthyridinyl, quinozalinyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, triazolyl, oxadialzolyl, oxatriazolyl, triazinyl, and furazanyl.
- acyl either alone or in compound words denotes a group containing the agent C ⁇ O (and not being a carboxylic acid, ester or amide)
- Preferred acyl includes C(O)—R x , wherein R x is hydrogen or an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, carbocyclyl, or heterocyclyl residue.
- R x is hydrogen or an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, carbocyclyl, or heterocyclyl residue.
- examples of acyl include formyl, straight chain or branched alkanoyl (e.g.
- C 1-20 such as, acetyl, propanoyl, butanoyl, 2-methylpropanoyl, pentanoyl, 2,2-dimethylpropanoyl, hexanoyl, heptanoyl, octanoyl, nonanoyl, decanoyl, undecanoyl, dodecanoyl, tridecanoyl, tetradecanoyl, pentadecanoyl, hexadecanoyl, heptadecanoyl, octadecanoyl, nonadecanoyl and icosanoyl; cycloalkylcarbonyl such as cyclopropylcarbonyl cyclobutylcarbonyl, cyclopentylcarbonyl and cyclohexylcarbonyl; aroyl such as benzoyl, toluoyl and naphthoyl; aralkano
- phenylacetyl phenylpropanoyl, phenylbutanoyl, phenylisobutylyl, phenylpentanoyl and phenylhexanoyl
- naphthylalkanoyl e.g. naphthylacetyl, naphthylpropanoyl and naphthylbutanoyl]
- aralkenoyl such as phenylalkenoyl (e.g.
- phenylpropenoyl e.g., phenylbutenoyl, phenylmethacryloyl, phenylpentenoyl and phenylhexenoyl and naphthylalkenoyl (e.g.
- aryloxyalkanoyl such as phenoxyacetyl and phenoxypropionyl
- arylthiocarbamoyl such as phenylthiocarbamoyl
- arylglyoxyloyl such as phenylglyoxyloyl and naphthylglyoxyloyl
- arylsulfonyl such as phenylsulfonyl and napthylsulfonyl
- heterocycliccarbonyl heterocyclicalkanoyl such as thienylacetyl, thienylpropanoyl, thienylbutanoyl, thienylpentanoyl, thienylhexanoyl, thiazolylacetyl, thiadiazolylacetyl and tetrazolylacetyl
- heterocyclicalkenoyl such as heterocyclicpropenoyl, heterocyclicbutenoyl, heterocyclicpentenoyl and heterocyclichexenoyl
- heterocyclicglyoxyloyl such as thiazolyglyoxyloyl and thienylglyoxyloyl.
- the R x residue may be optionally substituted as described herein.
- sulfoxide refers to a group —S(O)R y wherein R y is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, carbocyclyl, and aralkyl. Examples of preferred R y include C 1-20 alkyl, phenyl and benzyl.
- sulfonyl refers to a group S(O) 2 —R y , wherein R y is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, carbocyclyl and aralkyl. Examples of preferred R y include C 1-20 alkyl, phenyl and benzyl.
- sulfonamide refers to a group S(O)NR y R y wherein each R y is independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, carbocyclyl, and aralkyl. Examples of preferred R y include
- R y is hydrogen. In another form, both R y are hydrogen.
- amino is used here in its broadest sense as understood in the art and includes groups of the formula NR A R B wherein R A and R B may be any independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, carbocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aralkyl, and acyl.
- R A and R B together with the nitrogen to which they are attached, may also form a monocyclic, or polycyclic ring system e.g. a 3-10 membered ring, particularly, 5-6 and 9-10 membered systems.
- Examples of “amino” include NH 2 , NHalkyl (e.g. C 1-20 alkyl), NHaryl (e.g.
- NHaralkyl e.g. NHbenzyl
- NHacyl e.g. NHC(O)C 1-20 alkyl, NHC(O)phenyl
- Nalkylalkyl wherein each alkyl, for example C 1-20 , may be the same or different
- 5 or 6 membered rings optionally containing one or more same or different heteroatoms (e.g. O, N and S).
- amido is used here in its broadest sense as understood in the art and includes groups having the formula C(O)NR A R B , wherein R A and R B are as defined as above.
- amido include C(O)NH 2 , C(O)NHalkyl (e.g. C 1-20 alkyl), C(O)NHaryl (e.g. C(O)NHphenyl), C(O)NHaralkyl (e.g. C(O)NHbenzyl), C(O)NHacyl (e.g.
- carboxy ester is used here in its broadest sense as understood in the art and includes groups having the formula CO 2 R z , wherein R z may be selected from groups including alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, carbocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aralkyl, and acyl.
- R z may be selected from groups including alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, carbocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aralkyl, and acyl.
- Examples of carboxy ester include CO 2 C 1-20 alkyl, CO 2 aryl (e.g. CO 2 phenyl), CO 2 aralkyl (e.g. CO 2 benzyl).
- heteroatom refers to any atom other than a carbon atom which may be a member of a cyclic organic group.
- heteroatoms include nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorous, boron, silicon, selenium and tellurium, more particularly nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.
- 1,1′-Thiocarbonyldiimidazole was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich; methacryloxypropyl terminated polydimethylsiloxanes with different molecular weights were purchased from Gelest.
- 2-Isocyanatoethyl methacrylate was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich; 1,3-bis(aminopropyl)tetramethyldisiloxane (“Short PDMS” or PDMS 248 ) was purchased from Alfa Aesar.
- 3-[Tris(trimethylsiloxy)silyl]propyl methacrylate (“tris”) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.
- GENOMER 1122 a monofunctional urethane acrylate, was purchased from Rahn USA Corp. The solvents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. These chemicals were used as obtained, unless otherwise specified.
- An adhesive is applied to at least one adherend surface of the two adherends so as to have a thickness of 0.0001 to 5 mm, preferably 0.3 mm, and then the adherends are bonded to each other upon curing under light with wavelength ranging from 300-600 nm.
- a method in which the adhesive is cured under the conditions of 140 mW/cm 2 and irradiation time of 1 to 60 seconds to adhere the adherend is preferable.
- a PDMS-thiourea was prepared according to the following reaction scheme:
- 1,1′-thiocarbonyldiimidazole (0.62 g, 0.0035 mol) and THF (20 ml) were then added, and the mixture was stirred for 24 h at 60° C. under the dry N 2 .
- 2-isocyanatoethyl methacrylate was added to the reaction solution and stirred from another three hours.
- the reaction solution was precipitated in methanol and viscous liquid was obtained.
- the product was precipitated three times from THF/methanol.
- the product was then dried in a vacuum oven for two days, yielding PDMS-thiourea (P3 in Table 1) in the form of clear yellow viscous oil.
- PDMS-thiourea polymers were prepared in the same way, using PDMS precursors with differing molecular weight, as seen in Table 1 (P1 ⁇ P3, P5 and P9).
- Example 1A Synthesis of PDMS-Thiourea Polymers Comprising a Diels-Alder Adduct
- a PDMS-thiourea comprising a Diels-Alder adduct was prepared according to the following reaction scheme:
- 1,1′-thiocarbonyldiimidazole (0.445 g, 0.0025 mol) and THF (20 ml) were then added, and the mixture was stirred for 2 h at 60° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere.
- 0.051 g furfuryl amine (0.00052 mol) and 0.094 g bismaleimide (0.00026 mol) was mixed in anhydrous THF at 60° C. for 2 h.
- 1,1′-thiocarbonyldiimidazole (0.178 g, 0.001 mol) and THF (20 ml) were then added, and the mixture was stirred for 24 h at 60° C. under the dry N 2 .
- PDMS-urea polymers (P4 and P13 in Table 1) was prepared by the methodology of example 1, except that 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole was used instead of 1,1′-thiocarbonyldiimidazole.
- PDMS (L)-PDMS (S)-urea polymers (P14-P16 in Table 1) were prepared by the method of example 2, except that 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole was used instead of 1,1′-thiocarbonyldiimidazole.
- the polymers were characterised by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy ( 1 H-NMR, 11 B-NMR, 13 C-NMR, 19 F-NMR, 29 Si-NMR), confirming the expected structures.
- the NMR experiments were performed on the devices Bruker Avance III HD 400 MHz spectrometer ( 1 H, 400.1 MHz, 11 B, 128.3 MHz, 13 C, 100.6 MHz, 29 Si, 79.5 MHz), Bruker Avance III 400 MHz spectrometer ( 1 H, 400.1 MHz, 11 B, 128.3 MHz, 13 C, 100.6 MHz, 19 F, 376.5 MHz, 29 Si, 79.5 MHz), and Bruker Avance III HD 500 MHz spectrometer ( 1 H, 500.5 MHz, 13 C, 125.8 MHz, 29 ).
- the average number of repeating units was estimated on the basis of the intensity ratio between the signals at ⁇ 5.10 (—C(CH 3 ) ⁇ CH 2 ) and ⁇ 3.42-3.59 (br, —C(S)NHCH 2 —) for PDMS segment; or ⁇ 5.10 (—C(CH 3 ) ⁇ CH 2 ) and 6.50 ppm (thiourea-H) for thiourea segment.
- the average number of repeating units was estimated on the basis of the intensity ratio between the signals at ⁇ 6.08 (1H, —C(CH 3 ) ⁇ CH 2 ) and ⁇ 2.96-3.20 (br, —C(O)NHCH 2 —) for PDMS segment; or and ⁇ 6.08 (1H, —C(CH 3 ) ⁇ CH 2 ) and ⁇ 5.36-5.62 (br, —C(O)NH—) for urea segment.
- the polymers were also characterised by size exclusion chromatography (SEC). Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) was performed on a Waters SEC equipped with RI and UV detectors and Styrogel HT16 and HT3 columns run in series. THF was used as an eluent at a temperature of 40° C. and a constant flow rate of 1 mL min ⁇ 1 . The SEC system was calibrated using linear polystyrene standards, ranging from 1350 to 1 300 000 g/mol (Polymer Laboratories).
- the ratio of thiourea increases correspondingly.
- an increasing impact of hydrogen bonds on the polymer viscosity is expected because hydrogen bonds will enhance the interactions between polymer chains via non-covalent interactions.
- the polymer precursors were characterised by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) tests.
- Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra were recorded using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (PE Spectrum 100) for wavelengths ranging from 400 to 4000 cm ⁇ 1 .
- Infrared spectra were recorded on a Fourier transformed-infrared spectrometer (Perkin Elmer Spectrum Two, with a Universal ATR sampling accessory and diamond crystal, Perkin Elmer Instruments, The Netherlands).
- the peak around 3,290 cm ⁇ 1 is assigned to the N—H stretching vibration peak, while the peak near 3,060 cm ⁇ 1 is characteristic of a N—H deformation vibration of nonlinearly H-bonded thiourea units.
- the ratio of thiourea units increases and there is thus an increasing amount of hydrogen bond interactions in the copolymers.
- FTIR spectra were also obtained for PDMS (L)-PDMS (S)-thiourea polymers P5, P6, P7 and P8, with different ratios of thiourea groups. Broad vibrational bands were again evident at around 3,290 and 3,060 cm ⁇ 1 , the former of which can be assigned to the N—H stretching vibration peak, while the latter is characteristic of a N—H deformation vibration of nonlinearly H-bonded thiourea units. By varying the ratio of long PDMS and short PDMS in the copolymers, the amount of H bonding could be adjusted corresponding to the amount of thiourea units.
- Irgacure 819 100 mg
- Irgacure TPO-L 450 mg
- Darocur 1173 450 mg photo-radical initiators were weighed into a glass vial. The three components were mixed thoroughly using a vortex mixer or a magnetic stirrer. This typically took about 24 hours for the solid to completely incorporate into the liquid, producing a clear yellow suspension.
- the PDMS-(thio)urea polymers (10 g) as prepared in examples 1-3 and a commercial methacryloxypropyl terminated PDMS lacking thiourea groups (Gelest, 10 g) were diluted in 20 ml dichloromethane (DCM) separately.
- the initiator mixture (0.1 g) was added to each solution, and mixed until a homogenous solution was obtained.
- the mixture solutions were kept covered using aluminium foil to minimise the exposure to light.
- a rotary evaporator was used to remove dichloromethane for each solution. Residual solvent was dried using a high vacuum pump.
- PDMS 5K -PDMS 248 100:0
- thiourea 2.4 g
- 3-[Tris(trimethylsiloxy)silyl]propyl methacrylate Tris, 2.4 g
- Genomer 1122 2.4 g
- the initiator mixture 72 mg was then added to the solution and continued stirred overnight.
- the mixture solutions were kept covered using aluminium foil to minimise the exposure to light before use.
- Dog-bone specimens (Type V, ASTM638) were prepared by pouring the resin solution into the metal mould, followed by UV crosslinking under the UV lamp (Wavelength 365 nm, Intensity 150 mW ⁇ cm 2 ) for 30 min. Then the dog-bone specimen was peeled off from metal mould for further characterization.
- Formulations of PDMS based resin were prepared as summarized in Table 2.
- Reactive prior art polymers commercial methacryloxypropyl terminated PDMS
- C1-C9 formulated into resins as outlined in examples 5.
- the formulations were prepared and cured into dog bone shaped samples as outlined in example 5.
- crosslinkable polysiloxanes are viscous and required to be mixed with reactive diluents to be processable and printable using, for instance, DLP.
- reactive diluents to be processable and printable using, for instance, DLP.
- 3-[tris(trimethylsiloxy)silyl]propyl methacrylate was used as reactive diluent for its siloxane functionality and Genomer 1122TM was used due to the additional hydrogen bonding potentially contributed through the urethane group.
- the main challenge for incorporation of these reactive diluents in the polysiloxane crosslinked network is their miscibility. Phase separation will likely contribute to poor mechanical stability as well, which were exhibited by reactive urea-siloxane and siloxane only.
- Reactive siloxane-thiourea has better miscibility with the reactive diluents, and the resultant hydrogen bonding between the each thiourea segment as well as the urethane seemed to impart better mechanical properties in the tensile measurement.
- Resins F11-F19 contained only PDMS-thiourea polymers according to the invention and photoinitiators. The viscosities of these resin formulations are quite high and not suitable for DLP printing.
- the PDMS 5k -thiourea polymers show faster crosslinking rate compared with commercial PDMS based on the photorheology results.
- Both PDMS 5k -thiourea (resins F12-F15) and PDMS 27K -thiourea polymers (resins F16-F19) show better mechanical properties compared with commercial PDMS based on the Tensile test results.
- Resins F20-F28 contain PDMS-thiourea polymers with reactive diluents and photoinitiators. The presence of diluents significantly decreases the viscosity of the resin solutions. Resins F21-F24 had the most suitable properties for DLP printing. An article printed with F23 resin (PDMS 5K -PDMS 248 (50:50)-thiourea+tris+Genomer1122 (1:1:1 wt %)+PI) could be printed in good resolution and showed good mechanical properties (high stretchability and flexibility, see FIG. 7 ).
- resins C29-C32 contain PDMS-urea polymers with reactive diluents and photoinitiators.
- the PDMS-urea polymers were generally not miscible with the reactive diluents and obvious phase separation occurred in C29-C31.
- PDMS-urea based resin C32 could be used, but the mechanical properties were worse than PDMS-thiourea based resin.
- the crosslinked polymers as prepared in example 5 were characterised by mechanical tensile-stress tests, performed using INSTRON-5566 based on the ASTM D638 standard using type V specimen samples.
- mechanical tensile stress tests a sample size of 40 mm length ⁇ 5 mm width ⁇ 2 mm height, gauge length of 10 mm, and strain rate of 10 mm ⁇ min ⁇ 1 was adopted. Cyclic tensile elongation was performed on INSTRON-5566 using ASTM D638 Type V dog bone specimens. Samples were elongated to 200% strain then back to 0 MPa stress at a different strain rate. A total of 10/100 cycles of testing were performed for all samples.
- FIG. 1 shows the results of tensile tests for crosslinked samples of commercial PDMS (Gelest, DMS-R22, C9 in Table 2), PDMS 2.5k -urea (P4 in Table 1, C10 in Table 2) and PDMS2.5k-thiourea (P3 in Table 1 and Flt in Table 2) with similar molecular weights.
- Tensile testing result revealed a relatively low elongation to break and rigid property for the commercial PDMS (sample 1) compared with PDMS-urea and PDMS-thiourea polymers.
- the PDMS-thiourea polymer showed highest elongation at break among the three materials.
- H-bonded thiourea arrays may be geometrically nonlinear and less ordered, so that they do not induce crystallization.
- H-bonds may lead to crystallization or clustering of polymer chains so that the polymer containing urea units are rigid and brittle.
- FIG. 2 shows a comparison of the mechanical properties of crosslinked samples of PDMS 27k -thiourea based samples (resins F27 and F28, Table 2) and PDMS 27k -urea based samples (resins C31 and C32, Table 2).
- the preparation process of diluted samples (F21 ⁇ C32) is quite similar, which is described in example 5.
- Crosslinked polymer from the PDMS-thiourea based resins demonstrated substantially higher elongation at break compared with the same composition of PDMS-urea based resin.
- the cured sample derived from PDMS (L)-PDMS (S) (25:75)-thiourea+reactive diluents (resin F28) has elongation-at-break of ⁇ 1000%, which is about five times that of the PDMS (L)-PDMS (S) (25:75)-urea+reactive diluents (resin C32).
- PDMS-thiourea polymers are better suited for additive manufacturing of silicone-based elastomers.
- FIG. 3 shows a comparison of tensile properties between cured samples (S 2 -S 5 ) produced from PDMS 5k -PDMS 248 -thiourea based resins (F21 to F24, Table 2) and cured sample (S 1 ) produced from commercial PDMS based resin (C8 Table 2). Since the miscibility of commercial PDMS with monofunctional urethane acrylate (Genomer 1122) is poor, phase separation occurred in the cured sample. Thus, the tensile curve shows two stages before breaking. However, for the PDMS-thiourea based samples, there is an increase in ultimate tensile strength with increasing ratio of thiourea units in the polymers.
- the crosslinked polymer from resin F23 i.e. PDMS 5k -PDMS 248 (50:50)-thiourea (P7) with reactive diluents also possesses a good fatigue durability as measured by cyclic tensile tests, as shown in FIG. 4 .
- the residual strain is 15% after the first loading-unloading cycle (i.e. after tensile stress went back to 0 MPa).
- the observed hysteresis can be partially attributed to the energy dissipation from the physical bonding dissociation, indicating that the crosslinked polymer requires a delayed “reset” period to allow for re-equilibration and full property recovery.
- the cyclic tensile curves can be repeated very well, showing a very good fatigue durability. After stretching for 100 times, no obvious cracks were observed.
- FIG. 5 shows a comparison of compressive properties between cured sample (S 1 ) produced from commercial PDMS based resin (C7 Table 2) and cured sample produced from PDMS 5k -PDMS 248 -thiourea based resin (F24).
- S 1 cured sample
- C7 Table 2 commercial PDMS based resin
- F24 cured sample produced from PDMS 5k -PDMS 248 -thiourea based resin
- the cylindrical shaped specimen could completely recover to its original shape after successive tests.
- the resin formulation containing PDMS dimethacrylate (Gelest) was much more fragile and brittle.
- the maximum compressive stress applied on the specimen was 1.3 MPa, at the compressive strain of 80%.
