US20220193633A1 - Use of polymeric beads to remove oxidative compounds from liquids - Google Patents
Use of polymeric beads to remove oxidative compounds from liquids Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20220193633A1 US20220193633A1 US17/551,486 US202117551486A US2022193633A1 US 20220193633 A1 US20220193633 A1 US 20220193633A1 US 202117551486 A US202117551486 A US 202117551486A US 2022193633 A1 US2022193633 A1 US 2022193633A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- water
- clause
- psh
- beads
- polymeric beads
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 132
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 55
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 51
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 50
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 124
- 230000000845 anti-microbial effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- QDHHCQZDFGDHMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloramine Chemical class ClN QDHHCQZDFGDHMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 claims description 145
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 122
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 91
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 77
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 61
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 36
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 24
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Substances BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 23
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical compound [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- 235000012206 bottled water Nutrition 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000000502 dialysis Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 210000003734 kidney Anatomy 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000003651 drinking water Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000001223 reverse osmosis Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004599 antimicrobial Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 19
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 18
- 244000052769 pathogen Species 0.000 abstract description 10
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 60
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 22
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 230000004941 influx Effects 0.000 description 18
- 238000004448 titration Methods 0.000 description 18
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 17
- DHCDFWKWKRSZHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfurothioic S-acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=S DHCDFWKWKRSZHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 14
- 229920002118 antimicrobial polymer Polymers 0.000 description 12
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 11
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 11
- NLKNQRATVPKPDG-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium iodide Chemical compound [K+].[I-] NLKNQRATVPKPDG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 11
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 10
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 150000002366 halogen compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000004737 colorimetric analysis Methods 0.000 description 8
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 7
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 7
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 229950009390 symclosene Drugs 0.000 description 6
- YRIZYWQGELRKNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3,5-trichloro-1,3,5-triazinane-2,4,6-trione Chemical compound ClN1C(=O)N(Cl)C(=O)N(Cl)C1=O YRIZYWQGELRKNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 5
- -1 free chlorine Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- SHVNQYLJTQUQDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N CCC(C)c1ccc(CN2C(=O)C(N)C(C)(C)C2=O)cc1 Chemical compound CCC(C)c1ccc(CN2C(=O)C(N)C(C)(C)C2=O)cc1 SHVNQYLJTQUQDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- GBKSSZGWEOGJCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N CCc1cccc(CC(=O)c2cccc(C(C)=O)c2)c1 Chemical compound CCc1cccc(CC(=O)c2cccc(C(C)=O)c2)c1 GBKSSZGWEOGJCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000005708 Sodium hypochlorite Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000011491 glass wool Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000002572 peristaltic effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium hypochlorite Chemical compound [Na+].Cl[O-] SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 241000251468 Actinopterygii Species 0.000 description 3
- CNXOPCIMJHVRSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N CCC(C)c1ccc(C2(C)C(=O)N(C)C(=O)N2C)cc1 Chemical compound CCC(C)c1ccc(C2(C)C(=O)N(C)C(=O)N2C)cc1 CNXOPCIMJHVRSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QGJOPFRUJISHPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon disulfide Chemical compound S=C=S QGJOPFRUJISHPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 241000700605 Viruses Species 0.000 description 3
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000006298 dechlorination reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- WJRBRSLFGCUECM-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydantoin Chemical compound O=C1CNC(=O)N1 WJRBRSLFGCUECM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- AKHNMLFCWUSKQB-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium thiosulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=S AKHNMLFCWUSKQB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 235000019345 sodium thiosulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- MYRTYDVEIRVNKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-Divinylbenzene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1C=C MYRTYDVEIRVNKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QNGVNLMMEQUVQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-n,4-n-diethylbenzene-1,4-diamine Chemical compound CCN(CC)C1=CC=C(N)C=C1 QNGVNLMMEQUVQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YIROYDNZEPTFOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5,5-Dimethylhydantoin Chemical compound CC1(C)NC(=O)NC1=O YIROYDNZEPTFOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ATRRKUHOCOJYRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium bicarbonate Chemical compound [NH4+].OC([O-])=O ATRRKUHOCOJYRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 2
- VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Al](Cl)Cl VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- 239000001099 ammonium carbonate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000012501 ammonium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000007844 bleaching agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- JGJLWPGRMCADHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N hypobromite Chemical compound Br[O-] JGJLWPGRMCADHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WQYVRQLZKVEZGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N hypochlorite Chemical compound Cl[O-] WQYVRQLZKVEZGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000002779 inactivation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005499 meniscus Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000001717 pathogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004659 sterilization and disinfection Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 2
- VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrachloromethane Chemical compound ClC(Cl)(Cl)Cl VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 210000002268 wool Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- FHDQNOXQSTVAIC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 1-butyl-3-methylimidazol-3-ium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCCN1C=C[N+](C)=C1 FHDQNOXQSTVAIC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- HBAHZZVIEFRTEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-heptylcyclohex-2-en-1-one Chemical compound CCCCCCCC1=CCCCC1=O HBAHZZVIEFRTEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical class N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006150 Bucherer-Bergs reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- GZXDGNRPOOPLSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N CCC(C)c1ccc(C2(C)NC(=O)NC2=O)cc1 Chemical compound CCC(C)c1ccc(C2(C)NC(=O)NC2=O)cc1 GZXDGNRPOOPLSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- KZBUYRJDOAKODT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine Chemical compound ClCl KZBUYRJDOAKODT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XFXPMWWXUTWYJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyanide Chemical compound N#[C-] XFXPMWWXUTWYJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000588724 Escherichia coli Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001646719 Escherichia coli O157:H7 Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000005727 Friedel-Crafts reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001367 Merrifield resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000191967 Staphylococcus aureus Species 0.000 description 1
- WETWJCDKMRHUPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetyl chloride Chemical compound CC(Cl)=O WETWJCDKMRHUPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012346 acetyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000172 allergic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004760 aramid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003235 aromatic polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 208000010668 atopic eczema Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000031709 bromination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005893 bromination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- KXZJHVJKXJLBKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N chembl1408157 Chemical compound N=1C2=CC=CC=C2C(C(=O)O)=CC=1C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 KXZJHVJKXJLBKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005660 chlorination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003431 cross linking reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229940091173 hydantoin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- CUILPNURFADTPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N hypobromous acid Chemical compound BrO CUILPNURFADTPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QWPPOHNGKGFGJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N hypochlorous acid Chemical compound ClO QWPPOHNGKGFGJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodine Chemical compound II PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 244000000010 microbial pathogen Species 0.000 description 1
- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 description 1
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008055 phosphate buffer solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAEFZNCEHLXOMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium benzoate Chemical compound [K+].[O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 XAEFZNCEHLXOMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- NNFCIKHAZHQZJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium cyanide Chemical compound [K+].N#[C-] NNFCIKHAZHQZJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003918 potentiometric titration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 102000004196 processed proteins & peptides Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000765 processed proteins & peptides Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- CRWJEUDFKNYSBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium;hypobromite Chemical compound [Na+].Br[O-] CRWJEUDFKNYSBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012086 standard solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002349 well water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000020681 well water Nutrition 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/22—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising organic material
- B01J20/26—Synthetic macromolecular compounds
- B01J20/265—Synthetic macromolecular compounds modified or post-treated polymers
- B01J20/267—Cross-linked polymers
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
- A01N43/48—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with two nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- A01N43/50—1,3-Diazoles; Hydrogenated 1,3-diazoles
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01P—BIOCIDAL, PEST REPELLANT, PEST ATTRACTANT OR PLANT GROWTH REGULATORY ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR PREPARATIONS
- A01P1/00—Disinfectants; Antimicrobial compounds or mixtures thereof
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/22—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising organic material
- B01J20/26—Synthetic macromolecular compounds
- B01J20/261—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon to carbon unsaturated bonds
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/22—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising organic material
- B01J20/26—Synthetic macromolecular compounds
- B01J20/262—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon to carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. obtained by polycondensation
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/28—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J20/28014—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their form
- B01J20/28016—Particle form
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/28—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J20/28014—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their form
- B01J20/28052—Several layers of identical or different sorbents stacked in a housing, e.g. in a column
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/001—Processes for the treatment of water whereby the filtration technique is of importance
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/28—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption
- C02F1/285—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption using synthetic organic sorbents
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/44—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis
- C02F1/441—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis by reverse osmosis
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/72—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation
- C02F1/76—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation with halogens or compounds of halogens
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
- C02F2101/10—Inorganic compounds
- C02F2101/12—Halogens or halogen-containing compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
- C02F2101/30—Organic compounds
- C02F2101/36—Organic compounds containing halogen
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
- C02F2103/20—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated from animal husbandry
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2201/00—Apparatus for treatment of water, waste water or sewage
- C02F2201/002—Construction details of the apparatus
- C02F2201/006—Cartridges
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2303/00—Specific treatment goals
- C02F2303/04—Disinfection
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2303/00—Specific treatment goals
- C02F2303/18—Removal of treatment agents after treatment
- C02F2303/185—The treatment agent being halogen or a halogenated compound
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2307/00—Location of water treatment or water treatment device
- C02F2307/02—Location of water treatment or water treatment device as part of a bottle
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2307/00—Location of water treatment or water treatment device
- C02F2307/04—Location of water treatment or water treatment device as part of a pitcher or jug
Definitions
- Water is essential for human life. Many different techniques for disinfection of water are utilized worldwide, including the use of halogens such as free chlorine, free bromine, and soluble chloramines to purify water. However, in certain applications, these materials must be effectively removed from water in order to achieve the desired use of the water. For example, in reverse osmosis water treatment units, the membrane employed can be damaged by free halogen residuals in the treatment water. Further, in medical water used in dialysate preparations for kidney treatment, the Food and Drug Administration in the United States requires that the concentration of free chlorine in the water transmitted to a patient must be below 0.1 ppm (mg/L).
- halogens such as free chlorine, free bromine, and soluble chloramines
- the primary methods utilized to remove free halogens and chloramines from water include filtration of the water through beds or cartridges of activated carbon as well as irradiation with ultraviolet light.
- the carbon can be employed as a powder, in a granular form, or as a solid block.
- the carbon does not have antimicrobial properties. Chlorine, upon adsorption on activated carbon, is reduced to chloride (Cl—) which is not oxidative and thus cannot kill pathogenic microorganisms or inactivate virus particles. Accordingly, colonization of these pathogens within the carbon filtration material can result in biofouling.
- the biofouling affects flow rates and can also lead to undesirable shedding of the pathogens into the water, which is harmful for medical uses such as dialysis and for potable consumption. Therefore, a carbon filtration medium must be carefully monitored and replaced when contaminated, which is costly and time consuming. Removal of free halogens using ultraviolet light irradiation is an even more expensive alternative.
