US20210254094A1

US20210254094A1 - Compositions and methods for controlling insect pests

Info

Publication number: US20210254094A1
Application number: US17/228,596
Authority: US
Inventors: Jodi Beattie; Michael John Crawford; Brian Donovan Eads
Original assignee: Monsanto Technology LLC
Current assignee: Monsanto Technology LLC
Priority date: 2016-01-26
Filing date: 2021-04-12
Publication date: 2021-08-19
Also published as: WO2017132330A1; AU2017212500A1; EP3408390A1; CA3011521A1; EP3748003A1; AU2017212500B2; CN109312344A; RU2018130694A; EP3408390A4; US10975387B2; US20190032076A1; AU2017212500B9; RU2018130694A3

Abstract

Disclosed herein are methods for controlling invertebrate pest infestations, particularly in plants; compositions and insecticidal polynucleotides useful in such methods; and plants having improved resistance to the invertebrate pests. More specifically, insecticidal polynucleotides and methods of use thereof for modifying the expression of genes in an insect pest, particularly through RNA interference are disclosed.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION AND INCORPORATION OF SEQUENCE LISTING

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/287,080, entitled “Compositions and Methods for Controlling Insect Pests,” filed Jan. 26, 2016, which is incorporated in its entirety. The sequence listing contained in the file “P34170WO01_SL.TXT” (2,289,028 bytes, created on Jan. 26, 2017) is filed herewith and is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein.

FIELD

Disclosed herein are methods for controlling invertebrate pest infestations, particularly in plants, compositions and insecticidal polynucleotides useful in such methods, and plants having improved resistance to the invertebrate pests. More specifically, insecticidal polynucleotides and methods of use thereof for modifying the expression of genes in an insect pest, particularly through RNA interference are disclosed. Pest species of interest include flea beetles, such as Phyllotreta spp. and Psylliodes spp.

BACKGROUND

Commercial crops are often the targets of attack by invertebrate pests such as insects. RNA interference (RNAi, RNA-mediated gene suppression) is an approach that shows promise for use in environmentally friendly pest control. In invertebrates, RNAi-based gene suppression was first demonstrated in nematodes (Fire et al., (1998) Nature, 391:806-811; Timmons & Fire (1998) Nature, 395:854). Subsequently, RNAi-based suppression of invertebrate genes using recombinant nucleic acid techniques has been reported in a number of species, including agriculturally or economically important pests from various insect and nematode taxa, such as: root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.), see Huang et al. (2006) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 103:14302-14306, doi:10.1073/pnas.0604698103); cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera), see Mao et al. (2007) Nature Biotechnol., 25:1307-1313, doi:10.1038/nbt1352; Western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera LeConte), see Baum et al. (2007) Nature Biotechnol., 25:1322-1326, doi:10.1038/nbt1359; sugar beet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii), see Sindhu et al. (2008) J. Exp. Botany, 60:315-324, doi:10.1093/jxb/em289; mosquito (Aedes aegypti), see Pridgeon et al. (2008) J. Med. Entomol., 45:414-420, doi: full/10.1603/0022-2585%282008%2945%5B414%3ATAADRK %5D2.0.CO %3B2; fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster), flour beetles (Tribolium castaneum), pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum), and tobacco hornworms (Manduca sexta), see Whyard et al. (2009) Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol., 39:824-832, doi:10.1016/j.ibmb. 2009.09.00; diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella), see Gong et al. (2011) Pest Manag. Sci., 67: 514-520, doi:10.1002/ps. 2086; green peach aphid (Myzus persicae), see Pitino et al. (2011) PLoS ONE, 6:e25709, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025709; brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens), see Li et al. (2011) Pest Manag. Sci., 67:852-859, doi:10.1002/ps.2124; and whitefly (Bemisia tabaci), see Upadhyay et al. (2011) J Biosci., 36:153-161, doi:10.1007/s12038-011-9009-1.