- the specimen was catastrophically fractured during the second cycle of 80% strain compression (as shown in FIG. 5 —S 1 ), when the corresponding load force was about 200 N, about 10 times less than that applied on samples prepared with PDMS 5k - PDMS 0.25k -thiourea (25:75 mol %) macromonomers and diluents.
- the PDMS-thiourea polymer possesses a certain self-healing property.
- the PDMS 2.5k -thiourea specimen (from polymer P3, resin F11 in Table 2) was cut into two pieces. After being compressed together and healed at 120° C., the healed sample could bear force which is two time its own weight.
- the healing properties of polymer containing thiourea are dominated by a segmental motion such as the exchange of H-bonded thiourea pairs, leading to the interpenetration of polymer chains at the fractured portions upon compression.
- This unique self-healing property of the material is capable of repairing fractures or damages at the microscopic scale and restoring mechanical strengths at the macroscopic scale.
- an Anton Paar MCR 702 rheometer was used.
- a peltier element and a thermostatic hood were used for temperature control.
- the measurements were performed using a cone-plate geometry (25 mm) with non-humidified atmosphere in the measuring chamber. Measurements were performed at 20° C. for a gap size of 300 ⁇ m.
- the samples characterized for photorheology test were PDMS 5k -thiourea resin (F12 in Table 2), PDMS 5k -thiourea with reactive diluents resin (F21 in Table 2) and Gelest PDMS resin (C6 in Table 2).
- the samples characterized for viscosity measurement were (S 1 ) PDMS 5k -thiourea resin (F12); (S 2 ) PDMS 5k -PDMS 248 (75:25)-thiourea resin (F13); (S 3 ) PDMS 5k -PDMS 248 (50:50)-thiourea resin (F14); (S 4 ) PDMS 5k -PDMS 248 (25:75)-thiourea resin (F15); (S 5 ) PDMS 5k -PDMS 248 (100:0)-thiourea with reactive diluents resin (F21); (S 6 ) PDMS 5k -PDMS 248 (75:25)-thiourea with reactive diluents resin (F22); (S 7 ) PDMS 5k -PDMS 248 (50:50)-thiourea with reactive diluents resin (F23); (S 8 ) PDMS 5k -
- FIG. 6 shows results from photorheology which compare the UV crosslink rates of PDMS-thiourea, this PDMS-thiourea diluted with reactive diluent and commercial PDMS resins.
- the results showed that samples containing PDMS-thiourea polymer have a higher photo crosslinking rate compared with commercial methacryloxypropyl terminated PDMS (PDMS-thiourea polymer >PDMS-thiourea with reactive diluents >commercial PDMS).
- the higher UV crosslinking rate can lead to a faster printing rate, which will greatly reduce the time it takes to print.
- An Asiga Freeform PRO2TM printer was used to produce stereolithography prints.
- the printer was fitted with high-power UV 385 nm LED.
- the resin was poured into the vat.
- the printed object was detached from the build plate (using a razor blade).
- the uncured resin was rinsed off by immersing in an isopropyl alcohol bath and the printed object was further cured under a UV lamp.
- the 3D printability of a resin comprising PDMS-thiourea polymer was tested in this manner.
- the resin was formulated as follows: polymer P8:PDMS 5k -PDMS 248 (25:75)-thiourea+reactive diluents (Tris+Genomer 1122)+photoinitiators (Irgacure 819+Daroncur 1173+TPO-L). (F24)
- FIG. 7 shows the original STL file which was executed by the printer.
- FIGS. 7 ( b ) and 7 ( d ) depicts the cured 3D printed part produced with good resolution and intact structure compared with the original STL file.
- the printed part also demonstrated good stretchability and flexibility as shown in FIGS. 7 ( c ), ( e ) and (0, which suggests its potential applications in flexible electronics, soft robotics and biomedical devices.
- 3-aminopropylmethylbis(trimethylsiloxy)silane (22.6 g, 0.081 mol) was added into a 100 mL round bottomed flask.
- 2-Isocyanatoethyl methacrylate (12.4 g, 0.08 mol) was then added into the round bottomed flask at 0° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere, and the mixture was stirred for 24 h at room temperature under a nitrogen atmosphere.
- the product was used as reactive diluent directly without purification.
- the resins were made according to methodology of Example 1 and 6 except for the following differences.
- 3-[tris(trimethylsiloxy)silyl]propyl methacrylate was used as reactive diluent for its siloxane functionality and 3-propylbis(trimethylsiloxy)methylsilane-3-[(2-methacryloyloxyethyl) urea] was used due to the additional hydrogen bonding potentially contributed through the urea group.
- the final resin turned out to be clear, stable and a flowable liquid with pale yellow colour.
- FIG. 8 shows comparison of crosslinking rate of resin A that contains Genomer 1122 and resin B containing Formula XIII.
- Resin containing reactive diluent Formula XIII results in a faster crosslinking rate, better miscibility with PDMS-thiourea polymer proved by a clear and stable resin solution and produces a crosslinked part with a higher modulus.
- FIG. 9 shows the viscosity of the various compositions containing reactive diluent Formula XIII, tris and PDMS thiourea macromonomers with different short and long block lengths with mass ratio 1:1:1. The higher the ratio of PDMS 5k : PDMS 0.25k the higher the initial viscosity before shear is applied.
- Viscosities range from 0.5 to 2 Pas, which is suitable for vat polymerization 3D printing technology.
- FIG. 10 showed that the tensile properties of UV cured samples of these formulations. The results demonstrated that the maximum tensile strength could reach up to 2 MPa, while the tensile strain is around 200%, which suggests that the resin containing new reactive diluent Formula XIII can produce much tougher and rigid object compared with resin containing reactive diluent Genomer 1122.
- FIG. 11 shows photographs of complex 3D-printed parts produced from resin containing PDMS 5K -PDMS 248 (40:60)-thiourea, the reactive diluent Formula XIII and tris (mass ratio 1:1:1).
- the printed parts are transparent and have good resolution with respect to architectural detail.
- the resin containing reactive diluent Formula XIII it is now possible to print complex structures with fine details and small features, such as a human heart model complex architectural features.
- This same resin could also be used as adhesive for metal and glass, as shown in FIG. 12 . After curing under UV light for 20 s, a circular film 25 mm diameter and 0.3 mm thick had the adhesive strength between glass and metal strong enough to pull a heavy load greater than 22 kg.
- hydrophilic nano-scaled silica nanoparticles (Wacker Chemicals, HDK® T30) were dispersed in resin (PDMS 5k -PDMS 248 -thiourea 40:60+tris+new reactive diluent Formula XIII) with different ratio (1%, 2%, 5%, 10% and 15%). After sonication, the resin was further manually stirred for 10 min. All the nanocomposite resins turned out to be clear and transparent. After the bubbles were removed, it was ready to be poured into the mould for curing.
- FIG. 13 shows the tensile properties of cured samples with 0, 5, 10 and 15 wt % silica nanoparticles (HDK® T30). With increasing ratio of silica nanoparticles, the tensile strength of cured sample was greatly increased, while the tensile strain was decreased correspondingly. The tensile strength could reach up to 4.2 MPa with 15 wt % of silica nanoparticles, which suggested that the cured samples became tougher with silica nanofillers.
- FIG. 14 shows the photo of resin (PDMS 5k -PDMS 248 -thiourea 40:60+tris+new reactive diluent Formula XIII) with different ratio (1%, 2%, 5%, 10% and 15%) of silica nanoparticles. All the samples still retain good transparency, even with high ratio (15%) of nanofillers.
Abstract
The present invention provides a liquid polysiloxane comprising a siloxane-thiourea segment and a crosslinkable functional group(s) selected from one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups, silyl hydride groups, alkylenethiol groups and combinations thereof.
Description
- The present invention relates to a crosslinkable polysiloxane, to a resin composition comprising the crosslinkable polysiloxane, to a method of producing a three-dimensional silicone article using the crosslinkable polysiloxane, and to a three-dimensional silicone article comprising a crosslinked form of the crosslinkable polysiloxane.
- Silicones, also known as polysiloxanes, are a class of polymer widely used in a range of applications, including industrial and medical applications. The popularity of silicones arises due to a number of favourable properties such as chemical stability, biocompatibility, non-toxicity, high gas permeability and elasticity. Such polymers can also exhibit resistance to degradation and microbial growth.
- Medical devices that are customised to suit individual requirements are of increasing interest. For example, bespoke implants for cosmetic and reconstructive applications are becoming highly sought after. However, there are numerous challenges to manufacturing customised medical devices, particularly those made using polysiloxanes, as they require high precision manufacturing and often need to be produced rapidly.
- Additive manufacturing techniques such as three-dimensional (3D) printing has allowed custom-designed complex 3D articles to be rapidly produced. 3D printing typically involves the successive addition of material in a layer-by-layer manner to construct a 3D article, with layers then being fused or bonded together. 3D printed articles are most commonly produced using suitable metals or thermoplastic polymer.
- Articles made using polysiloxanes have traditionally been formed via a moulding process. However, such a process inherently lacks any practical ability for customised manufacturing due to the time and cost associated with retooling and process optimisation.
- While it would be desirable to manufacture polysiloxane-based articles by 3D printing, that has proven challenging to date. For example, it has proven difficult to achieve sufficiently fast curing (i.e. crosslinking) rates during 3D printing. Also, the physical properties of polysiloxane-based articles produced by 3D printing have been quite poor, particularly in terms of their elasticity.
- An opportunity therefore remains to develop polysiloxanes that are better suited for use in 3D printing.
- The present invention provides a liquid polysiloxane comprising a siloxane-thiourea segment(s) and a crosslinkable functional group(s) selected from one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups, silyl hydride groups, alkylenethiol groups and combinations thereof.
- It has now surprisingly been found this unique class of liquid polysiloxane is well suited for use in 3D printing applications, not only in terms of how the polysiloxane performs (e.g. crosslinking ability) during the 3D printing process itself, but also in terms of the excellent physical properties of articles produced using the polysiloxane. Notably, rapid crosslinking can be achieved during 3D printing and complex articles with fine detail can be produced using the polysiloxane without compromising elasticity. Articles produced using that unique class of liquid polysiloxane can also advantageously exhibit self-healing properties.
- The polysiloxane according to the invention presents in the form of a polymer chain that may be linear or branched.
- The polysiloxane comprises as part of the polymer chain one or more siloxane-thiourea segment(s) and one or more crosslinkable functional groups.
- The siloxane-thiourea segment(s) is covalently attached to the polysiloxane polymer chain and may be located in-chain, pendent from and/or at the termini of the polymer chain.
- The cross-linkable functional group(s) is covalently attached to the polysiloxane polymer chain and may be located pendent from and/or at the termini of the polymer chain.
- In one embodiment, the siloxane-thiourea segment of the polysiloxane comprises a structure of formula (I):
- wherein:
-
- each RA and RB are independently selected from H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted siloxane, a moiety comprising an alkylenethiol group, and a moiety comprising one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups;
- R1 is optionally substituted alkylene or optionally substituted arylene; and
- n is an integer of at least 1.
- In one embodiment, one or both of RA and RB in at least one repeat unit defined by n in formula (I) is independently selected from H, a moiety comprising an alkylenethiol group, and a moiety comprising one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups.
- RA and RB in the same or different repeat units defined by n may be independently the same or different.
- In a further embodiment, the siloxane-thiourea segment of the polysiloxane comprises a structure of formula (II):
- wherein:
-
- each RA is independently selected from H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted siloxane, a moiety comprising an alkylenethiol group, and a moiety comprising one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups;
- R1 and each Rx are each independently optionally substituted alkylene or optionally substituted siloxane;
- each Ry is independently optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted siloxane, a moiety comprising an alkylenethiol group, and a moiety comprising one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups; and
- t is an integer of at least 1.
- In one embodiment, RA in at least one repeat unit defined by tin formula (II) is independently selected from H, a moiety comprising an alkylenethiol group, and a moiety comprising one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups.
- Each RA, Rx and Ry in repeat units defined by t may be independently the same or different.
- In yet a further embodiment, the siloxane-thiourea segment of the polysiloxane comprises a structure of formula (III):
- wherein:
-
- each RA and RB are independently selected from H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted siloxane, a moiety comprising an alkylenethiol group, and a moiety comprising one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups;
- each X is independently selected from optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted arylene, (poly)siloxane, polyether, polyimide and polyester;
- each R1 is independently optionally substituted alkylene or optionally substituted arylene;
- n is an integer of at least 1;
- p is an integer of at least 1; and
- q is an integer of at least 1.
- In one embodiment, one or both of RA and RB in at least one repeat unit defined by n in formula (III) is independently selected from H, a moiety comprising an alkylenethiol group, and a moiety comprising one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups.
- RA and RB in the same or different repeat units defined by n in formula (III) may be independently the same or different.
- R1 in repeat units defined by p may be the same or different.
- X in repeat units defined by q may be the same or different.
- Where RA and/or RB are independently selected from H, a moiety comprising an alkylenethiol group, and a moiety comprising one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups, it will be appreciated they may represent one or more of the crosslinkable functional groups of the polysilioxane.
- The invention further provides a liquid resin composition comprising a liquid polysiloxane according to the invention and an agent for promoting crosslinking of the crosslinkable functional group(s).
- In one embodiment, the agent for promoting crosslinking of the crosslinkable functional group(s) is selected from a catalyst and a radical initiator.
- There are a number of permutations of crosslinkable functional groups that can form part of the polysiloxane according to the invention and function to provide a means for crosslinking to produce a crosslinked polymer structure.
- In one embodiment, the polysiloxane comprises (i) a siloxane-thiourea segment, and (ii) one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups.
- In a another embodiment, the polysiloxane comprises (i) a siloxane-thiourea segment, and (ii) two or more ethylenically unsaturated groups.
- In a further embodiment, the polysiloxane comprises (i) a siloxane-thiourea segment, and (ii) two or more silyl hydride groups.
- In a further embodiment, the polysiloxane comprises (i) a siloxane-thiourea segment, and (ii) two or more alkylenethiol groups.
- In a further embodiment, the polysiloxane comprises (i) a siloxane-thiourea segment, (ii) a silyl hydride group, and (iii) an alkylenethiol group.
- In a further embodiment, the polysiloxane comprises (i) a siloxane-thiourea segment, (ii) a silyl hydride group, and (iii) an ethylenically unsaturated group.
- In a further embodiment, the polysiloxane comprises (i) a siloxane-thiourea segment, (ii) an alkylenethiol group, and (iii) an ethylenically unsaturated group.
- The polysiloxane in accordance with the invention may comprise one of more crosslinkable functional groups described herein.
- The polysiloxane in accordance with the invention may comprise one of more siloxane-thiourea segments described herein.
- The resin composition comprising the polysiloxane may be provided with a reactive diluent. The reactive diluent can assist with modifying the viscosity of the resin composition.
- The reactive diluent can also comprise crosslinkable functional groups that can react with crosslinkable functional groups of the polysiloxane according to the invention to form a crosslinked structure.
- In one embodiment, the resin composition comprises (i) a polysiloxane comprising (a) a siloxane-thiourea segment, and (b) one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups, and (ii) a reactive diluent comprising one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups.
- In a further embodiment, the resin composition comprises (i) a polysiloxane comprising (a) a siloxane-thiourea segment, and (b) two or more ethylenically unsaturated groups, and (ii) a reactive diluent comprising one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups.
- In a further embodiment, the resin composition comprises (i) a polysiloxane comprising (a) a siloxane-thiourea segment, and (b) two or more ethylenically unsaturated groups, and (ii) a reactive diluent comprising two or more silyl hydride groups.
- In a further embodiment, the resin composition comprises (i) a polysiloxane comprising (a) a siloxane-thiourea segment, and (b) two or more silyl hydride groups, and (ii) a reactive diluent comprising two or more ethylenically unsaturated groups.
- In another embodiment, the resin composition comprises (i) a polysiloxane comprising (a) a siloxane-thiourea segment, and (b) two or more alkylenethiol groups, and (ii) a reactive diluent comprising two or more ethylenically unsaturated groups.
- In another embodiment, the resin composition comprises (i) a polysiloxane comprising (a) a siloxane-thiourea segment, and (b) two or more ethylenically unsaturated groups, and (ii) a reactive diluent comprising two or more alkylenethiol groups.
- Specific examples of reactive diluents include 3-[tris(trimethylsiloxy)silyl]propyl methacrylate, mono- or bis-functional urethane acrylate, e.g. sold commercially as
Genomer 1122™ or CN991, dimethyl acrylamide, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, pentaerythritol tetramethacrylate, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-mercaptopropionate), trimethylolpropane tris(3-mercaptopropionate), 3-[tris(trimethylsiloxy)silyl] propyl methacrylate, vinyl terminated polydimethylsiloxane, vinyl terminated diphenylsiloxane-dimethylsiloxane copolymer, vinyl terminated polyphenylmethylsiloxane, vinyl terminated trifluoropropylmethylsiloxane-dimethylsiloxane copolymer, vinylmethylsiloxane-dimethylsiloxane copolymers (vinyl or hydride terminated), hydride terminated polydimethylsiloxane, α-monovinyl-ω-monohydride terminated polydimethylsiloxane, methylhydrosiloxane-dimethylsiloxane copolymer, methacryloxypropyl terminated polydimethylsiloxane, (3-acryloxy-2-hydroxypropoxy-propyl) terminated poly-dimethylsiloxane, (methacryloxypropyl)methylsiloxane-dimethylsiloxane copolymer, monomethacryloxypropyl functional polydimethylsiloxane, (bicycloheptenyl)ethyl terminated polydimethylsiloxane, mercaptopropyl terminated polydimethylsiloxane, (mercaptopropyl)methylsiloxane-dimethylsiloxane copolymer, methacrylate silanes containing urea or thiourea, for example 3-propylbis(trimethylsiloxy)methylsilane-3-(2-methacryloyloxyethyl) thiourea/urea and 3-[tris(trimethylsiloxy)silyl]-3-(2-methacryloyloxyethyl) thiourea/urea. - In one embodiment, the reactive diluent comprises one or both of 3-propylbis(trimethylsiloxy)methylsilane-3-(2-methacryloyloxyethyl) urea and 3-[tris(trimethylsoxy)silyl]-3-(2-methacryloyloxyethyl) urea.
- The invention also provides a method of producing a three-dimensional silicone article, the method comprising printing a liquid resin composition according to the invention using a three-dimensional printer and crosslinking the resin composition.
- The invention further provides a silicone article comprising a crosslinked polysiloxane according to the invention.
- The invention also provides a silicone article comprising a crosslinked resin composition according to the invention.
- The invention further provides an adhesive or sealant comprising a liquid polysiloxane or resin composition according to the invention.
- Further aspects and/or embodiments of the invention are described in more detail below.