- the present disclosure provides a means to remove free halogens and chloramines from a liquid, while also providing an antimicrobial component to combat biofouling and the shedding of pathogens into the liquid.
- the present disclosure provides a means to remove oxidative compounds such as free halogen and chloramines from a liquid, while also providing components with antimicrobial properties in order to combat biofouling and the shedding of pathogens into liquids.
- methods of removing an oxidative compound from a liquid in which the liquid is contacted with one or more polymeric beads are provided. As described herein, the oxidative compound binds to the polymeric bead and is removed from the liquid.
- the polymeric beads of the present disclosure are not necessarily intended to replace activated carbon for several water treatment applications because carbon is typically necessary to adsorb undesirable organic compounds in the water. Instead, the polymeric beads of the present disclosure may be supplementary in nature to carbon for providing an antimicrobial component as well as a chlorine removal capabilities. In turn, it is contemplated that the lifetime usability of the activated carbon material would advantageously be extended.
- compositions and methods of the present disclosure provide several benefits compared to currently known techniques.
- many different applications of the compositions and methods could be realized in which oxidative compound removal from liquids with an accompanying antimicrobial component is desired.
- beds or cartridge filters comprising the polymeric beads of the present disclosure could be added before those containing activated carbon. This technique would serve to minimize biofouling in the carbon and also provide additional adsorption sites for organic contaminants.
- the polymeric beads of the present disclosure can become chlorinated by a reaction with free chlorine and chloramines, which would thus destroy undesirable contaminant pathogens in the water.
- Additional polymeric beads could be employed in the treatment unit when positioned after the carbon filters to rid the water of any remaining chlorine. This mechanism could protect the reverse osmosis membrane from degradation and would be particularly useful in a dialysis treatment purification unit since both chlorine and pathogens would be eliminated from the water received by the patient.
- cartridge filters comprising the polymeric beads of the present disclosure could be used to remove chlorine and pathogens from both municipal water and well water sources.
- Commercial bottled water and water purification pitchers can also benefit from the polymeric beads of the present disclosure for both chlorine and pathogen removal.
- water intended for use in aquariums can benefit from the polymeric beads of the present disclosure because fish are subject to death from minute amounts of free chlorine in the water. Problematic pathogens in aquarium water that adversely affect fish can also be reduced using the polymeric beads of the present disclosure.
- a method of removing an oxidative compound from a liquid comprises the step of contacting the liquid with one or more polymers, wherein the oxidative compound binds to the polymer and is removed from the liquid.
- the oxidative compound is a halogen compound.
- the halogen compound is free chlorine.
- free chlorine refers to its generally understood meaning in the art, for instance hypochlorous acid, hypochlorite, and aqueous chlorine, the nature of which is dependent on pH.
- the halogen compound is free bromine.
- free bromine refers to its generally understood meaning in the art, for instance hypobromous acid, hypobromite, and aqueous bromine, the nature of which is dependent on pH.
- the oxidative compound is a water-soluble chloramine.
- a water-soluble chloramine refers to its generally understood meaning in the art, for instance organic compounds and inorganic derivatives of ammonia.
- the polymer comprises particles. In an embodiment, the polymer comprises beads. In an embodiment, the polymer is cross-linked. In an embodiment, the polymer is porous. In an embodiment, the polymer comprises particles. In an embodiment, the particles comprise beads. In an embodiment, the polymeric beads are cross-linked. In an embodiment, the particles are porous. In an embodiment, the porous polymeric particles are cross-linked. In an embodiment, the particles comprise porous beads. In an embodiment, the porous polymeric beads are cross-linked. In an embodiment, the polymeric bead comprises an N-halamine precursor.
- the polymers of the present disclosure are precursors to halogenated molecules in a class known as organic N-halamines.
- N-halamine compounds are excellent for stabilizing halogens (e.g., oxidative Cl and Br) in covalent bonding and are thus used as antimicrobial materials for numerous applications.
- halogens e.g., oxidative Cl and Br
- their use in water treatment has been limited.
- fully halogenated poly-styrene derivatives can be utilized in cartridge filters for disinfection of water, removing halogens from liquids has not been specifically attempted.
- the polymer comprises (poly-5-methyl-5-(4′-vinylphenyl)hydantoin), henceforth referred to as “PSH.”
- PSH is an un-halogenated precursor to a fully halogenated poly-styrene derivative.
- the fully halogenated poly-styrene derivative is described, for instance, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,548,054, which is incorporated herein in their entirety.
- the fully halogenated poly-styrene derivative kills bacteria and inactivates viruses following contact via a mechanism in which the halogen in a +1 oxidation state is directly transferred to the pathogenic cell, followed by inactivation by an oxidation process analogous to that by which free chlorine disinfects potable water in a municipal treatment plant.
- the un-halogenated precursor PSH readily removes oxidative compounds (e.g., free chlorine, free bromine, and chloramines) from liquid upon contact, and then becomes increasingly antimicrobial as the concentration of the halogen on the polymer increases.
- oxidative compounds e.g., free chlorine, free bromine, and chloramines
- the oxidative compounds in the liquid reacts with the nitrogen atoms on the hydantoin ring of the polymer to form strong N-halogen covalent chemical bonds in which the halogen carries a +1 oxidation state and is hence antimicrobial.
- This provides an advantage over chlorine removal by activated carbon because the carbon adsorbs the chlorine in a ⁇ 1 oxidation state, which is not antimicrobial.
- PSH is a repeating unit structure comprising
- X is independently H, Cl, or Br.
- un-halogenated PSH beads can be prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,548,054.
- Porous, cross-linked poly-styrene beads which can be obtained from sources such as Suqing Group (Jiangyin, Jiangsu, PRC) or Purolite Company (Philadelphia, Pa.) can employed.
- the poly-styrene beads should have particle sizes in the range between 250 to 600 ⁇ m in order to allow for adequate flow of liquid.
- the beads can be porous (e.g., pore sizes ranging from 30 to 70 nm) in order to provide sufficient surface area for uptake of oxidative compounds.
- the beads can be cross-linked (e.g., between 5 to 8 weight percent) to ensure hardness and lack of solubility in water and organic solvents.
- the poly-styrene beads are subjected to a Friedel Crafts reaction with acetyl chloride using anhydrous aluminum chloride as a catalyst in an appropriate organic solvent such as carbon disulfide or carbon tetrachloride.
- the resulting poly-4-vinylacetophenone porous bead product is then subjected to a Bucherer Bergs reaction using ammonium carbonate and potassium or sodium cyanide in an ethanol/water solvent under pressure to convert the ketone into a hydantoin ring and create the final polymeric beads comprising PSH.
- the polymer comprises a methylated poly-styrene, henceforth referred to as “MPSH.”
- MPSH is an un-halogenated precursor to a fully halogenated poly-styrene derivative.
- the fully halogenated poly-styrene derivative is described, for instance, in U.S. Pat. No. 7,687,072, Chen, et al., J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2004, 92, 368, and Aviv, et al., Biomacromolecules, 2015, 16, 1442, all of which are incorporated herein in their entirety.
- the fully halogenated poly-styrene derivative kills bacteria and inactivates viruses in a similar manner as described previously, similarly to PSH, for example in a filter application.
- MPSH is less expensive to produce than PSH.
- MPSH is less expensive to produce than PSH.
- MPSH is a repeating unit structure comprising
- X is independently H, Cl, or Br.
- un-halogenated MPSH beads can be prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,687,072.
- the starting material is chloromethylated poly-styrene beads comprising similar particle sizes, pore sizes, and weight percent cross-linking as used for the poly-styrene starting material for PSH beads.
- the same material (Merrifield resin) is commonly employed in the syntheses of peptides and small proteins.
- the chloromethylated poly-styrene beads are reacted in a simple S N 2 process with the sodium or potassium salt of 5,5-dimethylhydantoin in an organic solvent such as anhydrous dimethyl formamide (DMF) to produce the final MPSH porous bead product.
- DMF dimethyl formamide
- the polymer comprises “NOM,” which is a meta-aramid polymer bead prepared from commercial fiber NOMEXTM.
- NOM is described, for instance, in U.S. Pat. No. 8,535,654, which is incorporated herein in its entirety.
- NOM will also remove oxidative compounds (e.g., free chlorine, free bromine, and chloramines) from liquid upon contact and also become antimicrobial.
- oxidative compounds e.g., free chlorine, free bromine, and chloramines
- polymers comprising NOM are less expensive to produce than polymers comprising PSH or MPSH.
- NOM is a repeating unit structure comprising
- un-halogenated NOM beads can be prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,535,654.
- the fiber NOMEXTM which can be purchased from DuPont, Inc., is dissolved in an ionic solvent such as 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride or an organic solvent such as DMF. The solution is then precipitated in excess ethanol or water to produce a bead product with bead size 0.5 to 10 ⁇ m.
- the liquid comprises water. In an embodiment, the liquid consists essentially of water. In an embodiment, the liquid consists of water.
- the liquid comprises water selected from the group consisting of water for kidney dialysis, water for potable water, water for bottled water, water for a water treatment pitcher, and water for an aquarium.
- the liquid comprises water for kidney dialysis.
- the liquid comprises water for potable water.
- the liquid comprises water for bottled water.
- the liquid comprises water for a water treatment pitcher.
- the liquid comprises water for an aquarium.
- the binding of the oxidative compound to the polymer is covalent binding.
- the method is configured for use in a vessel.
- the method is configured for use in a filter cartridge.
- the method is configured for use in a resin treatment bed.
- the method is configured for use in a water treatment unit comprising a reverse osmosis membrane.
- the method is configured for removing the oxidative compound from stationary water. In an embodiment, the method is configured for removing the oxidative compound from gravity fed water. In an embodiment, the method is configured for removing the oxidative compound from standing water. In an embodiment, the method is configured for removing the oxidative compound from pumped water. In an embodiment, the method is configured for removing the oxidative compound from re-circulated water.
- the method provides one or more antimicrobial polymers.
- the antimicrobial polymer comprises Cl.
- the Cl is covalently bound to the antimicrobial polymer.
- the antimicrobial polymer comprises Br.
- the Br is covalently bound to the antimicrobial polymer.
- the polymers become increasingly antimicrobial as the “X” units on the described structures are converted from H to Cl or Br through chemical reactions.
- the resultant polymers become increasingly more antimicrobial.
- an antimicrobial composition is provided.
- the antimicrobial composition one or more polymers produced by any of the methods described herein.
- the antimicrobial composition comprises Cl.
- the Cl is covalently bound to the antimicrobial polymer.
- the antimicrobial composition comprises Br.
- the Br is covalently bound to the antimicrobial polymer.