SUMMARY

The present embodiments relate to control of insect species, especially flea beetle species that are economically or agriculturally important pests. The compositions and methods disclosed herein comprise insecticidal polynucleotide molecules that are useful for controlling or preventing infestation by that insect species. Several embodiments described herein relate to a polynucleotide-containing composition (e. g., a composition containing a dsRNA for suppressing a target gene) that is topically applied to an insect species or to a plant, plant part, or seed to be protected from infestation by an insect species. Other embodiments relate to methods for selecting insect target genes that are effective targets for RNAi-mediated control of an insect species.
Several embodiments relate to a method for controlling an insect infestation of a plant comprising contacting the insect with a insecticidal polynucleotide comprising at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% complementarity with a fragment of a target gene of the insect. In some embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide comprises at least one segment of 21 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of 100% complementarity with a fragment of a target gene of the insect. In some embodiments, the target gene is selected from the group consisting of Act5C, arginine kinase, COPI (coatomer subunit) alpha, COPI (coatomer subunit) beta, COPI (coatomer subunit) betaPrime, COPI (coatomer subunit) delta, COPI (coatomer subunit) epsilon, COPI (coatomer subunit) gamma, COPI (coatomer subunit) zeta, RpL07, RpL19, RpL3, RpL40, RpS21, RpS4, Rpn2, Rpn3, Rpt6, Rpn8, Rpn9, Rpn6-PB-like protein, Sar1, sec6, sec23, sec23A, shrb (snf7), Tubulin gamma chain, ProsAlpha2, ProsBeta5, Proteasome alpha 2, Proteasome beta 5, VATPase E, VATPase A, VATPase B, VATPase D, Vps2, Vps4, Vps16A, Vps20, Vps24, Vps27, Vps28, Vha26 (V-ATPase A), Vha68-2 (V-ATPase D/E), 40S ribosomal protein S14, and 60S ribosomal protein L13. In some embodiments, the target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-859. In some embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide comprises a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity or complementarity with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1975 or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide comprises at least one segment of 21 contiguous nucleotides of a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1975. In some embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide is a dsRNA comprising an RNA strand with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1975. In various embodiments, the contacting of the insect is by oral delivery, or by non-oral contact, e. g., by absorption through the cuticle, or through a combination of oral and non-oral delivery. In some embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide suppresses a target gene in the insect and stunts growth, development or reproduction by the insect, or kills the insect.
Several embodiments relate to a method of causing mortality or stunting in an insect, comprising providing in the diet of an insect at least one insecticidal polynucleotide comprising at least one silencing element, wherein the at least one silencing element is essentially identical or essentially complementary to a fragment of a target gene sequence of the insect, and wherein ingestion of the insecticidal polynucleotide by the insect results in mortality or stunting in the insect. In some embodiments, the target gene is selected from the group consisting of actin, Act5C, arginine kinase, COPI (coatomer subunit) alpha, COPI (coatomer subunit) beta, COPI (coatomer subunit) betaPrime, COPI (coatomer subunit) delta, COPI (coatomer subunit) epsilon, COPI (coatomer subunit) gamma, COPI (coatomer subunit) zeta, RpL07, RpL19, RpL3, RpL40, RpL13, RpL14, RpS21, RpS4, RpS14, Rpn2, Rpn3, Rpn7, Rpt6, Rpn8, Rpn9, Rpn6-PB-like protein, Sar1, sec6, sec23, sec23A, shrb (snf7), Tubulin gamma chain, ProsAlpha2, ProsBeta5, Proteasome alpha 2, Proteasome beta 5, VATPase E, VATPase A, VATPase B, VATPase D, Vps2, Vps4, Vps16A, Vps20, Vps24, Vps27, Vps28, Vha26 (V-ATPase A), Vha68-2 (V-ATPase DE), 40S ribosomal protein S14, and 60S ribosomal protein L13. In some embodiments, the target gene sequence is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-859. In some embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide comprises a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity or complementarity to at least 21 contiguous nucleotides of a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1975 or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1975. In some embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide is provided in the diet of the insect in the form of a plant or bacterial cell containing the polynucleotide, or as a synthetic polynucleotide molecule, or as a fermentation product (e. g., a hairpin form of a dsRNA, produced in a bacterium). In some embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide is a single-stranded RNA molecule. In some embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide is a double-stranded RNA molecule. In some embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide is a single-stranded DNA molecule. In some embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide is a double-stranded DNA molecule. In some embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide is a RNA/DNA hybrid molecule.
Several embodiments relate to an insecticidal composition comprising an insecticidally effective amount of a polynucleotide, wherein the polynucleotide comprises 18 or more contiguous nucleotides with about 95% to about 100% complementarity with a corresponding portion of a target gene of an insect that infests a plant. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide comprises 21 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of 100% complementarity with a corresponding portion of the target gene. In some embodiments, the target gene is selected from the group consisting of actin, Act5C, arginine kinase, COPI (coatomer subunit) alpha, COPI (coatomer subunit) beta, COPI (coatomer subunit) betaPrime, COPI (coatomer subunit) delta, COPI (coatomer subunit) epsilon, COPI (coatomer subunit) gamma, COPI (coatomer subunit) zeta, RpL07, RpL19, RpL3, RpL40, RpL13, RpL14, RpS21, RpS4, RpS14, Rpn2, Rpn3, Rpn7, Rpt6, Rpn8, Rpn9, Rpn6-PB-like protein, Sar1, sec6, sec23, sec23A, shrb (snf7), Tubulin gamma chain, ProsAlpha2, ProsBeta5, Proteasome alpha 2, Proteasome beta 5, VATPase E, VATPase A, VATPase B, VATPase D, Vps2, Vps4, Vps16A, Vps20, Vps24, Vps27, Vps28, Vha26 (V-ATPase A), Vha68-2 (V-ATPase DE), 40S ribosomal protein S14, and 60S ribosomal protein L13. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide comprises 18 or more contiguous nucleotides with about 95% to about 100% complementarity with a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-859 or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide comprises 21 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of 100% complementarity with a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-859 or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is a single-stranded RNA molecule. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is molecule is a dsRNA molecule. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is a single-stranded DNA molecule. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is a double-stranded DNA molecule. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is a RNA/DNA hybrid molecule. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide comprises at least one segment (e. g., an RNA strand or segment of an RNA strand) with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity or complementarity with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1975 or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, polynucleotide comprises at least one segment (e. g., an RNA strand or segment of an RNA strand) with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1975 or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, polynucleotide comprises at least one segment of 21 contiguous nucleotides (e. g., an RNA strand or segment of an RNA strand) that is complementary or identical to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1975 or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the insecticidal composition further comprises one or more of a carrier agent, a surfactant, an organosilicone, a cationic lipid, a polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide pesticide, a fungicide, a safener, an insect attractant, and an insect growth regulator. Embodiments of the insecticidal compositions comprise non-polynucleotide insecticides, e. g., a bacterially produced insecticidal protein.
Several embodiments relate to a method of providing a plant having improved resistance to an insect, comprising expressing in the plant a recombinant DNA construct, wherein the recombinant DNA construct encodes an insecticidal polynucleotide comprising a sequence that is essentially identical or essentially complementary to a fragment of at least one target gene of the insect, and wherein ingestion of the insecticidal polynucleotide by the insect results in mortality or stunting in the insect. In some embodiments, the target gene is selected from the group consisting of actin, Act5C, arginine kinase, COPI (coatomer subunit) alpha, COPI (coatomer subunit) beta, COPI (coatomer subunit) betaPrime, COPI (coatomer subunit) delta, COPI (coatomer subunit) epsilon, COPI (coatomer subunit) gamma, COPI (coatomer subunit) zeta, RpL07, RpL19, RpL3, RpL40, RpL13, RpL14, RpS21, RpS4, RpS14, Rpn2, Rpn3, Rpn7, Rpt6, Rpn8, Rpn9, Rpn6-PB-like protein, Sar1, sec6, sec23, sec23A, shrb (snf7), Tubulin gamma chain, ProsAlpha2, ProsBeta5, Proteasome alpha 2, Proteasome beta 5, VATPase E, VATPase A, VATPase B, VATPase D, Vps2, Vps4, Vps16A, Vps20, Vps24, Vps27, Vps28, Vha26 (V-ATPase A), Vha68-2 (V-ATPase D/E), 40S ribosomal protein S14, and 60S ribosomal protein L13. In some embodiments, the target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-859. In some embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide is single-stranded RNA (ssRNA). In other embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide is double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), which may comprise single-stranded portions, such as a loop in a stem-loop structure. In some embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide is a single-stranded DNA molecule. In some embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide is a double-stranded DNA molecule. In some embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide is a RNA/DNA hybrid molecule. In some embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide comprises a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity or complementarity with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1975 or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide comprises a sequence of at least 21 contiguous nucleotides that are complementarity or identical to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1975. In some embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide is an RNA (e. g., an RNA strand or segment of an RNA strand) comprising at least 21 contiguous nucleotides of a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1975 or a fragment thereof.
Several embodiments relate to a recombinant DNA construct comprising a heterologous promoter operably linked to DNA encoding an insecticidal polynucleotide comprising a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity or complementarity with at least 21 contiguous nucleotides of a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1975 or a fragment thereof. Several embodiments relate to a commercial unit of seed, such as a bag, in which all or substantially all of the seeds comprise a recombinant DNA construct comprising a heterologous promoter operably linked to DNA encoding an insecticidal polynucleotide comprising a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity or complementarity with at least 21 contiguous nucleotides of a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1975 or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide is single-stranded RNA (ssRNA). In other embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide is double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), which may comprise single-stranded portions, such as a loop in a stem-loop structure. In some embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide is single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). In other embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide is double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), which may comprise single-stranded portions, such as a loop in a stem-loop structure. In some embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide is a hybrid RNA/DNA molecule. In some embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide comprises an RNA strand or segment of an RNA strand comprising a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity or complementarity with at least 21 contiguous nucleotides of a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1975 or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide comprises an RNA strand or segment of an RNA strand comprising a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1975 or a fragment thereof.
In related aspects, provided herein are man-made compositions comprising a insecticidal polynucleotide as described herein, such as ssRNA, dsRNA, ssDNA, dsDNA or hybrid RNA/DNA formulations useful for topical application to a plant or substance in need of protection from an insect infestation; recombinant constructs and vectors useful for making transgenic plant cells and transgenic plants; formulations and coatings useful for treating plants (including plant seeds or propagatable parts such as tubers); plant seeds or propagatable parts such as tubers treated with or containing a polynucleotide as described herein as well as commodity products and foodstuffs produced from such plants; seeds, or propagatable parts (especially commodity products and foodstuffs having a detectable amount of a polynucleotide disclosed herein). Several embodiments relate to polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies that bind a peptide or protein encoded by a sequence or a fragment of a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-859. Several embodiments relate to polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies that bind a peptide or protein encoded by a sequence or a fragment of a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1975 or the complement thereof. Such antibodies are made by routine methods as known to one of ordinary skill in the art.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present embodiments relate to methods and compositions for controlling insect pests, in particular the group of coleopteran insects commonly known as “flea beetles”, of which there are several genera. Disclosed herein are target genes identified as useful for designing insecticidal polynucleotide agents for preventing or treating flea beetle infestations, especially of commercially important plants. The methods and compositions are especially useful for preventing or treating flea beetle infestations of commercially important Brassica species including species commercially used as oilseed, food, or livestock feed (e. g., canola, rapeseed, turnips, and field mustard or turnip rape). Such Brassica species include B. napus, B. juncea, B. carinata, B. rapa, B. oleracea, B. rupestris, B. septiceps, B. nigra, B. narinosa, B. perviridus, B. tournefortii, and B. fructiculosa. Also disclosed are sequences for suppressing one or more flea beetle target genes. Several embodiments relate to insecticidal polynucleotide agents that suppress flea beetle target genes. In some embodiments, insecticidal polynucleotides and recombinant DNA molecules and constructs useful in methods of controlling insect pests, especially flea beetles are provided. Several embodiments relate to insecticidal compositions, as well as to transgenic plants resistant to infestation by insect pests. Several embodiments relate to methods of identifying efficacious insecticidal polynucleotide agents, for example, single-stranded RNA molecules, double-stranded RNA molecules, single-stranded DNA molecules, double-stranded DNA molecules, or hybrid RNA/DNA molecules for controlling insect pests and methods for identifying target genes that are likely to represent essential functions, making these genes preferred targets for RNAi-mediated silencing and control of insect pests.
Several embodiments relate to methods and compositions for inhibiting or controlling flea beetle infestation of a plant by inhibiting in the flea beetle the expression of one or more target gene selected from the group consisting of actin, Act5C, arginine kinase, COPI (coatomer subunit) alpha, COPI (coatomer subunit) beta, COPI (coatomer subunit) betaPrime, COPI (coatomer subunit) delta, COPI (coatomer subunit) epsilon, COPI (coatomer subunit) gamma, COPI (coatomer subunit) zeta, RpL07, RpL19, RpL3, RpL40, RpL13, RpL14, RpS21, RpS4, RpS14, Rpn2, Rpn3, Rpn7, Rpt6, Rpn8, Rpn9, Rpn6-PB-like protein, Sar1, sec6, sec23, sec23A, shrb (snf7), Tubulin gamma chain, ProsAlpha2, ProsBeta5, Proteasome alpha 2, Proteasome beta 5, VATPase E, VATPase A, VATPase B, VATPase D, Vps2, Vps4, Vps16A, Vps20, Vps24, Vps27, Vps28, Vha26 (V-ATPase A), Vha68-2 (V-ATPase DE), 40S ribosomal protein S14, and 60S ribosomal protein L13. In some embodiments, inhibiting the expression of one or more target gene in the flea beetle results in stunting or mortality.
Several embodiments relate to an insecticidal polynucleotide molecule, such as a ssRNA, a dsRNA, a ssDNA, a dsDNA, or a RNA/DNA hybrid, which comprises one or more segments comprising 18 or more contiguous nucleotides, for example 21 or more contiguous nucleotides, having 95% to about 100% (e. g., about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100%) complementarity with a fragment of an insect target gene selected from the group consisting of actin, Act5C, arginine kinase, COPI (coatomer subunit) alpha, COPI (coatomer subunit) beta, COPI (coatomer subunit) betaPrime, COPI (coatomer subunit) delta, COPI (coatomer subunit) epsilon, COPI (coatomer subunit) gamma, COPI (coatomer subunit) zeta, RpL07, RpL19, RpL3, RpL40, RpL13, RpL14, RpS21, RpS4, RpS14, Rpn2, Rpn3, Rpn7, Rpt6, Rpn8, Rpn9, Rpn6-PB-like protein, Sar1, sec6, sec23, sec23A, shrb (snf7), Tubulin gamma chain, ProsAlpha2, ProsBeta5, Proteasome alpha 2, Proteasome beta 5, VATPase E, VATPase A, VATPase B, VATPase D, Vps2, Vps4, Vps16A, Vps20, Vps24, Vps27, Vps28, Vha26 (V-ATPase A), Vha68-2 (V-ATPase D/E), 40S ribosomal protein S14, and 60S ribosomal protein L13. In some embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide comprises multiple segments each of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% (e. g., about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100%) complementarity with a fragment of a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-859. In some embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide comprises at least 21 contiguous nucleotides having 100% complementarity with a fragment of a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-859. In some embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide comprises segments complementary to different regions of a target gene, or can comprise multiple copies of a segment. In some embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide comprises multiple segments, each of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% (e. g., about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100%) complementarity with a fragment of a different target gene; in this way multiple target genes, or multiple insect species, can be suppressed.
Several embodiments relate to a insecticidal polynucleotide (e.g., a ssRNA, a dsRNA, a ssDNA, a dsDNA, or a RNA/DNA hybrid) molecule which inhibits the expression of one or more insect target genes selected from the group consisting of actin, Act5C, arginine kinase, COPI (coatomer subunit) alpha, COPI (coatomer subunit) beta, COPI (coatomer subunit) betaPrime, COPI (coatomer subunit) delta, COPI (coatomer subunit) epsilon, COPI (coatomer subunit) gamma, COPI (coatomer subunit) zeta, RpL07, RpL19, RpL3, RpL40, RpL13, RpL14, RpS21, RpS4, RpS14, Rpn2, Rpn3, Rpn7, Rpt6, Rpn8, Rpn9, Rpn6-PB-like protein, Sar1, sec6, sec23, sec23A, shrb (snf7), Tubulin gamma chain, ProsAlpha2, ProsBeta5, Proteasome alpha 2, Proteasome beta 5, VATPase E, VATPase A, VATPase B, VATPase D, Vps2, Vps4, Vps16A, Vps20, Vps24, Vps27, Vps28, Vha26 (V-ATPase A), Vha68-2 (V-ATPase DE), 40S ribosomal protein S14, and 60S ribosomal protein L13. Several embodiments relate to an insecticidal polynucleotide having a length greater than that which is typical of naturally occurring regulatory small RNAs (such as endogenously produced siRNAs and mature miRNAs), e. g, the polynucleotide is at least about 30 contiguous base-pairs in length. In some embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide has a length of between about 50 to about 500 base-pairs. In some embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide is at least 50 base pairs in length. In some embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide is formed from two separate, essentially complementary strands (e. g., where each strand is separately provided, or where each strand is encoded on a separate DNA molecule, or where the two strands are encoded on separate sections of a DNA and are separately transcribed or made separate, for example, by the action of a recombinase or nuclease), wherein at least one strand comprises a sequence of about 95% to about 100% (e. g., about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100%) identity or complementarity with at least 21 contiguous nucleotides of a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1975 or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide is double stranded and blunt-ended, e. g., two separate, equal-length strands which form the double-stranded polynucleotide through intermolecular hybridisation. In some embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide is double stranded and has an overhang at one or both ends (termini), e. g., two separate, unequal-length strands which form the double-stranded polynucleotide through intermolecular hybridisation; the overhang can be a single nucleotide or 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more nucleotides, and can be located on the 5′ end or on the 3′ end of a strand. In some embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide comprises at least one stem-loop, e. g., a single polynucleotide molecule that forms a double-stranded region through intramolecular hybridization adjacent to a “hairpin” secondary structure. In some embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide is formed from a single self-hybridizing hairpin, wherein one “arm” of the hairpin comprises a sequence of about 95% to about 100% (e. g., about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100%) identity or complementarity to at least 21 contiguous nucleotides of a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1975 or a fragment thereof. In embodiments, self-hybridizing polynucleotides which form hairpins (or partial hairpins) include polynucleotide molecules that comprise “spacer” nucleotides or a single-stranded “loop region” between the double-strand-forming complementary “arms” of sense sequence and anti-sense sequence. In embodiments, such spacers or loops include nucleotides having a sequence unrelated (not complementary or identical to) the target gene corresponding to the double-stranded portion of the hairpin. In embodiments, such spacers or loops include nucleotides having a sequence complementary or identical to the target gene. Examples of spacers or loops include those encoded by SEQ ID NOs:1719-1721. In embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide comprises multiple stem-loops, with or without spacer nucleotides between each stem-loop. In embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide comprises a modified stem-loop such as a “stabilized anti-sense” loop or a “stabilized sense” loop; see, e. g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,855,323 and 9,006,414, which are incorporated by reference in their entirety herein.
The insecticidal polynucleotide can be chemically synthesized (e. g., by in vitro transcription, such as transcription using a T7 polymerase or other polymerase), or can be produced by expression in a microorganism, by expression in a plant cell, or by microbial fermentation. The insecticidal polynucleotide can be chemically modified, e. g., to improve stability, ease of formulation, or efficacy. In some embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide molecule is provided in a microbial or plant cell that expresses the insecticidal polynucleotide (such as a hairpin form of a dsRNA), or in a microbial fermentation product.
A variety of methods for designing and producing a variety of forms of insecticidal polynucleotide are known in the art and are useful in the compositions and methods disclosed herein. See, for example, the following patents which are incorporated by reference in their entirety herein: (1) U.S. Pat. No. 8,598,332 to Waterhouse et al., which discloses recombinant DNA constructs comprising DNA encoding sense RNA and anti-sense RNA sequences in a single transcript that forms an artificial “hairpin” RNA structure with a double-stranded RNA stem by base-pairing between the sense and anti-sense nucleotide sequences; embodiments include hairpins with spacer nucleotides between the sense and anti-sense nucleotide sequences; (2) U.S. Pat. No. 8,158,414 to Rommens et al., which discloses recombinant DNA constructs including convergently oriented first and second promoters, which produce, e. g., an RNA duplex that is formed by annealing of two separate RNA transcripts; and (3) U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,855,323 and 9,006,414 to Huang et al., which disclose recombinant DNA constructs including DNA encoding “stabilized anti-sense” transcripts which form a loop of anti-sense-oriented RNA for suppressing one or more target genes; recombinant DNA constructs can be designed to similarly encode “stabilized sense” transcripts which form a loop of sense-oriented RNA for suppressing one or more target genes.
Embodiments of the compositions comprising insecticidal polynucleotides described herein further comprise one or more additional components or adjuvants, e. g., a carrier agent, an encapsulation agent, an emulsifying agent, a surfactant, an organosilicone, a cationic lipid, a spreading agent, a photoprotective agent, a rainfastness agent, a polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide pesticide, a non-polynucleotide fungicide, a safener, a bait, an insect attractant, an insect pheromone, and an insect growth regulator. In embodiments, these additional components or adjuvants are edible or digestible if ingested by a flea beetle.
In embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide disclosed herein are used in combination with a non-nucleotide pesticidal agent such as a small-molecule pesticidal agent or a proteinaceous pesticidal agent, either concurrently or sequentially. Examples of non-nucleotide pesticidal agents include patatins, plant lectins, phytoecdysteroids, and bacterial insecticidal proteins (e. g., insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis, Xenorhabdus sp., Photorhabdus sp., Brevibacillus laterosporus (previously Bacillus laterosporus), Lysinibacillus sphaericus (previously Bacillus sphaericus), Chromobacterium sp., Chromobacterium subtsugae, Paenibacillus sp., Paenibacillus lentimorbus, and Paenibacillus popilliae), a bacterium that produces an insecticidal protein, and an entomicidal bacterial species. In embodiments, the compositions comprising polynucleotides for flea beetle control such as the insecticidal polynucleotide described herein can further comprise, or can be used concurrently or sequentially with, conventional pesticides such as Spiromesifen, Spirodiclofen, Spirotetramat, Pyridaben, Tebufenpyrad, Tolfenpyrad, Fenpyroximate, Flufenerim, Pyrimidifen, Fenazaquin, Rotenone, Cyenopyrafen, Hydramethylnon, Acequinocyl, Fluacrypyrim, Aluminium phosphide, Calcium phosphide, Phosphine, Zinc phosphide, Cyanide, Diafenthiuron, Azocyclotin, Cyhexatin, Fenbutatin oxide, Propargite, Tetradifon, Bensultap, Thiocyclam, Thiosultap-sodium, Flonicamid, Etoxazole, Clofentezine, Diflovidazin, Hexythiazox, Chlorfluazuron, Bistrifluron, Diflubenzuron, Flucycloxuron, Flufenoxuron, Hexaflumuron, Lufenuron, Novaluron, Noviflumuron, Teflubenzuron, Triflumuron, Buprofezin, Cyromazine, Hydroprene, Kinoprene, Methoprene, Fenoxycarb, Pyriproxyfen, Pymetrozine, Pyrifluquinazon, Chlorfenapyr, Tralopyril, B.t. (Bacillus thuringiensis) var. aizawai, B.t. var. israelensis, B.t. var. kurstaki, B.t. var. sphaericus, B.t. var. tenebrionensis, Bacillus thuringiensis crop proteins including Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1Fa, Cry2Ab, mCry3A, Cry3Ab, Cry3Bb, Cry34/35Ab1, Methyl bromide and other alkyl halides, Chloropicrin, Sulfuryl fluoride, Benclothiaz, Chinomethionat, Cryolite, Methylneodecanamide, Benzoximate, Cymiazole, Fluensulfone, Azadirachtin, Bifenazate, Amidoflumet, Dicofol, Plifenate, Cyflumetofen, Pyridalyl, Beauveria bassiana GHA, Sulfoxaflor, Spinetoram, Spinosad, Spinosad, Emamectin benzoate, Lepimectin, Milbemectin, Abamectin, Methoxyfenozide, Chromafenozide, Halofenozide, Tebufenozide, Amitraz, Chlorantraniliprole, Cyantraniliprole, Flubendiamide, alpha-endosulfan, Chlordane, Endosulfan, Fipronil, Acetoprole, Ethiprole, Pyrafluprole, Pyriprole, Indoxacarb and Metaflumizone, Acrinathrin, Allethrin, Allethrin-cis-trans, Allethrin-trans, beta-Cyfluthrin, beta-Cypermethrin, Bifenthrin, Bioallethrin, Bioallethrin S-cyclopentenyl, Bioresmethrin, Cycloprothrin, Cyfluthrin, Cyhalothrin, Cypermethrin, Cyphenothrin [(1R)-trans-isomers], Dimefluthrin, Empenthrin [(EZ)-(1R)-isomers], Esfenvalerate, Etofenprox, Fenpropathrin, Fenvalerate, Flucythrinate, Flumethrin, Gamma-cyhalothryn, lambda-Cyhalothrin, Meperfluthrin, Metofluthrin, Permethrin, Phenothrin [(1R)-trans-isomer], Prallethrin, Profluthrin, Protrifenbute, Resmethrin, Silafluofen, tau-Fluvalinate, Tefluthrin, Tetramethrin, Tetramethrin [(1R)-isomers], Tetramethylfluthrin, theta-Cypermethrin, Tralomethrin, Transfluthrin, zeta-Cypermethrin, alpha-Cypermethrin, Deltamethrin, DDT, and Methoxychlor, Thiodicarb, Alanycarb, Aldicarb, Bendiocarb, Benfuracarb, Butoxycarboxim, Carbaryl, Carbofuran, Carbosulfan, Ethiofencarb, Fenobucarb, Formetanate, Furathiocarb, Isoprocarb, Methiocarb, Methomyl, Metolcarb, Oxamyl, Pirimicarb, Propoxur, Thiofanox, Triazamate, Trimethacarb, XMC, Xylylcarb, Chlorpyrifos, Malathion, Acephate, Azamethiphos, Azinphos-ethyl, Azinphos-methyl, Cadusafos, Chlorethoxyfos, Chlorfenvinphos, Chlormephos, Chlorpyrifos-methyl, Coumaphos, Cyanophos, Demeton-S-methyl, Diazinon, Dichlorvos/DDVP, Dicrotophos, Dimethoate, Dimethylvinphos, Disulfoton, EPN, Ethion, Ethoprophos, Famphur, Fenamiphos, Fenitrothion, Fenthion, Fonofos, Fosthiazate, Imicyafos, Isofenphos-methyl, Mecarbam, Methamidophos, Methidathion, Mevinphos, Monocrotophos, Naled, Omethoate, Oxydemeton-methyl, Parathion, Parathion-methyl, Phenthoate, Phorate, Phosalone, Phosmet, Phosphamidon, Phoxim, Pirimiphos-ethyl, Profenofos, Propaphos, Propetamphos, Prothiofos, Pyraclofos, Pyridaphenthion, Quinalphos, Sulfotep, Tebupirimfos, Temephos, Terbufos, Tetrachlorvinphos, Thiometon, Triazophos, Trichlorfon, Vamidothion Imidacloprid, Thiamethoxam, Acetamiprid, Clothianidin, Dinotefuran, Nitenpyram, Nithiozine, Nicotine, Thiacloprid, chlorantraniliprole, and cyantraniliprole. In embodiments, the compositions comprising insecticidal polynucleotide for flea beetle control in Brassica species, including canola, further comprise, or are used concurrently or sequentially with, foliar sprays including one or more pesticides selected from the group consisting of Deltamethrin, Cypermethrin, Lambda-cyhalothrin, Permethrin, Carbaryl, Carbofuran, and Malathion, or seed treatments comprising one or more pesticides selected from the group consisting of Thiamethoxam, Imidacloprid, and Clothianadin.
In embodiments, the compositions comprising insecticidal polynucleotides for flea beetle control described herein can further comprise, or can be used concurrently or sequentially with, conventional fungicides such as bupirimate, dimethirimol, ethirimol, cyprodinil, pyrimethanil, mepanipyrim, fenpiclonil, fludioxonil; phenylamides, benalaxyl, furalaxyl, metalaxyl, R-metalaxyl, ofurace, oxadixyl, benomyl, carbendazim, debacarb, fuberidazole, thiabendazole, chlozolinate, dichlozoline, iprodine, myclozoline, procymidone, vinclozolin, carboxin, fenfuram, flutolanil, mepronil, oxycarboxin, thifluzamide, guazatine, dodine, iminoctadine, azoxystrobin, kresoxim-methyl, metominostrobin, or trifloxystrobin, ferbam, mancozeb, maneb, metiram, propineb, thiram, zineb, ziram, captafol, captan, dichlofluanid, fluoromide, folpet, tolyfluanid, copper hydroxide, copper oxychloride, copper sulfate, cuprous oxide, mancopper, oxine-copper, dinocap, nitrothal-isopropyl, edifenphos, iprobenphos, isoprothiolane, phosdiphen, pyrazopho, toclofos-methyl, acibenzolar-S-methyl, harpin, anilazine, blasticidin-S, chinomethionat, chloroneb, chlorothalonil, cymoxanil, dichione, diclomezine, dicloran, diethofencarb, dimethomorph, dithianon, etridiazole, famoxadone, fenamidone, fentin, fenpyrazamine, ferimzone, fluazinam, flusulfamide, fosetyl-aluminium, hymexazol, kasugamycin, methasulfocarb, pencycuron, phthalide, polyoxins, probenazole, propamocarb, pyroquilon, quinoxyfen, quintozene, sulfur, triazoxide, tricyclazole, validamycin, azaconazole, bitertanol, propiconazole, difenoconazole, diniconazole, cyproconazole, epoxiconazole, fluquinconazole, flusilazole, flutriafol, hexaconazole, imazalil, imibenconazole, ipconazole, tebuconazole, tetraconazole, fenbuconazole, metconazole, myclobutanil, perfurazoate, penconazole, bromuconazole, pyrifenox, prochloraz, triadimefon, triadimenol, triflumizol, triticonazole, triforine, ancymidol, fenarimol or nuarimol, dodemorph, fenpropidin, fenpropimorph, spiroxamine, tridemorph, and fenhexamid. In embodiments, the compositions comprising insecticidal polynucleotides for flea beetle control in Brassica species, including canola, further comprise, or are used concurrently or sequentially with, foliar sprays including one or more fungicides selected from the group consisting of Azoxystrobin, Bacillus subtilis strain QST 2808, Boscalid, Fluxopyroxad, Pyraclostrobin, Metconazole, Prothioconazole, Penthiopyrad, Picoxystrobin, and Thiophanate Methyl, or seed treatments including one or more fungicides selected from the group consisting of Azoxystrobin, Metalaxyl, Trifloxystrobin, Pyraclostrobin, Sedaxane, Penflufen, Fludioxonil, and Mefenoxam.
In embodiments, the compositions comprising insecticidal polynucleotides for flea beetle described herein can further comprise, or can be used concurrently or sequentially with, conventional herbicides such as glyphosate, auxin-like herbicides such as dicamba, phosphinothricin, glufosinate, 2,2-dichloropropionic acid (Dalapon), acetolactate synthase inhibitors such as sulfonylurea, imidazolinone, triazolopyrimidine, pyrimidyloxybenzoates, and phthalide, bromoxynil, cyclohexanedione (sethoxydim) and aryloxyphenoxypropionate (haloxyfop), sulfonamide herbicides, triazine herbicides, 5-methyltryptophan, aminoethyl cysteine, pyridazinone herbicides such as norflurazon, cyclopropylisoxazole herbicides such as isoxaflutole, protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitors, herbicidea containing an aryloxyalkanoate moiety, phenoxy auxins such as 2,4-D and dichlorprop, pyridyloxy auxins such as fluroxypyr and triclopyr, aryloxyphenoxypropionates (AOPP) acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors such as haloxyfop, quizalofop, and diclofop, and 5-substituted phenoxyacetate protoporphyrinogen oxidase IX inhibitors such as pyraflufen and flumiclorac. In embodiments, the compositions comprising insecticidal polynucleotides for flea beetle control in Brassica species, including canola, further comprise, or are used concurrently or sequentially with, one or more post-emergence herbicides selected from the group consisting of Quizalofop, Sethoxydim, Clethodim, and Clopyralid. In embodiments, the compositions comprising insecticidal polynucleotides for flea beetle control in herbicide-resistant Brassica species, including herbicide-resistant canola, further comprise, or are used concurrently or sequentially with, one or more herbicides selected from the group consisting of Imazamox, Glyphosate, and Glufosinate.
The compositions and methods disclosed are useful for inhibiting or controlling flea beetle infestation of a plant, such as a Brassica species. In embodiments, the compositions and methods are used to treat a growing plant, such as a field of Brassica plants. Embodiments include compositions comprising insecticidal polynucleotides disclosed herein in a composition in the form of a solid, liquid, powder, suspension, emulsion, spray, encapsulation, microbeads, carrier particulates, film, matrix, soil drench, or seed treatment composition. In embodiments, such compositions are applied to a surface of the plant in need of protection from or treatment for flea beetle infestations, or applied directly to the flea beetles, or provided in an ingestible form to the flea beetles. In embodiments, a composition comprising insecticidal polynucleotides disclosed herein is applied directly to ungerminated seeds (such as ungerminated Brassica species seeds), providing plants germinated from the treated seeds increased resistance to flea beetle infestations; examples of seed treatment methods are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/143,836, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein. An embodiment includes a Brassica seed that is treated by directly contacting the seed with an insecticidal polynucleotide (such as a ssRNA, dsRNA, ssDNA, dsDNA or RNA/DNA hybrid molecule) disclosed herein, followed by germination into a Brassica plant that exhibits increased resistance to flea beetle infestations.
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. Generally, the nomenclature used and the manufacturing or laboratory procedures described below are well known and commonly employed in the art. Conventional methods are used for these procedures, such as those provided in the art and various general references. Where a term is provided in the singular, the inventors also contemplate aspects described by the plural of that term. Where there are discrepancies in terms and definitions used in references that are incorporated by reference, the terms used in this application shall have the definitions given. Other technical terms used have their ordinary meaning in the art in which they are used, as exemplified by various art-specific dictionaries, for example, “The American Heritage® Science Dictionary” (Editors of the American Heritage Dictionaries, 2011, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Boston and New York), the “McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms” (6^thedition, 2002, McGraw-Hill, New York), or the “Oxford Dictionary of Biology” (6^thedition, 2008, Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York). The inventors do not intend to be limited to a mechanism or mode of action. Reference thereto is provided for illustrative purposes only.
Unless otherwise stated, nucleic acid sequences in the text of this specification are given, when read from left to right, in the 5′ to 3′ direction. One of skill in the art would be aware that a given DNA sequence is understood to define a corresponding RNA sequence which is identical to the DNA sequence except for replacement of the thymine (T) nucleotides of the DNA with uracil (U) nucleotides. Thus, providing a specific DNA sequence is understood to define the RNA equivalent and vice versa. A given first polynucleotide sequence, whether DNA or RNA, further defines the sequence of its exact complement (which can be DNA or RNA), i. e., a second polynucleotide that hybridizes perfectly to the first polynucleotide by forming Watson-Crick base-pairs. By “essentially complementary” is meant that a polynucleotide strand (or at least one strand of a double-stranded polynucleotide) is designed to hybridize (generally under physiological conditions such as those found in a living plant or animal cell) to a target gene or to a fragment of a target gene or to the transcript of the target gene or the fragment of a target gene; one of skill in the art would understand that such hybridization does not necessarily require 100% sequence complementarity. A first nucleic acid sequence is “operably” connected or “linked” with a second nucleic acid sequence when the first nucleic acid sequence is placed in a functional relationship with the second nucleic acid sequence. For example, a promoter sequence is “operably linked” to DNA if the promoter provides for transcription or expression of the DNA. Generally, operably linked DNA sequences are contiguous.
The term “polynucleotide” commonly refers to a DNA or RNA molecule containing multiple nucleotides and generally refers both to “oligonucleotides” (a polynucleotide molecule of 18-25 nucleotides in length) and longer polynucleotides of 26 or more nucleotides. Polynucleotides also include molecules containing multiple nucleotides, including non-canonical nucleotides or chemically modified nucleotides as commonly practiced in the art; see, e. g., chemical modifications disclosed in the technical manual “RNA Interference (RNAi) and DsiRNAs”, 2011 (Integrated DNA Technologies Coralville, Iowa).
Generally, insecticidal polynucleotides as described herein, whether DNA or RNA or both, and whether single- or double-stranded, comprise at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides (or, in the case of double-stranded polynucleotides, at least 18 contiguous base-pairs) that are essentially identical or complementary to a fragment of equivalent size of the DNA of a target gene or the target gene's RNA transcript. Throughout this disclosure, “at least 18 contiguous” means “from about 18 to about 10,000, including every whole number point in between”. Thus, embodiments include compositions comprising oligonucleotides having a length of 18-25 nucleotides (18-mers, 19-mers, 20-mers, 21-mers, 22-mers, 23-mers, 24-mers, or 25-mers), or medium-length polynucleotides having a length of 26 or more nucleotides (polynucleotides of 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, about 65, about 70, about 75, about 80, about 85, about 90, about 95, about 100, about 110, about 120, about 130, about 140, about 150, about 160, about 170, about 180, about 190, about 200, about 210, about 220, about 230, about 240, about 250, about 260, about 270, about 280, about 290, or about 300 nucleotides), or long polynucleotides having a length greater than about 300 nucleotides (e. g., polynucleotides of between about 300 to about 400 nucleotides, between about 400 to about 500 nucleotides, between about 500 to about 600 nucleotides, between about 600 to about 700 nucleotides, between about 700 to about 800 nucleotides, between about 800 to about 900 nucleotides, between about 900 to about 1000 nucleotides, between about 300 to about 500 nucleotides, between about 300 to about 600 nucleotides, between about 300 to about 700 nucleotides, between about 300 to about 800 nucleotides, between about 300 to about 900 nucleotides, or about 1000 nucleotides in length, or even greater than about 1000 nucleotides in length, for example up to the entire length of a target gene including coding or non-coding or both coding and non-coding portions of the target gene). Where an insecticidal polynucleotide is double-stranded, such as the dsRNAs described in the working Examples, its length can be similarly described in terms of base pairs. Double-stranded insecticidal polynucleotides can further be described in terms of one or more of the single-stranded components.
The insecticidal polynucleotides described herein can be single-stranded (ss) or double-stranded (ds). “Double-stranded” refers to the base-pairing that occurs between sufficiently complementary, anti-parallel nucleic acid strands to form a double-stranded nucleic acid structure, generally under physiologically relevant conditions. Embodiments include those wherein the polynucleotide is selected from the group consisting of sense single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), a double-stranded DNA/RNA hybrid, anti-sense ssDNA, or anti-sense ssRNA; a mixture of polynucleotides of any of these types can be used. In some embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide is double-stranded RNA of a length greater than that which is typical of naturally occurring regulatory small RNAs (such as endogenously produced siRNAs and mature miRNAs). In some embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide is double-stranded RNA of at least about 30 contiguous base-pairs in length. In some embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide is double-stranded RNA with a length of between about 50 to about 500 base-pairs. In some embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide can comprise components other than standard ribonucleotides, e. g., an embodiment is an RNA that comprises terminal deoxyribonucleotides.
Insecticidal polynucleotides of any size can be used, alone or in combination, in the various methods and compositions described herein. In some embodiments, a single insecticidal polynucleotide is used to make a composition (e. g., a composition for topical application). In other embodiments, a mixture or pool of different insecticidal polynucleotides is used; in such cases the insecticidal polynucleotides can be for a single target gene or for multiple target genes.
In various embodiments, an insecticidal polynucleotide as described herein comprises naturally occurring nucleotides, such as those which occur in DNA and RNA. In certain embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide is a combination of ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides, for example, synthetic polynucleotides consisting mainly of ribonucleotides but with one or more terminal deoxyribonucleotides or one or more terminal dideoxyribonucleotides or synthetic polynucleotides consisting mainly of deoxyribonucleotides but with one or more terminal dideoxyribonucleotides. In certain embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide comprises non-canonical nucleotides such as inosine, thiouridine, or pseudouridine. In certain embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide comprises chemically modified nucleotides. Examples of chemically modified oligonucleotides or polynucleotides are well known in the art; see, for example, U.S. Patent Publication 2011/0171287, U.S. Patent Publication 2011/0171176, U.S. Patent Publication 2011/0152353, U.S. Patent Publication 2011/0152346, and U.S. Patent Publication 2011/0160082, which are herein incorporated by reference. Illustrative examples include, but are not limited to, the naturally occurring phosphodiester backbone of an oligonucleotide or polynucleotide which can be partially or completely modified with phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate, or methylphosphonate internucleotide linkage modifications, modified nucleoside bases or modified sugars can be used in oligonucleotide or polynucleotide synthesis, and oligonucleotides or polynucleotides can be labeled with a fluorescent moiety (e. g., fluorescein or rhodamine) or other label (e. g., biotin).
The term “recombinant”, as used to refer to a polynucleotide (such as insecticidal polynucleotide molecules or recombinant DNA constructs described herein), means that the polynucleotide is not a naturally occurring molecule, i. e., that human intervention is required for the polynucleotide to exist. A recombinant polynucleotide is produced using recombinant nucleic acid techniques, or by chemical synthesis, and can include combinations of sequences that do not occur in nature (e. g., combinations of a heterologous promoter and a DNA encoding an RNA to be expressed, or an RNA molecule that comprises concatenated segments of a target gene that do not in nature occur adjacent to one another). A recombinant polynucleotide can be biologically produced in a cell (such as a bacterial or plant or animal cell), for example, when that cell is transfected or transformed with a vector encoding the recombinant polynucleotide (e. g., a vector encoding a hairpin form of a dsRNA, produced in a bacterium). A recombinant polynucleotide can comprise sequences of nucleotides designed in silico using appropriate algorithms.
The insecticidal polynucleotides disclosed herein are generally designed to suppress or silence one or more genes (“target genes”). The term “gene” refers to any portion of a nucleic acid that provides for expression of a transcript or encodes a transcript, or that is a hereditable nucleic acid sequence. A “gene” can include, but is not limited to, a promoter region, 5′ untranslated regions, transcript encoding regions that can include intronic regions, 3′ untranslated regions, or combinations of these regions. In embodiments, the target genes can include coding or non-coding sequence or both. In other embodiments, the target gene has a sequence identical to or complementary to a messenger RNA, e. g., in embodiments the target gene is a cDNA.
As used herein, the term “isolated” refers to separating a molecule from other molecules normally associated with it in its native or natural state. The term “isolated” thus may refer to a DNA molecule that has been separated from other DNA molecule(s) which normally are associated with it in its native or natural state. Such a DNA molecule may be present in a recombined state, such as a recombinant DNA molecule. Thus, DNA molecules fused to regulatory or coding sequences with which they are not normally associated, for example as the result of recombinant techniques, are considered isolated, even when integrated as a transgene into the chromosome of a cell or present with other DNA molecules.
By “insecticidally effective” is meant effective in inducing a physiological or behavioural change in an insect (e. g., adult or larval flea beetles) that infests a plant such as, but not limited to, growth stunting, increased mortality, decrease in reproductive capacity or decreased fecundity, decrease in or cessation of feeding behavior or movement, or decrease in or cessation of metamorphosis stage development. In some embodiments, application of an insecticidally effective amount of the insecticidal polynucleotide, such as a dsRNA molecule, to a plant improves the plant's resistance to infestation by the insect. In some embodiments, application of an insecticidally effective amount of the insecticidal polynucleotide to a crop plant improves yield (e. g., increased biomass, increased seed or fruit production, or increased oil, starch, sugar, or protein content) of that crop plant, in comparison to a crop plant not treated with the insecticidal polynucleotide. While there is no upper limit on the concentrations and dosages of an insecticidal polynucleotide as described herein that can be useful in the methods and compositions provided herein, lower effective concentrations and dosages will generally be sought for efficiency and economy. Non-limiting embodiments of effective amounts of an insecticidal polynucleotide include a range from about 10 nanograms per milliliter to about 100 micrograms per milliliter of an insecticidal polynucleotide in a liquid form sprayed on a plant, or from about 10 milligrams per acre to about 100 grams per acre of polynucleotide applied to a field of plants, or from about 0.001 to about 0.1 microgram per milliliter of polynucleotide in an artificial diet for feeding the insect. Where compositions as described herein are topically applied to a plant, the concentrations can be adjusted in consideration of the volume of spray or treatment applied to plant leaves or other plant part surfaces, such as flower petals, stems, tubers, fruit, anthers, pollen, leaves, roots, or seeds. In one embodiment, a useful treatment for herbaceous plants using insecticidal polynucleotides as described herein is about 1 nanomole (nmol) of polynucleotides per plant, for example, from about 0.05 to 1 nmol polynucleotides per plant. Other embodiments for herbaceous plants include useful ranges of about 0.05 to about 100 nmol, or about 0.1 to about 20 nmol, or about 1 nmol to about 10 nmol of polynucleotides per plant. In certain embodiments, about 40 to about 50 nmol of a single-stranded polynucleotide as described herein are applied. In certain embodiments, about 0.5 nmol to about 2 nmol of an insecticidal polynucleotide as described herein is applied. In certain embodiments, a composition containing about 0.5 to about 2.0 milligrams per milliliter, or about 0.14 milligrams per milliliter of an insecticidal polynucleotide (or a single-stranded 21-mer) as described herein is applied. In certain embodiments, a composition of about 0.5 to about 1.5 milligrams per milliliter of an insecticidal polynucleotide as described herein of about 50 to about 200 or more nucleotides is applied. In certain embodiments, about 1 nmol to about 5 nmol of an insecticidal polynucleotide as described herein is applied to a plant. In certain embodiments, a polynucleotide composition as topically applied to the plant comprises at least one polynucleotide as described herein at a concentration of about 0.01 to about 10 milligrams per milliliter, or about 0.05 to about 2 milligrams per milliliter, or about 0.1 to about 2 milligrams per milliliter. Very large plants, trees, or vines can require correspondingly larger amounts of insecticidal polynucleotides. When using long insecticidal polynucleotide molecules that can be processed into multiple oligonucleotides (e. g., multiple oligonucleotides encoded by a single recombinant DNA molecule as disclosed herein), lower concentrations can be used. Non-limiting examples of effective insecticidal polynucleotide treatment regimes include a treatment of between about 0.1 to about 1 nmol of polynucleotide molecule per plant, or between about 1 nmol to about 10 nmol of polynucleotide molecule per plant, or between about 10 nmol to about 100 nmol of polynucleotide molecule per plant.