- Embodiments of the invention will now be described with reference to the following non-limiting drawings in which:
-
FIG. 1 depicts comparative tensile test results (stress-strain curves) for cured resin samples containing PDMS-thiourea polymer, PDMS-urea polymer and a commercial PDMS after UV crosslinking; -
FIG. 2 depicts tensile test results (stress-strain curves) for cured resin samples containing PDMS-thiourea polymer and reactive diluents compared with PDMS-urea polymer and reactive diluents after UV crosslinking; -
FIG. 3 depicts tensile test results (stress-strain curves) for cured resin samples containing PDMS-thiourea polymers with differing ratios of long PDMS segments to short PDMS segments, with comparison against a commercial PDMS polymer, after UV crosslinking; -
FIG. 4 depicts the cyclic tensile results for cured resin samples containing PDMS-thiourea polymer at different tensile strains and strain rates; -
FIG. 5 depicts the compressive property test for cured resin containing PDMS-thiourea polymer with comparison against a commercial PDMS polymer, after UV crosslinking; -
FIG. 6 depicts photorheology results comparing the cross-link rates of PDMS-thiourea polymers and commercial PDMS resins when exposed to UV light; -
FIG. 7 shows photographs of a complex 3D-printed part produced from resin containing PDMS-thiourea polymer, with comparison against the STL file executed by the printer; -
FIG. 8 depicts photorheology result for crosslinking resins containing different reactive diluents (the results demonstrated the modulus change during the UV curing); -
FIG. 9 depicts viscosity versus shear rate plots for different liquid resins containing different PDMS-thiourea polymers with differing ratios of long PDMS segments to short PDMS segments, using the reactive diluent 3-propylbis (trimethylsiloxy) methylsilane [(2-methacryloyloxyethyl) urea]; -
FIG. 10 depicts tensile test results (stress-strain curves) for cured resin samples containing PDMS-thiourea polymers with differing ratios of long PDMS segments to short PDMS segments, using the reactive diluent 3-propylbis(trimethylsiloxy)methylsilane-3-[(2-methacryloyloxyethyl) urea]; -
FIG. 11 depicts photographs of complex 3D-printed parts produced from resin containing PDMS-thiourea polymer, using the diluent 3-propylbis(trimethylsiloxy)methylsilane-3-[(2-methacryloyloxyethyl) urea]; -
FIG. 12 depicts shear strength of the crosslinked resin adhering between glass and metal, in which a 4.9 cm2 film of resin holds more than 22 kg; -
FIG. 13 depicts the tensile test result for crosslinked resin containing PDMS-thiourea polymer with different ratio with the addition of the nanoparticulate, hydrophilic silica nanoparticles (Wacker Chemicals, HDK® T30); and -
FIG. 14 depicts the photo of cured resin containing PDMS-thiourea polymer with different ratio of hydrophilic silica nanoparticles (Wacker Chemicals, HDK® T30). - The polysiloxane according to the invention presents in the form of a polymer chain that may be linear or branched.
- The polysiloxane comprises as part of that polymer chain one or more siloxane-thiourea segment(s) and one or more crosslinkable functional groups.
- The polysiloxane is a liquid polysiloxane. By being a “liquid” is meant the polysiloxane at room temperature (25° C.) can flow under the application of a force such as gravity or an applied pressure. The polysiloxane will therefore have a definite volume but may not have a fixed shape. The liquid form of the polysiloxane can assist with its use as an adhesive, sealant or in three-dimensional printing applications.
- The siloxane-thiourea segment(s) is covalently attached to the polysiloxane polymer chain and may be located in-chain, pendent from and/or at the termini of the polymer chain.
- By a “siloxane-thiourea segment” is meant a portion or region within the polysiloxane molecular structure that comprises a siloxane moiety (—Si(RA)(RB)—O—) covalently coupled to a thiourea moiety (—NH—C(S)—NH—). That siloxane moiety may or may not form part of a polysiloxane in its own right. Where the siloxane moiety of the siloxane-thiourea segment does not form part of a polysiloxane, the polysiloxane according to the invention will nevertheless still comprise one or more polysiloxane moieties.
- The thiourea moiety of the siloxane-thiourea segment will generally be covalently coupled to a silicon atom of the siloxane moiety through a divalent coupling moiety, for example an optionally substituted alkylene or optionally substituted arylene moiety. Generally, a nitrogen atom of the thiourea moiety will be covalently coupled to a silicon atom of the siloxane moiety through no more than about 10, or about 9, or about 8, or about 7, or about 6, or about 5, or about 4, or about 3 consecutive covalently coupled atoms. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that such consecutively covalently coupled atoms between a nitrogen atom of the thiourea moiety and a silicon atom of the siloxane moiety will represent the divalent coupling moiety.
- The polysiloxane according to the invention may have one or more, for example two or more, siloxane-thiourea segments within its molecular (chain) structure. The siloxane-thiourea segment may present pendant from a main backbone chain of the polysiloxane, at the termini of a main backbone chain of the polysiloxane, it may also present in-chain of the main backbone chain structure of the polysiloxane, or it may present as a combination of two or more of pendant, termini and in-chain structures. Further detail in relation to the nature of the siloxane-thiourea segment is outlined below.
- In addition to the siloxane-thiourea segment, the polysiloxane according to the invention comprises a crosslinkable functional group(s) selected from one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups, silyl hydride groups, alkylenethiol groups and combinations thereof Such crosslinkable functional groups render the polysiloxane itself crosslinkable. The polysiloxane according to the present invention may therefore also be described as being a crosslinkable polysiloxane.
- By the polysiloxane comprising such crosslinkable functional groups it presents the potential for undergoing a crosslinking reaction so as to afford a crosslinked product. Such a crosslinking reaction could involve the polysiloxane reacting with itself, another crosslinkable material/reagent (such as a reactive diluent herein described) or a combination thereof to form a thermoset polysiloxane product. In all cases, those skilled in the art will appreciate the crosslinking process requires reaction of suitable complementary functional groups. As will be discussed in more detail below, such a crosslinking reaction may require the presence of an agent for promoting crosslinking of the crosslinkable functional group(s).
- The crosslinkable functional group(s) may or may not form part of the siloxane-thiourea segment per se.
- Surprisingly, it has now been found the presence of the siloxane-thiourea segment within the polysiloxane molecular structure promotes a higher rate and extent of crosslinking of the polysiloxane and results in improved elastomeric properties, for example flexibility and resilience, of a crosslinked article produced using the polysiloxane. Furthermore, crosslinked articles produced using the polysiloxane have been found to exhibit self-healing properties. Without wishing to be limited by theory, it is believed such advantageous properties stem at least in part from physical crosslinking between polymer chains through H-bonding interactions associated with the siloxane-thiourea segment that suppress unfavourable crystallization.
- Again without wishing to be limited by theory, the siloxane-thiourea segment within the polysiloxane molecular structure is believed to improve solubility and stability of dispersions of additives, for example reactive diluents, solid particulate material (e.g. silica) and agents for promoting cross-linking, within the liquid state of the polysiloxane. Such improved solubility and stability of dispersions of additives is believed to be induced by the hydrophilicity and polarity of the thiourea segments. That in turn is believed to enhance the reaction chemistry of the polysiloxane so as to impart improved physical properties to cross-linked articles formed from the polysiloxane.
- In one embodiment, the liquid polysiloxane is a homogeneous liquid phase.
- The specified crosslinkable functional group(s) of the polysiloxane are believed to be particularly well suited for use in combination with the siloxane-thiourea segment to provide for the improved properties derived from the polysiloxane.
- The crosslinkable functional group(s) include one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups. A given ethylenically unsaturated groups will of course be of a type suitable to undergo a reaction to promote crosslinking of the polysiloxane. Such ethylenically unsaturated groups may therefore be described as being crosslinkable ethylenically unsaturated groups.
- As would be known to those skilled in the art, ethylenically unsaturated groups suitable to undergo a reaction to promote crosslinking can be broadly classified into two classes, namely so called activated and non-activated ethylenically unsaturated groups. Unless specified otherwise, reference herein to an “ethylenically unsaturated group” is therefore intended to embrace both activated and non-activated ethylenically unsaturated groups.
- By an ethylenically unsaturated group being “activated” in the context of crosslinking/polymerisation is meant it is activated by a proximal functional group so as to be capable of undergoing free radical addition. Such activated ethylenically unsaturated group(s) may, for example, form part of a (meth)acryloyl, (meth)acryloyloxy, styrenyl, vinyl ether, vinyl ester or (meth)acrylamide group.
- As would be known to those skilled in the art, by an ethylenically unsaturated group being “non-activated” in the context of crosslinking/polymerisation is meant it is not activated by a proximal functional group so as to be capable of undergoing free radical addition. Such non-activated ethylenically unsaturated groups may, for example, be represented by —R—(X)C═C(Y)2, where R is Si or alkylene and X and each Y is independently alkyl or H. If R is alkylene, it may be C1-C6 alkylene or C1-C3 alkylene. R is of course also covalently coupled to the polysiloxane. If X or Y are alkyl, they may be C1-C6 alkyl or C1-C3 alkyl.
- In one embodiment, each Y is H. In another embodiment, both X and each Y is H.
- Those skilled in the art will be able to select a suitable ethylenically unsaturated group and number thereof to provide for the required crosslinking character and viscosity for a given situation.
- For example, it will appreciate a polysiloxane chain can be crosslinked provided it contains at least one activated ethylenically unsaturated group. In that case, such a polysiloxane could react with a separate compound/polymer (e.g. reactive diluent described herein) comprising multiple activated ethylenically unsaturated groups to form a crosslinked network. Alternatively, if the polysiloxane comprises two or more activated ethylenically unsaturated groups then it can be crosslinked merely by reacting with itself.
- In one embodiment, the polysiloxane according to the invention comprises two or more activated ethylenically unsaturated groups.
- Where the crosslinkable functional group(s) of the polysiloxane include only non-activated ethylenically unsaturated groups, to promote crosslinking those skilled in the art will appreciate the polysiloxane will need to comprise two or more of such non-activated ethylenically unsaturated groups.
- The crosslinkable functional group(s) of the polysiloxane can include a silyl hydride group (SiH). The silyl hydride group will of course be of a type suitable to undergo a reaction to promote crosslinking of the polysiloxane. Such silyl hydride groups may therefore be described as being crosslinkable silyl hydride groups.
- Where the crosslinkable functional group(s) of the polysiloxane include only silyl hydride groups, to promote crosslinking those skilled in the art will appreciate the polysiloxane according to the invention will need to comprise two or more silyl hydride groups.
- The silyl hydride groups will typically be of a type suitable to undergo a reaction with an ethylenically unsaturated group, for example a non-activated ethylenically unsaturated group, to promote crosslinking of the polysiloxane.
- The crosslinkable functional group(s) of the polysiloxane can include an alkylene thiol group. The alkylene thiol group will of course be of a type suitable to undergo a reaction to promote crosslinking of the polysiloxane. Such alkylene thiol groups may therefore be described as being crosslinkable alkylene thiol groups.
- Where the crosslinkable functional group(s) of the polysiloxane include only alkylene thiol groups, to promote crosslinking those skilled in the art will appreciate the polysiloxane according to the invention will need to comprise two or more alkylene thiol groups.
- The alkylene thiol groups will typically be of a type suitable to undergo a reaction with an ethylenically unsaturated group, for example a non-activated ethylenically unsaturated group, to promote crosslinking of the polysiloxane.
- The polysiloxane in accordance with the invention may of course comprise various combinations of the specified functional groups to enable crosslinking to occur. Such combinations would be known to those skilled in the art and include, for example, a silyl hydride group in combination with an alkylenethiol group, a silyl hydride group in combination with a non-activated ethylenically unsaturated group, an alkylenethiol group in combination with a non-activated ethylenically unsaturated group, or an activated ethylenically unsaturated group in combination with an alkylenethiol group or a silyl hydride group.
- Further detail in relation to reaction of the crosslinkable functional groups is provided below.
- In one embodiment, the siloxane-thiourea segment comprises a structure of formula (I):
- wherein:
-
- each RA and RB are each independently selected from H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted siloxane, optionally substituted alkylene thiol, and a moiety comprising one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups;
- R1 is optionally substituted alkylene or optionally substituted arylene; and
- n is an integer of at least 1.
-
- In one embodiment, at least one of RA and RB in formula (I) is selected from H, optionally substituted alkylene thiol, and a moiety comprising one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups.
- When RA and/or RB are independently selected from H, a moiety comprising an alkylenethiol group, and a moiety comprising one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups, it will be appreciated they may represent one or more of the crosslinkable functional groups of the polysilioxane.
- In another embodiment, n in formula (I) is an integer ranging from 1 to about 200, or from 1 to about 180, or from 1 to about 160, or from 1 to about 140, or from 1 to about 120, or from 1 to about 100, or from 1 to about 80, or from 1 to about 60.
- In further embodiment, n in formula (I) is an integer ranging from 2 to about 200, or from 2 to about 180, or from 2 to about 160, or from 2 to about 140, or from 2 to about 120, or from 2 to about 100, or from 2 to about 80, or from 2 to about 60.
- RA and RB in the same or different repeat units defined by n in formula (I) may be independently the same or different.
- In a further embodiment, R1 in formula (I) is optionally substituted C2-C12 alkylene or optionally substituted C6-C12 arylene.
- In one embodiment, the siloxane-thiourea segment of the polysiloxane comprises a structure of formula (III):
- wherein:
-
- each RA and RB are independently selected from H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted siloxane, optionally substituted alkylenethiol, and a moiety comprising one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups;
- each X is independently selected from optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted arylene, (poly)siloxane, polyether, polyimide and polyester;
- each R1 is independently optionally substituted alkylene or optionally substituted arylene;
- n is an integer of at least 1;
- p is an integer of at least 1; and
- q is an integer of at least 1.
- RA, RB, R1 and n in formula (III) may be independently the same as herein described in respect of formula (I).
- In one embodiment, at least one of RA and RB in formula (III) is selected from H, optionally substituted alkylene thiol, and a moiety comprising one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups.
- When RA and/or RB are independently selected from H, a moiety comprising an alkylenethiol group, and a moiety comprising one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups, it will be appreciated they may represent one or more of the crosslinkable functional groups of the polysilioxane.
- In a further embodiment X in formula (III) may be selected from optionally substituted C1-C12 alkylene, optionally substituted C6-C12 arylene, polysiloxane, polyether, and polyester.
- In a further embodiment, p and q in formula (III) may range from 1 to about 50, or from 1 to about 20.
- RA and RB in the same or different repeat units defined by n in formula (III) may be independently the same or different.
- R1 in repeat units defined by p in formula (III) may be the same or different.
- Polysiloxanes suitable for use in accordance with the invention may include, but are not limited to, those having a structure of formula (IV):
- wherein:
-
- each RA, RB, RC, RD, RE and RF, and RG and RH are independently selected from H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted siloxane, optionally substituted alkylenethiol, and a moiety comprising one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups;
- each R1 and R2 are independently optionally substituted alkylene or optionally substituted arylene;
- R3, R4, R5 and R6 are each independently optionally substituted alkylene or optionally substituted arylene;
- Y represents a divalent linking group;
- Z1 and Z2 are each independently selected from a moiety comprising one or more silyl hydride groups, a moiety comprising one or more alkylenethiol groups, and a moiety comprising one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups;
- n is an integer of at least 1;
- m is an integer of at least 1; and
- p is an integer of at least 1.
- In formula (IV) R1, RA, RB and n may be as herein described in respect of formula (I).
- In one embodiment, at least one of RA and RB in formula (IV) is selected from H, optionally substituted alkylene thiol, and a moiety comprising one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups.
- When RA and/or RB are independently selected from H, a moiety comprising an alkylenethiol group, and a moiety comprising one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups, it will be appreciated they may represent one or more of the crosslinkable functional groups of the polysilioxane.
- In formula (IV), RE, RF, RG and RH, RC and RD may each independently be defined as herein described in respect of RA or RB.
- Each R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 may be defined as herein described for IV.
- In formula (IV), Y may be selected from —NH—C(O)—NH— or —NH—C(S)—NH—
- Z1 and Z2 in formula (IV) are each independently selected from a moiety comprising one or more silyl hydride groups, a moiety comprising one or more alkylenethiol groups, and a moiety comprising one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups. As described herein, such groups are intended to represent functionality capable of promoting crosslinking of the polysiloxane. Features of Z1 and Z2 may therefore be defined as herein described for RA or RB in the context of the same crosslinkable functionality.
- In formula (IV), n may be defined as herein described in the context of formula (I).
- In formula (IV), p may be an integer ranging from 1 to about 200, or from 1 to about 180, or from 1 to about 160, or from 1 to about 140, or from 1 to about 120, or from 1 to about 100, or from 1 to about 80, or from 1 to about 60.
- In formula (IV), m may be an integer ranging from 1 to about 50, or from 1 to about 40, or from 1 to about 30, or from 1 to about 20.
- RA and RB in the same or different repeat units defined by n in formula (IV) may be independently the same or different.
- RC, RD, R1 and R2 in the same or different repeat units defined by m in formula (IV) may be independently the same or different.
- RE and RF in the same or different repeat units defined by p in formula (IV) may be independently the same or different.
- There is no particular limitation on the molecular weight of a polysiloxane according to the invention. The molecular weight of the polysiloxane will typically be dictated by its intended application. For example, viscosity parameters for adhesive, sealant and 3D printing applications may different to those resin compositions that are made for extrusion printing used in the production of artificial spinal disks or meniscus. Generally, the molecular weight of the polysiloxane will range from about 30,000 to about 200,000 g/mol, or about 30,000 to about 150,000 g/mol, or about 30,000 to about 120,000 g/mol, or about 30,000 to about 100,000 g/mol.
- Reference herein to molecular weight of the polysiloxane is that determined by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) as described herein.
- A person skilled in the art would appreciate that different 3D printing processes require different formulation (resin) properties. Typically ink jet printing requires a very low viscosity, digital light processing (DLP) can tolerate a higher viscosity whilst extrusion printing can tolerate a much higher viscosity still. Furthermore, the viscosity of the formulation is also dependent on the temperature and elevated temperatures (e.g. greater than room temperature) may be used to lower the viscosity during the 3D printing process. As will be discussed below, viscosity modifiers may also be employed to adjust the viscosity of the composition being printed.
- Further examples of a polysiloxane in accordance with the invention include, but are not limited to, those of formulae (V)-(X):
- wherein each X in formulate (VII) is independently selected from optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted arylene, polyether (e.g. polyethylene glycol—PEG) and polyester (poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid—PLGA); and n, m, p and q are each independently an integer of at least 1.
- In formulae (V)-(X), n may be an integer of 1 to about 1000, or about 30 to about 360; m may be an integer of 1 to about 100, or 1 to about 30, or about 5 to about 30; p may be an integer of 1 to about 100, or 1 to about 30, or about 5 to about 30; and q may be an integer of 1 to about 100, or 1 to about 30, or about 5 to about 30.
- In formula (I) and formulae (III)-(X), a thiourea moiety presents in-chain relative to the siloxane of the siloxane-thiourea segment. A thiourea moiety of the siloxane-thiourea segment may also present pendant to the siloxane moiety of the siloxane-thiourea segment. For example, the siloxane-thiourea segment of the polysiloxane may comprise a structure of formula (II) as herein described.
- Examples of polysiloxanes that may be used in accordance with the invention also include those of formulae (XI) and (XII):
- wherein in formula (XI) each R is independently optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted siloxane, optionally substituted alkylenethiol, a moiety comprising one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups or other group as herein defined for Ry in Formula (II), and wherein in formula (XI) and (XII) each m, x and y is independently an integer ranging from 1 to about 30, or about 5 to about 20.