- the polymer comprises particles. In an embodiment, the particles comprise beads. In an embodiment, the polymeric beads are cross-linked. In an embodiment, the particles are porous. In an embodiment, the porous polymeric particles are cross-linked. In an embodiment, the particles comprise porous beads. In an embodiment, the porous polymeric beads are cross-linked. In an embodiment, the polymer comprises an N-halamine precursor.
- a method of removing an oxidative compound from a liquid comprising the step of contacting the liquid with one or more polymers, wherein the oxidative compound binds to the polymer and is removed from the liquid.
- X is independently H, Cl, or Br.
- X is independently H, Cl, or Br.
- X is independently H, Cl, or Br.
- An antimicrobial composition comprising one or more polymers produced by the method of clause 1.
- X is independently H, Cl, or Br.
- oxidative compounds such as of free chlorine, free bromine, and chloramines in water can be measured using several analytical methods.
- a common method to evaluate oxidative compounds in liquid is iodometric/thiosulfate titration.
- water containing a halogen compound can be treated with potassium iodide, dilute acetic acid, and starch solution causing a reaction of the potassium iodide (KI) with the oxidative halogen compound to produce iodine, which in the presence of the starch provides a dark blue color to the solution.
- the solution is then titrated with dilute sodium thiosulfate until the color disappears at the end point.
- the volume of the solution and the volume of the titrant at the end point can then be used to calculate the concentration of the oxidant in the sample.
- the detection limits for chlorine and bromine using this method have been tested to be 0.27 ppm and 0.60 ppm for Cl + and Br + , respectively.
- a second method utilized for determination of free chlorine concentration is a colorimetric method.
- a solution is allowed to react in a phosphate buffer solution with KI, the indicator N,N-diethyl-p-phenylene-diamine (DPD) producing a pink color which can be detected with a spectrophotometer set at 528 nm.
- DPD N,N-diethyl-p-phenylene-diamine
- Calibration with solutions having different known chlorine concentrations then allows determination of the unknown free chlorine concentration.
- the stated detection limit for chlorine as Cl + by this method is 0.01 ppm.
- total chlorine concentrations (the combination of free chlorine and combined chlorine) can be determined as well as the free chlorine concentrations.
- a suitable spectrophotometer and reagents for free and total chlorine determination can be purchased from Hach, Inc. (Loveland, Colo., USA).
- a third method is potentiometric titration.
- the detection limit for free Cl + using this method is as low as 0.0015 ppm, and it may be more accurate than the colorimetric method at low concentrations of free chlorine.
- PSH polymeric beads were used as the exemplary polymeric beads.
- Free chlorine and free bromine were used as the exemplary oxidative compounds to be removed from water.
- Un-halogenated PSH polymeric beads were suspended in aqueous 1 N NaOH and chlorine gas was added at 10° C. until the solution became saturated with free chlorine. After 1.5 hours of stirring at 25° C., the polymeric beads were removed from the solution, washed with water, and dried in air.
- Iodometric/thiosulfate titration indicated that the dry polymeric beads contained 20.0 weight percent Cl + .
- the theoretical value based upon a repeating unit of the structure is 24.9 weight percent Cl + .
- the measured lower concentration is indicative of the 5.6 weight percent cross-linking in the poly-styrene used to prepare the PSH, the cross-linking agent being divinyl benzene.
- Un-halogenated PSH polymeric beads were suspended in aqueous 2 N NaOH and liquid bromine was added dropwise at 25° C. over a period of 10 minutes. The pH was adjusted to 6.4 by addition of 4 N acetic acid, and the mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 1 hour. The polymeric beads were removed from the solution, washed with water, and dried in air.
- Iodometric/thiosulfate titration indicated that the dry polymeric beads contained 36.8 weight percent Br + .
- the theoretical value based upon a repeating unit of the structure is 42.8 weight percent Br + .
- the lower measured value was due primarily to the 5.6 weight percent cross-linking in the poly-styrene used to prepare the PSH.
- the results in this example indicate that the PSH polymeric beads uptake free chlorine and free bromine from aqueous solution very efficiently.
- MPSH polymeric beads were used as the exemplary polymeric beads.
- Free chlorine and free bromine were used as the exemplary oxidative compounds to be removed from water.
- Un-halogenated MPSH polymeric beads were suspended in an aqueous solution of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite. The pH was adjusted to 7.5 using 2 N acetic acid and the mixture was stirred for 45 minutes at 25° C. After rinsing and drying under vacuum at 50° C. until constant weight, the polymeric beads were subjected to iodometric/thiosulfate titration. The Cl+ loading was 6.3 weight percent.
- the theoretical Cl+ for an MPSH repeating unit is 12.7 weight percent. Again, the lowered measured Cl+ loading can be attributed to 5.6 weight percent cross-linking in the sourced chloromethylated polystyrene which was used to prepare the MPSH beads.
- Un-halogenated MPSH polymeric beads were suspended in an aqueous solution of 10% sodium hypobromite, and the pH was adjusted to 7.0 using 2 N acetic acid. The mixture was stirred for 1 hour at 25° C., rinsed with water, dried to constant weight under vacuum, and subjected to iodometric/thiosulfate titration.
- the Br+ loading was 8.2 weight percent (theoretical based upon a repeating unit of MPSH is 24.8 weight percent).
- the results in this example indicate that the porous polymeric MPSH beads uptake free chlorine and free bromine.
- NOM polymeric beads were used as the exemplary polymeric beads.
- Free chlorine and free bromine were used as the exemplary oxidative compounds to be removed from water.
- a 2.0 ppm solution of free chlorine as Cl + was prepared from aqueous sodium hypochlorite.
- Three Erlenmeyer flasks (designated PSH 1, PSH 2, PSH 3) were employed, each containing 1.0 gram of PSH polymeric beads.
- a 100 mL portion of the 2.0 ppm Cl solution was added to each flask containing the PSH polymeric beads.
- each flask was swirled for 30 seconds, and swirled again approximately every 5 minutes for 15 seconds throughout the experiment.
- 5 mL aliquots of solution were removed from the flasks at 5 minute time intervals. These intervals were split among the three flasks in order to keep the amount of solution in each flask above 70% of the original volume, as shown below. Therefore, for each flask, there was a 15 minute time frame between aliquot collections.
- PSH 1, PSH 2, and PSH 3 polymeric beads i) PSH 1: removed at 5, 20, and 35 minutes; ii) PSH 2: removed at 10, 25, and 40 minutes; and iii) PSH 3: removed at 15, 30, and 45 minutes.
- results of the instant example show that free chlorine can be removed from standing water periodically swirled in a vessel by 1 g of PSH polymeric beads in a contact time of between 15 and 20 minutes.
- a 50 mL burette was plugged with glass wool by using a glass rod to compact the wool to the 50 mL mark.
- Weighed PSH polymeric beads were then added into the burette and distilled water was used to rinse any polymeric beads down the column to form a layer above the glass wool. Additional distilled water was added, and a glass rod was used to compact the PSH polymeric beads.
- the distilled water was allowed to flow through the burette until the meniscus line of the distilled water touched the top of the polymeric beads, and a graduated cylinder was placed under the burette. The remaining solution was then allowed to drain into the graduated cylinder to obtain a measure of the empty bed volume. To capture all liquid, air was blown into the burette to obtain the most accurate empty bed volume.
- Test 2 PSH Weight (g) 1.0 1.5 Influx Cl + Concentration (ppm) 1.9 1.9 Effluent Cl + Concentration (ppm) ⁇ 0.27 ⁇ 0.27 % Decrease in Cl + Concentration >85.8 >85.8 Empty Bed Volume (mL) 2.00 3.25 Total Flow Time (sec) 338 306 Flow Rate (mL/sec) 0.300 0.327 Bed Contact Time (sec) 6.67 9.94
- results of the instant example show that both 1.0 g and 1.5 g of the PSH polymeric beads could remove the 1.9 ppm of free chlorine from gravity-fed water to a concentration lower than the detection limit of iodometric/thiosulfate analytical titration.
- a 50 mL burette was plugged with glass wool by using a glass rod to compact the wool to the 50 mL mark.
- PSH polymeric beads were then added into the burette and distilled water was used to rinse any beads down the column to form a layer above the glass wool. Additional distilled water was added, and a glass rod was used to compact the PSH polymeric beads. After the polymeric beads had settled, the distilled water was allowed to flow through the burette until the meniscus line of the distilled water touched the top of the polymeric beads, and a graduated cylinder was placed under the burette. The remaining solution was then allowed to drain into the graduated cylinder to obtain a measure of the empty bed volume.
- a beaker was filled with 1.53 ppm free chlorine solution, and the influx tube to the pump was placed in the solution.
- the pump was activated, and a timer was begun when the solution made contact with the PSH polymeric beads. The pump was stopped when solution no longer flowed through the burette tip consistently.
- triplicate 5 mL aliquots of effluent free chlorine solution were removed and titrated as in Examples 5 and 6. The results in Table 3 were obtained.
- Test 2 PSH Weight (g) 1.0 1.5 2.0 Influx Cl + Concentration (ppm) 1.53 1.53 1.53 Effluent Cl + Concentration (ppm) 0.71 ⁇ 0.27 ⁇ 0.27 % Decrease in Cl + Concentration 53.6 >82.4 >82.4 Empty Bed Volume (mL) 2.2 2.5 2.8 Total Flow Time (sec) 118 115 111 Flow Rate (mL/sec) 0.85 0.87 0.89 Bed Contact Time (sec) 2.60 2.88 3.13
- results of the instant example show that between 1.0 g and 1.5 g of the PSH polymeric beads could remove the 1.53 ppm of free chlorine from pumped water to a concentration lower than the detection limit of our iodometric/thiosulfate analytical titration (0.27 ppm) in less than 3 seconds of bed contact. Results also suggest that the removal of free chlorine can be enhanced by lengthening the contact time in the polymeric bead bed.
- Example 7 Similar to Example 7, a beaker was filled with 1.26 ppm free chlorine solution, and the influx tube of a peristaltic pump was placed in the solution. The pump was activated, and a timer was begun when the solution made contact with the PSH polymeric beads. The pump was stopped when 100 mL of solution had flowed through the burette tip. In triplicate, 5 mL aliquots of solution were removed from the resulting effluent of free chlorine solution to be titrated as in Example 7. The remaining 85 mL of effluent solution was then placed in the influx beaker to rerun through the burette. The pump was activated and a timer was started when the solution made contact with the PSH polymeric beads. Triplicate 5 mL aliquots of this re-circulated effluent were also titrated. The results are shown in Table 4.
- results of the instant example show that 1.0 g of the PSH polymeric beads could remove the 1.26 ppm of free chlorine from pumped water to a concentration lower than the detection limit of iodometric/thiosulfate analytical titration (0.27 ppm) when the solution was circulated through the bead bed twice.