Methods of Causing Insect Mortality and of Controlling Insect Infestations

Several embodiments relate to a method of causing mortality or stunting in an insect, comprising providing in the diet of an insect at least one insecticidal polynucleotide comprising at least one silencing element essentially identical or essentially complementary to a fragment of a target gene sequence of the insect, wherein the target gene sequence is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-859, and wherein ingestion of the insecticidal polynucleotide by the insect results in mortality or stunting in the insect. These methods are useful for controlling insect infestations of a plant, for example for prevention or treatment of a flea beetle infestation of a crop plant, particularly commercially important Brassica species.
In embodiments, the at least one silencing element comprises a sequence having about 95% to about 100% identity or complementarity with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1975 or a fragment thereof. In embodiments, the at least one silencing element comprises 18 or more contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of 100% complementarity with a fragment of the target gene of the insect, wherein the target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-859. In embodiments, the at least one silencing element comprises at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides of a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1975 or a fragment thereof. In embodiments, the at least one silencing element comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1975 or a fragment thereof. In embodiments the at least one silencing element comprises a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity or complementarity with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1975 or a fragment thereof.
In embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide is provided in a microbial or plant cell that expresses the insecticidal polynucleotide, or in a microbial fermentation product, or is chemically synthesized. In embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide comprises dsRNA. In embodiments, the dsRNA is blunt-ended, or has an overhang at at least one terminus, or comprises at least one stem-loop. In embodiments, the dsRNA is provided by convenient techniques commonly used. In embodiments, the dsRNA is chemically synthesized, produced by expression in a microorganism, produced by expression in a plant cell, or produced by microbial fermentation. In embodiments, the dsRNA is made from naturally occurring ribonucleotides; in other embodiments the dsRNA is chemically modified.
In embodiments, the method is useful for causing mortality or stunting in insects that are pests of commercially important crop plants, such as an insect pest of a Brassica species. In embodiments, the insect is a flea beetle. In embodiments, the insect is a species of a genus selected from the group consisting of the genera Altica, Anthobiodes, Aphthona, Aphthonaltica, Aphthonoides, Apteopeda, Argopistes, Argopus, Arrhenocoela, Batophila, Blepharida, Chaetocnema, Clitea, Crepidodera, Derocrepis, Dibolia, Disonycha, Epitrix, Hermipyxis, Hermaeophaga, Hespera, Hippuriphila, Horaia, Hyphasis, Lipromima, Liprus, Longitarsus, Luperomorpha, Lythraria, Manobia, Mantura, Meishania, Minota, Mniophila, Neicrepidodera, Nonarthra, Novofoudrasia, Ochrosis, Oedionychis, Oglobinia, Omeisphaera, Ophrida, Orestia, Paragopus, Pentamesa, Philopona, Phygasia, Phyllotreta, Podagrica, Podagricomela, Podontia, Pseudodera, Psylliodes, Sangariola, Sinaltica, Sphaeroderma, Systena, Trachyaphthona, Xuthea, and Zipangia. In embodiments, the insect is a species selected from the group consisting of Altica ambiens (alder flea beetle), Altica canadensis (prairie flea beetle), Altica chalybaea (grape flea beetle), Altica prasina (poplar flea beetle), Altica rosae (rose flea beetle), Altica sylvia (blueberry flea beetle), Altica ulmi (elm flea beetle), Chaetocnema pulicaria (corn flea beele), Chaetocnema conofinis (sweet potato flea beetle), Epitrix cucumeris (potato flea beetle), Systena blanda (palestripped fleabeetle), and Systena frontalis (redheaded flea beetle). In embodiments, the insect is a species selected from the group consisting of Phyllotreta armoraciae (horseradish flea beetle), Phyllotreta cruciferae (canola flea beetle), Phyllotreta pusilla (western black flea beetle), Phyllotreta nemorum (striped turnip flea beetle), Phyllotreta atra (turnip flea beetle), Phyllotreta robusta (garden flea beetle), Phyllotreta striolata (striped flea beetle), Phyllotreta undulata, Psylliodes chrysocephala, and Psylliodes punctulata (hop flea beetle).
Embodiments of the method include those in which the insecticidal polynucleotide is designed to silence a target gene in a genus- or species-specific manner, for example, wherein (a) the insect is a Phyllotreta species and the target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-551; (b) the insect is Phyllotreta atra (turnip flea beetle) and the target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-296; (c) the insect is Phyllotreta cruciferae (canola flea beetle) and the target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:297-532; (d) the insect is Phyllotreta striolata (striped flea beetle) and the target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:533-551; (e) the insect is a Psylliodes species and the target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:552-859; or (f) the insect is Psylliodes chrysocephala and the target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:552-859. Embodiments of the method also include those wherein (a) the insect is a Phyllotreta species and the insecticidal polynucleotide comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1410 or a fragment thereof; (b) the insect is Phyllotreta atra (turnip flea beetle) and the insecticidal polynucleotide comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1155 or a fragment thereof, (c) the insect is Phyllotreta cruciferae (canola flea beetle) and insecticidal polynucleotide comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1156-1391, 1731-1972, and 1974 or a fragment thereof, (d) the insect is Phyllotreta striolata (striped flea beetle) and the insecticidal polynucleotide comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1392-1410, 1973, and 1975 or a fragment thereof, (e) the insect is a Psylliodes species and the insecticidal polynucleotide comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1411-1718 or a fragment thereof, or (f) the insect is Psylliodes chrysocephala and the insecticidal polynucleotide comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1411-1718 or a fragment thereof.
Embodiments of the method include those wherein at least one insecticidal polynucleotide is provided in a composition comprising the insecticidal polynucleotide, wherein the composition is applied to a surface of the insect or to a surface of a seed or plant in need of protection from infestation by the insect. Embodiments of such compositions include those where the composition is a solid, liquid, powder, suspension, emulsion, spray, encapsulation, microbeads, carrier particulates, film, matrix, soil drench, or seed treatment. In many embodiments, the composition is formulated in a form that is ingested by the insect. In embodiments, the composition further includes one or more components selected from the group consisting of a carrier agent, a surfactant, an organosilicone, a polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide pesticide, a fungicide, a safener, a fertilizer, a micronutrient, an insect attractant, and an insect growth regulator. In embodiments, the composition further comprises at least one pesticidal agent selected from the group consisting of a patatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein, a Xenorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Photorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Bacillus laterosporous insecticidal protein, a Bacillus sphaericus insecticidal protein, a bacterium that produces an insecticidal protein, an entomicidal bacterial species, Lysinibacillus sphaericus (Bacillus sphaericus), Brevibacillus laterosporus (Bacillus laterosporus), Chromobacterium species, Chromobacterium subtsugae, Paenibacillus species, Paenibacillus lentimorbus, and Paenibacillus popilliae.
Several embodiments relate to a method for controlling an insect infestation of a plant comprising contacting the plant and/or an insect that infests a plant with a insecticidal polynucleotide, wherein the insecticidal polynucleotide comprises at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% (e. g., about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100%) complementarity with a fragment of a target gene of the insect selected from the group consisting of actin, Act5C, arginine kinase, COPI (coatomer subunit) alpha, COPI (coatomer subunit) beta, COPI (coatomer subunit) betaPrime, COPI (coatomer subunit) delta, COPI (coatomer subunit) epsilon, COPI (coatomer subunit) gamma, COPI (coatomer subunit) zeta, RpL07, RpL19, RpL3, RpL40, RpL13, RpL14, RpS21, RpS4, RpS14, Rpn2, Rpn3, Rpn7, Rpt6, Rpn8, Rpn9, Rpn6-PB-like protein, Sar1, sec6, sec23, sec23A, shrb (snf7), Tubulin gamma chain, ProsAlpha2, ProsBeta5, Proteasome alpha 2, Proteasome beta 5, VATPase E, VATPase A, VATPase B, VATPase D, Vps2, Vps4, Vps16A, Vps20, Vps24, Vps27, Vps28, Vha26 (V-ATPase A), Vha68-2 (V-ATPase DE), 40S ribosomal protein S14, and 60S ribosomal protein L13. In some embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide comprises at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% complementarity with a fragment of a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-859. In some embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide comprises at least one segment of 21 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of 100% complementarity with a fragment of a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-859. In this context “controlling” includes inducement of a physiological or behavioural change in an insect (adult or larvae or nymphs) such as, but not limited to, growth stunting, increased mortality, decrease in reproductive capacity, decrease in or cessation of feeding behavior or movement, or decrease in or cessation of metamorphosis stage development. In some embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1155 or a fragment thereof, or the complement thereof.
In various embodiments, the insect is a flea beetle, e. g., a species of a genus selected from the group consisting of the genera Altica, Anthobiodes, Aphthona, Aphthonaltica, Aphthonoides, Apteopeda, Argopistes, Argopus, Arrhenocoela, Batophila, Blepharida, Chaetocnema, Clitea, Crepidodera, Derocrepis, Dibolia, Disonycha, Epitrix, Hermipyxis, Hermaeophaga, Hespera, Hippuriphila, Horaia, Hyphasis, Lipromima, Liprus, Longitarsus, Luperomorpha, Lythraria, Manobia, Mantura, Meishania, Minota, Mniophila, Neicrepidodera, Nonarthra, Novofoudrasia, Ochrosis, Oedionychis, Oglobinia, Omeisphaera, Ophrida, Orestia, Paragopus, Pentamesa, Philopona, Phygasia, Phyllotreta, Podagrica, Podagricomela, Podontia, Pseudodera, Psylliodes, Sangariola, Sinaltica, Sphaeroderma, Systena, Trachyaphthona, Xuthea, and Zipangia. In some embodiments, the insect is selected from the group consisting of Altica ambiens (alder flea beetle), Altica canadensis (prairie flea beetle), Altica chalybaea (grape flea beetle), Altica prasina (poplar flea beetle), Altica rosae (rose flea beetle), Altica sylvia (blueberry flea beetle), Altica ulmi (elm flea beetle), Chaetocnema pulicaria (corn flea beele), Chaetocnema conofinis (sweet potato flea beetle), Epitrix cucumeris (potato flea beetle), Systena blanda (palestripped fleabeetle), and Systena frontalis (redheaded flea beetle). In some embodiments, the insect is selected from the group consisting of Phyllotreta armoraciae (horseradish flea beetle), Phyllotreta cruciferae (canola flea beetle), Phyllotreta pusilla (western black flea beetle), Phyllotreta nemorum (striped turnip flea beetle), Phyllotreta atra (turnip flea beetle), Phyllotreta robusta (garden flea beetle), Phyllotreta striolata (striped flea beetle), Phyllotreta undulata, Psylliodes chrysocephala, and Psylliodes punctulata (hop flea beetle).
The plant can be any plant that is subject to infestation by an insect that can be controlled by the insecticidal polynucleotides disclosed herein. Plants of particular interest include commercially important plants, including row crop plants, vegetables, and fruits, and other plants of agricultural or decorative use. Examples of suitable plants are provided under the heading “Plants”. The method is especially useful for controlling an insect infestation of an ornamental plant or a crop plant. Various embodiments of the method include those wherein the plant is a plant in the family Brassicaceae, including a Brassica species selected from the group consisting of B. napus, B. juncea, B. carinata, B. rapa, B. oleracea, B. rupestris, B. septiceps, B. nigra, B. narinosa, B. perviridus, B. tournefortii, and B. fructiculosa. In other embodiments, the plant is selected from the group consisting of Glycine max, Linum usitatissimum, Zea mays, Carthamus tinctorius, Helianthus annuus, Nicotiana tabacum, Arabidopsis thaliana, Betholettia excelsa, Ricinus communis, Cocus nucifera, Coriandrum sativum, Gossypium spp., Arachis hypogaea, Simmondsia chinensis, Solanum tuberosum, Elaeis guineensis, Olea europaea, Oryza sativa, Cucurbita maxim, Hordeum vulgare, and Triticum aestivum.
Methods include those developed for specific flea beetle pests for a given plant, e. g., wherein the plant is a potato plant and the insect is Epitrix cucumeris (potato flea beetle). In some embodiments, specific target genes are identified as targets for RNAi-mediated control in a given insect species. Various embodiments of the method include those wherein (a) the insect is Phyllotreta atra (turnip flea beetle) and the target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-296; (b) the insect is Phyllotreta cruciferae (canola flea beetle) and the target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:297-532; (c) the insect is Phyllotreta striolata (striped flea beetle) and the target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:533-551; or (d) the insect is Psylliodes chrysocephala and the target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:552-859.
In some embodiments, specific insecticidal polynucleotides are developed for specific target genes in a given insect species. Embodiments of the method include those wherein (a) the insect is Phyllotreta atra (turnip flea beetle) and the insecticidal polynucleotide comprises at least one sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1155 or a fragment thereof, (b) the insect is Phyllotreta cruciferae (canola flea beetle) and the insecticidal polynucleotide comprises at least one sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1156-1391, 1731-1972, and 1974 or a fragment thereof; (c) the insect is Phyllotreta striolata (striped flea beetle) and the insecticidal polynucleotide comprises at least one sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1392-1410, 1973, and 1975 or a fragment thereof, or (d) the insect is Psylliodes chrysocephala and the insecticidal polynucleotide comprises at least one sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1411-1718 or a fragment thereof.
The method includes contacting an insect, such as a flea beetle, with an insecticidal polynucleotide. Embodiments include contacting via oral delivery to the insect, or non-oral delivery to the insect, or a combination of oral and non-oral delivery to the insect. Embodiments include contacting insects in the adult stage, or in larval stages, or in the egg stage. In some embodiments, contacting results in mortality (death) or stunting (growth stunting or decrease in or cessation of metamorphosis stage development) of the insect, thereby preventing or treating infestation of the plant by the insect. In some embodiments, contacting results in inducement of a physiological or behavioural change in an insect (adult or larvae or nymphs) that results in a decreased ability of the insect to infest or damage a plant, for example, a decrease in reproductive capacity, or a decrease in or cessation of feeding behavior or movement.
In some embodiments of the method, the contacting comprises application of a composition comprising one or more insecticidal polynucleotide to a surface of the insect or to a surface of the plant infested by the insect. The composition can comprise or be in the form of a solid, liquid, powder, suspension, emulsion, spray, encapsulation, microbeads, carrier particulates, film, matrix, soil drench, or seed treatment. In some embodiments, the contacting comprises providing the insecticidal polynucleotide in a composition that further comprises one or more components selected from the group consisting of a carrier agent, a surfactant, an organosilicone, a polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide pesticide, a fungicide, a safener, an insect attractant, and an insect growth regulator. In some embodiments, the contacting comprises providing the one or more insecticidal polynucleotides in a composition that further comprises at least one pesticidal agent selected from the group consisting of a patatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein, a Xenorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Photorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Bacillus laterosporous insecticidal protein, a Bacillus sphaericus insecticidal protein, a bacterium that produces an insecticidal protein, an entomicidal bacterial species, Lysinibacillus sphaericus (Bacillus sphaericus), Brevibacillus laterosporus (Bacillus laterosporus), Chromobacterium species, Chromobacterium subtsugae, Paenibacillus species, Paenibacillus lentimorbus, and Paenibacillus popilliae.
In some embodiments of the method, the contacting comprises providing one or more insecticidal polynucleotides in a composition that is ingested by the insect, such as in a liquid, emulsion, or powder applied to a plant on which the insect feeds, or in the form of bait. Such compositions can further comprise one or more components selected from the group consisting of a carrier agent, a surfactant, an organosilicone, a polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide pesticide, a fungicide, a safener, an insect attractant, and an insect growth regulator. Such compositions can further comprise at least one pesticidal agent selected from the group consisting of a patatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein, a Xenorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Photorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Bacillus laterosporous insecticidal protein, a Bacillus sphaericus insecticidal protein, a bacterium that produces an insecticidal protein, an entomicidal bacterial species, Lysinibacillus sphaericus (Bacillus sphaericus), Brevibacillus laterosporus (Bacillus laterosporus), Chromobacterium species, Chromobacterium subtsugae, Paenibacillus species, Paenibacillus lentimorbus, and Paenibacillus popilliae. In embodiments, the combination of the insecticidal polynucleotide and the non-polynucleotide pesticidal agent provides a level of insect control that is greater than the sum of the effects of the insecticidal polynucleotide and the non-polynucleotide pesticidal agent components if tested separately.