- Where a polysiloxane in accordance with the invention includes two or more reactive functional groups, including crosslinkable functional groups, it will be appreciated those functional groups will be selected to not be spontaneously reactive with each other. Such spontaneous reactivity would of course render the polysiloxane impractical for use.
- The polysiloxane according to the invention may be linear or branched. Branched polymer structures include, but are not limited to, comb polymers, star polymers and hyperbranched polymers.
- The polysiloxane according to the invention may be a homopolymer or a copolymer.
- In one embodiment, the polysiloxane according to the invention is a copolymer.
- Polysiloxanes suitable for use in accordance with the present invention can advantageously be prepared using synthetic techniques known to those skilled in the art.
- A typical synthetic procedure for preparing such polysiloxanes might, for example, include reacting a bis-amino terminated polysiloxane (amino-siloxane precursor) with 1,1′-thiocarbonyl diimidazole to form an intermediate polysiloxane comprising a siloxane-thiourea segment. That intermediate polysiloxane may then be reacted with a compound for introducing to the polysiloxane the required crosslinkable functional groups. For example, that intermediate polysiloxane may be reacted with a compound comprising one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups. Such a compound comprising one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups might, for example, include an amino or isocyanate terminated (meth)acrylate compound.
- Examples of general suitable synthetic pathways for producing polysiloxanes according to the present invention include, but are not limited to, reaction schemes 1-9:
- wherein n, m, p, x and y are as herein described.
- The molar ratio between the siloxane and thiourea segments in the polysiloxane can, for example, be adjusted by varying the molecular weight of the amino-siloxane precursor and its mixing ratio with thiocarbonyl bis(imidazole). Different molecular weight of the amino-siloxane precursor can be mixed to vary the distribution of the thiourea segment within the polysiloxane chain.
- The polysiloxane in accordance with the invention is particularly well suited for use in adhesive, sealant and 3D printing applications. For such applications the polysiloxane may be provided in the form of a resin composition.
- The present invention therefore provides a liquid resin composition comprising a polysiloxane according to the invention and an agent for promoting crosslinking of the crosslinkable functional group(s).
- By being a “liquid” resin composition is meant that at room temperature (25° C.) the resin composition can flow under the application of a force such as gravity or an applied pressure. The resin composition will therefore have a definite volume but may not have a fixed shape.
- The polysiloxane in accordance with the invention may not undergo crosslinking in the absence of an agent for promoting that crosslinking. Furthermore, combining the polysiloxane with such an agent will generally not in itself give rise to spontaneous crosslinking of the polysiloxane. Activity of the agent to promote crosslinking will generally need to be invoked through, for example, application to the resin composition of an energy source such as heat and/or electromagnetic radiation.
- A resin composition in accordance with the invention will therefore generally be stable and not undergo crosslinking until being exposed to a suitable energy source. In that way, the resin composition can advantageously be manufactured and stored until it is ready for use in, for example adhesive, sealant and 3D printing applications.
- In 3D printing applications, the resin composition may be printed in layers to form a 3D article where during the printing process the printed resin composition is exposed to a suitable energy source which causes crosslinking of the polysiloxane contained therein.
- The resin composition may be prepared so as to contain one or more polysiloxanes having two or more different crosslinkable functional groups which undergo crosslinking by different means. In that way, the 3D printed article produced from the resin composition can undergo staged crosslinking to promote structural integrity of the final 3D article.
- Those skilled in the art will appreciate the type of agent for promoting crosslinking of the crosslinkable functional groups of the polysiloxane contained in the resin composition will be determined by the nature of those crosslinkable functional groups.
- Generally, the agent for promoting crosslinking of the crosslinkable functional groups will be selected from a catalyst and/or a radical initiator.
- Those skilled in the art will be able to determine the amount of agent to use for promoting crosslinking of the crosslinkable functional groups. In one embodiment, the agent is present in the resin composition in an amount ranging from about 0.1 wt % to about 5 wt.
- %.
- Radical initiators are known in the art for promoting reaction of (i) activated ethylenically unsaturated functional groups with the same or different type of activated ethylenically unsaturated groups, or (ii) non-activated ethylenically unsaturated groups with thiol functional groups.
- For example, a radical initiator can function to promote reaction between activated ethylenically unsaturated groups such as (meth)acryloyl, (meth)acryloyloxy, styrenyl, and (meth)acrylamide groups.
- Radical initiators are a type of compound or system used for generating a source of radicals which then proceed to promote the desired crosslinking reaction. Radicals are typically generated through thermal induced homolytic scission of a suitable radical initiator compound (for example thermal radical initiators such as peroxides, peroxy esters or azo compounds), through redox initiating systems, photo-initiating systems or high energy radiation such as electron beam, X- or gamma-radiation. The radical initiator or radical initiation system is chosen to provide radicals at conditions under which the desired crosslinking reaction is intended to take place.
- Examples of radical initiators include thermal radical initiators such as one or more of the following compounds:
- 2,2′-azobis(isobutyronitrile), 2,2′-azobis(2-cyanobutane), dimethyl 2,2′-azobis(isobutyrate), 4,4′-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid), 1,1′-azobis(cyclohexanecarbonitrile), 2-(t-butylazo)-2-cyanopropane, 2,2′-azobis {2-methyl-N-[1,1-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]propionamide}, 2,2′-azobis[2-methyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)propionamide], 2,2′-azobis(N,N′-dimethyleneisobutyramidine) dihydrochloride, 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride, 2,2′-azobis(N,N′-dimethyleneisobutyramidine), 2,2′-azobis {2-methyl-N-[1,1-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]propionamide}, 2,2′-azobis {2-methyl-N-[1,1-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-ethyl]propionamide}, 2,2′-azobis[2-methyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)propionamide], 2,2′-azobis(isobutyramide) dihydrate, 2,2′-azobis(2,2,4-trimethylpentane), 2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropane), t-butyl peroxyacetate, t-butyl peroxybenzoate, t-butyl peroxyneodecanoate, t-butylperoxy isobutyrate, t-amyl peroxypivalate, t-butyl peroxypivalate, diisopropyl peroxydicarbonate, dicyclohexyl peroxydicarbonate, dicumyl peroxide, dibenzoyl peroxide, dilauroyl peroxide, potassium peroxydisulfate, ammonium peroxydisulfate, di-t-butyl hyponitrite, dicumyl hyponitrite. This list is not exhaustive.
- Suitable radical initiators also include photo-radical initiators such as benzoin derivatives, benzophenone, acyl phosphine oxides, phosphinate derivatives and photo-redox systems. Specific examples of such photo-radical initiators include photo radical initiators such as one or more of the following compounds: ethyl (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phenylphosphinate, bis-(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phenyl phosphine oxide), 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl-diphenylphosphine oxide, 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenyl-1-propanone, 2-hydroxy-1-[4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl]-2-methyl-1-propanone, [1-(4-[phenylsulfanylbenzoyl)heptylideneamino]benzoate, [1-[9-ethyl-6-(2-methylbenzoyl)carbazol-3-yl]ethylideneamino]acetate, and 2-benzyl-2-di methylamino-1-(4-morpholinophenyl)-butanone-1.
- Other suitable radical initiators include redox initiator systems such as combinations of the following oxidants and reductants:
-
- oxidants: potassium, peroxydisulfate, hydrogen peroxide, t-butyl hydroperoxide.
- reductants: iron (II), titanium (III), potassium thiosulfite, potassium bisulfite.
- Other suitable radical initiators are described in known texts. See, for example, Moad and Solomon “the Chemistry of Free Radical Polymerisation”, Pergamon, London, 1995, pp 53-95.
- The agent for promoting crosslinking of the crosslinkable functional groups may also be a catalyst. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that type of agent may be required where crosslinking is through reaction between a silane functional group and a non-activated vinyl functional group, known as a hydrosilylation reaction. Numerous catalyst systems are available for facilitating such hydrosilylation reactions. Suitable catalysts include, but are not limited to, platinum ruthenium, and rhodium catalysts, such as Speier's or Karstedt's catalysts.
- More specific examples of suitable catalysts include, but are not limited to, chloroplatinic acid hydrate, platinum(0)-1,3-divinyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane complex, platinum (II) acetylacetonate, tetrakis(1-phenyl-3-hexyl-triazenido) platinum, pentamethylcyclopentadienyltris(acetonitrile)-ruthenium(II) hexafluorophosphate, dichloro (p-cymene)ruthenium(II) dimer, pentamethylcyclopentadienyltris(acetonitrile)-ruthenium(II), hexafluorophosphatebenzylidenebis(tricyclohexylphosphine)dichloro-ruthenium(II), tris(triphenylphosphine)rhodium(I) chloride, (bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene)rhodium(I) chloride dimer, and bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)rhodium(I) tetrafluoroborate hydrate.
- While an agent for promoting crosslinking of the crosslinkable function groups is provided in the resin composition according to the invention, crosslinking of the crosslinkable functional groups will generally not take place until that composition is exposed to a suitable energy source such as heat and/or a particular wavelength of the electromagnetic spectrum. For example, where a catalyst or a thermal radical initiator is used the resin composition will need to be heated to a required temperature in order for the crosslinking reaction to proceed. Alternatively, where a photo-radical initiator is used the resin composition will need to be exposed to a suitable wavelength of the electromagnetic spectrum, for example in the ultraviolet region, for the crosslinking reaction to proceed.
- Temperatures at which thermal induced crosslinking may occur will depend on the thermal radical initiator used. Generally, thermal induced crosslinking will occur at temperatures ranging from about 15° C. to about 300° C., or form about 20° C. to about 180° C., or from about 30° C. to about 180° C., or from about 40° C. to about 180° C., or from about 50° C. to about 180° C.
- Wavelength(s) of the electromagnetic spectrum used to photo-induce crosslinking will depend on a number of factors, but primarily the type of photo-radical initiator used. Generally, photo-induced crosslinking will occur at wavelengths ranging from about 200 nm to about 600 nm, or from about 300 nm to about 550 nm.
- The resin composition according to the present invention may comprise one or more different polysiloxanes according to the invention that can undergo crosslinking. Such different polysiloxanes may undergo crosslinking with the aid of the same or different agent. For example, the resin composition may comprise polysiloxane(s) having two different types of crosslinkable functional groups, one type that requires the presence of a catalyst to undergo crosslinking and the other type that requires the presence of a radical initiator to undergo crosslinking. In that case, the catalyst and radical initiator system will generally be selected so as to promote crosslinking upon exposing the resin composition to different energy inputs. For example, the catalyst and radical initiator system may require a different temperature to promote crosslinking, or the radical initiator could be a photo-radical initiator (thereby requiring exposure a specific wavelength(s) of the electromagnetic spectrum).
- Providing the resin composition with crosslinkable functional groups that undergo crosslinking using different agents enables the composition to be crosslinked in a multistage process. Such multistage crosslinking might be desirable, for example, to enhance crosslinking between layers of the resin composition formed during a 3D printing process.
- To enable crosslinking to occur, the resin composition must of course contain a required complement of crosslinkable functional groups. That required complement may be provided by a single polysiloxane according to the invention. The resin composition may comprise two or more of such polysiloxanes which provide for the required complement of crosslinkable functional groups. Alternatively, the resin composition may comprise a polysiloxane according to the invention and one or more other reagents that provides for the required complement of reactive functional groups to enable crosslinking to occur.
- For example, the resin composition may comprise one or more reagents such as reactive diluent that comprises a crosslinkable functional group(s) selected from one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups, silyl hydride groups, alkylenethiol groups and combinations thereof. That reagent may itself be polysiloxane. Where a reagent other than a polysiloxane according to the invention is present in the resin composition and that reagent is a polysiloxane, it will be appreciated the intention is for such a “reagent” polysiloxane to not comprise a siloxane-thiourea segment.
- The present invention contemplates resin compositions comprising a number of permutations of a polysiloxane(s) according to the invention and optionally one or more other reagents comprising crosslinkable functional groups selected from one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups, silyl hydride groups, alkylenethiol groups and combinations thereof as described herein.
- For example, in embodiment the resin composition comprises (i) a polysiloxane comprising (a) a siloxane-thiourea segment, and (b) one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups, and (ii) a reactive diluent comprising one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups.
- In a further embodiment, the resin composition comprises (i) a polysiloxane comprising (a) a siloxane-thiourea segment, and (b) one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups, and (ii) a reactive diluent comprising two or more silyl hydride groups.
- In a further embodiment, the resin composition comprises (i) a polysiloxane comprising (a) a siloxane-thiourea segment, and (b) two or more silyl hydride groups, and (ii) a reactive diluent comprising one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups.
- In another embodiment, the resin composition comprises (i) a polysiloxane comprising (a) a siloxane-thiourea segment, and (b) two or more alkylenethiol groups, and (ii) a reactive diluent comprising one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups.
- In another embodiment, the resin composition comprises (i) a polysiloxane comprising (a) a siloxane-thiourea segment, and (b) one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups, and (ii) a reactive diluent comprising two or more alkylenethiol groups.
- Reference herein to “one or more” crosslinkable functional groups is intended to embrace “two or more” of such crosslinking functional groups.
- A “reactive diluent” used in accordance with the invention is intended to mean a compound or polymer that contains one or more functional group that can react to form at least one covalent bond with the crosslinked polysiloxane formed according to the invention. Typically, such a reactive diluent will react with the one or more crosslinkable groups of the polysiloxane during the crosslinking reaction so as to become covalently bound to the so formed crosslinked polysiloxane.
- Use of a reactive diluent may assist with formulation of the resin composition or its use in a given application. For example, a reactive diluent may be used to adjust the viscosity of the resin composition for use in adhesive, sealant and printing applications.
- Examples of suitable reactive diluents include, but are not limited to, 3-[tris(trimethylsiloxy)silyl]propyl methacrylate, mono- or bis-functional urethane acrylate, e.g. sold commercially as
Genomer 1122™ or CN991, dimethyl acrylamide, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, pentaerythritol tetramethacrylate, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-mercaptopropionate), trimethylolpropane tris(3-mercaptopropionate), 3-[tris(trimethylsiloxy)silyl]propyl methacrylate, vinyl terminated polydimethylsiloxane, vinyl terminated diphenylsiloxane-dimethylsiloxane copolymer, vinyl terminated polyphenylmethylsiloxane, vinyl terminated trifluoropropylmethylsiloxane-dimethylsiloxane copolymer, vinylmethylsiloxane-dimethylsiloxane copolymers (vinyl or hydride terminated), hydride terminated polydimethylsiloxane, α-monovinyl-ω-monohydride terminated polydimethylsiloxane, methylhydrosiloxane-dimethylsiloxane copolymer, methacryloxypropyl terminated polydimethylsiloxane, (3-acryloxy-2-hydroxypropoxy-propyl) terminated poly-dimethylsiloxane, (methacryloxypropyl)methylsiloxane-dimethylsiloxane copolymer, monomethacryloxypropyl functional polydimethylsiloxane, (bicycloheptenyl)ethyl terminated polydimethylsiloxane, mercaptopropyl terminated polydimethylsiloxane, (mercaptopropyl)methylsiloxane-dimethylsiloxane copolymer. - The resin composition according to the present invention may further comprise one or more additional components (i.e. additives). The need for including additional components will generally be determined by the intended application for the resin composition.
- Additives used in conventional polysiloxane based resins tend to precipitate out of solution over time due to their poor solubility thereby reducing the working time/shelf-life of the resins. Surprisingly, it has been found the polysiloxanes in accordance with the invention exhibit improved solubility of additives which in turn improves their working time/shelf-life and also broadens the range of additives that can be solubilized in the resin. Without wishing to be limited by theory, it is believed the siloxane-thiourea segment of the polysiloxanes plays in important role in the improvement in additive solubilisation.
- Additives such as nanoparticles, or conducting polymers such as polyaniline (PANI) may impart useful additional properties to articles produced from the polysiloxane/resin, for example high tear strength and conductivity.
- In one embodiment, the liquid resin composition is a homogeneous liquid phase.
- Provision of a liquid polysiloxane or resin composition with a homogeneous liquid phase is believed to enhance reaction chemistry during crosslinking affording crosslinked articles with improved properties, such as those described herein.
- Examples of other additives that may be included in the polysiloxane or resin include free radical inhibitors and photo-absorbers.
- In applications of the resin composition according to the invention where its viscosity may be an important parameter, for example in adhesive, sealant and printing applications, a number of factors may be taken into account to achieve a desired viscosity of the composition.
- In one embodiment, the resin composition in accordance with the invention has a viscosity ranging from about 100-10 000 mPa·s.
- Viscosity of the resin composition may be adjusted through manipulation of the polysiloxane molecular structure and/or its molecular weight, and also through use of the aforementioned reactive diluents.
- Moreover, there are several 3D printing techniques that typically use photocurable resins including inkjet, stereolithography (SLA), digital light processing (DLP), and material extrusion. Each of those different processes work best with a preferred viscosity range (inkjet the lowest, DLP/SLA moderate and material extrusion being the highest). Hence, a formulation that has too high viscosity or too low viscosity for one process may be more suitable for an alternative 3D process. In addition, the temperature of the 3D printing conditions may also be altered to allow a more viscous formulations to be 3D printed for a selected 3D printing technique.
- The resin composition may, for example, comprise a radical inhibitor. Use of a radical inhibitor may assist with formulation of the resin composition or its use in a given application. For example, low concentrations of radical inhibitors are required to prevent premature gelation of acrylates on storage.
- Examples of inhibitors that may be used in the resin composition according to the invention include, but are not limited to, butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) and methoxy hydroquinone (MEHQ), which are two of the most common radical inhibitors. The inhibitors and are normally used at concentrations from 50 to 200 ppm.
- The resin composition in accordance with the invention may further comprise a photo-absorber. A photo-absorber may be used in the composition when the agent for inhibiting crosslinking of the crosslinkable functional group(s) of the polysiloxane is a photo-radical initiator. The photo-absorber reduces the depth of cure from the light source so that the curing occurs in a more controlled volume, so its purpose is to reduce curing from ‘stray’ light.
- Examples of photo-absorbers include, but are not limited to, isopropyl thioxanthone, 2,5-bis(5-tert-butyl-2-benzoxazolyl) thiophene (Uvitex OB™), 2-ethyl-9,10-dimethoxy anthracene (EDMA), 1,4-bis(2-dimethylstyryl)benzene (BMSB), 2-(4,6-Diphenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-5-[(hexyl)oxy]-phenol, 2-Ethylhexyl-2-cyano-3,3-diphenylpropenoate, N,N′-Bis(4-ethoxycarbonylphenyl)-N-benzylformamidine, 2,2′-dihydroxy-4,4′-dimethoxy-benzophenon, 2,2′-p-phenylenebis-4H-3,1-benzoxazin-4-one, N-(Ethoxycarbonylphenyl)-N′-methyl-N′-phenyl formamidine, 2-(2-Hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazine, 2-(2′-Hydroxy-3′-t-butyl-5′-methylphenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole, 2-(2′-hydroxy-3′,5′-di-t-butylphenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole, Phenol 2,2′-methylene(6-(2h-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-(1,1,3,3tetramethylbutyl)) and 2-(2′-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)-5-benzotriazole, 1,5-dibenzamidoanthraquinone.
- If used in the resin composition, a photo-absorber will generally be present in an amount ranging from about 0.01 wt % to about 2 wt %, or about 0.05 to about 0.1 wt %.