- results of the instant example show that 1.0 g of PSH polymeric beads could remove 6.0 ppm of free bromine from pumped water to a concentration lower than the detection limit of iodometric/thiosulfate analytical titration (0.60 ppm) when the solution was circulated through the bead bed at least twice
- results of the instant example show that 1.0 g of PSH polymeric beads could remove 1.60 ppm of the chloramine TCCA (titrated as total Cl+) from pumped water to a concentration lower than the detection limit of iodometric/thiosulfate analytical titration (0.27 ppm) when the solution was circulated through the bead bed twice.
- the USFDA regulatory standard for kidney dialysis water is ⁇ 0.1 ppm free chlorine. Since the detection limit for free chlorine as Cl+ is only 0.27 ppm, experiments were performed using a Hach DR300 Pocket Colorimeter and the necessary reagents and instructions supplied by Hach, Inc. (Loveland, Colo., USA). In this procedure, packets containing the Hach free chlorine determination reagents were added to aliquots of 10.0 mL which produced a pink color, ranging from light to dark dependent upon the free chlorine concentration in the sample. Cuvettes containing the pink solution were then analyzed in the colorimeter set at a wavelength of 528 nm. Using a series of dilute standard solutions of known concentrations of free chlorine, the concentrations of free Cl+ in the samples exposed to PSH polymeric beads were determined.
- results in Table 7 clearly demonstrate that the PSH polymeric beads were able to reduce the concentration of Cl+ to the required regulatory standard for kidney dialysis water of 0.1 ppm within 10 minutes in this experiment.
- results in Tables 8 and 9 clearly demonstrate that the PSH polymeric beads were able to reduce the concentration of Cl to the required regulatory standard for kidney dialysis water of 0.1 ppm within about 10 seconds.
- Chlorinated beads containing three different loadings of chlorine were prepared and packed into a glass burette column as described in other examples above.
- Demand-free water 50 mL phosphate-buffered to pH 7.0
- Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538
- Escherichia coli O157:H7 ATCC 43895
- Identical control columns contained un-chlorinated PSH polymeric beads were treated in the same manner. Flow rates of about 3.0 mL/sec were employed.
- the effluents were quenched with 0.2 N sodium thiosulfate to stop any possible inactivation by shed free chlorine while plating.
- results of the instant example illustrate that the polymeric beads of the present disclosure are antimicrobial in nature for water applications, requiring brief contact times even when the polymeric beads are not fully loaded with oxidative halogen.
Abstract
Description
- This application claims the benefit under 35 USC § 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 63/127,510, filed on Dec. 18, 2020, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
- Water is essential for human life. Many different techniques for disinfection of water are utilized worldwide, including the use of halogens such as free chlorine, free bromine, and soluble chloramines to purify water. However, in certain applications, these materials must be effectively removed from water in order to achieve the desired use of the water. For example, in reverse osmosis water treatment units, the membrane employed can be damaged by free halogen residuals in the treatment water. Further, in medical water used in dialysate preparations for kidney treatment, the Food and Drug Administration in the United States requires that the concentration of free chlorine in the water transmitted to a patient must be below 0.1 ppm (mg/L). Moreover, for bottled water and water treated in pitchers containing filters, it is desirable to minimize the concentration of residual free chlorine because some consumers are allergic to chlorine residuals, even at very low levels. Also, some consumers object to a “chlorine taste” of water when free chlorine is present at levels greater than 0.3 ppm. Finally, it is essential to remove free chlorine and chloramines from water used in aquariums because free halogen compounds in aquarium water are known to kill fish.
- Currently, the primary methods utilized to remove free halogens and chloramines from water include filtration of the water through beds or cartridges of activated carbon as well as irradiation with ultraviolet light. The carbon can be employed as a powder, in a granular form, or as a solid block. However, despite the usefulness of carbon filtration in adsorbing organic contaminants, free halogens, and chloramines, the carbon does not have antimicrobial properties. Chlorine, upon adsorption on activated carbon, is reduced to chloride (Cl—) which is not oxidative and thus cannot kill pathogenic microorganisms or inactivate virus particles. Accordingly, colonization of these pathogens within the carbon filtration material can result in biofouling. As a result, the biofouling affects flow rates and can also lead to undesirable shedding of the pathogens into the water, which is harmful for medical uses such as dialysis and for potable consumption. Therefore, a carbon filtration medium must be carefully monitored and replaced when contaminated, which is costly and time consuming. Removal of free halogens using ultraviolet light irradiation is an even more expensive alternative.
- Thus, there exists a need for new compositions and methods for treating liquids such as water. Accordingly, the present disclosure provides a means to remove free halogens and chloramines from a liquid, while also providing an antimicrobial component to combat biofouling and the shedding of pathogens into the liquid.
- The present disclosure provides a means to remove oxidative compounds such as free halogen and chloramines from a liquid, while also providing components with antimicrobial properties in order to combat biofouling and the shedding of pathogens into liquids. In particular, methods of removing an oxidative compound from a liquid in which the liquid is contacted with one or more polymeric beads are provided. As described herein, the oxidative compound binds to the polymeric bead and is removed from the liquid.
- The polymeric beads of the present disclosure are not necessarily intended to replace activated carbon for several water treatment applications because carbon is typically necessary to adsorb undesirable organic compounds in the water. Instead, the polymeric beads of the present disclosure may be supplementary in nature to carbon for providing an antimicrobial component as well as a chlorine removal capabilities. In turn, it is contemplated that the lifetime usability of the activated carbon material would advantageously be extended.
- The compositions and methods of the present disclosure provide several benefits compared to currently known techniques. In particular, many different applications of the compositions and methods could be realized in which oxidative compound removal from liquids with an accompanying antimicrobial component is desired.
- In water treatment units utilizing reverse osmosis, beds or cartridge filters comprising the polymeric beads of the present disclosure could be added before those containing activated carbon. This technique would serve to minimize biofouling in the carbon and also provide additional adsorption sites for organic contaminants.
- With continuing water flow, the polymeric beads of the present disclosure can become chlorinated by a reaction with free chlorine and chloramines, which would thus destroy undesirable contaminant pathogens in the water. Additional polymeric beads could be employed in the treatment unit when positioned after the carbon filters to rid the water of any remaining chlorine. This mechanism could protect the reverse osmosis membrane from degradation and would be particularly useful in a dialysis treatment purification unit since both chlorine and pathogens would be eliminated from the water received by the patient.
- For treatment associated with point of use potable water, cartridge filters comprising the polymeric beads of the present disclosure could be used to remove chlorine and pathogens from both municipal water and well water sources. Commercial bottled water and water purification pitchers can also benefit from the polymeric beads of the present disclosure for both chlorine and pathogen removal. Likewise, water intended for use in aquariums can benefit from the polymeric beads of the present disclosure because fish are subject to death from minute amounts of free chlorine in the water. Problematic pathogens in aquarium water that adversely affect fish can also be reduced using the polymeric beads of the present disclosure.
- Additional features of the present disclosure will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon consideration of illustrative embodiments exemplifying the best mode of carrying out the disclosure as presently perceived.
- In an illustrative aspect, a method of removing an oxidative compound from a liquid is provided. The method comprises the step of contacting the liquid with one or more polymers, wherein the oxidative compound binds to the polymer and is removed from the liquid.
- In an embodiment, the oxidative compound is a halogen compound. In an embodiment, the halogen compound is free chlorine. As used herein, free chlorine refers to its generally understood meaning in the art, for instance hypochlorous acid, hypochlorite, and aqueous chlorine, the nature of which is dependent on pH.
- In an embodiment, the halogen compound is free bromine. As used herein, free bromine refers to its generally understood meaning in the art, for instance hypobromous acid, hypobromite, and aqueous bromine, the nature of which is dependent on pH.
- In an embodiment, the oxidative compound is a water-soluble chloramine. As used herein, a water-soluble chloramine refers to its generally understood meaning in the art, for instance organic compounds and inorganic derivatives of ammonia.
- In an embodiment, the polymer comprises particles. In an embodiment, the polymer comprises beads. In an embodiment, the polymer is cross-linked. In an embodiment, the polymer is porous. In an embodiment, the polymer comprises particles. In an embodiment, the particles comprise beads. In an embodiment, the polymeric beads are cross-linked. In an embodiment, the particles are porous. In an embodiment, the porous polymeric particles are cross-linked. In an embodiment, the particles comprise porous beads. In an embodiment, the porous polymeric beads are cross-linked. In an embodiment, the polymeric bead comprises an N-halamine precursor.
- Generally, the polymers of the present disclosure are precursors to halogenated molecules in a class known as organic N-halamines. N-halamine compounds are excellent for stabilizing halogens (e.g., oxidative Cl and Br) in covalent bonding and are thus used as antimicrobial materials for numerous applications. However, their use in water treatment has been limited. Importantly, although fully halogenated poly-styrene derivatives can be utilized in cartridge filters for disinfection of water, removing halogens from liquids has not been specifically attempted.
- In an embodiment, the polymer comprises (poly-5-methyl-5-(4′-vinylphenyl)hydantoin), henceforth referred to as “PSH.” PSH is an un-halogenated precursor to a fully halogenated poly-styrene derivative. The fully halogenated poly-styrene derivative is described, for instance, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,548,054, which is incorporated herein in their entirety. The fully halogenated poly-styrene derivative kills bacteria and inactivates viruses following contact via a mechanism in which the halogen in a +1 oxidation state is directly transferred to the pathogenic cell, followed by inactivation by an oxidation process analogous to that by which free chlorine disinfects potable water in a municipal treatment plant.
- The un-halogenated precursor PSH readily removes oxidative compounds (e.g., free chlorine, free bromine, and chloramines) from liquid upon contact, and then becomes increasingly antimicrobial as the concentration of the halogen on the polymer increases. In this process, the oxidative compounds in the liquid reacts with the nitrogen atoms on the hydantoin ring of the polymer to form strong N-halogen covalent chemical bonds in which the halogen carries a +1 oxidation state and is hence antimicrobial. This provides an advantage over chlorine removal by activated carbon because the carbon adsorbs the chlorine in a −1 oxidation state, which is not antimicrobial.
- PSH is a repeating unit structure comprising
- wherein X is independently H, Cl, or Br.