Insecticidal Compositions

Several embodiments relate to an insecticidal composition comprising an insecticidally effective amount of an insecticidal polynucleotide, such as a ssRNA, dsRNA, ssDNA, dsDNA or hybrid RNA/DNA molecule, wherein the insecticidal polynucleotide comprises at least 18 or more contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% (e. g., about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100%) complementarity with a fragment of an insect target gene selected from the group consisting of actin, Act5C, arginine kinase, COPI (coatomer subunit) alpha, COPI (coatomer subunit) beta, COPI (coatomer subunit) betaPrime, COPI (coatomer subunit) delta, COPI (coatomer subunit) epsilon, COPI (coatomer subunit) gamma, COPI (coatomer subunit) zeta, RpL07, RpL19, RpL3, RpL40, RpL13, RpL14, RpS21, RpS4, RpS14, Rpn2, Rpn3, Rpn7, Rpt6, Rpn8, Rpn9, Rpn6-PB-like protein, Sar1, sec6, sec23, sec23A, shrb (snf7), Tubulin gamma chain, ProsAlpha2, ProsBeta5, Proteasome alpha 2, Proteasome beta 5, VATPase E, VATPase A, VATPase B, VATPase D, Vps2, Vps4, Vps16A, Vps20, Vps24, Vps27, Vps28, Vha26 (V-ATPase A), Vha68-2 (V-ATPase DE), 40S ribosomal protein S14, and 60S ribosomal protein L13. In some embodiments the insecticidal polynucleotide comprises at least 18 or more contiguous nucleotides having about 95% to about 100% complementarity with a fragment of a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-859. In some embodiments the insecticidal polynucleotide comprises at least 21 contiguous nucleotides having 100% complementarity with a fragment of a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-859. In embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1975 or a fragment thereof.
In various embodiments of the insecticidal composition, the insect is a flea beetle, e. g., a species of a genus selected from the group consisting of the genera Altica, Anthobiodes, Aphthona, Aphthonaltica, Aphthonoides, Apteopeda, Argopistes, Argopus, Arrhenocoela, Batophila, Blepharida, Chaetocnema, Clitea, Crepidodera, Derocrepis, Dibolia, Disonycha, Epitrix, Hermipyxis, Hermaeophaga, Hespera, Hippuriphila, Horaia, Hyphasis, Lipromima, Liprus, Longitarsus, Luperomorpha, Lythraria, Manobia, Mantura, Meishania, Minota, Mniophila, Neicrepidodera, Nonarthra, Novofoudrasia, Ochrosis, Oedionychis, Oglobinia, Omeisphaera, Ophrida, Orestia, Paragopus, Pentamesa, Philopona, Phygasia, Phyllotreta, Podagrica, Podagricomela, Podontia, Pseudodera, Psylliodes, Sangariola, Sinaltica, Sphaeroderma, Systena, Trachyaphthona, Xuthea, and Zipangia. In some embodiments, the insect is selected from the group consisting of Altica ambiens (alder flea beetle), Altica canadensis (prairie flea beetle), Altica chalybaea (grape flea beetle), Altica prasina (poplar flea beetle), Altica rosae (rose flea beetle), Altica sylvia (blueberry flea beetle), Altica ulmi (elm flea beetle), Chaetocnema pulicaria (corn flea beele), Chaetocnema conofinis (sweet potato flea beetle), Epitrix cucumeris (potato flea beetle), Systena blanda (palestripped fleabeetle), and Systena frontalis (redheaded flea beetle). In some embodiments, the insect is selected from the group consisting of Phyllotreta armoraciae (horseradish flea beetle), Phyllotreta cruciferae (canola flea beetle), Phyllotreta pusilla (western black flea beetle), Phyllotreta nemorum (striped turnip flea beetle), Phyllotreta atra (turnip flea beetle), Phyllotreta robusta (garden flea beetle), Phyllotreta striolata (striped flea beetle), Phyllotreta undulata, Psylliodes chrysocephala, and Psylliodes punctulata (hop flea beetle).
The insecticidal composition is useful for treating a plant or area in the vicinity of a plant to provide protection or treatment from insects, especially flea beetles. A related aspect is a plant treated with an insecticidal composition as described herein, or a seed of the treated plant, wherein the plant exhibits improved resistance to the insect (e. g., improved resistance to flea beetles). In some embodiments, the plant exhibiting improved resistance to the insect is characterized by improved yield, when compared to a plant not treated with the insecticidal composition. In an embodiment, yield (oilseed biomass or oil content) in canola or oilseed rape plants is improved by application of an insecticidally effective amount of a insecticidal polynucleotide targetting one or more genes identified from Phyllotreta cruciferae (canola flea beetle); in particular embodiments, the target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:297-532. The plant can be any plant that is subject to infestation by an insect that can be controlled by the insecticidal composition. Plants of particular interest include commercially important plants, including row crop plants, vegetables, and fruits, and other plants of agricultural or decorative use. Examples of suitable plants are provided under the heading “Plants”. The method is especially useful for controlling an insect infestation of an ornamental plant or a crop plant. Various embodiments include those wherein the plant is a plant in the family Brassicaceae, including a Brassica species selected from the group consisting of B. napus, B. juncea, B. carinata, B. rapa, B. oleracea, B. rupestris, B. septiceps, B. nigra, B. narinosa, B. perviridus, B. tournefortii, and B. fructiculosa. In other embodiments, the plant is selected from the group consisting of Glycine max, Linum usitatissimum, Zea mays, Carthamus tinctorius, Helianthus annuus, Nicotiana tabacum, Arabidopsis thaliana, Betholettia excelsa, Ricinus communis, Cocus nucifera, Coriandrum sativum, Gossypium spp., Arachis hypogaea, Simmondsia chinensis, Solanum tuberosum, Elaeis guineensis, Olea europaea, Oryza sativa, Cucurbita maxim, Hordeum vulgare, and Triticum aestivum.
In some embodiments, the insecticidal composition is developed for specific flea beetle pests for a given plant, e. g., where the plant is a potato plant and the insect is Epitrix cucumeris (potato flea beetle). In some embodiments, the insecticidal composition is developed for specific target genes in a given insect species. Specific embodiments of the insecticidal composition include those wherein (a) the insect is Phyllotreta atra (turnip flea beetle) and the target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-296; (b) the insect is Phyllotreta cruciferae (canola flea beetle) and the target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:297-532; (c) the insect is Phyllotreta striolata (striped flea beetle) and the target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:533-551; or (d) the insect is Psylliodes chrysocephala and the target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:552-859.
In some embodiments the insecticidal polynucleotide molecule of use in this method is provided as an isolated insecticidal polynucleotide molecule (not part of an expression construct, e. g., lacking additional elements such as a promoter or terminator sequences). Such insecticidal polynucleotide molecules can be relatively short, such as single- or double-stranded RNA, DNA or hybrid RNA/DNA molecules of between about 18 to about 300 or between about 50 to about 500 nucleotides (for single-stranded polynucleotides) or between about 18 to about 300 or between about 50 to about 500 base-pairs (for double-stranded polynucleotides). In embodiments the polynucleotide is a dsRNA comprising a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1975 or a fragment thereof.
In some embodiments, the insecticidal composition is in a form selected from the group consisting of a solid, liquid, powder, suspension, emulsion, spray, encapsulation, microbeads, carrier particulates, film, matrix, soil drench, insect diet or insect bait, and seed treatment. In some embodiments, the insecticidal composition is provided in a form that is ingested by the insect, such as in a liquid, emulsion, or powder applied to a plant on which the insect feeds, or in the form of bait. The insecticidal compositions can further comprise one or more components selected from the group consisting of a carrier agent, a surfactant, an organosilicone, a polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide pesticide, a fungicide, a safener, an insect attractant, and an insect growth regulator. The insecticidal compositions can further comprise at least one pesticidal agent selected from the group consisting of a patatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein, a Xenorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Photorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Bacillus laterosporous insecticidal protein, a Bacillus sphaericus insecticidal protein, a bacterium that produces an insecticidal protein, an entomicidal bacterial species, Lysinibacillus sphaericus (Bacillus sphaericus), Brevibacillus laterosporus (Bacillus laterosporus), Chromobacterium species, Chromobacterium subtsugae, Paenibacillus species, Paenibacillus lentimorbus, and Paenibacillus popilliae. In some embodiments, the combination of the insecticidal polynucleotide molecule and the non-polynucleotide pesticidal agent provides a level of insect control that is greater than the sum of the effects of the insecticidal polynucleotide molecule and the non-polynucleotide pesticidal agent components if tested separately.
Embodiments of the compositions optionally comprise the appropriate stickers and wetters required for efficient foliar coverage as well as UV protectants to protect insecticidal polynucleotides, such as dsRNAs, from UV damage. Such additives are commonly used in the bioinsecticide industry and are known to those skilled in the art. Compositions for soil application can comprise granular formulations that serve as bait for insect larvae. Embodiments include a carrier agent, a surfactant, an organosilicone, a polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide pesticide, a fungicide, a safener, an insect attractant, and an insect growth regulator.
Embodiments of compositions may comprise a “transfer agent”, an agent that, when combined with a composition comprising an insecticidal polynucleotide as disclosed herein that is topically applied to the surface of an organism, enables the polynucleotide to enter the cells of that organism. Such transfer agents can be incorporated as part of the composition comprising a insecticidal polynucleotide as disclosed herein, or can be applied prior to, contemporaneously with, or following application of the composition comprising an insecticidal polynucleotide as described herein. In some embodiments, a transfer agent is an agent that improves the uptake of an insecticidal polynucleotide by an insect. In some embodiments, a transfer agent is an agent that conditions the surface of plant tissue, e. g., seeds, leaves, stems, roots, flowers, or fruits, to permeation by an insecticidal polynucleotide into plant cells. In some embodiments, the transfer agent enables a pathway for a polynucleotide through cuticle wax barriers, stomata, and/or cell wall or membrane barriers into plant cells.
Suitable transfer agents include agents that increase permeability of the exterior of the organism or that increase permeability of cells of the organism to polynucleotides. Suitable transfer agents include a chemical agent, or a physical agent, or combinations thereof. Chemical agents for conditioning or transfer include (a) surfactants, (b) an organic solvent or an aqueous solution or aqueous mixtures of organic solvents, (c) oxidizing agents, (d) acids, (e) bases, (f) oils, (g) enzymes, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, application of an insecticidal polynucleotide and a transfer agent optionally includes one or more of an incubation step, a neutralization step (e. g., to neutralize an acid, base, or oxidizing agent, or to inactivate an enzyme), a rinsing step, or combinations thereof. Suitable transfer agents can be in the form of an emulsion, a reverse emulsion, a liposome, or other micellar-like composition, or can cause the polynucleotide composition to take the form of an emulsion, a reverse emulsion, a liposome, or other micellar-like composition. Embodiments of transfer agents include counter-ions or other molecules that are known to associate with nucleic acid molecules, e. g., cationic lipids, inorganic ammonium ions, alkyl ammonium ions, lithium ions, polyamines such as spermine, spermidine, or putrescine, and other cations. Embodiments of transfer agents include organic solvents such as DMSO, DMF, pyridine, N-pyrrolidine, hexamethylphosphoramide, acetonitrile, dioxane, polypropylene glycol, or other solvents miscible with water or that dissolve phosphonucleotides in non-aqueous systems (such as is used in synthetic reactions). Embodiments of transfer agents include naturally derived or synthetic oils with or without surfactants or emulsifiers, e. g., plant-sourced oils, crop oils (such as those listed in the 9^thCompendium of Herbicide Adjuvants, publicly available on-line at herbicide.adjuvants.com), paraffinic oils, polyol fatty acid esters, or oils with short-chain molecules modified with amides or polyamines such as polyethyleneimine or N-pyrrolidine.
Embodiments of transfer agents include organosilicone preparations. For example, a suitable transfer agent is an organosilicone preparation that is commercially available as SILWET L-77® brand surfactant having CAS Number 27306-78-1 and EPA Number: CAL.REG.NO. 5905-50073-AA, and currently available from Momentive Performance Materials, Albany, N.Y. In embodiments where a SILWET L-77® brand surfactant organosilicone preparation is used as transfer agent in the form of a spray treatment (applied prior to, contemporaneously with, or following application of the composition comprising an insecticidal polynucleotide as disclosed herein) of plant leaves or other plant surfaces, freshly made concentrations in the range of about 0.015 to about 2 percent by weight (wt percent) (e. g., about 0.01, 0.015, 0.02, 0.025, 0.03, 0.035, 0.04, 0.045, 0.05, 0.055, 0.06, 0.065, 0.07, 0.075, 0.08, 0.085, 0.09, 0.095, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.5 wt percent) are efficacious in preparing a leaf or other plant surface for transfer of a polynucleotide as disclosed herein into plant cells from a topical application on the surface. One embodiment includes a composition that comprises a polynucleotide and a transfer agent including an organosilicone preparation such as Silwet L-77 in the range of about 0.015 to about 2 percent by weight (wt percent) (e. g., about 0.01, 0.015, 0.02, 0.025, 0.03, 0.035, 0.04, 0.045, 0.05, 0.055, 0.06, 0.065, 0.07, 0.075, 0.08, 0.085, 0.09, 0.095, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.5 wt percent). One embodiment includes a composition that comprises a polynucleotide and a transfer agent including SILWET L-77® brand surfactant in the range of about 0.3 to about 1 percent by weight (wt percent) or about 0.5 to about 1%, by weight (wt percent).
Organosilicone compounds useful as transfer agents for use in compositions and methods disclosed herein include, but are not limited to, compounds that include: (a) a trisiloxane head group that is covalently linked to, (b) an alkyl linker including, but not limited to, an n-propyl linker, that is covalently linked to, (c) a polyglycol chain, that is covalently linked to, (d) a terminal group. Trisiloxane head groups of such organosilicone compounds include, but are not limited to, heptamethyltrisiloxane. Alkyl linkers can include, but are not limited to, an n-propyl linker. Polyglycol chains include, but are not limited to, polyethylene glycol or polypropylene glycol. Polyglycol chains can include a mixture that provides an average chain length “n” of about “7.5”. In certain embodiments, the average chain length “n” can vary from about 5 to about 14. Terminal groups can include, but are not limited to, alkyl groups such as a methyl group. Organosilicone compounds useful as transfer agents for use in compositions and methods disclosed herein include, but are not limited to, trisiloxane ethoxylate surfactants or polyalkylene oxide modified heptamethyl trisiloxane. An example of a transfer agent for use in compositions and methods disclosed herein is Compound I:
(Compound I: polyalkyleneoxide heptamethyltrisiloxane, average n=7.5).
Organosilicone compounds useful as transfer agents for use in compositions and methods disclosed herein are used, e. g., as freshly made concentrations in the range of about 0.015 to about 2 percent by weight (wt percent) (e. g., about 0.01, 0.015, 0.02, 0.025, 0.03, 0.035, 0.04, 0.045, 0.05, 0.055, 0.06, 0.065, 0.07, 0.075, 0.08, 0.085, 0.09, 0.095, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.5 wt percent).
Embodiments of transfer agents include one or more salts such as ammonium chloride, tetrabutylphosphonium bromide, and ammonium sulfate, provided in or used with a composition comprising an insecticidal polynucleotide disclosed herein. In some embodiments, ammonium chloride, tetrabutylphosphonium bromide, and/or ammonium sulfate are used at a concentration of about 0.5% to about 5% (w/v), or about 1% to about 3% (w/v), or about 2% (w/v). In certain embodiments, the composition comprising an insecticidal polynucleotide comprises an ammonium salt at a concentration greater or equal to 300 millimolar. In certain embodiments, the composition comprising an insecticidal polynucleotide comprises an organosilicone transfer agent in a concentration of about 0.015 to about 2 percent by weight (wt percent) as well as ammonium sulfate at concentrations from about 80 to about 1200 millimolar or about 150 millimolar to about 600 millimolar.
Embodiments of transfer agents include a phosphate salt. Phosphate salts useful in a composition comprising an insecticidal polynucleotide include, but are not limited to, calcium, magnesium, potassium, or sodium phosphate salts. In certain embodiments, the composition comprising an insecticidal polynucleotide includes a phosphate salt at a concentration of at least about 5 millimolar, at least about 10 millimolar, or at least about 20 millimolar. In certain embodiments, the composition comprising an insecticidal polynucleotide includes a phosphate salt in a range of about 1 millimolar to about 25 millimolar or in a range of about 5 millimolar to about 25 millimolar. In certain embodiments, the composition comprising an insecticidal polynucleotide includes sodium phosphate at a concentration of at least about 5 millimolar, at least about 10 millimolar, or at least about 20 millimolar. In certain embodiments, the composition comprising an insecticidal polynucleotide includes sodium phosphate at a concentration of about 5 millimolar, about 10 millimolar, or about 20 millimolar. In certain embodiments, the composition comprising an insecticidal polynucleotide includes a sodium phosphate salt in a range of about 1 millimolar to about 25 millimolar or in a range of about 5 millimolar to about 25 millimolar. In certain embodiments, the composition comprising an insecticidal polynucleotide includes a sodium phosphate salt in a range of about 10 millimolar to about 160 millimolar or in a range of about 20 millimolar to about 40 millimolar. In certain embodiments, the composition comprising an insecticidal polynucleotide includes a sodium phosphate buffer at a pH of about 6.8.
Embodiments of transfer agents include surfactants and/or effective molecules contained therein. Surfactants and/or effective molecules contained therein include, but are not limited to, sodium or lithium salts of fatty acids (such as tallow or tallowamines or phospholipids) and organosilicone surfactants. In certain embodiments, the composition comprising an insecticidal polynucleotide is formulated with counter-ions or other molecules that are known to associate with nucleic acid molecules. Non-limiting examples include, tetraalkyl ammonium ions, trialkyl ammonium ions, sulfonium ions, lithium ions, and polyamines such as spermine, spermidine, or putrescine. In certain embodiments, the composition comprising an insecticidal polynucleotide is formulated with a non-polynucleotide herbicide e. g., glyphosate, auxin-like benzoic acid herbicides including dicamba, chloramben, and TBA, glufosinate, auxin-like herbicides including phenoxy carboxylic acid herbicide, pyridine carboxylic acid herbicide, quinoline carboxylic acid herbicide, pyrimidine carboxylic acid herbicide, and benazolin-ethyl herbicide, sulfonylureas, imidazolinones, bromoxynil, delapon, cyclohezanedione, protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitors, and 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate-dioxygenase inhibiting herbicides. In certain embodiments, the composition comprising an insecticidal polynucleotide is formulated with a non-polynucleotide pesticide, e. g., a patatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein, a Xenorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Photorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Bacillus laterosporous insecticidal protein, and a Bacillus sphaericus insecticidal protein.
Methods of Providing Plants with Improved Insect Resistance
Several embodiments relate to a method of providing a plant having improved resistance to an insect, comprising expressing in the plant a recombinant DNA construct, wherein the recombinant DNA construct comprises DNA encoding an insecticidal polynucleotide comprising a sequence of at least 21 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to a fragment of at least one insect target gene selected from the group consisting of actin, Act5C, arginine kinase, COPI (coatomer subunit) alpha, COPI (coatomer subunit) beta, COPI (coatomer subunit) betaPrime, COPI (coatomer subunit) delta, COPI (coatomer subunit) epsilon, COPI (coatomer subunit) gamma, COPI (coatomer subunit) zeta, RpL07, RpL19, RpL3, RpL40, RpL13, RpL14, RpS21, RpS4, RpS14, Rpn2, Rpn3, Rpn7, Rpt6, Rpn8, Rpn9, Rpn6-PB-like protein, Sar1, sec6, sec23, sec23A, shrb (snf7), Tubulin gamma chain, ProsAlpha2, ProsBeta5, Proteasome alpha 2, Proteasome beta 5, VATPase E, VATPase A, VATPase B, VATPase D, Vps2, Vps4, Vps16A, Vps20, Vps24, Vps27, Vps28, Vha26 (V-ATPase A), Vha68-2 (V-ATPase DE), 40S ribosomal protein S14, and 60S ribosomal protein L13. In some embodiments, the DNA construct comprises DNA encoding an insecticidal polynucleotide comprising a sequence essentially identical or essentially complementary to a fragment of a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-859. Several embodiments relate to a plant produced by such method. In some embodiments, the DNA construct comprises DNA encoding an insecticidal polynucleotide having about 95% to about 100% (e. g., about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100%) identity or complementarity with at least 21 contiguous nucleotides of a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1975 or a fragment thereof.
In some embodiments, the recombinant DNA construct further comprises a heterologous promoter operably linked to the DNA encoding an insecticidal polynucleotide, wherein the heterologous promoter is functional in a plant cell. “Heterologous” refers to nucleic acid sequences that are not usually operably linked in a native or naturally occurring genome; by “heterologous promoter” is meant that the promoter is not natively operably linked with the DNA encoding an insecticidal polynucleotide. Promoters functional in a plant cell include those listed under the heading “Promoters”.
In some embodiments, the recombinant DNA construct is expressed in the plant by means of transgenic expression or transient expression. In some embodiments, the method further comprises expression in the plant of at least one pesticidal agent selected from the group consisting of a patatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein, a Xenorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Photorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Bacillus laterosporous insecticidal protein, a Bacillus sphaericus insecticidal protein, a bacterium that produces an insecticidal protein, an entomicidal bacterial species, Lysinibacillus sphaericus (Bacillus sphaericus), Brevibacillus laterosporus (Bacillus laterosporus), Chromobacterium species, Chromobacterium subtsugae, Paenibacillus species, Paenibacillus lentimorbus, and Paenibacillus popilliae. The pesticidal agent can be expressed from the same recombinant DNA construct that comprises the DNA encoding an insecticidal polynucleotide, or from a different recombinant DNA construct.
A related aspect is a plant having improved resistance to an insect (e. g., improved resistance to flea beetles), or the seed of such a plant, wherein the plant is provided by the method comprising expressing in the plant a recombinant DNA construct, wherein the recombinant DNA construct comprises DNA encoding an insecticidal polynucleotide having a sequence essentially identical or essentially complementary to a fragment of at least one target gene of the insect, wherein the target gene is selected from the group consisting of actin, Act5C, arginine kinase, COPI (coatomer subunit) alpha, COPI (coatomer subunit) beta, COPI (coatomer subunit) betaPrime, COPI (coatomer subunit) delta, COPI (coatomer subunit) epsilon, COPI (coatomer subunit) gamma, COPI (coatomer subunit) zeta, RpL07, RpL19, RpL3, RpL40, RpL13, RpL14, RpS21, RpS4, RpS14, Rpn2, Rpn3, Rpn7, Rpt6, Rpn8, Rpn9, Rpn6-PB-like protein, Sar1, sec6, sec23, sec23A, shrb (snf7), Tubulin gamma chain, ProsAlpha2, ProsBeta5, Proteasome alpha 2, Proteasome beta 5, VATPase E, VATPase A, VATPase B, VATPase D, Vps2, Vps4, Vps16A, Vps20, Vps24, Vps27, Vps28, Vha26 (V-ATPase A), Vha68-2 (V-ATPase D/E), 40S ribosomal protein S14, and 60S ribosomal protein L13. In some embodiments, the recombinant DNA construct comprises DNA encoding an insecticidal polynucleotide comprising a sequence essentially identical or essentially complementary to a fragment of a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-859. In some embodiments, the plant exhibiting improved resistance to the insect is characterized by improved yield, when compared to a plant not expressing the recombinant DNA construct. In an embodiment, yield (oilseed biomass or oil content) in canola or oilseed rape plants is improved by expressing in the canola or oilseed rape plants an insecticidal polynucleotide, such as a dsRNA molecule, targetting one or more genes of Phyllotreta cruciferae (canola flea beetle), e. g., wherein the target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:297-532. Several embodiments relate to fruit, seed, or propagatable parts of the plant provided by this method and exhibiting improved resistance to the insect. The plant can be any plant that is subject to infestation by an insect that can be controlled by expressing in the plant the recombinant DNA construct according to this method. Plants of particular interest include commercially important plants, including row crop plants, vegetables, and fruits, and other plants of agricultural or decorative use. Examples of suitable plants are provided under the heading “Plants”. The method is especially useful for providing an ornamental plant or a crop plant with improved resistance to flea beetles. Various embodiments of the method include those wherein the plant is a plant in the family Brassicaceae, including a Brassica species selected from the group consisting of B. napus, B. juncea, B. carinata, B. rapa, B. oleracea, B. rupestris, B. septiceps, B. nigra, B. narinosa, B. perviridus, B. tournefortii, and B. fructiculosa. In other embodiments, the plant is selected from the group consisting of Glycine max, Linum usitatissimum, Zea mays, Carthamus tinctorius, Helianthus annuus, Nicotiana tabacum, Arabidopsis thaliana, Betholettia excelsa, Ricinus communis, Cocus nucifera, Coriandrum sativum, Gossypium spp., Arachis hypogaea, Simmondsia chinensis, Solanum tuberosum, Elaeis guineensis, Olea europaea, Oryza sativa, Cucurbita maxim, Hordeum vulgare, and Triticum aestivum. In an embodiment, the method provides a potato plant with improved resistance to Epitrix cucumeris (potato flea beetle).
Embodiments of the method provide a plant having improved resistance to one or more flea beetle species, e. g., a species of a genus selected from the group consisting of the genera Altica, Anthobiodes, Aphthona, Aphthonaltica, Aphthonoides, Apteopeda, Argopistes, Argopus, Arrhenocoela, Batophila, Blepharida, Chaetocnema, Clitea, Crepidodera, Derocrepis, Dibolia, Disonycha, Epitrix, Hermipyxis, Hermaeophaga, Hespera, Hippuriphila, Horaia, Hyphasis, Lipromima, Liprus, Longitarsus, Luperomorpha, Lythraria, Manobia, Mantura, Meishania, Minota, Mniophila, Neicrepidodera, Nonarthra, Novofoudrasia, Ochrosis, Oedionychis, Oglobinia, Omeisphaera, Ophrida, Orestia, Paragopus, Pentamesa, Philopona, Phygasia, Phyllotreta, Podagrica, Podagricomela, Podontia, Pseudodera, Psylliodes, Sangariola, Sinaltica, Sphaeroderma, Systena, Trachyaphthona, Xuthea, and Zipangia. In embodiments, the insect is selected from the group consisting of Altica ambiens (alder flea beetle), Altica canadensis (prairie flea beetle), Altica chalybaea (grape flea beetle), Altica prasina (poplar flea beetle), Altica rosae (rose flea beetle), Altica sylvia (blueberry flea beetle), Altica ulmi (elm flea beetle), Chaetocnema pulicaria (corn flea beele), Chaetocnema conofinis (sweet potato flea beetle), Epitrix cucumeris (potato flea beetle), Systena blanda (palestripped fleabeetle), and Systena frontalis (redheaded flea beetle). In embodiments, the method provides a plant having improved resistance to an insect selected from the group consisting of Phyllotreta armoraciae (horseradish flea beetle), Phyllotreta cruciferae (canola flea beetle), Phyllotreta pusilla (western black flea beetle), Phyllotreta nemorum (striped turnip flea beetle), Phyllotreta atra (turnip flea beetle), Phyllotreta robusta (garden flea beetle), Phyllotreta striolata (striped flea beetle), Phyllotreta undulata, Psylliodes chrysocephala, and Psylliodes punctulata (hop flea beetle).
In some embodiments, the method is developed for specific target genes in a given insect species. In some embodiments, a plant having improved resistance to Phyllotreta atra (turnip flea beetle), wherein the target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-296, is provided. In some embodiments, a plant having improved resistance to Phyllotreta cruciferae (canola flea beetle), wherein the target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:297-532, is provided. In some embodiments, a plant having improved resistance to Phyllotreta striolata (striped flea beetle), wherein the target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:533-551, is provided. In some embodiments, a plant having improved resistance to Psylliodes chrysocephala, wherein the target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:552-859, is provided. In some embodiments, a plant having improved resistance to Phyllotreta atra (turnip flea beetle) that expresses from a recombinant DNA construct a dsRNA strand comprising a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1155 or a fragment thereof is provided. In some embodiments, a plant having improved resistance to Phyllotreta cruciferae (canola flea beetle) that expresses from a recombinant DNA construct an insecticidal polynucleotide comprising a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1156-1391, 1731-1972, and 1974 or a fragment thereof is provided. In some embodiments, a plant having improved resistance to Phyllotreta striolata (striped flea beetle) that expresses from a recombinant DNA construct an insecticidal polynucleotide comprising a strand comprising a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1392-1410, 1973, and 1975 or a fragment thereof is provided. In some embodiments, a plant having improved resistance to Psylliodes chrysocephala that expresses from a recombinant DNA construct an insecticidal polynucleotide comprising a strand comprising a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1411-1718 or a fragment thereof is provided.