- The resin composition according to the present invention may comprise as an additive particulate material, for example nanoparticulate material. That particulate material may be solid particulate material.
- As used herein, the expression “nanoparticulate material” is intended to mean particulate material having at least one dimension that is less than 100 nm. In some embodiment, all dimensions of the nanoparticulate material are less than 100 nm.
- Examples of suitable particulate material, including nanoparticulate material, include, but a are not limited to, fumed silica, allyl substituted poly(Isobutylsilsesquioxane), T8 cube with single substitution, silver nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, nickel nanoparticles, nano-cellulose particles, nano-fibres, clays, graphene, graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes.
- Where the resin composition comprises solid particulate material, the solid particulate material may be dispersed throughout homogeneous liquid phase of the resin composition.
- The present invention also provides a silicone article comprising a crosslinked form of the polysiloxane according to the invention.
- Such a silicone article will generally be produced using a resin composition according to the invention. Accordingly, the silicone article may also be described as comprising a crosslinked form of the resin composition according to the invention. Either way, it will be appreciated “a crosslinked form” of the resin composition or the polysiloxane is intended to mean the silicone article comprises polysiloxane according to the invention that has undergone crosslinking to form a thermoset polymer structure. Such articles will therefore comprise the crosslinked reaction residues of the crosslinkable functional groups.
- The article according to the present invention can take the form of any desired shape, with that shape typically being dictated by the technique used to form the article. The article may be in the form of simple or complex shapes.
- Examples of techniques that may be used to form an article according to the present invention include, but are not limited to, extrusion, moulding (e.g. injection moulding), printing, including 3D printing.
- In one embodiment, the article is formed using a printing technique, for example a 3D printing technique.
- Examples of 3D printing techniques include, but are not limited to, vat photopolymerization, which includes stereolithography (SLA), digital light processing (DLP); material extrusion; and material Jetting (MJ)/Polyj et, i.e. inkjet. A silicone article according to the present invention can advantageously exhibit improved properties relative to silicone articles produced using conventional polysiloxanes (i.e. those not containing a siloxane-thiourea segment).
- For example, articles produced using the polysiloxane according to the present invention can exhibit excellent adhesion, elastomeric and/or self-healing properties.
- By such an article exhibiting “self-healing properties” is intended to mean the article presents an ability to substantially heal otherwise irreversible defects such as microcracks and surface scratches, which can significantly reduce the load-bearing capacity properties of the article and shorten its application lifetime, or alternatively may provide for an undesirable appearance.
- As those skilled in the art will appreciate, elastomeric properties may be expressed in terms of flexibility and resilience. Articles according to the present invention can advantageously exhibit excellent flexibility and resilience.
- Polymers that exhibit rubber-like elasticity are commonly known as elastomers. Elastomers can be damaged by external factors. Elastomers can change their structure in an undesirable way, for example under the effect of elevated temperature, pressure, mechanical stress, the effect of chemicals like ozone, or external stress. Surface damage, cracks in particular, can thus develop. After the occurrence of the first crack or surface damage the material often is especially susceptible to further damage. For instance, an initially fine crack can become deeper with further stress and can lead to a situation where the material overall can no longer perform its function. For that reason, elastomers often have to be frequently checked and mended or replaced in many applications.
- Such damage is particularly problematic when the elastomers are used in, for example, (bio)medical applications. Materials used in medical implants could benefit from self-healing properties. Having self-healing properties might afford an added advantage to elastomers as it minimises the need for checking, mending and/or replacing
- By “self healing properties” is meant the polymer has an inherent capacity to repair defects including micro-cracks and surface scratches that occur in or on the polymer.
- The polysiloxanes according to the present invention exhibits hydrogen bonding between polysiloxane chains via the thiourea segment. Without wishing to be limited by theory, it is believed such hydrogen bonds between polysiloxane chains via the thiourea segment can increase the mechanical strength of the polymer. Increased elongation and tensile strength were demonstrated in Instron measurement of the cured polysiloxane-thiourea based polymer, in comparison to the cured conventional polysiloxane.
- In addition, the dynamic hydrogen bonding between thiourea polymer segment enables self-healing of the polymer.
- Self-healing properties can be also be introduced through incorporation into the polysiloxane of a moiety that provides for reversible covalent bond formation, such as norcantharimide through cycloaddition between furan and maleimide groups or other Diels-Alder product.
- A Diels-Alder reaction is a reversible reaction wherein the Diels-Alder adduct may undergo a so-called retro Diels-Alder reaction (rDA) to reform the diene and dienophile moieties from which they are derived. An example of the reversibility of the Diels-Alder reaction is shown in
Scheme 10 below, where heating the Diels-Alder adduct (on the right hand side of the reaction) causes regeneration of the substituted furan (diene) and the substituted maleimide (dienophile) upon cooling (on the left hand side of the reaction). - Scheme 10: A Diels-Alder reaction (forward direction) and retro Diels-Alder reaction (backward direction). In accordance with the invention, R in
Scheme 10 would represent a coupling point within the polysiloxane structure. - In one embodiment, the polysiloxane comprises a Diels-Alder adduct that can undergo a retro Diels-Alder reaction.
- The present invention provides a silicone article comprising a crosslinked form of the polysiloxane according to the invention. In one embodiment, that polysiloxane comprises a Diels-Alder adduct that can undergo a retro Diels-Alder reaction.
- As for the reversible covalent bond, in one embodiment, the polysiloxane contains also reversible covalent bonds between furan and bismaleimide through Diels-Alder cycloaddition. The self-healing property is attribute to the dual effects of hydrogen bonding from thiourea and dynamic covalent bond from Diels-Alder reaction.
- Resin compositions in accordance with the present invention are particularly well suited for use in printing applications, for example 3D printing applications. One embodiment of the invention uses the DLP printing technique, i.e.
Kudo 3D TitanDLP 3D printing is generally faster than SLA, inkjet (drop-on-demand) or extrusion printer. Typically, higher printing resolution (<100 μm) can be achieved. Once the 3D printing process is finished, the printed article can be cleaned (e.g. with isopropanol) to extract any unreacted (macro)monomers, and may then be subjected to further curing, for example by being subjected to UV light. - Polysiloxanes are a class of flexible and elastic materials that have high thermal and chemical stability. As such they are used in a number of high-performance application including medical devices. Currently 3D printable polysiloxane based resins are not commercially available. Most polysiloxanes are liquids and require a chemical reaction to induce crosslinking to form a solid (thermoset).
- The inherent high viscosity of polysiloxanes can be challenging for some 3D printing processes, e.g. DLP and inkjet. Therefore, reactive diluent can be added to decrease the viscosity. However, the limited solubility of other reactive component or diluent in polysiloxanes can be a problem. The use of solvent is typically avoided to avoid shrinkage problems. The polysiloxane according to this invention exhibits a benefit of improved miscibility with reactive diluents, for
example Genomer 1122™, which results in better mechanical property upon curing. In contrast, poor miscibility betweenGenomer 1122™ and conventional methacryloxypropyl terminated polydimethylsiloxane gives rise to poor mechanical properties of the cured article. - In addition to additive manufacturing methods, the invention is also useful in conventional manufacturing methods such as casting/moulding (compression, injection, extrusion etc.) and sealing (i.e. architecture and electronic) subsequent or as extruded light exposure to cure.
- The polysiloxane and resin composition of the present invention can advantageously be used as an adhesive material. The polysiloxane and resin composition has been found to exhibit high adhesive strength, adhering particularly well to glass, metal and/or plastic material.
- As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” designate both the singular and the plural, unless expressly stated to designate the singular only.
- The term “about” and the use of ranges in general, whether or not qualified by the term about, means that the number comprehended is not limited to the exact number set forth herein, and is intended to refer to ranges substantially within the quoted range while not departing from the scope of the invention. As used herein, “about” will be understood by persons of ordinary skill in the art and will vary to some extent on the context in which it is used. If there are uses of the term which are not clear to persons of ordinary skill in the art given the context in which it is used, “about” will mean up to plus or minus 10% of the particular term.
- All percentages (%) referred to herein are percentages by weight (w/w or w/v), unless otherwise indicated.
- The reference in this specification to any prior publication (or information derived from it), or to any matter which is known, is not, and should not be taken as an acknowledgment or admission or any form of suggestion that that prior publication (or information derived from it) or known matter forms part of the common general knowledge in the field of endeavour to which this specification relates.
- Throughout this specification and the claims which follow, unless the context requires otherwise, the word “comprise”, and variations such as “comprises” and “comprising”, will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or step or group of integers or steps but not the exclusion of any other integer or step or group of integers or steps.
- In this specification “optionally substituted” is taken to mean that a group may or may not be substituted or fused (so as to form a condensed polycyclic group) with one, two, three or more of organic and inorganic groups (i.e. the optional substituent) including those selected from: alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, acyl, aralkyl, alkaryl, alkheterocyclyl, alkheteroaryl, alkcarbocyclyl, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkynyl, haloaryl, halocarbocyclyl, haloheterocyclyl, haloheteroaryl, haloacyl, haloaryalkyl, hydroxy, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxyalkenyl, hydroxyalkynyl, hydroxycarbocyclyl, hydroxyaryl, hydroxyheterocyclyl, hydroxyheteroaryl, hydroxyacyl, hydroxyaralkyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxyalkenyl, alkoxyalkynyl, alkoxycarbocyclyl, alkoxyaryl, alkoxyheterocyclyl, alkoxyheteroaryl, alkoxyacyl, alkoxyaralkyl, alkoxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, aryloxy, carbocyclyloxy, aralkyloxy, heteroaryloxy, heterocyclyloxy, acyloxy, haloalkoxy, haloalkenyloxy, haloalkynyloxy, haloaryloxy, halocarbocyclyloxy, haloaralkyloxy, haloheteroaryloxy, haloheterocyclyloxy, haloacyloxy, nitro, nitroalkyl, nitroalkenyl, nitroalkynyl, nitroaryl, nitroheterocyclyl, nitroheteroayl, nitrocarbocyclyl, nitroacyl, nitroaralkyl, amino (NH2), alkylamino, dialkylamino, alkenylamino, alkynylamino, acylamino, diarylamino, aralkylamino, diaralkylamino, acylamino, diacylamino, heterocyclamino, heteroarylamino, carboxy, carboxyester, amido, alkylsulphonyloxy, arylsulphenyloxy, alkylsulphenyl, arylsulphenyl, thio, alkylthio, alkenylthio, alkynylthio, arylthio, aralkylthio, carbocyclylthio, heterocyclylthio, heteroarylthio, acylthio, sulfoxide, sulfonyl, sulfonamide, aminoalkyl, aminoalkenyl, aminoalkynyl, aminocarbocyclyl, aminoaryl, aminoheterocyclyl, aminoheteroaryl, aminoacyl, aminoaralkyl, thioalkyl, thioalkenyl, thioalkynyl, thiocarbocyclyl, thioaryl, thioheterocyclyl, thioheteroaryl, thioacyl, thioaralkyl, carboxyalkyl, carboxyalkenyl, carboxyalkynyl, carboxycarbocyclyl, carboxyaryl, carboxyheterocyclyl, carboxyheteroaryl, carboxyacyl, carboxyaralkyl, carboxyesteralkyl, carboxyesteralkenyl, carboxyesteralkynyl, carboxyestercarbocyclyl, carboxyesteraryl, carboxyesterheterocyclyl, carboxyesterheteroaryl, carboxyesteracyl, carboxyesteraralkyl, amidoalkyl, amidoalkenyl, amidoalkynyl, amidocarbocyclyl, amidoaryl, amidoheterocyclyl, amidoheteroaryl, amidoacyl, amidoaralkyl, formylalkyl, formylalkenyl, formylalkynyl, formylcarbocyclyl, formylaryl, formylheterocyclyl, formylheteroaryl, formylacyl, formylaralkyl, acylalkyl, acylalkenyl, acylalkynyl, acylcarbocyclyl, acylaryl, acylheterocyclyl, acylheteroaryl, acylacyl, acylaralkyl, sulfoxidealkyl, sulfoxidealkenyl, sulfoxidealkynyl, sulfoxidecarbocyclyl, sulfoxidearyl, sulfoxideheterocyclyl, sulfoxideheteroaryl, sulfoxideacyl, sulfoxidearalkyl, sulfonylalkyl, sulfonylalkenyl, sulfonylalkynyl, sulfonylcarbocyclyl, sulfonylaryl, sulfonylheterocyclyl, sulfonylheteroaryl, sulfonylacyl, sulfonylaralkyl, sulfonamidoalkyl, sulfonamidoalkenyl, sulfonamidoalkynyl, sulfonamidocarbocyclyl, sulfonamidoaryl, sulfonamidoheterocyclyl, sulfonamidoheteroaryl, sulfonamidoacyl, sulfonamidoaralkyl, nitroalkyl, nitroalkenyl, nitroalkynyl, nitrocarbocyclyl, nitroaryl, nitroheterocyclyl, nitroheteroaryl, nitroacyl, nitroaralkyl, cyano, sulfate and phosphate groups.
- In some embodiments, it may be desirable that a group is optionally substituted with a polymer chain. An example of such a polymer chain includes a polysiloxane, polyether, polyester, polyurethane, or copolymers thereof.
- Optional substituents may include the aforementioned polymer chains, alkyl (e.g. C1-6 alkyl such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl), hydroxyalkyl (e.g. hydroxymethyl, hydroxyethyl, hydroxypropyl), alkoxyalkyl (e.g. methoxymethyl, methoxyethyl, methoxypropyl, ethoxymethyl, ethoxyethyl, ethoxypropyl etc) alkoxy (e.g. C1-6 alkoxy such as methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, cyclopropoxy, cyclobutoxy), halo, trifluoromethyl, trichloromethyl, tribromomethyl, hydroxy, phenyl (which itself may be further substituted e.g., by C1-6 alkyl, halo, hydroxy, hydroxyC1-6 alkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, haloC1-6alkyl, cyano, nitro OC(O)C1-6 alkyl, and amino), benzyl (wherein benzyl itself may be further substituted e.g., by C1-6 alkyl, halo, hydroxy, hydroxyC1-6alkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, haloC1-6 alkyl, cyano, nitro OC(O)C1-6 alkyl, and amino), phenoxy (wherein phenyl itself may be further substituted e.g., by C1-6 alkyl, halo, hydroxy, hydroxyC1-6 alkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, haloC1-6 alkyl, cyano, nitro OC(O)C1-6 alkyl, and amino), benzyloxy (wherein benzyl itself may be further substituted e.g., by C1-6 alkyl, halo, hydroxy, hydroxyC1-6 alkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, haloC1-6 alkyl, cyano, nitro OC(O)C1-6 alkyl, and amino), amino, alkylamino (e.g. C1-6 alkyl, such as methylamino, ethylamino, propylamino etc), dialkylamino (e.g. C1-6 alkyl, such as dimethylamino, diethylamino, dipropylamino), acylamino (e.g. NHC(O)CH3), phenylamino (wherein phenyl itself may be further substituted e.g., by C1-6 alkyl, halo, hydroxy hydroxyC1-6 alkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, haloC1-6 alkyl, cyano, nitro OC(O)C1-6 alkyl, and amino), nitro, formyl, —C(O)-alkyl (e.g. C1-6 alkyl, such as acetyl), O—C(O)-alkyl (e.g. C1-6alkyl, such as acetyloxy), benzoyl (wherein the phenyl group itself may be further substituted e.g., by C1-6 alkyl, halo, hydroxy hydroxyC1-6 alkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, haloC1-6 alkyl, cyano, nitro OC(O)C1-6alkyl, and amino), replacement of CH2 with C═O, CO2H, CO2alkyl (e.g. C1-6 alkyl such as methyl ester, ethyl ester, propyl ester, butyl ester), CO2phenyl (wherein phenyl itself may be further substituted e.g., by C1-6 alkyl, halo, hydroxy, hydroxyl C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, halo C1-6 alkyl, cyano, nitro OC(O)C1-6 alkyl, and amino), CONH2, CONHphenyl (wherein phenyl itself may be further substituted e.g., by C1-6 alkyl, halo, hydroxy, hydroxyl C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, halo C1-6 alkyl, cyano, nitro OC(O)C1-6 alkyl, and amino), CONHbenzyl (wherein benzyl itself may be further substituted e.g., by C1-6 alkyl, halo, hydroxy hydroxyl C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, halo C1-6 alkyl, cyano, nitro OC(O)C1-6 alkyl, and amino), CONHalkyl (e.g. C1-6 alkyl such as methyl ester, ethyl ester, propyl ester, butyl amide) CONHdialkyl (e.g. C1-6 alkyl) aminoalkyl (e.g., HN C1-6 alkyl-, C1-6alkylHN—C1-6 alkyl- and (C1-6 alkyl)2N—C1-6 alkyl-), thioalkyl (e.g., HS C1-6 alkyl-), carboxyalkyl (e.g., HO2CC1-6 alkyl-), carboxyesteralkyl (e.g., C1-6 alkylO2CC1-6 alkyl-), amidoalkyl (e.g., H2N(O)CC1-6 alkyl-, H(C1-6 alkyl)N(O)CC1-6 alkyl-), formylalkyl (e.g., OHCC1-6alkyl-), acylalkyl (e.g., C1-6 alkyl(O)CC1-6 alkyl-), nitroalkyl (e.g., O2NC1-6 alkyl-), sulfoxidealkyl (e.g., R3(O)SC1-6 alkyl, such as C1-6 alkyl(O)SC1-6 alkyl-), sulfonylalkyl (e.g., R3(O)2SC1-6 alkyl-such as C1-6 alkyl(O)2SC1-6 alkyl-), sulfonamidoalkyl (e.g., 2HRN(O)SC1-6 alkyl, H(C1-6 alkyl)N(O)SC1-6 alkyl-).
- As used herein, the term “alkyl”, used either alone or in compound words denotes straight chain, branched or cyclic alkyl, for example C1-40 alkyl, or C1-20 or C1-10. Examples of straight chain and branched alkyl include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, 1,2-dimethylpropyl, 1,1-dimethyl-propyl, hexyl, 4-methylpentyl, 1-methylpentyl, 2-methylpentyl, 3-methylpentyl,1,1-dimethylbutyl, 2,2-dimethylbutyl, 3,3-dimethylbutyl, 1,2-dimethylbutyl, 1,3-dimethylbutyl, 1,2,2-trimethylpropyl, 1,1,2-trimethylpropyl, heptyl, 5-methylhexyl, 1-methylhexyl, 2,2-dimethylpentyl, 3,3-dimethylpentyl, 4,4-dimethylpentyl, 1,2-dimethylpentyl, 1,3-dimethylpentyl, 1,4-dimethyl-pentyl, 1,2,3-trimethylbutyl, 1,1,2-trimethylbutyl, 1,1,3-trimethylbutyl, octyl, 6-methylheptyl, 1-methylheptyl, 1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl, nonyl, 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-methyloctyl, 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- or 5-ethylheptyl, 1-, 2- or 3-propylhexyl, decyl, 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7- and 8-methylnonyl, 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5- or 6-ethyloctyl, 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-propylheptyl, undecyl, 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, 8- or 9-methyldecyl, 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-ethylnonyl, 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- or 5-propyloctyl, 1-, 2- or 3-butylheptyl, 1-pentylhexyl, dodecyl, 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, 8-, 9- or 10-methylundecyl, 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7- or 8-ethyldecyl, 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5- or 6-propylnonyl, 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-butyloctyl, 1-2-pentylheptyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, nonoadecyl, eicosyl and the like. Examples of cyclic alkyl include mono- or polycyclic alkyl groups such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl, cyclodecyl and the like. Where an alkyl group is referred to generally as “propyl”, butyl” etc, it will be understood that this can refer to any of straight, branched and cyclic isomers where appropriate. An alkyl group may be optionally substituted by one or more optional substituents as herein defined.