- For instance, un-halogenated PSH beads can be prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,548,054. Porous, cross-linked poly-styrene beads, which can be obtained from sources such as Suqing Group (Jiangyin, Jiangsu, PRC) or Purolite Company (Philadelphia, Pa.) can employed. The poly-styrene beads should have particle sizes in the range between 250 to 600 μm in order to allow for adequate flow of liquid. The beads can be porous (e.g., pore sizes ranging from 30 to 70 nm) in order to provide sufficient surface area for uptake of oxidative compounds. The beads can be cross-linked (e.g., between 5 to 8 weight percent) to ensure hardness and lack of solubility in water and organic solvents. The poly-styrene beads are subjected to a Friedel Crafts reaction with acetyl chloride using anhydrous aluminum chloride as a catalyst in an appropriate organic solvent such as carbon disulfide or carbon tetrachloride. The resulting poly-4-vinylacetophenone porous bead product is then subjected to a Bucherer Bergs reaction using ammonium carbonate and potassium or sodium cyanide in an ethanol/water solvent under pressure to convert the ketone into a hydantoin ring and create the final polymeric beads comprising PSH.
- In an embodiment, the polymer comprises a methylated poly-styrene, henceforth referred to as “MPSH.” MPSH is an un-halogenated precursor to a fully halogenated poly-styrene derivative. The fully halogenated poly-styrene derivative is described, for instance, in U.S. Pat. No. 7,687,072, Chen, et al., J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2004, 92, 368, and Aviv, et al., Biomacromolecules, 2015, 16, 1442, all of which are incorporated herein in their entirety. The fully halogenated poly-styrene derivative kills bacteria and inactivates viruses in a similar manner as described previously, similarly to PSH, for example in a filter application. Generally, MPSH is less expensive to produce than PSH.
- Similar to PSH, the un-halogenated precursor MPSH readily removes oxidative compounds from liquid upon contact, and then becomes increasingly antimicrobial as the concentration of the halogen on the polymer increases. Generally, MPSH is less expensive to produce than PSH.
- MPSH is a repeating unit structure comprising
- wherein X is independently H, Cl, or Br.
- For instance, un-halogenated MPSH beads can be prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,687,072. The starting material is chloromethylated poly-styrene beads comprising similar particle sizes, pore sizes, and weight percent cross-linking as used for the poly-styrene starting material for PSH beads. The same material (Merrifield resin) is commonly employed in the syntheses of peptides and small proteins. The chloromethylated poly-styrene beads are reacted in a simple SN2 process with the sodium or potassium salt of 5,5-dimethylhydantoin in an organic solvent such as anhydrous dimethyl formamide (DMF) to produce the final MPSH porous bead product. This procedure is somewhat simplified and less expensive compared to the one used for PSH beads because the 5,5-dimethylhydantoin, which is produced industrially from ammonium carbonate and sodium or potassium cyanide, can be sourced commercially without the need for cyanide handling.
- In an embodiment, the polymer comprises “NOM,” which is a meta-aramid polymer bead prepared from commercial fiber NOMEX™. Generally, NOM is described, for instance, in U.S. Pat. No. 8,535,654, which is incorporated herein in its entirety. NOM will also remove oxidative compounds (e.g., free chlorine, free bromine, and chloramines) from liquid upon contact and also become antimicrobial. Generally, polymers comprising NOM are less expensive to produce than polymers comprising PSH or MPSH.
- NOM is a repeating unit structure comprising
- For instance, un-halogenated NOM beads can be prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,535,654. The fiber NOMEX™, which can be purchased from DuPont, Inc., is dissolved in an ionic solvent such as 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride or an organic solvent such as DMF. The solution is then precipitated in excess ethanol or water to produce a bead product with bead size 0.5 to 10 μm.
- In an embodiment, the liquid comprises water. In an embodiment, the liquid consists essentially of water. In an embodiment, the liquid consists of water.
- In an embodiment, the liquid comprises water selected from the group consisting of water for kidney dialysis, water for potable water, water for bottled water, water for a water treatment pitcher, and water for an aquarium. In an embodiment, the liquid comprises water for kidney dialysis. In an embodiment, the liquid comprises water for potable water. In an embodiment, the liquid comprises water for bottled water. In an embodiment, the liquid comprises water for a water treatment pitcher. In an embodiment, the liquid comprises water for an aquarium.
- In an embodiment, the binding of the oxidative compound to the polymer is covalent binding. In an embodiment, the method is configured for use in a vessel. In an embodiment, the method is configured for use in a filter cartridge. In an embodiment, the method is configured for use in a resin treatment bed. In an embodiment, the method is configured for use in a water treatment unit comprising a reverse osmosis membrane.
- In an embodiment, the method is configured for removing the oxidative compound from stationary water. In an embodiment, the method is configured for removing the oxidative compound from gravity fed water. In an embodiment, the method is configured for removing the oxidative compound from standing water. In an embodiment, the method is configured for removing the oxidative compound from pumped water. In an embodiment, the method is configured for removing the oxidative compound from re-circulated water.
- In an embodiment, the method provides one or more antimicrobial polymers. In an embodiment, the antimicrobial polymer comprises Cl. In an embodiment, the Cl is covalently bound to the antimicrobial polymer. In an embodiment, the antimicrobial polymer comprises Br. In an embodiment, the Br is covalently bound to the antimicrobial polymer.
- Without being bound by any theory, it is contemplated that the polymers become increasingly antimicrobial as the “X” units on the described structures are converted from H to Cl or Br through chemical reactions. Thus, with an increasing number of Cl and/or Br substituted for “X” on the repeating unit structures of the polymers of the present disclosure, the resultant polymers become increasingly more antimicrobial.
- In an illustrative aspect, an antimicrobial composition is provided. The antimicrobial composition one or more polymers produced by any of the methods described herein. In an embodiment, the antimicrobial composition comprises Cl. In an embodiment, the Cl is covalently bound to the antimicrobial polymer. In an embodiment, the antimicrobial composition comprises Br. In an embodiment, the Br is covalently bound to the antimicrobial polymer.
- In an embodiment, the polymer comprises particles. In an embodiment, the particles comprise beads. In an embodiment, the polymeric beads are cross-linked. In an embodiment, the particles are porous. In an embodiment, the porous polymeric particles are cross-linked. In an embodiment, the particles comprise porous beads. In an embodiment, the porous polymeric beads are cross-linked. In an embodiment, the polymer comprises an N-halamine precursor.
- The previously described embodiments of the method of removing an oxidative compound from a liquid are also applicable to the antimicrobial compositions described herein.
- The following numbered embodiments are contemplated and are non-limiting:
- 1. A method of removing an oxidative compound from a liquid, said method comprising the step of contacting the liquid with one or more polymers, wherein the oxidative compound binds to the polymer and is removed from the liquid.
- 2. The method of clause 1, any other suitable clause, or any combination of suitable clauses, wherein the oxidative compound is a halogen compound.
- 3. The method of clause 2, any other suitable clause, or any combination of suitable clauses, wherein the halogen compound is free chlorine.
- 4. The method of clause 2, any other suitable clause, or any combination of suitable clauses, wherein the halogen compound is free bromine.
- 5. The method of clause 1, any other suitable clause, or any combination of suitable clauses, wherein the oxidative compound is a water-soluble chloramine.
- 6. The method of clause 1, any other suitable clause, or any combination of suitable clauses, wherein the polymer comprises particles.
- 7. The method of clause 1, any other suitable clause, or any combination of suitable clauses, wherein the polymer comprises beads.
- 8. The method of clause 1, any other suitable clause, or any combination of suitable clauses, wherein the polymer is cross-linked.
- 9. The method of clause 1, any other suitable clause, or any combination of suitable clauses, wherein the polymer is porous.
- 10. The method of clause 9, any other suitable clause, or any combination of suitable clauses, wherein the porous polymer is cross-linked.
- 11. The method of clause 6, any other suitable clause, or any combination of suitable clauses, wherein the particles comprise porous beads.
- 12. The method of clause 11, any other suitable clause, or any combination of suitable clauses, wherein the porous polymeric beads are cross-linked.
- 13. The method of clause 1, any other suitable clause, or any combination of suitable clauses, wherein the polymer comprises an N-halamine precursor.
- 14. The method of clause 1, any other suitable clause, or any combination of suitable clauses, wherein the polymer comprises PSH, wherein PSH is a repeating unit structure comprising
- wherein X is independently H, Cl, or Br.
- 15. The method of clause 1, any other suitable clause, or any combination of suitable clauses, wherein the polymer comprises MPSH, wherein MPSH is a repeating unit structure comprising
- wherein X is independently H, Cl, or Br.
- 16. The method of clause 1, any other suitable clause, or any combination of suitable clauses, wherein the polymer comprises NOM, wherein NOM is a repeating unit structure comprising
- wherein X is independently H, Cl, or Br.
- 17. The method of clause 1, any other suitable clause, or any combination of suitable clauses, wherein the liquid comprises water.
- 18. The method of clause 1, any other suitable clause, or any combination of suitable clauses, wherein the liquid consists essentially of water.
- 19. The method of clause 1, any other suitable clause, or any combination of suitable clauses, wherein the liquid consists of water.
- 20. The method of clause 1, any other suitable clause, or any combination of suitable clauses, wherein the liquid comprises water selected from the group consisting of water for kidney dialysis, water for potable water, water for bottled water, water for a water treatment pitcher, and water for an aquarium.
- 21. The method of clause 1, any other suitable clause, or any combination of suitable clauses, wherein the liquid comprises water for kidney dialysis.
- 22. The method of clause 1, any other suitable clause, or any combination of suitable clauses, wherein the liquid comprises water for potable water.
- 23. The method of clause 1, any other suitable clause, or any combination of suitable clauses, wherein the liquid comprises water for bottled water.
- 24. The method of clause 1, any other suitable clause, or any combination of suitable clauses, wherein the liquid comprises water for a water treatment pitcher.
- 25. The method of clause 1, any other suitable clause, or any combination of suitable clauses, wherein the liquid comprises water for an aquarium.
- 26. The method of clause 1, any other suitable clause, or any combination of suitable clauses, wherein the binding of the oxidative compound to the polymer is covalent binding.
- 27. The method of clause 1, any other suitable clause, or any combination of suitable clauses, wherein the method is configured for use in a vessel.
- 28. The method of clause 1, any other suitable clause, or any combination of suitable clauses, wherein the method is configured for use in a filter cartridge.
- 29. The method of clause 1, any other suitable clause, or any combination of suitable clauses, wherein the method is configured for use in a resin treatment bed.
- 30. The method of clause 1, any other suitable clause, or any combination of suitable clauses, wherein the method is configured for use in a water treatment unit comprising a reverse osmosis membrane.
- 31. The method of clause 1, any other suitable clause, or any combination of suitable clauses, wherein the method is configured for removing the oxidative compound from stationary water.
- 32. The method of clause 1, any other suitable clause, or any combination of suitable clauses, wherein the method is configured for removing the oxidative compound from gravity fed water.
- 33. The method of clause 1, any other suitable clause, or any combination of suitable clauses, wherein the method is configured for removing the oxidative compound from standing water and/or from pumped water.