Recombinant DNA Constructs Encoding Insecticidal Polynucleotides for Insect Control

Several embodiments relate to a recombinant DNA construct comprising a heterologous promoter operably linked to DNA encoding an insecticidal polynucleotide transcript comprising a sequence of about 95% to about 100% (e. g., about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100%) identity or complementarity to at least 21 contiguous nucleotides of a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1975 or a fragment thereof.
In some embodiments of the recombinant DNA construct, the insecticidal polynucleotide transcript comprises a sequence of about 95% to about 100% (e. g., about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100%) identity or complementarity with at least 21 contiguous nucleotides of a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1975 or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide transcript forms dsRNA double-stranded insecticidal polynucleotide. In some embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide transcript is a dsRNA comprising an RNA strand comprising at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides of an RNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1975 or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide transcript is a dsRNA comprising an RNA strand comprising at least one segment of 21 contiguous nucleotides of an RNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1975 or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide transcript is a dsRNA comprising at least one RNA strand comprising a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity or complementarity with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1975 or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide transcript is a dsRNA comprising an RNA strand comprising a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1975 or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide transcript forms single-stranded insecticidal polynucleotide. In some embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide transcript is a ssRNA comprising at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides of an RNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1975 or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide transcript is a ssRNA comprising at least one segment of 21 contiguous nucleotides of an RNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1975 or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide transcript is a ssRNA comprising a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity or complementarity with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1975 or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the insecticidal polynucleotide transcript is a ssRNA comprising a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1975 or a fragment thereof.
In some embodiments of the recombinant DNA construct, the heterologous promoter is functional for expression of the insecticidal polynucleotide transcript in a bacterium. In some embodiments where the recombinant DNA construct is to be expressed in a bacterium, the bacterium is selected from the group consisting of Escherichia coli, Bacillus species, Pseudomonas species, Xenorhabdus species, or Photorhabdus species. In other embodiments, the recombinant DNA construct comprises a heterologous promoter that is functional in a plant cell.
In some embodiments, the recombinant DNA construct is contained in a recombinant vector, such as a recombinant plant virus vector or a recombinant baculovirus vector. In embodiments, the recombinant DNA construct is integrated into a plant chromosome or plastid, e. g., by stable transformation.
Related aspects include a transgenic plant cell comprising in its genome the recombinant DNA construct, and a transgenic plant comprising such a transgenic plant cell. Transgenic plant cells and plants are made by methods known in the art, such as those described under the heading “Making and Using Transgenic Plant Cells and Transgenic Plants”. Further aspects include a commodity product produced from such a transgenic plant, and transgenic progeny seed or propagatable plant part of the transgenic plant.

Related Information and Techniques

Plants

The methods and compositions described herein for treating and protecting plants from insect infestations are useful across a broad range of plants. Suitable plants in which the methods and compositions disclosed herein can be used include, but are not limited to, cereals and forage grasses (rice, maize, wheat, barley, oat, sorghum, pearl millet, finger millet, cool-season forage grasses, and bahiagrass), oilseed crops (soybean, oilseed brassicas including canola and oilseed rape, sunflower, peanut, flax, sesame, and safflower), legume grains and forages (common bean, cowpea, pea, fava bean, lentil, tepary bean, Asiatic beans, pigeonpea, vetch, chickpea, lupine, alfalfa, and clovers), temperate fruits and nuts (apple, pear, peach, plums, berry crops, cherries, grapes, olive, almond, and Persian walnut), tropical and subtropical fruits and nuts (citrus including limes, oranges, and grapefruit; banana and plantain, pineapple, papaya, mango, avocado, kiwifruit, passionfruit, and persimmon), vegetable crops (solanaceous plants including tomato, eggplant, and peppers; vegetable brassicas; radish, carrot, cucurbits, alliums, asparagus, and leafy vegetables), sugar, tuber, and fiber crops (sugarcane, sugar beet, stevia, potato, sweet potato, cassava, and cotton), plantation crops, ornamentals, and turf grasses (tobacco, coffee, cocoa, tea, rubber tree, medicinal plants, ornamentals, and turf grasses), and forest tree species. Specific plant species of interest are plants in the family Brassicaceae, including the Brassica species B. napus, B. juncea, B. carinata, B. rapa, B. oleracea, B. rupestris, B. septiceps, B. nigra, B. narinosa, B. perviridus, B. tournefortii, and B. fructiculosa. Additional plant species of interest are Glycine max, Linum usitatissimum, Zea mays, Carthamus tinctorius, Helianthus annuus, Nicotiana tabacum, Arabidopsis thaliana, Betholettia excelsa, Ricinus communis, Cocos nucifera, Coriandrum sativum, Gossypium spp., Arachis hypogaea, Simmondsia chinensis, Solanum tuberosum, Elaeis guineensis, Olea europaea, Oryza sativa, Cucurbita maxim, Hordeum vulgare, and Triticum aestivum.

Additional Construct Elements

Embodiments of the polynucleotides and nucleic acid molecules disclosed herein can comprise additional elements, such as promoters, small RNA recognition sites, aptamers or ribozymes, additional and additional expression cassettes for expressing coding sequences (e. g., to express a transgene such as an insecticidal protein or selectable marker) or non-coding sequences (e. g., to express additional suppression elements). For example, an aspect provides a recombinant DNA construct comprising a heterologous promoter operably linked to DNA encoding an RNA transcript comprising a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity or complementarity with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1975 or a fragment thereof. In another embodiment, a recombinant DNA construct comprising a promoter operably linked to DNA encoding: (a) an RNA transcript comprising a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity or complementarity with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1975 or a fragment thereof, and (b) an aptamer, is stably integrated into the plant's genome from where RNA transcripts comprising the RNA aptamer and the RNA silencing element are expressed in cells of the plant; the aptamer serves to guide the RNA silencing element to a desired location in the cell. In another embodiment, inclusion of one or more recognition sites for binding and cleavage by a small RNA (e. g., by a miRNA or an siRNA that is expressed only in a particular cell or tissue) allows for more precise expression patterns in a plant, wherein the expression of the recombinant DNA construct is suppressed where the small RNA is expressed. Such additional elements are described below.

Promoters

Promoters of use in the compositions and methods disclosed herein are functional in the cell in which the construct is intended to be transcribed. Generally these promoters are heterologous promoters, as used in recombinant constructs, i. e., they are not in nature found to be operably linked to the other nucleic elements used in the constructs. In various embodiments, the promoter is selected from the group consisting of a constitutive promoter, a spatially specific promoter, a temporally specific promoter, a developmentally specific promoter, and an inducible promoter. In many embodiments the promoter is a promoter functional in a plant, for example, a pol II promoter, a pol III promoter, a pol IV promoter, or a pol V promoter.
Non-constitutive promoters suitable for use with the recombinant DNA constructs disclosed herein include spatially specific promoters, temporally specific promoters, and inducible promoters. Spatially specific promoters can include organelle-, cell-, tissue-, or organ-specific promoters (e. g., a plastid-specific, a root-specific, a pollen-specific, or a seed-specific promoter for expression in plastids, roots, pollen, or seeds, respectively). In many cases a seed-specific, embryo-specific, aleurone-specific, or endosperm-specific promoter is especially useful. Temporally specific promoters can include promoters that tend to promote expression during certain developmental stages in a plant's growth cycle, or during different times of day or night, or at different seasons in a year. Inducible promoters include promoters induced by chemicals or by environmental conditions such as, but not limited to, biotic or abiotic stress (e. g., water deficit or drought, heat, cold, high or low nutrient or salt levels, high or low light levels, or pest or pathogen infection). MicroRNA promoters are useful, especially those having a temporally specific, spatially specific, or inducible expression pattern; examples of miRNA promoters, as well as methods for identifying miRNA promoters having specific expression patterns, are provided in U. S. Patent Application Publications 2006/0200878, 2007/0199095, and 2007/0300329, which are specifically incorporated herein by reference. An expression-specific promoter can also include promoters that are generally constitutively expressed but at differing degrees or “strengths” of expression, including promoters commonly regarded as “strong promoters” or as “weak promoters”.
Promoters include the following examples: an opaline synthase promoter isolated from T-DNA of Agrobacterium; a cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter; enhanced promoter elements or chimeric promoter elements such as an enhanced cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter linked to an enhancer element (an intron from heat shock protein 70 of Zea mays); root specific promoters such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,837,848; 6,437,217 and 6,426,446; a maize L3 oleosin promoter disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,433,252; a promoter for a plant nuclear gene encoding a plastid-localized aldolase disclosed in U. S. Patent Application Publication 2004/0216189; cold-inducible promoters disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,084,089; salt-inducible promoters disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,140,078; light-inducible promoters disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,294,714; pathogen-inducible promoters disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,252,138; and water deficit-inducible promoters disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication 2004/0123347 A1. All of the above-described patents and patent publications disclosing promoters and their use, especially in recombinant DNA constructs functional in plants are incorporated herein by reference.
Plant vascular- or phloem-specific promoters of interest include a rolC or rolA promoter of Agrobacterium rhizogenes, a promoter of a Agrobacterium tumefaciens T-DNA gene 5, the rice sucrose synthase RSs1 gene promoter, a Commelina yellow mottle badnavirus promoter, a coconut foliar decay virus promoter, a rice tungro bacilliform virus promoter, the promoter of a pea glutamine synthase GS3A gene, a invCD111 and invCD141 promoters of a potato invertase genes, a promoter isolated from Arabidopsis shown to have phloem-specific expression in tobacco by Kertbundit et al. (1991) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA., 88:5212-5216, a VAHOX1 promoter region, a pea cell wall invertase gene promoter, an acid invertase gene promoter from carrot, a promoter of a sulfate transporter gene Sultr1;3, a promoter of a plant sucrose synthase gene, and a promoter of a plant sucrose transporter gene.
Promoters suitable for use with a recombinant DNA construct or polynucleotide disclosed herein include polymerase II (“pol II”) promoters and polymerase III (“pol III”) promoters. RNA polymerase II transcribes structural or catalytic RNAs that are usually shorter than 400 nucleotides in length, and recognizes a simple run of T residues as a termination signal; it has been used to transcribe siRNA duplexes (see, e. g., Lu et al. (2004) Nucleic Acids Res., 32:e171). Pol II promoters are therefore preferred in certain embodiments where a short RNA transcript is to be produced from a recombinant DNA construct. In one embodiment, the recombinant DNA construct includes a pol II promoter to express an RNA transcript flanked by self-cleaving ribozyme sequences (e. g., self-cleaving hammerhead ribozymes), resulting in a processed RNA, such as a single-stranded RNA that binds to the transcript of the flea beetle target gene, with defined 5′ and 3′ ends, free of potentially interfering flanking sequences. An alternative approach uses pol III promoters to generate transcripts with relatively defined 5′ and 3′ ends, i. e., to transcribe an RNA with minimal 5′ and 3′ flanking sequences. In some embodiments, Pol III promoters (e. g., U6 or H1 promoters) are preferred for adding a short AT-rich transcription termination site that results in 2 base-pair overhangs (UU) in the transcribed RNA; this is useful, e. g., for expression of siRNA-type constructs. Use of pol III promoters for driving expression of siRNA constructs has been reported; see van de Wetering et al. (2003) EMBO Rep., 4: 609-615, and Tuschl (2002) Nature Biotechnol., 20: 446-448. Baculovirus promoters such as baculovirus polyhedrin and p10 promoters are known in the art and commercially available; see, e. g., Invitrogen's “Guide to Baculovirus Expression Vector Systems (BEVS) and Insect Cell Culture Techniques”, 2002 (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.) and F. J. Haines et al. “Baculovirus Expression Vectors”, undated (Oxford Expression Technologies, Oxford, UK).
The promoter element can include nucleic acid sequences that are not naturally occurring promoters or promoter elements or homologues thereof but that can regulate expression of a gene. Examples of such “gene independent” regulatory sequences include naturally occurring or artificially designed RNA sequences that comprise a ligand-binding region or aptamer (see “Aptamers”, below) and a regulatory region (which can be cis-acting). See, for example, Isaacs et al. (2004) Nat. Biotechnol., 22:841-847, Bayer and Smolke (2005) Nature Biotechnol., 23:337-343, Mandal and Breaker (2004) Nature Rev. Mol. Cell Biol., 5:451-463, Davidson and Ellington (2005) Trends Biotechnol., 23:109-112, Winkler et al. (2002) Nature, 419:952-956, Sudarsan et al. (2003) RNA, 9:644-647, and Mandal and Breaker (2004) Nature Struct. Mol. Biol., 11:29-35. Such “riboregulators” could be selected or designed for specific spatial or temporal specificity, for example, to regulate translation of DNA that encodes a silencing element for suppressing a target gene only in the presence (or absence) of a given concentration of the appropriate ligand. One example is a riboregulator that is responsive to an endogenous ligand (e. g., jasmonic acid or salicylic acid) produced by the plant when under stress (e. g., abiotic stress such as water, temperature, or nutrient stress, or biotic stress such as attach by pests or pathogens); under stress, the level of endogenous ligand increases to a level sufficient for the riboregulator to begin transcription of the DNA that encodes a silencing element for suppressing a target gene.