- As used herein, term “alkenyl” denotes groups formed from straight chain, branched or cyclic hydrocarbon residues containing at least one carbon to carbon double bond including ethylenically mono-, di- or polyunsaturated alkyl or cycloalkyl groups as previously defined, for example C2-40 alkenyl, or C2-20 or C2-10. Thus, alkenyl is intended to include propenyl, butylenyl, pentenyl, hexaenyl, heptaenyl, octaenyl, nonaenyl, decenyl, undecenyl, dodecenyl, tridecenyl, tetradecenyl, pentadecenyl, hexadecenyl, heptadecenyl, octadecenyl, nondecenyl, eicosenyl hydrocarbon groups with one or more carbon to carbon double bonds. Examples of alkenyl include vinyl, allyl, 1-methylvinyl, butenyl, iso-butenyl, 3-methyl-2-butenyl, 1-pentenyl, cyclopentenyl, 1-methyl-cyclopentenyl, 1-hexenyl, 3-hexenyl, cyclohexenyl, 1-heptenyl, 3-heptenyl, bicycloheptenyl, 1-octenyl, cyclooctenyl, 1-nonenyl, 2-nonenyl, 3-nonenyl, 1-decenyl, 3-decenyl, 1,3-butadienyl, 1,4-pentadienyl, 1,3-cyclopentadienyl, 1,3-hexadienyl, 1,4-hexadienyl, 1,3-cyclohexadienyl, 1,4-cyclohexadienyl, 1,3-cycloheptadienyl, 1,3,5-cycloheptatrienyl and 1,3,5,7-cyclooctatetraenyl. An alkenyl group may be optionally substituted by one or more optional substituents as herein defined.
- As used herein the term “alkynyl” denotes groups formed from straight chain, branched or cyclic hydrocarbon residues containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond including ethylenically mono-, di- or polyunsaturated alkyl or cycloalkyl groups as previously defined, for example, C2-40 alkenyl, or C2-20 or C2-10. Thus, alkynyl is intended to include propynyl, butylynyl, pentynyl, hexaynyl, heptaynyl, octaynyl, nonaynyl, decynyl, undecynyl, dodecynyl, tridecynyl, tetradecynyl, pentadecynyl, hexadecynyl, heptadecynyl, octadecynyl, nondecynyl, eicosynyl hydrocarbon groups with one or more carbon to carbon triple bonds. Examples of alkynyl include ethynyl, 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl, and butynyl isomers, and pentynyl isomers. An alkynyl group may be optionally substituted by one or more optional substituents as herein defined.
- An alkenyl group may comprise a carbon to carbon triple bond and an alkynyl group may comprise a carbon to carbon double bond (i.e. so called ene-yne or yne-ene groups).
- As used herein, the term “aryl” (or “carboaryl)” denotes any of single, polynuclear, conjugated and fused residues of aromatic hydrocarbon ring systems. Examples of aryl include phenyl, biphenyl, terphenyl, quaterphenyl, naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, anthracenyl, dihydroanthracenyl, benzanthracenyl, dibenzanthracenyl, phenanthrenyl, fluorenyl, pyrenyl, idenyl, azulenyl, chrysenyl. Preferred aryl include phenyl and naphthyl. An aryl group may be optionally substituted by one or more optional substituents as herein defined.
- As used herein, the terms “alkylene”, “alkenylene”, and “arylene” are intended to denote the divalent forms of “alkyl”, “alkenyl”, and “aryl”, respectively, as herein defined.
- The term “halogen” (“halo”) denotes fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine (fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo). Preferred halogens are chlorine, bromine or iodine.
- The term “carbocyclyl” includes any of non-aromatic monocyclic, polycyclic, fused or conjugated hydrocarbon residues, preferably C3-20 (e.g. C3-10 or C3-8). The rings may be saturated, e.g. cycloalkyl, or may possess one or more double bonds (cycloalkenyl) and/or one or more triple bonds (cycloalkynyl). Particularly preferred carbocyclyl moieties are 5-6-membered or 9-10 membered ring systems. Suitable examples include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl, cyclodecyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclooctenyl, cyclopentadienyl, cyclohexadienyl, cyclooctatetraenyl, indanyl, decalinyl and indenyl.
- The term “heterocyclyl” when used alone or in compound words includes any of monocyclic, polycyclic, fused or conjugated hydrocarbon residues, preferably C3-20 (e.g. C3-10 or C3-8) wherein one or more carbon atoms are replaced by a heteroatom so as to provide a non-aromatic residue. Suitable heteroatoms include O, N, S, P and Se, particularly O, N and S. Where two or more carbon atoms are replaced, this may be by two or more of the same heteroatom or by different heteroatoms. The heterocyclyl group may be saturated or partially unsaturated, i.e. possess one or more double bonds. Particularly preferred heterocyclyl are 5-6 and 9-10 membered heterocyclyl. Suitable examples of heterocyclyl groups may include azridinyl, oxiranyl, thiiranyl, azetidinyl, oxetanyl, thietanyl, 2H-pyrrolyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolinyl, piperidyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, indolinyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, thiomorpholinyl, dioxanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydropyrrolyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, pyrazolinyl, dioxalanyl, thiazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, dihydropyranyl, oxazinyl, thiazinyl, thiomorpholinyl, oxathianyl, dithianyl, trioxanyl, thiadiazinyl, dithiazinyl, trithianyl, azepinyl, oxepinyl, thiepinyl, indenyl, indanyl, 3H-indolyl, isoindolinyl, 4H-quinolazinyl, chromenyl, chromanyl, isochromanyl, pyranyl and dihydropyranyl.
- The term “heteroaryl” includes any of monocyclic, polycyclic, fused or conjugated hydrocarbon residues, wherein one or more carbon atoms are replaced by a heteroatom so as to provide an aromatic residue. Preferred heteroaryl have 3-20 ring atoms, e.g. 3-10. Particularly preferred heteroaryl are 5-6 and 9-10 membered bicyclic ring systems. Suitable heteroatoms include, O, N, S, P and Se, particularly O, N and S. Where two or more carbon atoms are replaced, this may be by two or more of the same heteroatom or by different heteroatoms. Suitable examples of heteroaryl groups may include pyridyl, pyrrolyl, thienyl, imidazolyl, furanyl, benzothienyl, isobenzothienyl, benzofuranyl, isobenzofuranyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, indolizinyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, phthalazinyl, 1,5-naphthyridinyl, quinozalinyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, triazolyl, oxadialzolyl, oxatriazolyl, triazinyl, and furazanyl.
- The term “acyl” either alone or in compound words denotes a group containing the agent C═O (and not being a carboxylic acid, ester or amide) Preferred acyl includes C(O)—Rx, wherein Rx is hydrogen or an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, carbocyclyl, or heterocyclyl residue. Examples of acyl include formyl, straight chain or branched alkanoyl (e.g. C1-20) such as, acetyl, propanoyl, butanoyl, 2-methylpropanoyl, pentanoyl, 2,2-dimethylpropanoyl, hexanoyl, heptanoyl, octanoyl, nonanoyl, decanoyl, undecanoyl, dodecanoyl, tridecanoyl, tetradecanoyl, pentadecanoyl, hexadecanoyl, heptadecanoyl, octadecanoyl, nonadecanoyl and icosanoyl; cycloalkylcarbonyl such as cyclopropylcarbonyl cyclobutylcarbonyl, cyclopentylcarbonyl and cyclohexylcarbonyl; aroyl such as benzoyl, toluoyl and naphthoyl; aralkanoyl such as phenylalkanoyl (e.g. phenylacetyl, phenylpropanoyl, phenylbutanoyl, phenylisobutylyl, phenylpentanoyl and phenylhexanoyl) and naphthylalkanoyl (e.g. naphthylacetyl, naphthylpropanoyl and naphthylbutanoyl]; aralkenoyl such as phenylalkenoyl (e.g. phenylpropenoyl, phenylbutenoyl, phenylmethacryloyl, phenylpentenoyl and phenylhexenoyl and naphthylalkenoyl (e.g. naphthylpropenoyl, naphthylbutenoyl and naphthylpentenoyl); aryloxyalkanoyl such as phenoxyacetyl and phenoxypropionyl; arylthiocarbamoyl such as phenylthiocarbamoyl; arylglyoxyloyl such as phenylglyoxyloyl and naphthylglyoxyloyl; arylsulfonyl such as phenylsulfonyl and napthylsulfonyl; heterocycliccarbonyl; heterocyclicalkanoyl such as thienylacetyl, thienylpropanoyl, thienylbutanoyl, thienylpentanoyl, thienylhexanoyl, thiazolylacetyl, thiadiazolylacetyl and tetrazolylacetyl;
- heterocyclicalkenoyl such as heterocyclicpropenoyl, heterocyclicbutenoyl, heterocyclicpentenoyl and heterocyclichexenoyl; and heterocyclicglyoxyloyl such as thiazolyglyoxyloyl and thienylglyoxyloyl. The Rx residue may be optionally substituted as described herein.
- The term “sulfoxide”, either alone or in a compound word, refers to a group —S(O)Ry wherein Ry is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, carbocyclyl, and aralkyl. Examples of preferred Ry include C1-20alkyl, phenyl and benzyl.
- The term “sulfonyl”, either alone or in a compound word, refers to a group S(O)2—Ry, wherein Ry is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, carbocyclyl and aralkyl. Examples of preferred Ry include C1-20alkyl, phenyl and benzyl.
- The term “sulfonamide”, either alone or in a compound word, refers to a group S(O)NRyRy wherein each Ry is independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, carbocyclyl, and aralkyl. Examples of preferred Ry include
- C1-20alkyl, phenyl and benzyl. In a preferred embodiment at least one Ry is hydrogen. In another form, both Ry are hydrogen.
- The term, “amino” is used here in its broadest sense as understood in the art and includes groups of the formula NRARB wherein RA and RB may be any independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, carbocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aralkyl, and acyl. RA and RB, together with the nitrogen to which they are attached, may also form a monocyclic, or polycyclic ring system e.g. a 3-10 membered ring, particularly, 5-6 and 9-10 membered systems. Examples of “amino” include NH2, NHalkyl (e.g. C1-20alkyl), NHaryl (e.g. NHphenyl), NHaralkyl (e.g. NHbenzyl), NHacyl (e.g. NHC(O)C1-20alkyl, NHC(O)phenyl), Nalkylalkyl (wherein each alkyl, for example C1-20, may be the same or different) and 5 or 6 membered rings, optionally containing one or more same or different heteroatoms (e.g. O, N and S).
- The term “amido” is used here in its broadest sense as understood in the art and includes groups having the formula C(O)NRARB, wherein RA and RB are as defined as above. Examples of amido include C(O)NH2, C(O)NHalkyl (e.g. C1-20alkyl), C(O)NHaryl (e.g. C(O)NHphenyl), C(O)NHaralkyl (e.g. C(O)NHbenzyl), C(O)NHacyl (e.g. C(O)NHC(O)C1-20alkyl, C(O)NHC(O)phenyl), C(O)Nalkylalkyl (wherein each alkyl, for example C1-20, may be the same or different) and 5 or 6 membered rings, optionally containing one or more same or different heteroatoms (e.g. O, N and S).
- The term “carboxy ester” is used here in its broadest sense as understood in the art and includes groups having the formula CO2Rz, wherein Rz may be selected from groups including alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, carbocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aralkyl, and acyl. Examples of carboxy ester include CO2C1-20alkyl, CO2aryl (e.g. CO2phenyl), CO2aralkyl (e.g. CO2benzyl).
- The term “heteroatom” or “hetero” as used herein in its broadest sense refers to any atom other than a carbon atom which may be a member of a cyclic organic group. Particular examples of heteroatoms include nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorous, boron, silicon, selenium and tellurium, more particularly nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.
- The invention will now be described with reference to the following examples. However, it is to be understood that the examples are provided by way of illustration of the invention and that they are in no way limiting to the scope of the invention.
- Chemicals and Materials:
- Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), bis (3-aminopropyl) terminated (average Mn=2,500) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich; Poly(dimethylsiloxane), bis (3-aminopropyl) terminated (average Mn=27,000) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich; Poly(dimethylsiloxane) bis(3-aminopropyl) terminated (Mn=5000 and 850) were purchased from Gelest. These PDMS materials were dried to remove water before further use. 1,1′-Thiocarbonyldiimidazole was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich; methacryloxypropyl terminated polydimethylsiloxanes with different molecular weights were purchased from Gelest. 2-Isocyanatoethyl methacrylate was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich; 1,3-bis(aminopropyl)tetramethyldisiloxane (“Short PDMS” or PDMS248) was purchased from Alfa Aesar. 3-[Tris(trimethylsiloxy)silyl]propyl methacrylate (“tris”) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.
GENOMER 1122, a monofunctional urethane acrylate, was purchased from Rahn USA Corp. The solvents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. These chemicals were used as obtained, unless otherwise specified. - To test the adhesive bonding strength of some of the embodiments the following method was used. An adhesive is applied to at least one adherend surface of the two adherends so as to have a thickness of 0.0001 to 5 mm, preferably 0.3 mm, and then the adherends are bonded to each other upon curing under light with wavelength ranging from 300-600 nm. A method in which the adhesive is cured under the conditions of 140 mW/cm2 and irradiation time of 1 to 60 seconds to adhere the adherend is preferable.
- A PDMS-thiourea was prepared according to the following reaction scheme:
- In a typical example, poly(dimethylsiloxane) bis(3-aminopropyl) terminated (Mn=2,500, 10.32 g, 0.0041 mol) was added to a 100 mL round bottomed flask. 1,1′-thiocarbonyldiimidazole (0.62 g, 0.0035 mol) and THF (20 ml) were then added, and the mixture was stirred for 24 h at 60° C. under the dry N2. Then excessive 2-isocyanatoethyl methacrylate was added to the reaction solution and stirred from another three hours. Then the reaction solution was precipitated in methanol and viscous liquid was obtained. The product was precipitated three times from THF/methanol. The product was then dried in a vacuum oven for two days, yielding PDMS-thiourea (P3 in Table 1) in the form of clear yellow viscous oil.
- Various PDMS-thiourea polymers were prepared in the same way, using PDMS precursors with differing molecular weight, as seen in Table 1 (P1˜P3, P5 and P9).
- A PDMS-thiourea comprising a Diels-Alder adduct was prepared according to the following reaction scheme:
- In a typical example, Poly(dimethylsiloxane) bis(3-aminopropyl) terminated (Mn=2,500, 11.63 g, 0.0023 mol) were added to a 100 mL round bottomed flask. 1,1′-thiocarbonyldiimidazole (0.445 g, 0.0025 mol) and THF (20 ml) were then added, and the mixture was stirred for 2 h at 60° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. At the meantime 0.051 g furfuryl amine (0.00052 mol) and 0.094 g bismaleimide (0.00026 mol) was mixed in anhydrous THF at 60° C. for 2 h. The resultant mixture was added to the previous solution dropwise and continued to react for 24 h. Finally, excessive 2-Isocyanatoethyl methacrylate was added to the reaction solution and stirred from another three hours. Then the reaction solution was precipitated in methanol and the final product was obtained. The product was precipitated three times from THF/methanol and then dried in a vacuum oven for two days, yielding PDMS-DA (9:1)-thiourea polymer (P17 in Table 1) in the form of brown viscous liquid.
-
TABLE 1 Synthesis of PDMS-thiourea, PDMS-urea and PDMS-urethane SEC Batch Chain Mw Viscositya code extender Starting PDMS (THF) Ð Pa·s P1 Sigma-Aldrich Mn~248 4,300 1.90 2,500 P2 Sigma-Aldrich Mn~850 7,300 1.82 300 P3 Sigma-Aldrich Mn~2.5k 18,200 1.49 30 P4 Sigma-Aldrich Mn~2.5k 21,700 1.47 210 P5 Gelest DMS-A21 Mn~5k 29,700 1.24 50 P6 Mixture in 75:25 molar ratio: 1. Gelest DMS-A21(5K) 2. Short PDMS 33,900 2.09 40 P7 Mixture in 50:50 molar ratio: 1. Gelest DMS-A21(5K) 2. Short PDMS 51,000 2.66 320 P8 Mixture in 25:75 molar ratio: 1. Gelest DMS-A21(5K) 2. Short PDMS 20,300 2.27 90 P9 Sigma-Aldrich Mn~27k 111,400 1.50 450 P10 Mixture in 75:25 molar ratio: 1. Sigma-Aldrich (27k) 2. Short PDMS 113,500 1.51 790 P11 Mixture in 50:50 molar ratio: 1. Sigma-Aldrich (27k) 2. Short PDMS 66,100 1.51 1,300 P12 Mixture in 25:75 molar ratio: 1. Sigma-Aldrich (27k) 2. Short PDMS 59,500 1.56 500 P13 Sigma-Aldrich Mn~27k 100,200 1.83 130 P14 Mixture in 75:25 molar ratio: 1. Sigma-Aldrich (27k) 2. Short PDMS 95,100 1.72 190 P15 Mixture in 50:50 molar ratio: 1. Sigma-Aldrich (27k) 2. Short PDMS 77,900 1.75 800 P16 Mixture in 25:75 molar ratio: 1. Sigma-Aldrich (27k) 2. Short PDMS 63,600 1.65 1,140 P17 Mixture in 90:10 molar ratio: 1. Gelest DMS-A21(5K) 2. Furfuryl amine (FA) and Bismaleimide (BMI) 41,600 1.76 90 P18 Mixture in 75:25 molar ratio: 1. Gelest DMS-A21(5K) 2. Furfuryl amine (FA) and Bismaleimide (BMI) 26,100 1.51 7,700 aat shear rate of 0.1 s−1, 20° C. - In order to adjust the thiourea ratio and increase the hydrogen bonding density in the polymer, short PDMS with only one —Si(CH3)2—O— unit was mixed into the PDMS-thiourea polymer. A reaction scheme for synthesis of PDMS (L)-PDMS (S)-thiourea polymer is shown below:
- In a typical example, 1,3-bis(aminopropyl) tetramethyldisiloxane (0.130 g, 0.0005 mol) and Poly(dimethylsiloxane) bis(3-aminopropyl) terminated (Mn=27,000, 13.12 g, 0.0005 mol) with certain ratio were added to a 100 mL round bottomed flask. 1,1′-thiocarbonyldiimidazole (0.178 g, 0.001 mol) and THF (20 ml) were then added, and the mixture was stirred for 24 h at 60° C. under the dry N2. Then excessive 2-Isocyanatoethyl methacrylate was added to the reaction solution and stirred from another three hours. Then the reaction solution was precipitated in methanol and viscous oil was obtained. The product was precipitated three times from THF/methanol and then dried in a vacuum oven for two days, yielding PDMS (L)-PDMS (S)-thiourea (P11 in Table 1) in the form of pale-yellow viscous oil.