- 34. The method of clause 1, any other suitable clause, or any combination of suitable clauses, wherein the method is configured for removing the oxidative compound from re-circulated water.
- 35. The method of clause 1, any other suitable clause, or any combination of suitable clauses, wherein the method provides one or more antimicrobial polymers.
- 36. The method of clause 35, any other suitable clause, or any combination of suitable clauses, wherein the antimicrobial polymer comprises Cl.
- 37. The method of clause 36, any other suitable clause, or any combination of suitable clauses, wherein the antimicrobial polymer comprises Cl that is covalently bound to the polymer.
- 38. The method of clause 35, any other suitable clause, or any combination of suitable clauses, wherein the antimicrobial polymer comprises Br.
- 39. The method of clause 38, any other suitable clause, or any combination of suitable clauses, wherein the antimicrobial polymer comprises Br that is covalently bound to the polymer.
- 40. An antimicrobial composition comprising one or more polymers produced by the method of clause 1.
- 41. The antimicrobial composition of clause 40, any other suitable clause, or any combination of suitable clauses, wherein the composition comprises Cl.
- 42. The antimicrobial composition of clause 41, any other suitable clause, or any combination of suitable clauses, wherein the Cl is covalently bound to the polymer.
- 43. The antimicrobial composition of clause 40, any other suitable clause, or any combination of suitable clauses, wherein the composition comprises Br.
- 44. The antimicrobial composition of clause 43, any other suitable clause, or any combination of suitable clauses, wherein the Br is covalently bound to the polymer.
- 45. The antimicrobial composition of clause 40, any other suitable clause, or any combination of suitable clauses, wherein the polymer comprises particles.
- 46. The antimicrobial composition of clause 45, any other suitable clause, or any combination of suitable clauses, wherein the particles comprise beads.
- 47. The antimicrobial composition of clause 46, any other suitable clause, or any combination of suitable clauses, wherein the polymeric beads are cross-linked.
- 48. The antimicrobial composition of clause 45, any other suitable clause, or any combination of suitable clauses, wherein the particles are porous.
- 49. The antimicrobial composition of clause 48, any other suitable clause, or any combination of suitable clauses, wherein the porous polymeric particles are cross-linked.
- 50. The antimicrobial composition of clause 45, any other suitable clause, or any combination of suitable clauses, wherein the particles comprise porous beads.
- 51. The antimicrobial composition of clause 50, any other suitable clause, or any combination of suitable clauses, wherein the porous polymeric beads are cross-linked.
- 52. The antimicrobial composition of clause 40, any other suitable clause, or any combination of suitable clauses, wherein the polymer comprises an N-halamine precursor.
- 53. The antimicrobial composition of clause 40, any other suitable clause, or any combination of suitable clauses, wherein the polymer comprises PSH, wherein PSH is a repeating unit structure comprising
- wherein X is independently H, Cl, or Br.
- 54. The antimicrobial composition of clause 40, any other suitable clause, or any combination of suitable clauses, wherein the polymer comprises MPSH, wherein MPSH is a repeating unit structure comprising
-
- wherein X is independently H, Cl, or Br.
- 55. The antimicrobial composition of clause 40, any other suitable clause, or any combination of suitable clauses, wherein the polymer comprises NOM, wherein NOM is a repeating unit structure comprising
-
- wherein X is independently H, Cl, or Br.
- The present invention is more particularly described in the following examples which are intended as illustrative only since numerous modifications and variations therein will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
- Several analytical methods can be utilized to evaluate the presence and concentrations of oxidative compounds in liquids. For instance, concentrations of oxidative compounds such as of free chlorine, free bromine, and chloramines in water can be measured using several analytical methods.
- A common method to evaluate oxidative compounds in liquid is iodometric/thiosulfate titration. For example, water containing a halogen compound can be treated with potassium iodide, dilute acetic acid, and starch solution causing a reaction of the potassium iodide (KI) with the oxidative halogen compound to produce iodine, which in the presence of the starch provides a dark blue color to the solution. The solution is then titrated with dilute sodium thiosulfate until the color disappears at the end point. The volume of the solution and the volume of the titrant at the end point can then be used to calculate the concentration of the oxidant in the sample. The detection limits for chlorine and bromine using this method have been tested to be 0.27 ppm and 0.60 ppm for Cl+ and Br+, respectively.
- A second method utilized for determination of free chlorine concentration is a colorimetric method. In this method, a solution is allowed to react in a phosphate buffer solution with KI, the indicator N,N-diethyl-p-phenylene-diamine (DPD) producing a pink color which can be detected with a spectrophotometer set at 528 nm. Calibration with solutions having different known chlorine concentrations then allows determination of the unknown free chlorine concentration. The stated detection limit for chlorine as Cl+ by this method is 0.01 ppm. For the colorimetric method, total chlorine concentrations (the combination of free chlorine and combined chlorine) can be determined as well as the free chlorine concentrations. A suitable spectrophotometer and reagents for free and total chlorine determination can be purchased from Hach, Inc. (Loveland, Colo., USA).
- A third method is potentiometric titration. The detection limit for free Cl+ using this method is as low as 0.0015 ppm, and it may be more accurate than the colorimetric method at low concentrations of free chlorine.
- In the instant example, PSH polymeric beads were used as the exemplary polymeric beads. Free chlorine and free bromine were used as the exemplary oxidative compounds to be removed from water.
- Un-halogenated PSH polymeric beads were suspended in aqueous 1 N NaOH and chlorine gas was added at 10° C. until the solution became saturated with free chlorine. After 1.5 hours of stirring at 25° C., the polymeric beads were removed from the solution, washed with water, and dried in air.
- Iodometric/thiosulfate titration indicated that the dry polymeric beads contained 20.0 weight percent Cl+. The theoretical value based upon a repeating unit of the structure is 24.9 weight percent Cl+. The measured lower concentration is indicative of the 5.6 weight percent cross-linking in the poly-styrene used to prepare the PSH, the cross-linking agent being divinyl benzene.
- Un-halogenated PSH polymeric beads were suspended in aqueous 2 N NaOH and liquid bromine was added dropwise at 25° C. over a period of 10 minutes. The pH was adjusted to 6.4 by addition of 4 N acetic acid, and the mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 1 hour. The polymeric beads were removed from the solution, washed with water, and dried in air.
- Iodometric/thiosulfate titration indicated that the dry polymeric beads contained 36.8 weight percent Br+. The theoretical value based upon a repeating unit of the structure is 42.8 weight percent Br+. Again, the lower measured value was due primarily to the 5.6 weight percent cross-linking in the poly-styrene used to prepare the PSH. The results in this example indicate that the PSH polymeric beads uptake free chlorine and free bromine from aqueous solution very efficiently.
- In the instant example, MPSH polymeric beads were used as the exemplary polymeric beads. Free chlorine and free bromine were used as the exemplary oxidative compounds to be removed from water.
- Un-halogenated MPSH polymeric beads were suspended in an aqueous solution of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite. The pH was adjusted to 7.5 using 2 N acetic acid and the mixture was stirred for 45 minutes at 25° C. After rinsing and drying under vacuum at 50° C. until constant weight, the polymeric beads were subjected to iodometric/thiosulfate titration. The Cl+ loading was 6.3 weight percent.
- The theoretical Cl+ for an MPSH repeating unit is 12.7 weight percent. Again, the lowered measured Cl+ loading can be attributed to 5.6 weight percent cross-linking in the sourced chloromethylated polystyrene which was used to prepare the MPSH beads.
- Un-halogenated MPSH polymeric beads were suspended in an aqueous solution of 10% sodium hypobromite, and the pH was adjusted to 7.0 using 2 N acetic acid. The mixture was stirred for 1 hour at 25° C., rinsed with water, dried to constant weight under vacuum, and subjected to iodometric/thiosulfate titration.
- The Br+ loading was 8.2 weight percent (theoretical based upon a repeating unit of MPSH is 24.8 weight percent). The results in this example indicate that the porous polymeric MPSH beads uptake free chlorine and free bromine.
- In the instant example, NOM polymeric beads were used as the exemplary polymeric beads. Free chlorine and free bromine were used as the exemplary oxidative compounds to be removed from water.
- For chlorination, un-halogenated NOM polymeric beads were placed in a diluted (9:1) household bleach solution. The pH was adjusted to 7.0 using 6 N HCl. After 1 hour at 25° C. with stirring, the polymeric beads were collected on filter paper, rinsed with water, and dried at 45° C. for 1 hour. Iodometric/thiosulfate titration indicated a chlorine loading of 6.72 weight percent Cl+. The theoretical value for a repeating unit of the polymer is 23.1 weight percent.
- Bromination of the un-halogenated NOM polymeric beads used bromine liquid at pH 7.0 (adjusted with 4 N acetic acid) for 1 hour exposure at 25° C., and then rinsing and drying for 1 hour at 45° C., resulted in a titrated value of 4.09 weight percent Br+. The theoretical value for a repeating unit of the polymer is 40.4 weight percent. The results in this example indicate that NOM polymeric beads uptake free chlorine and free bromine.
- A 2.0 ppm solution of free chlorine as Cl+ was prepared from aqueous sodium hypochlorite. Three Erlenmeyer flasks (designated PSH 1, PSH 2, PSH 3) were employed, each containing 1.0 gram of PSH polymeric beads. A 100 mL portion of the 2.0 ppm Cl solution was added to each flask containing the PSH polymeric beads. After the addition of the free chlorine solution, each flask was swirled for 30 seconds, and swirled again approximately every 5 minutes for 15 seconds throughout the experiment. In triplicate, 5 mL aliquots of solution were removed from the flasks at 5 minute time intervals. These intervals were split among the three flasks in order to keep the amount of solution in each flask above 70% of the original volume, as shown below. Therefore, for each flask, there was a 15 minute time frame between aliquot collections.
- Aliquots were removed at the following time points for the PSH 1, PSH 2, and PSH 3 polymeric beads: i) PSH 1: removed at 5, 20, and 35 minutes; ii) PSH 2: removed at 10, 25, and 40 minutes; and iii) PSH 3: removed at 15, 30, and 45 minutes.
- In triplicate, 5 mL aliquots of solution were taken from the flasks of free chlorine solution and PSH polymeric beads at each given time interval and placed in 50 mL of distilled water in an Erlenmeyer flask. This was followed by the addition of 0.1 g potassium iodide, 15 drops of 4 N acetic acid, and 15 drops of 0.5% starch solution. The resulting solutions were swirled, and the presence of chlorine in solution was observed by a change in color from clear to light blue. The resulting solutions were titrated with 0.0015 N sodium thiosulfate using a burette with 0.05 mL increments. The results shown in Table 1 demonstrate that 1 g of PSH polymeric beads in a flask in contact with 2.0 ppm aqueous free chlorine can remove at least 86.5% of the chlorine from the water within 20 minutes. The lower detection limit of the iodometric/thiosulfate analytical procedure was 0.27 ppm.