Transgene Transcription Units

In some embodiments, the recombinant DNA construct or polynucleotide disclosed herein comprises a transgene transcription unit. A transgene transcription unit comprises DNA sequence encoding a gene of interest, e. g., a natural protein or a heterologous protein. A gene of interest can be any coding or non-coding sequence from any species (including, but not limited to, non-eukaryotes such as bacteria, and viruses; fungi, protists, plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates. Particular genes of interest are genes encoding one or more proteins conferring resistance to an herbicide and genes encoding at least one pesticidal agent selected from the group consisting of a patatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein, a Xenorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Photorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Bacillus laterosporous insecticidal protein, a Bacillus sphaericus insecticidal protein, and an insecticidal protein produced by any of Lysinibacillus sphaericus (Bacillus sphaericus), Brevibacillus laterosporus (Bacillus laterosporus), Chromobacterium species, Chromobacterium subtsugae, Paenibacillus species, Paenibacillus lentimorbus, and Paenibacillus popilliae. The transgene transcription unit can further comprise 5′ or 3′ sequence or both as required for transcription of the transgene.

Introns

In some embodiments, the recombinant DNA construct or polynucleotide comprises DNA encoding a spliceable intron. By “intron” is generally meant a segment of DNA (or the RNA transcribed from such a segment) that is located between exons (protein-encoding segments of the DNA or corresponding transcribed RNA), wherein, during maturation of the messenger RNA, the intron present is enzymatically “spliced out” or removed from the RNA strand by a cleavage/ligation process that occurs in the nucleus in eukaryotes. The term “intron” is also applied to non-coding DNA sequences that are transcribed to RNA segments that can be spliced out of a maturing RNA transcript, but are not introns found between protein-coding exons. One example of these are spliceable sequences that that have the ability to enhance expression in plants (in some cases, especially in monocots) of a downstream coding sequence; these spliceable sequences are naturally located in the 5′ untranslated region of some plant genes, as well as in some viral genes (e. g., the tobacco mosaic virus 5′ leader sequence or “omega” leader described as enhancing expression in plant genes by Gallie and Walbot (1992) Nucleic Acids Res., 20:4631-4638). These spliceable sequences or “expression-enhancing introns” can be artificially inserted in the 5′ untranslated region of a plant gene between the promoter but before any protein-coding exons. Examples of such expression-enhancing introns include, but are not limited to, a maize alcohol dehydrogenase (Zm-Adh1), a maize Bronze-1 expression-enhancing intron, a rice actin 1 (Os-Act1) intron, a Shrunken-1 (Sh-1) intron, a maize sucrose synthase intron, a heat shock protein 18 (hsp18) intron, and an 82 kilodalton heat shock protein (hsp82) intron. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,593,874 and 5,859,347, specifically incorporated by reference herein, describe methods of improving recombinant DNA constructs for use in plants by inclusion of an expression-enhancing intron derived from the 70 kilodalton maize heat shock protein (hsp70) in the non-translated leader positioned 3′ from the gene promoter and 5′ from the first protein-coding exon.

Gene Suppression Elements

In some embodiments, the recombinant DNA construct or polynucleotide comprises DNA encoding additional gene suppression element for suppressing a target gene other than a flea beetle target gene. The target gene to be suppressed can include coding or non-coding sequence or both.
Suitable gene suppression elements are described in detail in U. S. Patent Application Publication 2006/0200878, which disclosure is specifically incorporated herein by reference, and include one or more of:

- (a) DNA that comprises at least one anti-sense DNA segment that is anti-sense to at least one segment of the gene to be suppressed;
- (b) DNA that comprises multiple copies of at least one anti-sense DNA segment that is anti-sense to at least one segment of the gene to be suppressed;
- (c) DNA that comprises at least one sense DNA segment that is at least one segment of the gene to be suppressed;
- (d) DNA that comprises multiple copies of at least one sense DNA segment that is at least one segment of the gene to be suppressed;
- (e) DNA that transcribes to RNA for suppressing the gene to be suppressed by forming double-stranded RNA and comprises at least one anti-sense DNA segment that is anti-sense to at least one segment of the gene to be suppressed and at least one sense DNA segment that is at least one segment of the gene to be suppressed;
- (f) DNA that transcribes to RNA for suppressing the gene to be suppressed by forming a single double-stranded RNA and comprises multiple serial anti-sense DNA segments that are anti-sense to at least one segment of the gene to be suppressed and multiple serial sense DNA segments that are at least one segment of the gene to be suppressed;
- (g) DNA that transcribes to RNA for suppressing the gene to be suppressed by forming multiple double strands of RNA and comprises multiple anti-sense DNA segments that are anti-sense to at least one segment of the gene to be suppressed and multiple sense DNA segments that are at least one segment of the gene to be suppressed, and wherein the multiple anti-sense DNA segments and the multiple sense DNA segments are arranged in a series of inverted repeats;
- (h) DNA that comprises nucleotides derived from a plant miRNA;
- (i) DNA that comprises nucleotides of a siRNA;
- (j) DNA that transcribes to an RNA aptamer capable of binding to a ligand; and
- (k) DNA that transcribes to an RNA aptamer capable of binding to a ligand, and DNA that transcribes to regulatory RNA capable of regulating expression of the gene to be suppressed, wherein the regulation is dependent on the conformation of the regulatory RNA, and the conformation of the regulatory RNA is allosterically affected by the binding state of the RNA aptamer.

In some embodiments, an intron is used to deliver a gene suppression element in the absence of any protein-coding exons (coding sequence). In one example, an intron, such as an expression-enhancing intron (preferred in certain embodiments), is interrupted by embedding within the intron a gene suppression element, wherein, upon transcription, the gene suppression element is excised from the intron. Thus, protein-coding exons are not required to provide the gene suppressing function of the recombinant DNA constructs disclosed herein.

Transcription Regulatory Elements

In some embodiments, the recombinant DNA construct or polynucleotide comprises DNA encoding a transcription regulatory element. Transcription regulatory elements include elements that regulate the expression level of the recombinant DNA construct (relative to its expression in the absence of such regulatory elements). Examples of suitable transcription regulatory elements include riboswitches (cis- or trans-acting), transcript stabilizing sequences, and miRNA recognition sites, as described in detail in U. S. Patent Application Publication 2006/0200878, specifically incorporated herein by reference.

Transgenic Plant Cells and Transgenic Plants

The recombinant DNA constructs disclosed herein can be stacked with other recombinant DNA for imparting additional traits (e. g., in the case of transformed plants, traits including herbicide resistance, pest resistance, cold germination tolerance, water deficit tolerance, and the like) for example, by expressing or suppressing other genes. Constructs for coordinated decrease and increase of gene expression are disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication 2004/0126845 A1, specifically incorporated by reference.
In certain transgenic plant cells and transgenic plants, it is sometimes desirable to concurrently express a gene of interest while also modulating expression of a flea beetle target gene. Thus, in some embodiments, the transgenic plant contains recombinant DNA further comprising a gene expression element for expressing at least one gene of interest, and transcription of the recombinant DNA construct for flea beetle control is preferably effected with concurrent transcription of the gene expression element. In embodiments, the transgenic plant expresses DNA encoding a insecticidal polynucleotide transcript as disclosed herein for suppression of a flea beetle target gene, and also expresses DNA encoding a non-nucleotide pesticidal agent such as a small-molecule pesticidal agent or a proteinaceous pesticidal agent; such DNAs can be stacked in a single recombinant construct or expression cassette, or alternatively can be expressed from discrete recombinant constructs or expression cassettes. Examples of non-nucleotide pesticidal agents include patatins, plant lectins, phytoecdysteroids, and bacterial insecticidal proteins (e. g., insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis, Xenorhabdus sp., Photorhabdus sp., Brevibacillus laterosporus (Bacillus laterosporus), Lysinibacillus sphaericus (Bacillus sphaericus), Chromobacterium sp., Chromobacterium subtsugae, Paenibacillus sp., Paenibacillus lentimorbus, and Paenibacillus popilliae). In embodiments, the transgenic plant expresses DNA encoding a recombinant RNA transcript as disclosed herein for suppression of a flea beetle target gene, and also expresses DNA encoding one or more proteins conferring tolerance to an herbicide. Examples of proteins conferring tolerance to an herbicide include 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthases (EPSPS; see, e. g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,627,061, 5,633,435 RE39247, 6,040,497, and 5,094,945, and PCT International Application Publications WO04074443 and WO04009761), glyphosate oxidoreductase (GOX; U.S. Pat. No. 5,463,175), glyphosate decarboxylase (PCT International Application Publication WO05003362, U.S. Pat. No. 7,405,347, and U. S. Patent Application Publication 2004/0177399), glyphosate-N-acetyl transferase (GAT; U.S. Pat. No. 7,714,188) conferring tolerance to glyphosate; dicamba monooxygenase conferring tolerance to auxin-like herbicides such as dicamba (U.S. Pat. No. 7,105,724); phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (pat or bar) conferring tolerance to phosphinothricin or glufosinate (U.S. Pat. No. 5,646,024); 2,2-dichloropropionic acid dehalogenase conferring tolerance to 2,2-dichloropropionic acid (Dalapon) (PCT International Application Publication WO9927116); acetohydroxy acid synthase or acetolactate synthase conferring tolerance to acetolactate synthase inhibitors such as sulfonylurea, imidazolinone, triazolopyrimidine, pyrimidyloxybenzoates and phthalide (U.S. Pat. No. 6,225,105); haloarylnitrilase (Bxn) for conferring tolerance to bromoxynil (U.S. Pat. No. 4,810,648); modified acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase for conferring tolerance to cyclohexanedione (sethoxydim) and aryloxyphenoxypropionate (haloxyfop) (U.S. Pat. No. 6,414,222); dihydropteroate synthase (sul 1) for conferring tolerance to sulfonamide herbicides (U.S. Pat. No. 5,719,046); 32 kDa photosystem II polypeptide (psbA) for conferring tolerance to triazine herbicides (Hirschberg et al., 1983, Science, 222:1346-1349); anthranilate synthase for conferring tolerance to 5-methyltryptophan (U.S. Pat. No. 4,581,847); dihydrodipicolinic acid synthase (dap A) for conferring to tolerance to aminoethyl cysteine (PCT International Application Publication WO8911789); phytoene desaturase (crt1) for conferring tolerance to pyridazinone herbicides such as norflurazon (Japan Patent JP06343473); hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase, a 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid oxidase and a 4-hydroxyphenylacetic 1-hydrolase (U.S. Pat. No. 7,304,209) for conferring tolerance to cyclopropylisoxazole herbicides such as isoxaflutole (U.S. Pat. No. 6,268,549); modified protoporphyrinogen oxidase I (protox) for conferring tolerance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitors (U.S. Pat. No. 5,939,602); aryloxyalkanoate dioxygenase (AAD-1) for conferring tolerance to an herbicide containing an aryloxyalkanoate moiety (WO05107437); a serine hydroxymethyltransferase (US Patent Application Publication 2008/0155716), a glufosinate-tolerant glutamine synthase (US Patent Application Publication 2009/0018016). Examples of such herbicides include phenoxy auxins (such as 2,4-D and dichloroprop), pyridyloxy auxins (such as fluroxypyr and triclopyr), aryloxyphenoxypropionates (AOPP) acetylcoenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors (such as haloxyfop, quizalofop, and diclofop), and 5-substituted phenoxyacetate protoporphyrinogen oxidase IX inhibitors (such as pyraflufen and flumiclorac). The nucleotide sequences of the nucleic acids encoding herbicide-tolerance proteins and the sequences of the herbicide-tolerance proteins, as disclosed in the U. S. patent and patent application publications cited in this paragraph are incorporated herein by reference.
In some embodiments, the recombinant DNA constructs disclosed herein can be transcribed in any plant cell or tissue or in a whole plant of any developmental stage. Transgenic plants can be derived from any monocot or dicot plant, such as, but not limited to, plants of commercial or agricultural interest, such as crop plants (especially crop plants used for human food or animal feed), wood- or pulp-producing trees, vegetable plants, fruit plants, and ornamental plants. Examples of plants of interest include grain crop plants (such as wheat, oat, barley, maize, rye, triticale, rice, millet, sorghum, quinoa, amaranth, and buckwheat); forage crop plants (such as forage grasses and forage dicots including alfalfa, vetch, clover, and the like); oilseed crop plants (such as cotton, safflower, sunflower, soybean, canola, rapeseed, flax, peanuts, and oil palm); tree nuts (such as walnut, cashew, hazelnut, pecan, almond, and the like); sugarcane, coconut, date palm, olive, sugarbeet, tea, and coffee; wood- or pulp-producing trees; vegetable crop plants such as legumes (for example, beans, peas, lentils, alfalfa, peanut), lettuce, asparagus, artichoke, celery, carrot, radish, the brassicas (for example, cabbages, kales, mustards, and other leafy brassicas, broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, turnip, kohlrabi), edible cucurbits (for example, cucumbers, melons, summer squashes, winter squashes), edible alliums (for example, onions, garlic, leeks, shallots, chives), edible members of the Solanaceae (for example, tomatoes, eggplants, potatoes, peppers, ground cherries), and edible members of the Chenopodiaceae (for example, beet, chard, spinach, quinoa, amaranth); fruit crop plants such as apple, pear, citrus fruits (for example, orange, lime, lemon, grapefruit, and others), stone fruits (for example, apricot, peach, plum, nectarine), banana, pineapple, grape, kiwifruit, papaya, avocado, and berries; plants grown for biomass or biofuel (for example, Miscanthus grasses, switchgrass, jatropha, oil palm, eukaryotic microalgae such as Botryococcus braunii, Chlorella spp., and Dunaliella spp., and eukaryotic macroalgae such as Gracilaria spp., and Sargassum spp.); and ornamental plants including ornamental flowering plants, ornamental trees and shrubs, ornamental groundcovers, and ornamental grasses. Specific plant species of interest in which a recombinant DNA construct is transcribed to provide resistance to flea beetles are plants in the family Brassicaceae, including the Brassica species B. napus, B. juncea, B. carinata, B. rapa, B. oleracea, B. rupestris, B. septiceps, B. nigra, B. narinosa, B. perviridus, B. tournefortii, and B. fructiculosa. Additional plant species of interest in which a recombinant DNA construct is transcribed to provide resistance to flea beetles are Glycine max, Linum usitatissimum, Zea mays, Carthamus tinctorius, Helianthus annuus, Nicotiana tabacum, Arabidopsis thaliana, Betholettia excelsa, Ricinus communis, Cocos nucifera, Coriandrum sativum, Gossypium spp., Arachis hypogaea, Simmondsia chinensis, Solanum tuberosum, Elaeis guineensis, Olea europaea, Oryza sativa, Cucurbita maxim, Hordeum vulgare, and Triticum aestivum.
Also disclosed herein are commodity products produced from a transgenic plant cell, plant, or seed expressing a recombinant DNA construct imparting improved resistance to flea beetles as disclosed herein, including, but not limited to, harvested leaves, roots, shoots, tubers, stems, fruits, seeds, or other parts of a plant, meals, oils, extracts, fermentation or digestion products, crushed or whole grains or seeds of a plant, or any food or non-food product including such commodity products produced from a transgenic plant cell, plant, or seed as disclosed herein. The detection of one or more of nucleic acid sequences of the recombinant DNA constructs for flea beetle control as disclosed herein in one or more commodity or commodity products contemplated herein is defacto evidence that the commodity or commodity product contains or is derived from a transgenic plant cell, plant, or seed expressing such a recombinant DNA construct.
Generally a transgenic plant having in its genome a recombinant DNA construct as disclosed herein exhibits increased resistance to an insect infestation, specifically increased resistance to a flea beetle infestation. In various embodiments, for example, where the transgenic plant expresses a recombinant DNA construct for flea beetle control that is stacked with other recombinant DNA for imparting additional traits, the transgenic plant has at least one additional altered trait, relative to a plant lacking the recombinant DNA construct, selected from the group of traits consisting of:

- (a) improved abiotic stress tolerance;
- (b) improved biotic stress tolerance;
- (c) modified primary metabolite composition;
- (d) modified secondary metabolite composition;
- (e) modified trace element, carotenoid, or vitamin composition;
- (f) improved yield;
- (g) improved ability to use nitrogen, phosphate, or other nutrients;
- (h) modified agronomic characteristics;
- (i) modified growth or reproductive characteristics; and
- (j) improved harvest, storage, or processing quality.

In some embodiments, the transgenic plant is characterized by: improved tolerance of abiotic stress (e. g., tolerance of water deficit or drought, heat, cold, non-optimal nutrient or salt levels, non-optimal light levels) or of biotic stress (e. g., crowding, allelopathy, or wounding); by a modified primary metabolite (e. g., fatty acid, oil, amino acid, protein, sugar, or carbohydrate) composition; a modified secondary metabolite (e. g., alkaloids, terpenoids, polyketides, non-ribosomal peptides, and secondary metabolites of mixed biosynthetic origin) composition; a modified trace element (e. g., iron, zinc), carotenoid (e. g., beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein, zeaxanthin, or other carotenoids and xanthophylls), or vitamin (e. g., tocopherols) composition; improved yield (e. g., improved yield under non-stress conditions or improved yield under biotic or abiotic stress); improved ability to use nitrogen, phosphate, or other nutrients; modified agronomic characteristics (e. g., delayed ripening; delayed senescence; earlier or later maturity; improved shade tolerance; improved resistance to root or stalk lodging; improved resistance to “green snap” of stems; modified photoperiod response); modified growth or reproductive characteristics (e. g., intentional dwarfing; intentional male sterility, useful, e. g., in improved hybridization procedures; improved vegetative growth rate; improved germination; improved male or female fertility); improved harvest, storage, or processing quality (e. g., improved resistance to pests during storage, improved resistance to breakage, improved appeal to consumers); or any combination of these traits.
In another embodiment, transgenic seed, or seed produced by the transgenic plant, has modified primary metabolite (e. g., fatty acid, oil, amino acid, protein, sugar, or carbohydrate) composition, a modified secondary metabolite composition, a modified trace element, carotenoid, or vitamin composition, an improved harvest, storage, or processing quality, or a combination of these. In another embodiment, it can be desirable to change levels of native components of the transgenic plant or seed of a transgenic plant, for example, to decrease levels of an allergenic protein or glycoprotein or of a toxic metabolite.

EXAMPLES

Example 1

This example illustrates non-limiting embodiments of coding DNA sequences useful as target genes for controlling insect species and for making compositions for controlling insects and insect-resistant transgenic plants, and identifies insecticidal polynucleotide sequences useful for controlling insect species. More specifically, embodiments of target genes identified by name (annotation) and sequence identifier (SEQ ID NO.) for controlling flea beetles are provided in SEQ ID NOs:1-859, and embodiments of dsRNA sequences ranging in size from 135 to 352 base pairs and designed to suppress these target genes are provided in SEQ ID NOs.:860-1718.

	TABLE 1

	Target
	Gene	dsRNA
	SEQ ID	SEQ ID
	NO.	NO.*

	1	860
	2	861
	3	862
	4	863
	5	864
	6	865
	7	866
	8	867
	9	868
	10	869
	11	870
	12	871
	13	872
	14	873
	15	874
	16	875
	17	876
	18	877
	19	878
	20	879
	21	880
	22	881
	23	882
	24	883
	25	884
	26	885
	27	886
	28	887
	29	888
	30	889
	31	890
	32	891
	33	892
	34	893
	35	894
	36	895
	37	896
	38	897
	39	898
	40	899
	41	900
	42	901
	43	902
	44	903
	45	904
	46	905
	47	906
	48	907
	49	908
	50	909
	51	910
	52	911
	53	912
	54	913
	55	914
	56	915
	57	916
	58	917
	59	918
	60	919
	61	920
	62	921
	63	922
	64	923
	65	924
	66	925
	67	926
	68	927
	69	928
	70	929
	71	930
	72	931
	73	932
	74	933
	75	934
	76	935
	77	936
	78	937
	79	938
	80	939
	81	940
	82	941
	83	942
	84	943
	85	944
	86	945
	87	946
	88	947
	89	948
	90	949
	91	950
	92	951
	93	952
	94	953
	95	954
	96	955
	97	956
	98	957
	99	958
	100	959
	101	960
	102	961
	103	962
	104	963
	105	964
	106	965
	107	966
	108	967
	109	968
	110	969
	111	970
	112	971
	113	972
	114	973
	115	974
	116	975
	117	976
	118	977
	119	978
	120	979
	121	980
	122	981
	123	982
	124	983
	125	984
	126	985
	127	986
	128	987
	129	988
	130	989
	131	990
	132	991
	133	992
	134	993
	135	994
	136	995
	137	996
	138	997
	139	998
	140	999
	141	1000
	142	1001
	143	1002
	144	1003
	145	1004
	146	1005
	147	1006
	148	1007
	149	1008
	150	1009
	151	1010
	152	1011
	153	1012
	154	1013
	155	1014
	156	1015
	157	1016
	158	1017
	159	1018
	160	1019
	161	1020
	162	1021
	163	1022
	164	1023
	165	1024
	166	1025
	167	1026
	168	1027
	169	1028
	170	1029
	171	1030
	172	1031
	173	1032
	174	1033
	175	1034
	176	1035
	177	1036
	178	1037
	179	1038
	180	1039
	181	1040
	182	1041
	183	1042
	184	1043
	185	1044
	186	1045
	187	1046
	188	1047
	189	1048
	190	1049
	191	1050
	192	1051
	193	1052
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	*RNA sequences are provided for the anti-sense strand of the dsRNA in 5′ to 3′ direction.
	*T44966 and T44967 are positive controls based on a Phyllotreta striolata* arginine kinase mRNA disclosed in Zhao et al. (2008), Fur. I Entomol., 5:815.