- Various PDMS (L)-PDMS (S)-thiourea polymers with different ratio were prepared in the same way, using PDMS precursors with differing molecular weight and different precursor siloxane ratios, as seen in Table 1 (P6, P7, P8, P10, P11, P12).
- PDMS-urea polymers (P4 and P13 in Table 1) was prepared by the methodology of example 1, except that 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole was used instead of 1,1′-thiocarbonyldiimidazole.
- Similarly, PDMS (L)-PDMS (S)-urea polymers (P14-P16 in Table 1) were prepared by the method of example 2, except that 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole was used instead of 1,1′-thiocarbonyldiimidazole.
- The polymers were characterised by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR, 11B-NMR, 13C-NMR, 19F-NMR, 29Si-NMR), confirming the expected structures. The NMR experiments were performed on the devices Bruker
Avance III HD 400 MHz spectrometer (1H, 400.1 MHz, 11B, 128.3 MHz, 13C, 100.6 MHz, 29Si, 79.5 MHz),Bruker Avance III 400 MHz spectrometer (1H, 400.1 MHz, 11B, 128.3 MHz, 13C, 100.6 MHz, 19F, 376.5 MHz, 29Si, 79.5 MHz), and BrukerAvance III HD 500 MHz spectrometer (1H, 500.5 MHz, 13C, 125.8 MHz, 29). The experiments were performed with the sample held at 25±0.1° C. for routine analysis. The chemical shifts 8 of the individual peaks of the proton spectra are given in parts per million (ppm) and are calibrated to the internal residual proton signal of the deuterated solvent. 13C spectra were obtained via proton decoupling. The values of the coupling constants (J) are indicated in Hz. The following abbreviations were used to indicate the multiplicities: s=singlet, d=doublet, t=triplet, q=quartet, sept=septet, m=multiplet, br=broad. - For PDMS-thiourea polymer sample P3, the 1H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d6) spectrum was characterised as follows: δ 0.50-0.60 (br, —CH2Si(CH3)2—), δ 1.60-1.70 (br, —CH2CH2—), δ 3.42-3.59 (br, —C(S)NHCH2—), δ 5.10, 6.10 (—C(CH3)═CH2), δ 6.50 (br, —C(S)NH—). The average number of repeating units was estimated on the basis of the intensity ratio between the signals at δ 5.10 (—C(CH3)═CH2) and δ 3.42-3.59 (br, —C(S)NHCH2—) for PDMS segment; or δ 5.10 (—C(CH3)═CH2) and 6.50 ppm (thiourea-H) for thiourea segment.
- For PDMS-urea polymer sample P4, the 1H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d6) spectrum of was characterised as follows: δ 0.50-0.60 (br, —CH2Si(CH3)2—), δ 1.50 (br, —CH2CH2—), δ 2.96-3.20 (br, —C(O)NHCH2—), δ 5.57, 6.08 (—C(CH3)═CH2), δ 5.36-5.62 (br, —C(O)NH—). The average number of repeating units was estimated on the basis of the intensity ratio between the signals at δ 6.08 (1H, —C(CH3)═CH2) and δ 2.96-3.20 (br, —C(O)NHCH2—) for PDMS segment; or and δ 6.08 (1H, —C(CH3)═CH2) and δ 5.36-5.62 (br, —C(O)NH—) for urea segment.
- The polymers were also characterised by size exclusion chromatography (SEC). Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) was performed on a Waters SEC equipped with RI and UV detectors and Styrogel HT16 and HT3 columns run in series. THF was used as an eluent at a temperature of 40° C. and a constant flow rate of 1 mL min−1. The SEC system was calibrated using linear polystyrene standards, ranging from 1350 to 1 300 000 g/mol (Polymer Laboratories).
- The results are shown in Table 1. For the PDMS-(thio)urea polymers with PDMS (L) segments only, 1,1′-thiocarbonyldiimidazole or 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole was used as chain extender and three molecular weights of PDMS were mainly used in this study: 2.5k, 5k and 27k (P3, P4, P5, P9 and P13). For the PDMS (L)-PDMS (S)-thiourea polymers, PDMS5k and PDMS27k were used as long PDMS chain, while PDMS248 was used as short PDMS chain (P6-P8, P10-P12). With increasing ratio of short PDMS in the copolymers, the ratio of thiourea increases correspondingly. As a result, an increasing impact of hydrogen bonds on the polymer viscosity is expected because hydrogen bonds will enhance the interactions between polymer chains via non-covalent interactions. However, since molecular weight also contributes to the viscosity of the polymer, the copolymer has highest viscosity when long PDMS:short PDMS=50:50 (P7 and P11).
- The polymer precursors were characterised by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) tests. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra were recorded using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (PE Spectrum 100) for wavelengths ranging from 400 to 4000 cm−1. Infrared spectra were recorded on a Fourier transformed-infrared spectrometer (Perkin Elmer Spectrum Two, with a Universal ATR sampling accessory and diamond crystal, Perkin Elmer Instruments, The Netherlands).
- FTIR spectra were obtained for PDMS-thiourea polymers with different PDMS molecular weights, i.e. P9 (PDMS MW=27k), P5 (PDMS MW=5k), P3 (PDMS MW=2.5k), P2 (PDMS MW=850) and P1 (PDMS MW=248). The results demonstrated that all the PDMS-thiourea polymers show two broad vibrational bands at around 3,290 and 3,060 cm−1, which is in the range of the N—H stretching vibration, with the spectra strongly influenced by H-bonding. The peak around 3,290 cm−1 is assigned to the N—H stretching vibration peak, while the peak near 3,060 cm−1 is characteristic of a N—H deformation vibration of nonlinearly H-bonded thiourea units. With decreasing molecular weight of the PDMS segment, the ratio of thiourea units increases and there is thus an increasing amount of hydrogen bond interactions in the copolymers.
- FTIR spectra were also obtained for PDMS (L)-PDMS (S)-thiourea polymers P5, P6, P7 and P8, with different ratios of thiourea groups. Broad vibrational bands were again evident at around 3,290 and 3,060 cm−1, the former of which can be assigned to the N—H stretching vibration peak, while the latter is characteristic of a N—H deformation vibration of nonlinearly H-bonded thiourea units. By varying the ratio of long PDMS and short PDMS in the copolymers, the amount of H bonding could be adjusted corresponding to the amount of thiourea units.
- Irgacure 819 (100 mg) and Irgacure TPO-L (450 mg), Darocur 1173 (450 mg) photo-radical initiators were weighed into a glass vial. The three components were mixed thoroughly using a vortex mixer or a magnetic stirrer. This typically took about 24 hours for the solid to completely incorporate into the liquid, producing a clear yellow suspension.
- The PDMS-(thio)urea polymers (10 g) as prepared in examples 1-3 and a commercial methacryloxypropyl terminated PDMS lacking thiourea groups (Gelest, 10 g) were diluted in 20 ml dichloromethane (DCM) separately. The initiator mixture (0.1 g) was added to each solution, and mixed until a homogenous solution was obtained. The mixture solutions were kept covered using aluminium foil to minimise the exposure to light. A rotary evaporator was used to remove dichloromethane for each solution. Residual solvent was dried using a high vacuum pump.
- For the diluted samples, taking F21 in Table 2 as an example, PDMS5K-PDMS248 (100:0)-thiourea (2.4 g), 3-[Tris(trimethylsiloxy)silyl]propyl methacrylate (Tris, 2.4 g) and Genomer 1122 (2.4 g) were added into a vial and stirred for three hours. The initiator mixture (72 mg) was then added to the solution and continued stirred overnight. The mixture solutions were kept covered using aluminium foil to minimise the exposure to light before use.
- Dog-bone specimens (Type V, ASTM638) were prepared by pouring the resin solution into the metal mould, followed by UV crosslinking under the UV lamp (Wavelength 365 nm,
Intensity 150 mW·cm2) for 30 min. Then the dog-bone specimen was peeled off from metal mould for further characterization. - Formulations of PDMS based resin were prepared as summarized in Table 2. Reactive prior art polymers (commercial methacryloxypropyl terminated PDMS) were purchased (C1-C9), formulated into resins as outlined in examples 5. The formulations were prepared and cured into dog bone shaped samples as outlined in example 5.
- Typically, crosslinkable polysiloxanes are viscous and required to be mixed with reactive diluents to be processable and printable using, for instance, DLP. In these experiments, 3-[tris(trimethylsiloxy)silyl]propyl methacrylate was used as reactive diluent for its siloxane functionality and
Genomer 1122™ was used due to the additional hydrogen bonding potentially contributed through the urethane group. The main challenge for incorporation of these reactive diluents in the polysiloxane crosslinked network is their miscibility. Phase separation will likely contribute to poor mechanical stability as well, which were exhibited by reactive urea-siloxane and siloxane only. Reactive siloxane-thiourea has better miscibility with the reactive diluents, and the resultant hydrogen bonding between the each thiourea segment as well as the urethane seemed to impart better mechanical properties in the tensile measurement. - As shown in Table 2, resins C1-C9 based on commercial methacryloxypropyl terminated PDMS (Gelest, product codes DMS-R31, RMS-033 and DMS-R22) had a lower photo crosslinking rate compared with those containing crosslinkable PDMS-thiourea polymers according to the invention (The photo-crosslinking rates were characterized via photorheology test, which is described in example 8). Moreover, the miscibility of commercial PDMS with reactive diluents (3-[Tris(trimethylsiloxy)silyl]propyl methacrylate and monofunctional urethane acrylate, Genomer 1122) is poor, thus phase separation occurred in resin C8.
- Resins F11-F19 contained only PDMS-thiourea polymers according to the invention and photoinitiators. The viscosities of these resin formulations are quite high and not suitable for DLP printing. The PDMS5k-thiourea polymers (resins F12-F15) show faster crosslinking rate compared with commercial PDMS based on the photorheology results. Both PDMS5k-thiourea (resins F12-F15) and PDMS27K-thiourea polymers (resins F16-F19) show better mechanical properties compared with commercial PDMS based on the Tensile test results.
- Resins F20-F28 contain PDMS-thiourea polymers with reactive diluents and photoinitiators. The presence of diluents significantly decreases the viscosity of the resin solutions. Resins F21-F24 had the most suitable properties for DLP printing. An article printed with F23 resin (PDMS5K-PDMS248 (50:50)-thiourea+tris+Genomer1122 (1:1:1 wt %)+PI) could be printed in good resolution and showed good mechanical properties (high stretchability and flexibility, see
FIG. 7 ). - For comparative purposes, resins C29-C32 contain PDMS-urea polymers with reactive diluents and photoinitiators. The PDMS-urea polymers were generally not miscible with the reactive diluents and obvious phase separation occurred in C29-C31. PDMS-urea based resin C32 could be used, but the mechanical properties were worse than PDMS-thiourea based resin.
- Table 2. Resin formulations (Samples C1-C9 are comparative examples, which were purchased from Gelest; F11-F28 are examples from this invention (thiourea); C10, C29-C32 are comparative examples (urea)
-
PI Ratio (wt Code Composition PI %) Comment C1 Gelest PDMS TPO-L + 0.8 Low crosslinking (DMS-R31) Irgacure 819(9:1) rate; low viscosity C2 Gelest PDMS TPO-L + 1.6 Blur solution; Low (DMS-R31) Irgacure 819(9:1) crosslinking rate and viscosity C3 Gelest PDMS Darocur 1173 + 0.8 Low crosslinking (DMS-R31) Irgacure 819 rate; low viscosity (9:1) C4 Gelest PDMS Darocur 1173 + 0.8 Blur solution; Low (DMS-R31) Irgacure 819 crosslinking rate and (7:3) viscosity; C5 Gelest PDMS TPO-L + ITX 0.6 Blur solution, low (DMS-R31) (6:1) transparency after crosslinking C6 Gelest PDMS TPO-L+ Darocur 0.8 Clear photoinitiator DMS-R31 1173 + Irgacure solution; Relatively 819 (4.5:4.5:1) low crosslinking rate; brittle after curing C7 Gelest PDMS TPO-L + 0.8 Clear photoinitiator DMS-R31 + Darocur 1173 + solution; Relatively RMS-033 (19:1) Irgacure 819 low crosslinking (4.5:4.5:1) rate; brittle after curing C8 Gelest PDMS TPO-L + 0.8 Low crosslinking (DMS-R31) + Darocur 1173 + rate; Phase Tris + Genomer Irgacure 819 separation occurs 1122 (4.5:4.5:1) C9 Gelest PDMS TPO-L + 0.8 Very brittle after (DMS-R22) Darocur 1173 + crosslinking; low Irgacure 819 crosslinking rate (4.5:4.5:1) C10 P4: PDMS2.5K- TPO-L + 0.8 Very brittle after urea Darocur 1173 + crosslinking; Irgacure 819 (4.5:4.5:1) F11 P3: PDMS2.5K- TPO-L + 0.8 Higher viscosity PDMS248 Darocur 1173 + than PDMS; better (100:0)-thiourea Irgacure 819 mechanical (4.5:4.5:1) property; high transparency after crosslinking; F12 P5. PDMS5K- TPO-L + 0.8 High viscosity; PDMS248 Darocur 1173 + better mechanical (100:0)-thiourea Irgacure 819 property than PDMS (4.5:4.5:1) F13 P6: PDMS5K- TPO-L + 0.8 Fast crosslinking PDMS248(75:25)- Darocur 1173 + rate thiourea Irgacure 819 (4.5:4.5:1) F14 P7: PDMS5K- TPO-L + 0.8 Fast crosslinking PDMS248 Darocur 1173 + rate (50:50)-thiourea Irgacure 819 (4.5:4.5:1) F15 P8: PDMS5K- TPO-L + 0.8 Fast crosslinking PDMS248 Darocur 1173 + rate (25:75)-thiourea Irgacure 819 (4.5:4.5:1) F16 P9: PDMS27K- TPO-L + 0.8 High viscosity; slow PDMS248 Darocur 1173 + crosslinking rate (100:0)-thiourea Irgacure 819 (4.5:4.5:1) F17 P10: PDMS27K- TPO-L + 0.8 High viscosity; slow PDMS248 Darocur 1173 + crosslinking rate (75:25)-thiourea Irgacure 819 (4.5:4.5:1) F18 P11: PDMS27K- TPO-L + 0.8 Flexible and PDMS248 Darocur 1173 + stretchable after (50:50)-thionrea Irgacure 819 crosslinking (4.5:4.5:1) F19 P12: PDMS27K- TPO-L + 0.8 Flexible and PDMS248 Darocur 1173 + stretchable after (25:75)-thiourea Irgacure 819 crosslinking (4.5:4.5:1) F20 P7: PDMS5K- TPO-L + 0.8 Clear solution, non- PDMS248 Darocur 1173 + printable (50:50)-thionrea + Irgacure 819 tris (1:2) (4.5:4.5:1) F21 P5: PDMS 5K- TPO-L + 0.8 Less stable solution, PDMS248 Darocur 1173 + fast crosslinking (100:0)-thiourea + Irgacure 819 rate; tris + (4.5:4.5:1) Genomer1122 (1:1:1 wt %) F22 P6: PDMS 5K- TPO-L + 0.8 Stable solution, fast PDMS248 Darocur 1173 + crosslinking rate; (75:25)-thiourea + Irgacure 819 low viscosity; good tris + (4.5:4.5:1) mechanical property Genomer1122 (1:1:1 wt %) F23 P7: PDMS 5K- TPO-L + 0.8 Stable solution, fast PDMS248 Darocur 1173 + crosslinking rate; (50:50)-thiourea + Irgacure 819 low viscosity; good tris + (4.5:4.5:1) mechanical property Genomer1122 (1:1:1 wt %) F24 P8: PDMS 5K- TPO-L + 0.8 Very stable solution, PDMS248 Darocur 1173 + fast crosslinking (25:75)-thiourea + Irgacure 819 rate; low viscosity; tris + (4.5:4.5:1) high tensile strength Genomer1122 (1:1:1 wt %) F25 P9: PDMS 27K- TPO-L + 0.8 Less stable; phase PDMS248 Darocur 1173 + separated; low (100:0)-thiourea + Irgacure 819 crosslinking rate tris + (4.5:4.5:1) Genomer1122 (1:1:1 wt %) F26 P10: PDMS 27K- TPO-L + 0.8 Less stable; phase PDMS248 Darocur 1173 + separated; low (75:25)-thiomea + Irgacure 819 crosslinking rate tris + (4.5:4.5:1) Genomer1122 (1:1:1 wt %) F27 P11: PDMS 27K- TPO-L + 0.8 A little phase PDMS248 Darocur 1173 + separated; good (50:50)-thiourea + Irgacure 819 mechanical property tris + (4.5:4.5:1) Genomer1122 (1:1:1 wt %) F28 P12: PDMS 27K- TPO-L + 0.8 Stable solution; PDMS248 Darocur 1173 + good mechanical (25:75)-thiomea + Irgacure 819 property; viscosity tris + (4.5:4.5:1) relatively high; Genomer1122 (1:1:1 wt %) C29 P13: PDMS 27K- TPO-L + 0.8 Not miscible; phase PDMS248 Darocur 1173 + separated; poor (100:0)-urea + Irgacure 819 stability tris + (4.5:4.5:1) Genomer1122 (1:1:1 wt %) C30 P14: PDMS 27K- TPO-L + 0.8 Not miscible; phase PDMS248 Darocur 1173 + separated; poor (75:25)-urea + Irgacure 819 stability tris + (4.5:4.5:1) Genomer1122 (1:1:1 wt %) C31 P15: PDMS 27K- TPO-L + 0.8 Not miscible; phase PDMS248 Darocur 1173 + separated; poor (50:50)-urea + Irgacure 819 stability tris + (4.5:4.5:1) Genomer1122 (1:1:1 wt %) C32 P16: PDMS 27K- TPO-L + 0.8 A little phase PDMS248 Darocur 1173 + separated; poor (25:75)-urea + Irgacure 819 mechanical property tris + (4.5:4.5:1) Genomer1122 (1:1:1 wt %) - The crosslinked polymers as prepared in example 5 (using resins prepared in example 6) were characterised by mechanical tensile-stress tests, performed using INSTRON-5566 based on the ASTM D638 standard using type V specimen samples. For mechanical tensile stress tests, a sample size of 40 mm length×5 mm width×2 mm height, gauge length of 10 mm, and strain rate of 10 mm·min−1 was adopted. Cyclic tensile elongation was performed on INSTRON-5566 using ASTM D638 Type V dog bone specimens. Samples were elongated to 200% strain then back to 0 MPa stress at a different strain rate. A total of 10/100 cycles of testing were performed for all samples.
- For self-healing tests, a specimen of the same size was cut into two pieces and then put together. The polymer specimen was then healed at 120° C. The healed specimen was then loaded with certain weight to test its self-healing property.