-
TABLE 1 PSH Polymeric Average Free Bead Flask Contact Time Chlorine Present Number (min) As Cl+ (ppm) All 0 2.00 PSH 1 5 1.11 PSH 2 10 0.842 PSH 3 15 0.487 PSH 1 20 <0.27 PSH 2 25 <0.27 PSH 3 30 <0.27 PSH 1 35 <0.27 PSH 2 40 <0.27 PSH 3 45 <0.27 - Without being bound by any theory, results of the instant example show that free chlorine can be removed from standing water periodically swirled in a vessel by 1 g of PSH polymeric beads in a contact time of between 15 and 20 minutes.
- A 50 mL burette was plugged with glass wool by using a glass rod to compact the wool to the 50 mL mark. Weighed PSH polymeric beads were then added into the burette and distilled water was used to rinse any polymeric beads down the column to form a layer above the glass wool. Additional distilled water was added, and a glass rod was used to compact the PSH polymeric beads. After the polymeric beads had settled, the distilled water was allowed to flow through the burette until the meniscus line of the distilled water touched the top of the polymeric beads, and a graduated cylinder was placed under the burette. The remaining solution was then allowed to drain into the graduated cylinder to obtain a measure of the empty bed volume. To capture all liquid, air was blown into the burette to obtain the most accurate empty bed volume.
- After obtaining the empty bed volume, a 1.9 ppm Cl+ was added to the burette and allowed to flow freely through the column by gravity feed (fully open stopcock). A time measurement was performed as the solution made contact with the PSH polymeric beads. A 100 mL portion of solution was added into the burette as it drained to keep the flow rate as constant as possible. After the solution completed flowing consistently, the time was recorded such that the flow rate could be calculated. The contact time was determined as the quotient of the empty bed volume divided by the flow rate. In triplicate, 5 mL aliquots of solution were taken from the resulting effluent of free chlorine solution and placed in 50 mL of distilled water in Erlenmeyer flasks. The solutions were titrated by the method described in Example 5. The results in Table 2 were obtained.
-
TABLE 2 Test 1 Test 2 PSH Weight (g) 1.0 1.5 Influx Cl+ Concentration (ppm) 1.9 1.9 Effluent Cl+ Concentration (ppm) <0.27 <0.27 % Decrease in Cl+ Concentration >85.8 >85.8 Empty Bed Volume (mL) 2.00 3.25 Total Flow Time (sec) 338 306 Flow Rate (mL/sec) 0.300 0.327 Bed Contact Time (sec) 6.67 9.94 - Without being bound by any theory, results of the instant example show that both 1.0 g and 1.5 g of the PSH polymeric beads could remove the 1.9 ppm of free chlorine from gravity-fed water to a concentration lower than the detection limit of iodometric/thiosulfate analytical titration.
- A 50 mL burette was plugged with glass wool by using a glass rod to compact the wool to the 50 mL mark. PSH polymeric beads were then added into the burette and distilled water was used to rinse any beads down the column to form a layer above the glass wool. Additional distilled water was added, and a glass rod was used to compact the PSH polymeric beads. After the polymeric beads had settled, the distilled water was allowed to flow through the burette until the meniscus line of the distilled water touched the top of the polymeric beads, and a graduated cylinder was placed under the burette. The remaining solution was then allowed to drain into the graduated cylinder to obtain a measure of the empty bed volume.
- To capture all liquid, air was blown into the burette to obtain the most accurate empty bed volume. The effluent tubing of a peristaltic pump was inserted through a rubber stopper, which was then attached to the top of the burette and sealed with parafilm.
- A beaker was filled with 1.53 ppm free chlorine solution, and the influx tube to the pump was placed in the solution. The pump was activated, and a timer was begun when the solution made contact with the PSH polymeric beads. The pump was stopped when solution no longer flowed through the burette tip consistently. In triplicate, 5 mL aliquots of effluent free chlorine solution were removed and titrated as in Examples 5 and 6. The results in Table 3 were obtained.
-
TABLE 3 Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 PSH Weight (g) 1.0 1.5 2.0 Influx Cl+ Concentration (ppm) 1.53 1.53 1.53 Effluent Cl+ Concentration (ppm) 0.71 <0.27 <0.27 % Decrease in Cl+ Concentration 53.6 >82.4 >82.4 Empty Bed Volume (mL) 2.2 2.5 2.8 Total Flow Time (sec) 118 115 111 Flow Rate (mL/sec) 0.85 0.87 0.89 Bed Contact Time (sec) 2.60 2.88 3.13 - Without being bound by any theory, results of the instant example show that between 1.0 g and 1.5 g of the PSH polymeric beads could remove the 1.53 ppm of free chlorine from pumped water to a concentration lower than the detection limit of our iodometric/thiosulfate analytical titration (0.27 ppm) in less than 3 seconds of bed contact. Results also suggest that the removal of free chlorine can be enhanced by lengthening the contact time in the polymeric bead bed.
- Similar to Example 7, a beaker was filled with 1.26 ppm free chlorine solution, and the influx tube of a peristaltic pump was placed in the solution. The pump was activated, and a timer was begun when the solution made contact with the PSH polymeric beads. The pump was stopped when 100 mL of solution had flowed through the burette tip. In triplicate, 5 mL aliquots of solution were removed from the resulting effluent of free chlorine solution to be titrated as in Example 7. The remaining 85 mL of effluent solution was then placed in the influx beaker to rerun through the burette. The pump was activated and a timer was started when the solution made contact with the PSH polymeric beads. Triplicate 5 mL aliquots of this re-circulated effluent were also titrated. The results are shown in Table 4.
-
TABLE 4 Cycle 1 Cycle 2 PSH Weight (g) 1.0 1.0 Volume Free Chlorine (mL) 100 85 Influx Cl+ Concentration (ppm) 1.26 0.532 Effluent Cl+ Concentration (ppm) 0.532 <0.27 % Decrease in Cl+ Concentration 57.8 >78.6 Empty Bed Volume (mL) 2.2 2.2 Total Flow Time (sec) 107 196 Flow Rate (mL/sec) 0.93 0.94 Total Bed Contact Time (sec) 2.37 4.71 - Without being bound by any theory, results of the instant example show that 1.0 g of the PSH polymeric beads could remove the 1.26 ppm of free chlorine from pumped water to a concentration lower than the detection limit of iodometric/thiosulfate analytical titration (0.27 ppm) when the solution was circulated through the bead bed twice.
- Similar to Example 8, a solution containing 100 mL of 6.0 ppm free bromine was pumped through a burette containing 1.0 g of PSH polymeric beads. In triplicate, 5.0 mL aliquots of effluent solution were removed for titration. The remaining 85 mL of effluent free bromine solution were then placed in the influx beaker to rerun through the burette. Following this procedure, a second set of triplicate 5.0 mL aliquots were removed for titration. A third and final cycling of the remaining 70 mL of effluent free bromine solution was performed with subsequent removal of an additional set of triplicate 5.0 mL aliquots for titration. The following results in Table 5 were obtained.
-
TABLE 5 Cycle 1 Cycle 2 Cycle 3 PSH Weight (g) 1.0 1.0 1.0 Volume Br+ Solution (mL) 100 85 70 Influx Br+ Concentration (ppm) 6.00 1.90 <0.60 Effluent Br+ Concentration (ppm) 1.90 <0.60 <0.60 % Decrease in Br+ Concentration 68.3 >68.3 >68.3 Empty Bed Volume (mL) 2.2 2.2 2.2 Total Flow Time (sec) 135 244 337 Flow Rate (mL/sec) 0.74 0.78 0.75 Total Bed Contact Time (sec) 3.0 5.8 8.7 - Without being bound by any theory, results of the instant example show that 1.0 g of PSH polymeric beads could remove 6.0 ppm of free bromine from pumped water to a concentration lower than the detection limit of iodometric/thiosulfate analytical titration (0.60 ppm) when the solution was circulated through the bead bed at least twice
- Similar to Examples 7-9, a solution containing the organic N-chloramine trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA), titrated as 1.60 ppm total Cl+, was circulated twice through the burette containing 1.0 g of PSH polymeric beads. Total chlorine is a combination of free and combined chlorine that can be analytically determined by the iodometric/thiosulfate titration method. Triplicate aliquots containing 5.0 mL each of the effluent solution were removed for titration after each cycle. The first solution cycle contained 100 mL and the second solution cycle contained the remaining 85 mL. The results are shown in Table 6.
-
TABLE 6 Cycle 1 Cycle 2 PSH Weight (g) 1.0 1.0 Volume TCCA Solution (mL) 100 85 Influx TCCA Total Cl+ Concentration (ppm) 1.60 1.10 Effluent TCCA Total Cl+ Concentration (ppm) 1.10 ≤0.27 % Decrease in TCCA Total Cl+ Concentration 31.2 ≥75.5 Empty Bed Volume 2.2 2.2 Total Flow Time (sec) 159 307 Flow Rate (mL/sec) 0.63 0.58 Total Bed Contact Time (sec) 3.5 7.3 - Without being bound by any theory, results of the instant example show that 1.0 g of PSH polymeric beads could remove 1.60 ppm of the chloramine TCCA (titrated as total Cl+) from pumped water to a concentration lower than the detection limit of iodometric/thiosulfate analytical titration (0.27 ppm) when the solution was circulated through the bead bed twice.
- The USFDA regulatory standard for kidney dialysis water is <0.1 ppm free chlorine. Since the detection limit for free chlorine as Cl+ is only 0.27 ppm, experiments were performed using a Hach DR300 Pocket Colorimeter and the necessary reagents and instructions supplied by Hach, Inc. (Loveland, Colo., USA). In this procedure, packets containing the Hach free chlorine determination reagents were added to aliquots of 10.0 mL which produced a pink color, ranging from light to dark dependent upon the free chlorine concentration in the sample. Cuvettes containing the pink solution were then analyzed in the colorimeter set at a wavelength of 528 nm. Using a series of dilute standard solutions of known concentrations of free chlorine, the concentrations of free Cl+ in the samples exposed to PSH polymeric beads were determined.
- In an experiment performed as in Example 5 above, 2.0 g of porous PSH polymeric beads and 150 mL of dilute sodium hypochlorite bleach with a Cl+ concentration of 2.6 ppm were stirred together in a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask. The flask was sealed and kept in darkness to minimize any loss of chlorine not attributed to the PSH polymeric beads. At designated time intervals, 10.0 mL aliquots were removed in duplicate and subjected to analysis for residual free Cl+ using the DPD colorimetric method. The results shown in Table 7 represent averages of the duplicate sample analyses.