The embodiments of dsRNA sequences provided in Table 1 are generally useful for RNA-mediated suppression of the corresponding target gene identified in Table 1. These dsRNAs are useful for controlling insects, especially flea beetles, including the source species from which the target genes in Table 1 were identified. RNA-mediated suppression of one or more of the target genes provided in Table 1, or use of one or more of the dsRNAs provided in Table 1, is useful for causing mortality or stunting, or otherwise controlling, target insect species in the following genera: Altica, Anthobiodes, Aphthona, Aphthonaltica, Aphthonoides, Apteopeda, Argopistes, Argopus, Arrhenocoela, Batophila, Blepharida, Chaetocnema, Clitea, Crepidodera, Derocrepis, Dibolia, Disonycha, Epitrix, Hermipyxis, Hermaeophaga, Hespera, Hippuriphila, Horaia, Hyphasis, Lipromima, Liprus, Longitarsus, Luperomorpha, Lythraria, Manobia, Mantura, Meishania, Minota, Mniophila, Neicrepidodera, Nonarthra, Novofoudrasia, Ochrosis, Oedionychis, Oglobinia, Omeisphaera, Ophrida, Orestia, Paragopus, Pentamesa, Philopona, Phygasia, Phyllotreta, Podagrica, Podagricomela, Podontia, Pseudodera, Psylliodes, Sangariola, Sinaltica, Sphaeroderma, Systena, Trachyaphthona, Xuthea, and Zipangia. In embodiments, compositions comprising adsRNA for suppression of one or more of the target genes provided in Table 1 (e. g., a composition comprising an effective amount of one or more of the dsRNAs provided in Table 1) are useful for controlling at least one of Altica ambiens (alder flea beetle), Altica canadensis (prairie flea beetle), Altica chalybaea (grape flea beetle), Altica prasina (poplar flea beetle), Altica rosae (rose flea beetle), Altica sylvia (blueberry flea beetle), Altica ulmi (elm flea beetle). Chaetocnema pulicaria (corn flea beele), Chaetocnema conoinis (sweet potato flea beetle), Epitrix cucumeris (potato flea beetle), Systena blanda (palestripped fleabeetle), and Systena frontalis (redheaded flea beetle), thus preventing or treating plant infestation by these species. For example, a composition comprising an effective amount of one or more of the dsRNAs provided in Table 1 is useful for preventing or treating infestation of potato plants by Epitrix cucumeris (potato flea beetle).
In embodiments, RNA-mediated suppression of one or more of the target genes provided in Table 1, or use of one or more of the dsRNAs provided in Table 1, is useful for causing mortality or stunting in flea beetle species in the genera Phyllotreta and Psylliodes, thus preventing or treating plant infestation by these species. In specific embodiments, RNA-mediated suppression of one or more of the target genes provided in Table 1, or use of one or more of the dsRNAs provided in Table 1, is useful for causing mortality or stunting in at least one flea beetle species selected from the group consisting of Phyllotreta armoraciae (horseradish flea beetle), Phyllotreta cruciferae (canola flea beetle), Phyllotreta pusilla (western black flea beetle), Phyllotreta nemorum (striped turnip flea beetle), Phyllotreta atra (turnip flea beetle), Phyllotreta robusta (garden flea beetle), Phyllotreta striolata (striped flea beetle), Phyllotreta undulata, Psylliodes chrysocephala, and Psylliodes punctulata (hop flea beetle). In embodiments, RNA-mediated suppression of one or more of the target genes having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-296 is used to cause mortality or stunting in Phyllotreta atra (turnip flea beetle) adults or larvae, for example, by contacting Phyllotreta atra adults, larvae, or eggs with an effective amount of a dsRNA comprising a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1155. In embodiments, RNA-mediated suppression of one or more of the target genes having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:297-532 is used to cause mortality or stunting in Phyllotreta cruciferae (canola flea beetle) adults or larvae, for example, by contacting Phyllotreta cruciferae adults, larvae, or eggs with an effective amount of a dsRNA comprising a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1156-1391, 1731-1972, and 1974. In embodiments, RNA-mediated suppression of one or more of the target genes having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:533-551 is used to cause mortality or stunting in Phyllotreta striolata (striped flea beetle) adults or larvae, for example, by contacting Phyllotreta striolata adults, larvae, or eggs with an effective amount of a dsRNA comprising a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1392-1410, 1973, and 1975. In embodiments, RNA-mediated suppression of one or more of the target genes having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:552-859 is used to cause mortality or stunting in Psylliodes chrysocephala adults or larvae, for example, by contacting Psylliodes chrysocephala adults, larvae, or eggs with an effective amount of a dsRNA comprising a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1411-1718.
Plants which can be protected by such infestation by transgenic expression or topical application of one or more of the dsRNAs provided in Table 1 include any plant species or variety that is subject to infestation by flea beetles, especially plants of economic importance, including ornamental plants and crop plants. Embodiments of such plants include plants in the family Brassicaceae (mustard family), such as a plant in the genus Brassica including, for example, one of the following: B. napus (rapeseed, including cultivars such as canola and rutabaga), B. juncea (Indian mustard), B. carinata (Abyssinian mustard), B. rapa (turnip), B. oleracea (wild cabbage, including domesticated cultivars such as, kale, cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, etc.)B. rupestris (brown mustard), B. septiceps (seventop mustard), B. nigra (black mustard), B. narinosa (broadbeaked mustard), B. perviridus (mustard spinach), B. tournefortii (asian mustard), and B. fructiculosa (Mediterranean cabbage). In additional embodiments, the target plants may include, but not limited to, one of the following: Glycine max (soybean), Linum usitatissimum (linseed/flax), Zea mays (maize), Carthamus tinctorius (safflower), Helianthus annuus (sunflower), Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco), Arabidopsis thaliana, Betholettia excelsa (Brazil nut), Ricinus communis (castor bean), Cocos nucifera (coconut), Coriandrum sativum (coriander), Gossypium spp. (cotton), Arachis hypogaea (groundnut or peanut), Simmondsia chinensis (jojoba), Solanum tuberosum (potato) Elaeis guineensis (oil palm), Olea europaea (olive), Oryza sativa (rice), Cucurbita maxima (squash), Hordeum vulgare (barley), and Triticum aestivum (wheat).
An aspect includes compositions comprising an effective amount of one or more of the dsRNAs provided in Table 1 for topical treatment of a plant to be treated for, or be protected from, flea beetle infestation. Another aspect includes a recombinant DNA construct encoding at least one strand of at least one the dsRNAs provided in Table 1 for transgenic expression in a plant that has improved resistance to flea beetle infestation, in comparison to a plant not expressing such a construct.

Example 2

This example illustrates non-limiting embodiments of testing the efficacy of dsRNA sequences and validating the dsRNA's utility for suppressing expression of target genes for controlling insect species. More specifically this example illustrates a method comprising contacting an insect, such as a flea beetle adult or larva, with one or more dsRNAs designed to cause stunting or mortality in the insect. Other embodiments include methods where the dsRNA is delivered to the insect by oral delivery (e. g., on or in a food material ingested by the insect), or through non-oral delivery (e. g., delivery through the insect's cuticle, or delivery by contacting an egg of the insect).
In one embodiment, a feeding assay is used to determine efficacy of a dsRNA in causing stunting or mortality in insects, such as flea beetles. To test the efficacy of the dsRNA to kill or stunt flea beetles, a single discriminating dose (for example, 100 nanograms/milliliter) is used to identify dsRNAs with measureable ability to kill or stunt flea beetles at that dose. A negative control dsRNA, such as a dsRNA targetting green fluorescent protein (GFP), is also included in the assay. Each dsRNA is coated evenly onto 1.0 centimeter diameter canola leaf discs and placed in multiwell trays, with 2 male and 2 female adult flea beetles or 4 flea beetle larvae per well. Every 24 hours for a set period (e. g., 2 weeks), new, freshly-coated leaves are provided. Stunting and mortality are scored periodically (e. g., daily, or every 2 or 3 days).
The dsRNAs that show efficacy in this single-dose assay are tested further. Using a similar protocol, varying doses of dsRNAs are tested, as described above, to determine the LC50 dose for each of the active dsRNAs. Bioassays include 12-24 insects per dose, performed in triplicate. Stunting and mortality is assessed over a 2 week period, scored on every third day.
The dsRNA sequences that are confirmed to be effective in suppressing a target gene in a sequence-specific manner are useful for identifying efficacious RNA delivery agents and formulations. The insecticidal activity of formulations containing dsRNA can be optimized by various techniques, such as modifying the chemical entities in the formulation or modifying the ratio of the chemical components in the formulation. Non-limiting examples of delivery agents and formulations are provided in Example 5.

Example 3

This example illustrates non-limiting embodiments of methods for validating dsRNA efficacy for suppressing or silencing a target gene in an insect cell or causing stunting or mortality in an insect. More specifically this example illustrates methods for testing dsRNA for efficacy in preventing or treating flea beetle infestations in whole plants.
Polynucleotides (such as the dsRNA sequences described in Examples 1 and 2) that have been confirmed to be effective in suppressing a target gene in a sequence-specific manner are further evaluated in whole plant assays. In one method, the polynucleotides (e. g., anti-sense RNA, dsRNA) are applied directly to the insect surface (e. g. by spraying or dusting). In another method, the polynucleotides are provided to the insect in an insect diet (e. g., in a bacterial or plant cell expressing a polynucleotide such as a hairpin form of a dsRNA, or in an artificial bait containing a polynucleotide). Stunting and mortality are scored periodically, as described in Example 2.
In various methods that are also appropriate for large-scale application (e. g., to fields of crop plants), the polynucleotide is applied in a foliar application through aerial or terrestrial spraying or dusting or chemigation on the leaf surface to control early season damage from the adult stage of the life cycle, or applied as a seed treatment to control larval or adult stages of the insect life cycle, or applied as a soil in-furrow or drench application to control larval or adult stages of the insect life cycle. An example of a foliar testing regime includes treating the plant immediately after emergence from the ground and evaluating foliar damage caused by adult flea beetles 1-2 weeks after plant emergence. For in-furrow or seed treatment similar timing for damage evaluation is followed.

Example 4

The polynucleotides are generally designed to modulate expression by inducing regulation or suppression of an insect target gene and are designed to have a nucleotide sequence essentially identical or essentially complementary to the nucleotide sequence an insect target gene or cDNA (e. g., SEQ ID NOs:1-859) or to the sequence of RNA transcribed from an insect target gene, which can be coding sequence or non-coding sequence. This example describes non-limiting techniques useful in the design and selection of polynucleotides to modulate expression of an insect target gene.

Selection of Effective Polynucleotides by “Tiling”

Polynucleotides of use in the compositions and methods disclosed herein need not be of the full length of a target gene, and in many embodiments are of much shorter length in comparison to the target gene. An example of a technique that is useful for selecting effective polynucleotides for insect control is “tiling”, or evaluation of polynucleotides corresponding to adjacent or partially overlapping segments of a target gene.
Effective polynucleotides can be identified by “tiling” gene targets in selected length fragments, e. g., fragments of 200-300 nucleotides in length, with partially overlapping regions, e. g., of about 25 nucleotides, along the length of the target gene. To suppress a single gene, polynucleotides are designed to correspond to (have a nucleotide identity or complementarity with) regions that are unique to the target gene; the selected region of the target gene can include coding sequence or non-coding sequence (e. g., promoter regions, 3′ untranslated regions, introns and the like) or a combination of both.
Where it is of interest to design a polynucleotide effective in suppressing multiple target genes, the multiple target gene sequences are aligned and polynucleotides designed to correspond to regions with high sequence homology in common among the multiple targets. Conversely, where it is of interest to design a polynucleotide effective in selectively suppressing one among multiple target sequences, the multiple target gene sequences are aligned and polynucleotides designed to correspond to regions with no or low sequence homology in common among the multiple targets.
In a non-limiting example, polynucleotides (e.g, anti-sense single-stranded RNAs, dsRNAs, anti-sense single-stranded DNAs, dsDNAs) capable of inducing suppression are designed for each of the target genes listed in Table 1 as follows. Multiple polynucleotides, each of 200-300 nucleotides in length and comprising a sequence complementary to a fragment of a target gene having a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs:1-859 are designed so that each polynucleotide's sequence overlaps about 25 nucleotides of the next adjacent polynucleotide's sequence, in such a way that the multiple polynucleotides in combination cover the full length of the target gene. (Similarly, double-stranded polynucleotides can be designed by providing pairs of sense and anti-sense polynucleotides, each pair of polynucleotides overlapping the next adjacent pair of polynucleotides.)
The polynucleotides are tested by any convenient means for efficacy in silencing the insect target gene. Examples of a suitable test include the bioassays described herein in the working Examples. Another test involves the topical application of the polynucleotides either directly to individual insects or to the surface of a plant to be protected from an insect infestation. One desired result of treatment with a polynucleotide as disclosed herein is prevention or control of an insect infestation, e. g., by inducing in an insect a physiological or behavioural change such as, but not limited to, growth stunting, increased mortality, decrease in reproductive capacity, decrease in or cessation of feeding behavior or movement, or decrease in or cessation of metamorphosis stage development. Another desired result of treatment with a polynucleotide as disclosed herein is provision of a plant that exhibits improved resistance to an insect infestation.
The tiling procedure can be repeated, if desired. A polynucleotide found to provide desired activity can itself be subjected to a tiling procedure. For example, multiple overlapping polynucleotides are designed, each of 50-60 nucleotides in length and comprising a sequence complementary to the fragment of a target gene having a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs:1-859 for which a single polynucleotide of 300 nucleotides was found to be effective. Additional rounds of tiling analysis can be carried out, where polynucleotides as short as 18, 19, 20, or 21 nucleotides are tested.
Effective polynucleotides of any size can be used, alone or in combination, in the various methods disclosed herein. In some embodiments, a single polynucleotide is used to make a composition (e. g., a composition for topical application, or a recombinant DNA construct useful for making a transgenic plant). In other embodiments, a mixture or pool of different polynucleotides is used; in such cases the polynucleotides can be for a single target gene or for multiple target genes. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide is designed to target different regions of the target gene, e. g., an insecticidal polynucleotide can comprise multiple segments that correspond to different exon regions of the target gene, and “spacer” nucleotides which do not correspond to a target gene can optionally be used in between or adjacent to the segments.

Thermodynamic Considerations in Selecting Insecticidal Polynucleotides

Polynucleotides can be designed or their sequence optimised using thermodynamic considerations. For example, insecticidal polynucleotides can be selected based on the thermodynamics controlling hybridization between one nucleic acid strand (e. g., a polynucleotide or an individual siRNA) and another (e. g., a target gene transcript)
Methods and algorithms to predict nucleotide sequences that are likely to be effective at RNAi-mediated silencing of a target gene are known in the art. Non-limiting examples of such methods and algorithms include “i-score”, described by Ichihara et al. (2007) Nucleic Acids Res., 35(18): 123e; “Oligowalk”, publicly available at ma.urmc.rochester.edu/servers/oligowalk and described by Lu et al. (2008) Nucleic Acids Res., 36:W104-108; and “Reynolds score”, described by Khovorova et al. (2004) Nature Biotechnol., 22:326-330.

Permitted Mismatches

By “essentially identical” or “essentially complementary” is meant that the polynucleotide (or at least one strand of a double-stranded polynucleotide) has sufficient identity or complementarity to the target gene or to the RNA transcribed from a target gene (e. g., the transcript) to suppress expression of a target gene (e. g., to effect a reduction in levels or activity of the target gene transcript and/or encoded protein). Polynucleotides need not have 100 percent identity or complementarity to a target gene or to the RNA transcribed from a target gene to suppress expression of the target gene (e. g., to effect a reduction in levels or activity of the target gene transcript or encoded protein, or to provide control of an insect species). In some embodiments, the polynucleotide or a portion thereof is designed to be essentially identical to, or essentially complementary to, a sequence of at least 18 or 19 contiguous nucleotides in either the target gene or the RNA transcribed from the target gene. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide or a portion thereof is designed to be exactly identical to, or exactly complementary to, a sequence of 21 contiguous nucleotides in either the target gene or the RNA transcribed from the target gene. In certain embodiments, an “essentially identical” polynucleotide has 100 percent sequence identity or at least about 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99 percent sequence identity when compared to the sequence of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides of the target gene or an RNA transcribed from the target gene. In certain embodiments, an “essentially complementary” polynucleotide has 100 percent sequence complementarity or at least about 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99 percent sequence complementarity to 18 or more contiguous nucleotides of the target gene or RNA transcribed from the target gene.
Polynucleotides comprising mismatches to the target gene or transcript can be used in certain embodiments of the compositions and methods disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide comprises at least 18 or at least 19 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially complementary to a segment of equivalent length in the target gene or target gene's transcript. In certain embodiments, a polynucleotide of 19 contiguous nucleotides that is essentially identical or essentially complementary to a segment of equivalent length in the target gene or target gene's transcript can have 1 or 2 mismatches to the target gene or transcript. In certain embodiments, a polynucleotide of 20 or more nucleotides that comprises a contiguous 19 nucleotide span of identity or complementarity to a segment of equivalent length in the target gene or target gene's transcript can have 1 or 2 mismatches to the target gene or transcript. In certain embodiments, a polynucleotide of 21 continuous nucleotides that is essentially identical or essentially complementary to a segment of equivalent length in the target gene or target gene's transcript can have 1, 2, or 3 mismatches to the target gene or transcript. In certain embodiments, a polynucleotide of 22 or more nucleotides that contains a contiguous 21 nucleotide span of identity or complementarity to a segment of equivalent length in the target gene or target gene's transcript can have 1, 2, or 3 mismatches to the target gene or transcript.
In designing polynucleotides with mismatches to a target gene or to an RNA transcribed from the target gene, mismatches of certain types and at certain positions that are more likely to be tolerated can be used. In certain embodiments, mismatches formed between adenine and cytosine or guanosine and uracil residues are used as described by Du et al. (2005) Nucleic Acids Res., 33:1671-1677. In some embodiments, mismatches in 19 base-pair overlap regions are located at the low tolerance positions 5, 7, 8 or 11 (from the 5′ end of a 19-nucleotide target), at medium tolerance positions 3, 4, and 12-17 (from the 5′ end of a 19-nucleotide target), and/or at the high tolerance positions at either end of the region of complementarity, e. g., positions 1, 2, 18, and 19 (from the 5′ end of a 19-nucleotide target) as described by Du et al. (2005) Nucleic Acids Res., 33:1671-1677. Tolerated mismatches can be empirically determined in routine assays such as those described herein in the working Examples.
In some embodiments, the polynucleotides comprise additional nucleotides (e.g., for reasons of stability or for convenience in cloning or synthesis). In one embodiment, the polynucleotide is a single-stranded RNA comprising an RNA strand with a segment of at least 21 contiguous nucleotides of a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1975 and further comprising an additional 5′ G or an additional 3′ C or both, adjacent to the segment. In one embodiment, the polynucleotide is a dsRNA comprising an RNA strand with a segment of at least 21 contiguous nucleotides of a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1975 and further comprising an additional 5′ G or an additional 3′ C or both, adjacent to the segment. In another embodiment, the polynucleotide is a double-stranded RNA comprising additional nucleotides to form an overhang, for example, a dsRNA comprising 2 deoxyribonucleotides to form a 3′ overhang.

Embedding Active Insecticidal Polynucleotides in Neutral Sequence

In an embodiment, a polynucleotide with a sequence complementary to the target gene and which is responsible for an observed suppression of the target gene is embedded in “neutral” sequence, e. g., inserted into additional nucleotides that have no sequence identity or complementarity to the target gene. Neutral sequence can be desirable, e. g., to increase the overall length of a polynucleotide. For example, it can be desirable for a polynucleotide to be of a particular size for reasons of stability, cost-effectiveness in manufacturing, or biological activity.
It has been reported that in another coleopteran species, Diabrotica virgifera, dsRNAs greater than or equal to approximately 60 base-pairs (bp) are required for biological activity in artificial diet bioassays; see Bolognesi et al. (2012) PLoS ONE 7(10): e47534. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047534. Thus, in one embodiment, a 21-base-pair dsRNA corresponding to a target gene in Table 1 and found to provide control of an insect infestation is embedded in neutral sequence of an additional 39 base pairs, thus forming a polynucleotide of about 60 base pairs. In another embodiment, a single 21-base-pair polynucleotide is found to be efficacious when embedded in larger sections of neutral sequence, e. g., where the total polynucleotide length is from about 60 to about 300 base pairs. In another embodiment, at least one segment of at least 21 contiguous nucleotides of a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1975 is embedded in larger sections of neutral sequence to provide an efficacious insecticidal polynucleotide. In another embodiment, segments from multiple sequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1975 are embedded in larger sections of neutral sequence to provide an efficacious insecticidal polynucleotide.
It is anticipated that the combination of certain recombinant polynucleotides disclosed herein (e. g., single-strand RNA, dsRNA, single-strand DNA, or dsDNA comprising a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1975, or active fragments thereof) with one or more non-polynucleotide pesticidal agents will result in an improvement in prevention or control of insect infestations, when compared to the effect obtained with the polynucleotide alone or the non-polynucleotide pesticidal agent alone. Routine insect bioassays such as the bioassays described herein in the working Examples are useful for defining dose-responses for larval mortality or growth inhibition using combinations of the polynucleotides disclosed herein and one or more non-polynucleotide pesticidal agents (e. g., a patatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein, a Xenorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Photorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Bacillus laterosporous insecticidal protein, and a Bacillus sphaericus insecticidal protein). One of skill in the art can test combinations of polynucleotides and non-polynucleotide pesticidal agents in routine bioassays to identify combinations of bioactives that are effective for use in protecting plants from insect infestations.