-
FIG. 1 shows the results of tensile tests for crosslinked samples of commercial PDMS (Gelest, DMS-R22, C9 in Table 2), PDMS2.5k-urea (P4 in Table 1, C10 in Table 2) and PDMS2.5k-thiourea (P3 in Table 1 and Flt in Table 2) with similar molecular weights. Tensile testing result revealed a relatively low elongation to break and rigid property for the commercial PDMS (sample 1) compared with PDMS-urea and PDMS-thiourea polymers. The PDMS-thiourea polymer showed highest elongation at break among the three materials. Without wishing to be bound by theory, this may be because the breakage of hydrogen bonds dissipates energy and therefore results in the high stretchability of the material. H-bonded thiourea arrays may be geometrically nonlinear and less ordered, so that they do not induce crystallization. By contrast, in the case of PDMS-urea polymer the H-bonds may lead to crystallization or clustering of polymer chains so that the polymer containing urea units are rigid and brittle. -
FIG. 2 shows a comparison of the mechanical properties of crosslinked samples of PDMS27k-thiourea based samples (resins F27 and F28, Table 2) and PDMS27k-urea based samples (resins C31 and C32, Table 2). The preparation process of diluted samples (F21˜C32) is quite similar, which is described in example 5. Crosslinked polymer from the PDMS-thiourea based resins demonstrated substantially higher elongation at break compared with the same composition of PDMS-urea based resin. For instance, the cured sample derived from PDMS (L)-PDMS (S) (25:75)-thiourea+reactive diluents (resin F28) has elongation-at-break of ˜1000%, which is about five times that of the PDMS (L)-PDMS (S) (25:75)-urea+reactive diluents (resin C32). This result demonstrates that PDMS-thiourea polymers are better suited for additive manufacturing of silicone-based elastomers. It was also observed that an increase in the thiourea ratio in the polymer not only leads to an increase in tensile stress from about 0.15 to 0.24 MPa, but also increases the elongation at break (resin F27 vs F28). It is believed that breakage of a greater amount of hydrogen bonds could reduce the force applied on the sample and dissipate energy, thus leading to improved stretchability of the material. -
FIG. 3 shows a comparison of tensile properties between cured samples (S2-S5) produced from PDMS5k-PDMS248-thiourea based resins (F21 to F24, Table 2) and cured sample (S1) produced from commercial PDMS based resin (C8 Table 2). Since the miscibility of commercial PDMS with monofunctional urethane acrylate (Genomer 1122) is poor, phase separation occurred in the cured sample. Thus, the tensile curve shows two stages before breaking. However, for the PDMS-thiourea based samples, there is an increase in ultimate tensile strength with increasing ratio of thiourea units in the polymers. It is believed that the presence of hydrogen bonds and the molecular weight both contribute to the mechanical properties of the samples. With increasing amounts of short PDMS segments (and thus thiourea ratio) in the polymer, the amount of hydrogen bonds increases while the molecular weight decreases correspondingly (see Table 1). Among all the ratios, crosslinked polymer P7, i.e. PDMS5k-PDMS248 (50:50)-thiourea with reactive diluents shows the highest elongation at break and relatively good tensile strength. - Along with its good mechanical properties as measured in the elongation to break tensile test, the crosslinked polymer from resin F23, i.e. PDMS5k-PDMS248 (50:50)-thiourea (P7) with reactive diluents also possesses a good fatigue durability as measured by cyclic tensile tests, as shown in
FIG. 4 . At a low strain rate of 10 mm/min, the residual strain is 15% after the first loading-unloading cycle (i.e. after tensile stress went back to 0 MPa). The observed hysteresis can be partially attributed to the energy dissipation from the physical bonding dissociation, indicating that the crosslinked polymer requires a delayed “reset” period to allow for re-equilibration and full property recovery. At higher strain rates of 300 mm/min, obvious effects of softening and a greater hysteresis effect is observed. After about 5 cycles, the cyclic tensile curves can be repeated very well, showing a very good fatigue durability. After stretching for 100 times, no obvious cracks were observed. -
FIG. 5 shows a comparison of compressive properties between cured sample (S1) produced from commercial PDMS based resin (C7 Table 2) and cured sample produced from PDMS5k-PDMS248-thiourea based resin (F24). In the case of cylindrical shaped 3D printed specimens prepared from resin formulations containing PDMS5k-PDMS248-thiourea (25:75 mol %) macromonomer and diluents, the stress reached up to 17.2 MPa at applied compressive strain of 90%, at which the corresponding load force applied on the specimen could achieve up to 2,000 N. After 10 cycles of cyclic compression tests, there were no obvious cracks, fracture, shape deformation or collapse observed (FIG. 5 —S2). The cylindrical shaped specimen could completely recover to its original shape after successive tests. By contrast, the resin formulation containing PDMS dimethacrylate (Gelest) was much more fragile and brittle. The maximum compressive stress applied on the specimen was 1.3 MPa, at the compressive strain of 80%. Moreover, the specimen was catastrophically fractured during the second cycle of 80% strain compression (as shown inFIG. 5 —S1), when the corresponding load force was about 200 N, about 10 times less than that applied on samples prepared with PDMS5k- PDMS0.25k-thiourea (25:75 mol %) macromonomers and diluents. - It was also observed that the PDMS-thiourea polymer possesses a certain self-healing property. For example, the PDMS2.5k-thiourea specimen (from polymer P3, resin F11 in Table 2) was cut into two pieces. After being compressed together and healed at 120° C., the healed sample could bear force which is two time its own weight. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is proposed that the healing properties of polymer containing thiourea are dominated by a segmental motion such as the exchange of H-bonded thiourea pairs, leading to the interpenetration of polymer chains at the fractured portions upon compression. This unique self-healing property of the material is capable of repairing fractures or damages at the microscopic scale and restoring mechanical strengths at the macroscopic scale.
- For all rheology experiments, an Anton Paar MCR 702 rheometer was used. A peltier element and a thermostatic hood were used for temperature control. The measurements were performed using a cone-plate geometry (25 mm) with non-humidified atmosphere in the measuring chamber. Measurements were performed at 20° C. for a gap size of 300 μm. The samples characterized for photorheology test were PDMS5k-thiourea resin (F12 in Table 2), PDMS5k-thiourea with reactive diluents resin (F21 in Table 2) and Gelest PDMS resin (C6 in Table 2). The samples characterized for viscosity measurement were (S1) PDMS5k-thiourea resin (F12); (S2) PDMS5k-PDMS248 (75:25)-thiourea resin (F13); (S3) PDMS5k-PDMS248 (50:50)-thiourea resin (F14); (S4) PDMS5k-PDMS248 (25:75)-thiourea resin (F15); (S5) PDMS5k-PDMS248 (100:0)-thiourea with reactive diluents resin (F21); (S6) PDMS5k-PDMS248 (75:25)-thiourea with reactive diluents resin (F22); (S7) PDMS5k-PDMS248 (50:50)-thiourea with reactive diluents resin (F23); (S8) PDMS5k-PDMS248 (25:75)-thiourea with reactive diluents resin (F24).
-
FIG. 6 shows results from photorheology which compare the UV crosslink rates of PDMS-thiourea, this PDMS-thiourea diluted with reactive diluent and commercial PDMS resins. The results showed that samples containing PDMS-thiourea polymer have a higher photo crosslinking rate compared with commercial methacryloxypropyl terminated PDMS (PDMS-thiourea polymer >PDMS-thiourea with reactive diluents >commercial PDMS). The higher UV crosslinking rate can lead to a faster printing rate, which will greatly reduce the time it takes to print. - Rheological analysis (in the absence of crosslinking) also revealed that the viscosity of resins F12-F14 was well above 10 Pa·s across the full range of measured shear rates (0.01 to 100 s−1). However, when diluted with tris monomer (3-[Tris(trimethylsiloxy)silyl]propyl methacrylate) and Genomer 1122 (monofunctional urethane acrylate), i.e. resins F21-F24, the viscosity was below 5 Pa·s across the full shear range and thus suitable for
DLP 3D printing. - An Asiga Freeform PRO2™ printer was used to produce stereolithography prints. The printer was fitted with high-power UV 385 nm LED. Before starting the print, the resin was poured into the vat. After the printing was completed, the printed object was detached from the build plate (using a razor blade). The uncured resin was rinsed off by immersing in an isopropyl alcohol bath and the printed object was further cured under a UV lamp. The 3D printability of a resin comprising PDMS-thiourea polymer was tested in this manner. Based on the properties determined in the previous examples, the resin was formulated as follows: polymer P8:PDMS5k-PDMS248(25:75)-thiourea+reactive diluents (Tris+Genomer 1122)+photoinitiators (Irgacure 819+Daroncur 1173+TPO-L). (F24)
- The results are depicted in
FIG. 7 .FIG. 7(a) shows the original STL file which was executed by the printer.FIGS. 7(b) and 7(d) depicts the cured 3D printed part produced with good resolution and intact structure compared with the original STL file. The printed part also demonstrated good stretchability and flexibility as shown inFIGS. 7(c), (e) and (0, which suggests its potential applications in flexible electronics, soft robotics and biomedical devices. -
- Use of the above diluent was explored to make resins that were stable, clear, and once 3D printed with the use of radicals provided strong, elastic complex 3D articles.
-
- In a typical example, 3-aminopropylmethylbis(trimethylsiloxy)silane (22.6 g, 0.081 mol) was added into a 100 mL round bottomed flask. 2-Isocyanatoethyl methacrylate (12.4 g, 0.08 mol) was then added into the round bottomed flask at 0° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere, and the mixture was stirred for 24 h at room temperature under a nitrogen atmosphere. The product was used as reactive diluent directly without purification.
- The resins were made according to methodology of Example 1 and 6 except for the following differences. In order to prepare the resin, 3-[tris(trimethylsiloxy)silyl]propyl methacrylate was used as reactive diluent for its siloxane functionality and 3-propylbis(trimethylsiloxy)methylsilane-3-[(2-methacryloyloxyethyl) urea] was used due to the additional hydrogen bonding potentially contributed through the urea group. The final resin turned out to be clear, stable and a flowable liquid with pale yellow colour.
- Like F21 but instead of F21 composition, Formula XIII above was used as the reactive diluent (PDMS-thiourea: Tris: Formula XIII=1:1:1 wt %) replacing
Genomer 1122. - The results of using this are depicted in
FIGS. 8 to 12 . -
FIG. 8 shows comparison of crosslinking rate of resin A that containsGenomer 1122 and resin B containing Formula XIII. Resin containing reactive diluent Formula XIII results in a faster crosslinking rate, better miscibility with PDMS-thiourea polymer proved by a clear and stable resin solution and produces a crosslinked part with a higher modulus.FIG. 9 shows the viscosity of the various compositions containing reactive diluent Formula XIII, tris and PDMS thiourea macromonomers with different short and long block lengths with mass ratio 1:1:1. The higher the ratio of PDMS5k: PDMS0.25k the higher the initial viscosity before shear is applied. Viscosities range from 0.5 to 2 Pas, which is suitable forvat polymerization 3D printing technology.FIG. 10 showed that the tensile properties of UV cured samples of these formulations. The results demonstrated that the maximum tensile strength could reach up to 2 MPa, while the tensile strain is around 200%, which suggests that the resin containing new reactive diluent Formula XIII can produce much tougher and rigid object compared with resin containingreactive diluent Genomer 1122.FIG. 11 shows photographs of complex 3D-printed parts produced from resin containing PDMS5K-PDMS248 (40:60)-thiourea, the reactive diluent Formula XIII and tris (mass ratio 1:1:1). The printed parts are transparent and have good resolution with respect to architectural detail. With the resin containing reactive diluent Formula XIII, it is now possible to print complex structures with fine details and small features, such as a human heart model complex architectural features. This same resin could also be used as adhesive for metal and glass, as shown inFIG. 12 . After curing under UV light for 20 s, acircular film 25 mm diameter and 0.3 mm thick had the adhesive strength between glass and metal strong enough to pull a heavy load greater than 22 kg. - In the present work, hydrophilic nano-scaled silica nanoparticles (Wacker Chemicals, HDK® T30) were dispersed in resin (PDMS5k-PDMS248-thiourea 40:60+tris+new reactive diluent Formula XIII) with different ratio (1%, 2%, 5%, 10% and 15%). After sonication, the resin was further manually stirred for 10 min. All the nanocomposite resins turned out to be clear and transparent. After the bubbles were removed, it was ready to be poured into the mould for curing.
- The dogbone shaped samples were prepared according to the procedures described in Example 7.
FIG. 13 shows the tensile properties of cured samples with 0, 5, 10 and 15 wt % silica nanoparticles (HDK® T30). With increasing ratio of silica nanoparticles, the tensile strength of cured sample was greatly increased, while the tensile strain was decreased correspondingly. The tensile strength could reach up to 4.2 MPa with 15 wt % of silica nanoparticles, which suggested that the cured samples became tougher with silica nanofillers. -
FIG. 14 shows the photo of resin (PDMS5k-PDMS248-thiourea 40:60+tris+new reactive diluent Formula XIII) with different ratio (1%, 2%, 5%, 10% and 15%) of silica nanoparticles. All the samples still retain good transparency, even with high ratio (15%) of nanofillers. - It is to be understood that various other modifications and/or alterations may be made without departing from the spirit of the present invention as outlined herein.
Claims (20)
1. A liquid polysiloxane comprising a siloxane-thiourea segment and a crosslinkable functional group(s) selected from one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups, silyl hydride groups, alkylenethiol groups and combinations thereof.
2. The polysiloxane according to claim 1 , wherein the siloxane-thiourea segment comprises a structure of formula (I):
wherein:
each RA and RB are independently selected from H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted siloxane, a moiety comprising an alkylenethiol group, and a moiety comprising one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups;
R1 is optionally substituted alkylene or optionally substituted arylene; and
n is an integer of at least 1.
3. The polysiloxane according to claim 1 , wherein the polysiloxane-thiourea segment comprises a structure of formula (II):
wherein:
each RA is independently selected from H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted siloxane, a moiety comprising an alkylenethiol group, and a moiety comprising one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups;
R1 and each Rx are each independently optionally substituted alkylene or optionally substituted siloxane;
each Ry is independently optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted siloxane, a moiety comprising an alkylenethiol group, and a moiety comprising one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups; and
t is an integer of at least 1.
4. The polysiloxane according to claim 1 , wherein the siloxane-thiourea segment comprises a structure of formula (III):
wherein:
each RA and RB are independently selected from H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted siloxane, a moiety comprising an alkylenethiol group, and a moiety comprising one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups;
each X is independently selected from optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted arylene, (poly)siloxane, polyether, polyimide and polyester;
each R1 is independently optionally substituted alkylene or optionally substituted arylene;
n is an integer of at least 1;
p is an integer of at least 1; and
q is an integer of at least 1.
5. The polysiloxane according to claim 1 having a structure of formula (IV):
wherein:
each RA, RB, RC, RD, RE and RF, and RG and RH are independently selected from H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted siloxane, optionally substituted alkylenethiol, and a moiety comprising one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups;
each R1 and R2 are independently optionally substituted alkylene or optionally substituted arylene;
R3, R4, R5 and R6 are each independently optionally substituted alkylene or optionally substituted arylene;
Y represents a divalent linking group;
Z1 and Z2 are each independently selected from a moiety comprising one or more silyl hydride groups, a moiety comprising one or more alkylenethiol groups, and a moiety comprising one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups;
n is an integer of at least 1;
m is an integer of at least 1; and
p is an integer of at least 1.
6. The polysiloxane according to claim 5 , wherein Y is a moiety of formula —NH—C(O)—NH— or NH—C(S)—NH—.
7. The polysiloxane according to claim 1 , wherein the one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups form part of a (meth)acryloyl group, (meth)acryloyloxy group, styrenyl group, vinyl ether group, vinyl ester group or (meth)acrylamide group.
8. The polysiloxane according to claim 1 , wherein the one or more ethylenically unsaturated groups has a structure represented by —R—(X)C═C(Y)2, where R is Si or alkylene and X and each Y is independently alkyl or H.
9. The polysiloxane according to claim 1 further comprising a Diels-Alder adduct that can undergo a retro Diels-Alder reaction.
10. A liquid resin composition comprising a polysiloxane of claim 1 and an agent for promoting crosslinking of the crosslinkable functional group(s).
11. The resin composition according to claim 10 , wherein the agent is selected from a catalyst and a radical initiator.
12. The resin composition according to claim 10 or 11 , wherein the agent is a photo-radical initiator.
13. The resin composition according to claim 12 , wherein the composition further comprises a photo-absorber.
14. The resin composition according to claim 10 further comprising a reactive diluent.
15. The resin composition according to claim 10 further comprising nanoparticulate material.
16. A silicone article comprising a crosslinked form of the polysiloxane of claim 1 .
17. A silicone article comprising a crosslinked form of the resin composition according to claim 1 .
18. A method of producing a silicone article, the method comprising printing a resin composition according to claim 10 using a three dimensional printer and crosslinking the printed resin composition.
19. The method according to claim 18 , wherein the agent for promoting crosslinking is a photo-initiator and crosslinking is promoted by exposing the printed resin to UV light.
20. An adhesive, sealant or printing cartridge comprising a resin composition according to claim 10 .
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ATA27775A (en) * | 1974-03-09 | 1978-07-15 | Pfersee Chem Fab | PROCESS FOR THE MANUFACTURING OF NEW ADDITION PRODUCTS FROM ORGANOPOLYSILOXANES CONTAINING HYDROGEN ATOMS BONDED TO SILICON |
US4656235A (en) * | 1985-09-05 | 1987-04-07 | Polytechnic Institute Of New York | Siloxane-containing polyimide coatings for electronic devices |
DE3837415A1 (en) * | 1988-11-04 | 1990-05-10 | Degussa | ORGANOPOLYSILOXANE-UREA AND ORGANOPOLYSILOXANE-THIOURAE DERIVATIVES, METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION AND USE THEREOF |
DE3925358A1 (en) * | 1989-07-31 | 1991-02-07 | Degussa | AMINOALKYL-SUBSTITUTED ORGANOPOLYSILOXANE-THIO-URINE DERIVATIVES, METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION AND USE THEREOF |
JPH06128486A (en) * | 1992-10-21 | 1994-05-10 | Toshiba Silicone Co Ltd | Polyorganosiloxane composition |
US6958155B2 (en) * | 2002-06-12 | 2005-10-25 | L'oreal | Cosmetic compositions comprising at least one polysiloxane based polyamide |
JP4578166B2 (en) * | 2003-07-18 | 2010-11-10 | コニシ株式会社 | Curable resin composition and moisture curable adhesive composition containing the same |
FR2943254B1 (en) * | 2009-03-18 | 2011-06-17 | Oreal | COSMETIC COMPOSITION COMPRISING A SILICONE POLYAMIDE, A SILICONE RESIN, AND AT LEAST 51% COLORING MATERIAL |
EP2345699A1 (en) * | 2010-01-14 | 2011-07-20 | Armacell Enterprise GmbH | Silicone elastomer compounds and siloxane containing elastomer blends |
JP6000667B2 (en) * | 2012-06-07 | 2016-10-05 | コニシ株式会社 | Curable resin composition |
KR20160021793A (en) * | 2013-06-20 | 2016-02-26 | 모멘티브 퍼포먼스 머티리얼즈 인크. | Moisture curable compound with thiourea |
US20200032062A1 (en) * | 2016-08-01 | 2020-01-30 | Cornell University | Polymer compositions for 3-d printing and 3-d printers |
US11492504B2 (en) * | 2017-09-26 | 2022-11-08 | Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics Corporation | Photocurable compositions and methods for 3D printing using them |
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