-
TABLE 7 Time Interval (min) Oxidative Cl Concentration (ppm) 0 2.60 10 0.10 15 0.06 20 0.03 25 0.025 30 0.015 - Without being bound by any theory, results in Table 7 clearly demonstrate that the PSH polymeric beads were able to reduce the concentration of Cl+ to the required regulatory standard for kidney dialysis water of 0.1 ppm within 10 minutes in this experiment.
- Another set of experiments on pumped recirculated water were designed similarly to Examples 8-10 above. The two analytical methods for determining Cl+ concentrations were compared. For these experiments, the burette contained 1.0 g of PSH polymeric beads, a new sample being employed for the second replicate. The influx solution of dilute sodium hypochlorite contained 2.17 ppm of Cl+ as titrated by the iodometric/thiosulfate method and 2.60 ppm of Cl+ as determined by the DPD colorimetric method. At this concentration level, the iodometric/thiosulfate method was theorized to be more accurate. The results of the experiments of two replicates each having four cycles are shown in Tables 8 and 9 (data represent the average of two measurements; ND indicates no determination since the level of detection by the iodometric/thiosulfate method had already been reached).
-
TABLE 8 Experiment 1 Peristaltic Pump Recirculated Flow Free Chlorine Test Iodometric DCD Total Titration Colorimetry Volume Flow Contact Method Method Solution Rate Time (Cl+ ppm) (Cl+ ppm) (mL) (mL/sec) (sec) Cycle 1 Influx 2.17 2.60 125 0.75 2.68 Concentration Effluent 0.66 0.77 Concentration Cycle 2 Influx 0.66 0.77 90 0.70 5.55 Concentration Effluent <0.27 0.30 Concentration Cycle 3 Influx ND 0.30 70 0.69 8.47 Concentration Effluent ND 0.095 Concentration Cycle 4 Influx ND 0.095 50 0.60 11.77 Concentration Effluent ND 0.035 Concentration -
TABLE 9 Experiment 2 Peristaltic Pump Recirculated Flow Free Chlorine Test Iodometric DCD Total Titration Colorimetry Volume Flow Contact Method Method Solution Rate Time (Cl+ ppm) (Cl+ ppm) (mL) (mL/sec) (sec) Cycle 1 Influx 2.17 2.60 125 0.77 2.59 Concentration Effluent 0.83 0.82 Concentration Cycle 2 Influx 0.83 0.82 100 0.76 5.21 Concentration Effluent <0.27 0.33 Concentration Cycle 3 Influx ND 0.33 75 0.71 8.03 Concentration Effluent ND 0.13 Concentration Cycle 4 Influx ND 0.13 50 0.63 11.22 Concentration Effluent ND 0.0475 Concentration - Without being bound by any theory, results in Tables 8 and 9 clearly demonstrate that the PSH polymeric beads were able to reduce the concentration of Cl to the required regulatory standard for kidney dialysis water of 0.1 ppm within about 10 seconds.
- Chlorinated beads containing three different loadings of chlorine were prepared and packed into a glass burette column as described in other examples above. Demand-free water (50 mL phosphate-buffered to pH 7.0) containing Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) or Escherichia coli O157:H7 (ATCC 43895) were pumped through columns containing 3.0 to 4.0 g (empty bed volumes of 3.3 to 4.4 mL) of chlorinated beads. Identical control columns contained un-chlorinated PSH polymeric beads were treated in the same manner. Flow rates of about 3.0 mL/sec were employed. The effluents were quenched with 0.2 N sodium thiosulfate to stop any possible inactivation by shed free chlorine while plating.
- Results demonstrated that fully chlorinated beads (ca. 20 weight percent Cl+) inactivated all of the bacteria in one pass through the column (6.9 log reduction of S. aureus in 1.1 seconds; 7.0 log reduction of E. coli in 1.1 seconds). The control column of un-halogenated PSH polymeric beads gave no reduction of either bacterium in a contact time of 1.6 seconds. This indicates that the bacteria were inactivated by the polymeric beads, not lost by filtration.
- For partially halogenated PSH polymeric beads containing 10.5 weight percent Cl+, a 7.1 log reduction of S. aureus was obtained within 1.3 seconds of contact. For partially halogenated PSH polymeric beads containing 6.8 weight percent Cl+, a 7.2 log reduction of S. aureus was obtained within a contact interval of 1.5-3.0 seconds of contact. For fully brominated PSH polymeric beads containing 36.8 weight percent Br+, both bacteria were inactivated completely (7.0 log reduction) in less than 1.1 seconds of contact.
- In analogous experiments for MPSH polymeric beads containing 6.3 weight percent Cl+, a 6.7 log reduction of both bacteria was obtained within a contact interval of 1.0-2.0 seconds of contact. The result for brominated MPSH polymeric beads (8.2 weight percent Br+) was less than 1.0 second of contact. Analogous experiments for NOM beads have not yet been performed.
- Without being bound by any theory, results of the instant example illustrate that the polymeric beads of the present disclosure are antimicrobial in nature for water applications, requiring brief contact times even when the polymeric beads are not fully loaded with oxidative halogen.
- Throughout this application, various publications are referenced. The disclosures of these publications in their entireties are hereby incorporated by reference in this application in order to more fully describe the compounds, compositions, and methods described herein. Various modifications and variations can be made to the compounds, compositions, and methods described herein. Other aspects of the compounds, compositions, and methods described herein will be apparent from consideration of the specification and practice of the compounds, compositions, and methods described herein. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary.
Claims (21)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US17/551,486 US20220193633A1 (en) | 2020-12-18 | 2021-12-15 | Use of polymeric beads to remove oxidative compounds from liquids |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US202063127510P | 2020-12-18 | 2020-12-18 | |
US17/551,486 US20220193633A1 (en) | 2020-12-18 | 2021-12-15 | Use of polymeric beads to remove oxidative compounds from liquids |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20220193633A1 true US20220193633A1 (en) | 2022-06-23 |
Family
ID=80736159
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US17/551,486 Pending US20220193633A1 (en) | 2020-12-18 | 2021-12-15 | Use of polymeric beads to remove oxidative compounds from liquids |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20220193633A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP4263441A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2022132872A1 (en) |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20040086480A1 (en) * | 2002-10-31 | 2004-05-06 | Auburn University | Biocidal particles of methylated polystyrene |
WO2011017702A1 (en) * | 2009-08-07 | 2011-02-10 | Halosource, Inc. | Enhanced n-halamine based water treatment method and device |
EP3517589A1 (en) * | 2016-09-23 | 2019-07-31 | Mie University | Chlorine neutralizer, injection-type chlorine neutralizer using same, chlorine neutralizing device and chlorine neutralizing method |
Family Cites Families (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6548054B2 (en) | 2001-09-06 | 2003-04-15 | Auburn University | Biocidal polystyrene hydantoin particles |
US8535654B2 (en) | 2009-09-04 | 2013-09-17 | Auburn University | Disinfecting and detoxifying meta-aramid particles |
-
2021
- 2021-12-15 US US17/551,486 patent/US20220193633A1/en active Pending
- 2021-12-15 WO PCT/US2021/063467 patent/WO2022132872A1/en unknown
- 2021-12-15 EP EP21854945.9A patent/EP4263441A1/en active Pending
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20040086480A1 (en) * | 2002-10-31 | 2004-05-06 | Auburn University | Biocidal particles of methylated polystyrene |
WO2011017702A1 (en) * | 2009-08-07 | 2011-02-10 | Halosource, Inc. | Enhanced n-halamine based water treatment method and device |
EP3517589A1 (en) * | 2016-09-23 | 2019-07-31 | Mie University | Chlorine neutralizer, injection-type chlorine neutralizer using same, chlorine neutralizing device and chlorine neutralizing method |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
HaloPure, EPA Letter. (Year: 2011) * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP4263441A1 (en) | 2023-10-25 |
WO2022132872A1 (en) | 2022-06-23 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
Al-Abri et al. | Chlorination disadvantages and alternative routes for biofouling control in reverse osmosis desalination | |
Rodriguez et al. | Investigating PPCP removal from wastewater by powdered activated carbon/ultrafiltration | |
Sobsey | Inactivation of health-related microorganisms in water by disinfection processes | |
Richardson et al. | Formation of DBPs: state of the science | |
US20060032823A1 (en) | Disinfection of reverse osmosis membrane | |
Chen et al. | Biocidal poly (styrenehydantoin) beads for disinfection of water | |
US8980097B2 (en) | Filter comprising a halogen release system and chitosan | |
JPH0316689A (en) | Improved apparatus for water purification system | |
JPH11506139A (en) | Stabilized alkali or alkaline earth metal hypobromite and process for producing the same | |
Sun et al. | PERFORMANCE OF A NEW POLYMERIC WATER DISINFECTANT 1 | |
Clayton et al. | Comparison of trihalomethane formation using chlorine-based disinfectants within a model system; applications within point-of-use drinking water treatment | |
CA2498813A1 (en) | Enhanced iodine treatment of drinking water | |
Almuhtaram et al. | Evaluation of ultraviolet/peracetic acid to degrade M. aeruginosa and microcystins-LR and-RR | |
Panangala et al. | Inactivation of rotavirus by new polymeric water disinfectants | |
WO2021192583A1 (en) | Water recovery system and water recovery method | |
US20220193633A1 (en) | Use of polymeric beads to remove oxidative compounds from liquids | |
WO2012108888A1 (en) | Filter comprising multiple halogens and chitosan | |
US20130200008A1 (en) | Methods of improving chitosan for water purification | |
WO2012165748A1 (en) | Method for washing a filtration membrane using a novel disinfectant | |
US8980962B2 (en) | Methods of producing iodinated resins | |
WO2022186013A1 (en) | Water treatment method and water treatment agent composition | |
Liu et al. | A modified method of high molecular weight adsorbable organic chlorine measurement in saline water: Dialysis pretreatment | |
US8993643B2 (en) | Methods of producing iodinated anion exchange resins | |
JP5146816B2 (en) | Dechlorinated iodine free disinfectant for tap water | |
RU2574445C2 (en) | Filter comprising halogen recovery system and chitosan |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: DOCKETED NEW CASE - READY FOR EXAMINATION |
|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: AUBURN UNIVERSITY, ALABAMA Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:WORLEY, SHELBY D.;BROUGHTON, ROYALL M., JR.;TAYLOR, ALICIA M.;SIGNING DATES FROM 20220111 TO 20220208;REEL/FRAME:059371/0697 |
|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: NON FINAL ACTION MAILED |
|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: FINAL REJECTION MAILED |
|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: NON FINAL ACTION MAILED |
|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: RESPONSE TO NON-FINAL OFFICE ACTION ENTERED AND FORWARDED TO EXAMINER |
|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: FINAL REJECTION MAILED |