Example 5

This example illustrates non-limiting embodiments of methods of testing the efficacy of insecticidal polynucleotides in flea beetles. More specifically this example illustrates a method including oral delivery of polynucleotides to flea beetles, resulting in stunting or mortality in the flea beetles.
P. cruciferae were collected from a canola field where no pesticides had been applied in the previous 3 months. Three dsRNAs (SEQ ID NOs:1169, 1193, and 1392) targeting Phyllotreta genes and one negative control dsRNA targeting GFP were tested on groups of 30 P. cruciferae. The dsRNAs were resuspended in water and applied to 6 millimeter leaf discs (55±6 milligrams each) at a discriminating dose of 50 nanograms dsRNA/milligram leaf tissue, which were fed to groups of 5 flea beetles. Leaf discs with freshly applied dsRNA were replaced every other day, and the number of surviving individuals was recorded over a 2-week period. A low non-specific mortality rate was observed in the negative-control insect groups (3 out of 30 insects dying over 2 weeks, or 10% non-specific mortality). Mortality was observed beginning at day 4 and continuing through the 2 week period. Specific mortality was observed for all dsRNA treatments (Table 2). Correcting for non-specific mortality (subtracting non-specific mortality rate of 3 insects per group for corrected N=27), the percent mortality observed at the end of the 2-week period was 85% (SEQ ID NO:1169), 0.70% (SEQ ID NO:1193), and 0.63% (SEQ ID NO:1392). These results demonstrated the efficacy of the dsRNAs in causing mortality in flea beetles when provided in the flea beetles' diet.

TABLE 2

Cumulative number of dead P. cruciferae (N = 30)

	Negative	SEQ ID	SEQ ID	SEQ ID
Day	control	NO: 1169	NO: 1193	NO: 1392

0	0	0	0	0
2	1	2	1	1
4	2	6	2	2
6	2	9	3	3
8	2	13	8	9
10	3	18	16	15
12	3	23	19	18
14	3	26	22	20

In a second series of experiments carried out in a similar manner, several dsRNAs were tested at a discriminating dose of 50 nanograms dsRNA/milligram leaf tissue on P. cruciferae; two lower doses (15 nanograms dsRNA/milligram leaf tissue and 2 nanograms dsRNA/milligram leaf tissue) were also tested. Ten beetles were tested at each dose. The negative control (five replicates) used was a dsRNA targetting the bacterial gene uidA encoding beta-glucuronidase (NCBI accession number NC_000913.3). Leaf discs with freshly applied dsRNA were replaced every other day, and mortality was recorded over a 12 day period. The overall mortality rate for the negative controls was 4% (likely due to handling injuries) over the 12-day observation period. The observed cumulative mortality (N=10) following 12 days exposure to the dsRNAs are provided in Table 3; the negative control mortality values are given as an average (N=5). Eight of the dsRNAs (indicated by a mortality rating of +++) caused 90-100% mortality at the highest dose and were still highly effective (80% or higher mortality) at the lowest dose tested. Some dsRNAs (indicated by a mortality rating of ++) induced mortality in a proportion of the insects at the highest dose, but were less effective at lower doses (<20% mortality).

TABLE 3

dsRNA	cumulative mortality (N = 10 )

SEQ ID	50	15	2	Mortality
NO**:	ng/mg	ng/mg	ng/mg	Rating

870	3	1	0	−
876	3	1	0	−
1156	2	0	0	−
1157	10	3	0	−
1158	2	0	0	−
1159	5	2	0	−
1160	2	0	0	−
1161	10	3	1	−
1163	4	4	2	−
1164	10	8	4	++
1165	8	7	5	++
1166	5	2	2	−
1167	6	2	0	−
1168	8	5	0	−
1169	10	10	8	+++
1170	9	5	3	−
1171	10	10	6	++
1392	3	2	0	−
1393	6	1	0	−
1186	9	7	5	−
1394	9	9	5	−
1187	9	9	8	+++
1193	10	10	9	+++
1210	6	3	1	−
1219	8	3	2	−
1224	10	9	8	+++
1234	10	7	6	++
1243	5	2	0	−
1258	9	4	2	−
1396	9	6	5	++
1397	6	3	0	−
1398	8	7	7	++
1399	10	10	8	+++
1400	2	1	1	−
1403	9	6	6	−
1404	10	7	4	−
1405	6	6	2	−
1406	9	9	7	+++
1407	10	9	8	+++
1408	9	9	9	+++
negative control	0.6	0.6	0.4	−
(GFP)
negative control	0.4	0.6	0.2	−
(beta-glucuronidase)
negative control	0.2	0.4	0.6	−
(water only)

*+++rating indicates high (>80%) mortalities for all three doses; ++rating indicates high mortalities for the highest dose, and within 40 to 70% mortality with the lower two doses.
** sequences are provided for the anti-sense strand of the dsRNA in 5’ to 3’ direction.

Other techniques for delivering these or similar insecticidal polynucleotides are contemplated and include applying the polynucleotides directly to the insect surface (e. g. by spraying or dusting), or providing the polynucleotidesto the insect in a diet or bait (e. g., in a bacterial or plant cell expressing a dsRNA, or in an artificial bait containing the dsRNA). In an embodiment, a hairpin version of the Phyllotreta insecticidal polynucleotide with the sequence SEQ ID NO: 1169 is designed; this hairpin version is encoded by the DNA sequence SEQ ID NO:1722, which contains, in 5′ to 3′ order, anti-sense sequence (nucleotide positions 1-267), loop sequence (nucleotide positions 268-373) which does not contain matches to Phyllotreta sequences, and sense sequence (nucleotide positions 374-640). This DNA sequence is expressed as a single-stranded RNA transcript, where the anti-sense and sense regions anneal to form the double-stranded “stem” region of the hairpin. The construct is expressed in a bacterium, such as E. coli; the resulting dsRNA hairpin produced in the bacterium is provided to flea beetles as a crude or purified fermentation product, or in the form of the bacterial cells. Similar constructs are designed encoding dsRNAs having modified stem-loops, such as “stabilized anti-sense” or “stabilized sense” versions, which contain stabilized loops formed by an extended anti-sense or sense sequence, respectively, of sequence corresponding to the intended target gene.

Example 6

This example discloses embodiments related to polynucleotide molecules having a nucleotide sequence containing specific modifications such as nucleotide substitutions. Embodiments of such modifications include modified polynucleotides that provide improved sequence discrimination between the intended target gene of the insect pest of interest, and genetic sequences of other, non-target species.
Selected dsRNAs identified in Table 1 were screened for unintended sequence matches to a sequence of at least 19 contiguous nucleotides identified in a non-target gene or a non-target organism (NTO, e. g., Apis mellifera, Bombus impatiens and B. terrestris; Coleomegilla spp.; Danaus plexippus; Homo sapiens; Megachile rotundata; Mus musculus; and Brassica rapa). Nucleotide changes are made in an original polynucleotide sequence to eliminate contiguous sequence matches to a non-target gene or non-target organism. Examples of such modified polynucleotide sequences are provided by SEQ ID NO:1723, which corresponds to SEQ ID NO:1393 (which targets the same flea beetle gene as does the insecticidal polynucleotide of SEQ ID NO:1392), and SEQ ID NO:1724, which corresponds to SEQ ID NO:1169.

Example 7

This example discloses embodiments related to polynucleotide molecules having a nucleotide sequence for silencing a target gene in more than one species. Embodiments include dsRNA sequences of at least 21 contiguous nucleotides identified as having 100% complementarity or identity to more than one ortholog of a target gene.
Table 4 provides a list of sequences, each at least 21 contiguous nucleotides in length and identified by the sequence's coordinates in a dsRNA for one flea beetle species, wherein the identical sequence is also found in a dsRNA for a different flea beetle species. These sequences are useful to design insecticidal polynucleotides against multiple species in which the target sequence co-occurs. For example, SEQ ID NO:1186 (targetting a Phyllotreta cruciferae COPI alpha target gene, SEQ ID NO:327) contains five sequences of at least 21 contiguous nucleotides at positions 1-71, 88-116, 136-209, 238-266, and 274-296, all of which match a sequence in SEQ ID NOs:882 and 888 (targetting a Phyllotreta atra COPI alpha target genes, SEQ ID NOs:23 and 29, respectively); these five sequences are therefore useful in targeting a gene in the two Phyllotreta species.

TABLE 4

QUERY
Polynucleotide

SEQ			SUBJECT
ID			Polynucleotide
NO:	start	end	SEQ ID NO:

1186	1	71	882,888
1186	88	116	882,888
1186	136	209	882,888
1186	238	266	882,888
1186	274	296	882,888
1191	51	96	900-908, 910
1191	137	177	900-908, 910
1191	179	216	900-908, 910
1191	218	255	900-908, 910
1191	257	342	900-908, 910
1192	2	25	900-908, 910
1192	66	106	900-908, 910
1192	108	145	900-908, 910
1192	147	184	900-908, 910
1192	186	271	900-908, 910
1192	273	298	900-908, 910
1192	300	330	900-908, 910
1191	58	96	900-908, 910
1192	300	336	900-908, 910
1191	44	96	900-908, 910
1191	179	200	900-908, 910
1192	108	129	900-908, 910
1191	218	242	900-908, 910
1192	147	171	900-908, 910
1191	257	277	900-908, 910
1192	186	206	900-908, 910
1191	257	334	900-908, 910
1192	186	263	900-908, 910
1191	257	320	900-908, 910
1192	186	249	900-908, 910
1193	15	101	911, 915, 916, 919
1194	6	92	911, 915, 916, 919
1195	2	107	911, 915, 916, 919
1195	121	207	911, 915, 916, 919
1196	2	122	911, 915, 916, 919
1196	136	222	911, 915, 916, 919
1197	2	20	911, 915, 916, 919
1197	22	42	911, 915, 916, 919
1197	44	180	911, 915, 916, 919
1197	194	280	911, 915, 916, 919
1198	18	38	911, 915, 916, 919
1198	40	176	911, 915, 916, 919
1198	190	276	911, 915, 916, 919
1199	5	25	911, 915, 916, 919
1199	27	163	911, 915, 916, 919
1199	177	263	911, 915, 916, 919
1200	16	152	911, 915, 916, 919
1200	166	252	911, 915, 916, 919
1201	19	105	911, 915, 916, 919
1202	2	119	911, 915, 916, 919
1202	133	219	911, 915, 916, 919
1203	14	100	911, 915, 916, 919
1193	123	189	911, 915, 916, 919
1194	114	180	911, 915, 916, 919
1195	229	295	911, 915, 916, 919
1196	244	310	911, 915, 916, 919
1197	302	350	911, 915, 916, 919
1198	298	350	911, 915, 916, 919
1199	285	352	911, 915, 916, 919
1200	274	340	911, 915, 916, 919
1201	127	193	911, 915, 916, 919
1202	241	307	911, 915, 916, 919
1203	122	188	911, 915, 916, 919
1193	123	196	911, 915, 916, 919
1193	198	230	911, 915, 916, 919
1194	114	187	911, 915, 916, 919
1194	189	221	911, 915, 916, 919
1195	229	302	911, 915, 916, 919
1195	304	336	911, 915, 916, 919
1196	1	122	911, 915, 916, 919
1196	244	317	911, 915, 916, 919
1196	319	351	911, 915, 916, 919
1197	60	180	911, 915, 916, 919
1198	56	176	911, 915, 916, 919
1199	43	163	911, 915, 916, 919
1199	285	351	911, 915, 916, 919
1200	32	152	911, 915, 916, 919
1200	274	347	911, 915, 916, 919
1201	127	200	911, 915, 916, 919
1201	202	234	911, 915, 916, 919
1202	241	314	911, 915, 916, 919
1202	316	348	911, 915, 916, 919
1203	122	195	911, 915, 916, 919
1203	197	229	911, 915, 916, 919
1204	6	25	920, 921, 922, 923, 924
1204	27	49	920, 921, 922, 923, 924
1204	51	118	920, 921, 922, 923, 924
1204	186	214	920, 921, 922, 923, 924
1204	219	268	920, 921, 922, 923, 924
1204	270	295	920, 921, 922, 923, 924
1204	306	351	920, 921, 922, 923, 924
1205	180	199	920, 921, 922, 923, 924
1205	201	223	920, 921, 922, 923, 924
1205	225	292	920, 921, 922, 923, 924
1206	10	29	920, 921, 922, 923, 924
1206	31	53	920, 921, 922, 923, 924
1206	55	122	920, 921, 922, 923, 924
1206	190	218	920, 921, 922, 923, 924
1206	223	272	920, 921, 922, 923, 924
1206	274	299	920, 921, 922, 923, 924
1206	310	351	920, 921, 922, 923, 924
1207	11	33	920, 921, 922, 923, 924
1207	35	102	920, 921, 922, 923, 924
1207	170	198	920, 921, 922, 923, 924
1207	203	252	920, 921, 922, 923, 924
1207	254	279	920, 921, 922, 923, 924
1207	290	335	920, 921, 922, 923, 924
1208	18	40	920, 921, 922, 923, 924
1208	42	109	920, 921, 922, 923, 924
1208	177	205	920, 921, 922, 923, 924
1208	210	259	920, 921, 922, 923, 924
1208	261	286	920, 921, 922, 923, 924
1208	297	342	920, 921, 922, 923, 924
1209	101	120	920, 921, 922, 923, 924
1209	122	144	920, 921, 922, 923, 924
1209	146	213	920, 921, 922, 923, 924
1209	281	309	920, 921, 922, 923, 924
1209	314	351	920, 921, 922, 923, 924
1205	2	91	920, 921, 922, 923, 924
1205	114	142	920, 921, 922, 923, 924
1205	144	178	920, 921, 922, 923, 924
1209	35	63	920, 921, 922, 923, 924
1209	65	99	920, 921, 922, 923, 924
1204	306	347	920, 921, 922, 923, 924
1207	290	331	920, 921, 922, 923, 924
1208	297	338	920, 921, 922, 923, 924
1207	290	352	920, 921, 922, 923, 924
1208	297	351	920, 921, 922, 923, 924
1205	18	91	920, 921, 922, 923, 924
1224	1	43	947-949, 951-956
1224	57	95	947-949, 951-956
1224	97	145	947-949, 951-956
1224	147	175	947-949, 951-956
1224	177	208	947-949, 951-956
1224	210	262	947-949, 951-956
1224	285	350	947-949, 951-956
1225	150	192	947, 949, 951-956
1225	206	244	947, 949, 951-956
1225	246	294	947, 949, 951-956
1225	296	324	947, 949, 951-956
1225	326	351	947, 949, 951-956
1226	258	300	947, 949, 951-955
1226	314	351	947, 949, 951-955
1227	253	295	947, 949, 951-955
1227	309	347	947, 949, 951-955
1228	206	248	947, 949, 951-956
1228	262	300	947, 949, 951-956
1228	302	350	947, 949, 951-956
1229	171	213	947, 949, 951-956
1229	227	265	947, 949, 951-956
1229	267	315	947, 949, 951-956
1229	317	345	947, 949, 951-956
1230	252	294	947, 949, 951-955
1230	308	346	947, 949, 951-955
1231	191	233	947, 949, 951-956
1231	247	285	947, 949, 951-956
1231	287	335	947, 949, 951-956
1232	196	238	947, 949, 951-956
1232	252	290	947, 949, 951-956
1232	292	340	947, 949, 951-956
1233	209	251	947, 949, 951-956
1233	265	303	947, 949, 951-956
1233	305	351	947, 949, 951-956
1224	177	202	947-949, 951-956
1225	1	72	947, 949, 951-956
1225	74	135	947, 949, 951-956
1225	137	192	947, 949, 951-956
1226	110	180	947, 949, 951-955
1226	182	243	947, 949, 951-955
1226	245	300	947, 949, 951-955
1227	105	175	947, 949, 951-955
1227	177	238	947, 949, 951-955
1227	240	295	947, 949, 951-955
1228	58	128	947, 949, 951-956
1228	130	191	947, 949, 951-956
1228	193	248	947, 949, 951-956
1229	23	93	947, 949, 951-956
1229	95	156	947, 949, 951-956
1229	158	213	947, 949, 951-956
1230	104	174	947, 949, 951-955
1230	176	237	947, 949, 951-955
1230	239	294	947, 949, 951-955
1231	43	113	947, 949, 951-956
1231	115	176	947, 949, 951-956
1231	178	233	947, 949, 951-956
1232	48	118	947, 949, 951-956
1232	120	181	947, 949, 951-956
1232	183	238	947, 949, 951-956
1233	61	131	947, 949, 951-956
1233	133	194	947, 949, 951-956
1233	196	251	947, 949, 951-956
1224	227	262	947-949, 951-956
1224	57	94	947-949, 951-956
1225	2	72	947, 949, 951-956
1225	206	243	947, 949, 951-956
1226	1	96	947, 949, 951-955
1226	98	180	947, 949, 951-955
1227	2	91	947, 949, 951-955
1227	93	175	947, 949, 951-955
1227	309	346	947, 949, 951-955
1228	2	44	947, 949, 951-956
1228	46	128	947, 949, 951-956
1228	262	299	947, 949, 951-956
1229	11	93	947, 949, 951-956
1229	227	264	947, 949, 951-956
1230	2	90	947, 949, 951-955
1230	92	174	947, 949, 951-955
1230	308	345	947, 949, 951-955
1231	2	29	947, 949, 951-956
1231	31	113	947, 949, 951-956
1231	247	284	947, 949, 951-956
1232	2	34	947, 949, 951-956
1232	36	118	947, 949, 951-956
1232	252	289	947, 949, 951-956
1233	2	47	947, 949, 951-956
1233	49	131	947, 949, 951-956
1233	265	302	947, 949, 951-956
1226	7	96	947, 949, 951-955
1227	1	91	947, 949, 951-955
1226	8	96	947, 949, 951-955
1227	3	91	947, 949, 951-955
1230	1	90	947, 949, 951-955
1226	54	96	947, 949, 951-955
1227	49	91	947, 949, 951-955
1228	1	44	947, 949, 951-956
1230	48	90	947, 949, 951-955
1233	5	47	947, 949, 951-956
1224	125	145	947-949, 951-956
1225	274	294	947, 949, 951-956
1228	330	350	947, 949, 951-956
1229	295	315	947, 949, 951-956
1231	315	335	947, 949, 951-956
1232	320	340	947, 949, 951-956
1233	333	351	947, 949, 951-956
1234	50	135	960, 964
1234	149	168	960, 964
1234	170	350	960, 964
1235	175	260	960, 963, 964
1235	274	293	960, 963, 964
1235	295	351	960, 963, 964
1236	190	275	960, 963, 964
1236	289	308	960, 963, 964
1236	310	351	960, 963, 964
1237	269	350	960, 963, 964
1238	51	136	960, 964
1238	150	169	960, 964
1238	171	350	960, 964
1239	50	135	960, 964
1239	149	168	960, 964
1239	170	351	960, 964
1240	103	188	960, 963, 964
1240	202	221	960, 963, 964
1240	223	351	960, 963, 964
1241	269	351	960, 963, 964
1242	87	172	960, 963, 964
1242	186	205	960, 963, 964
1242	207	351	960, 963, 964
1235	2	23	960, 963, 964
1235	25	114	960, 963, 964
1236	2	38	960, 963, 964
1236	40	129	960, 963, 964
1237	2	39	960, 963, 964
1237	41	117	960, 963, 964
1237	119	208	960, 963, 964
1240	2	42	960, 963, 964
1241	2	39	960, 963, 964
1241	41	117	960, 963, 964
1241	119	208	960, 963, 964
1242	2	26	960, 963, 964
1234	38	135	960, 964
1234	170	211	960, 964
1235	25	136	960, 963, 964
1235	163	260	960, 963, 964
1235	295	336	960, 963, 964
1236	1	38	960, 963, 964
1236	40	151	960, 963, 964
1236	178	275	960, 963, 964
1237	81	117	960, 963, 964
1237	119	230	960, 963, 964
1237	257	350	960, 963, 964
1238	39	136	960, 964
1238	171	212	960, 964
1239	38	135	960, 964
1239	170	211	960, 964
1240	2	64	960, 963, 964
1240	91	188	960, 963, 964
1240	223	264	960, 963, 964
1241	81	117	960, 963, 964
1241	119	230	960, 963, 964
1241	257	351	960, 963, 964
1242	2	48	960, 963, 964
1242	75	172	960, 963, 964
1242	207	248	960, 963, 964
1243	118	158	965, 966, 968, 969
1243	283	304	965, 966, 968, 969
1243	310	348	965, 966, 968, 969
1244	165	205	965, 966, 968, 969
1244	330	351	965, 966, 968, 969
1246	205	245	965, 966, 967, 968, 969
1247	206	246	965, 966, 967, 968, 969
1248	163	203	965, 966, 968, 969
1248	328	349	965, 966, 968, 969
1245	1	20	967
1245	22	42	967
1245	104	135	967
1245	137	155	967
1245	187	209	967
1246	36	58	965, 966, 967, 968, 969
1247	37	59	965, 966, 967, 968, 969
1244	330	352	965, 966, 968, 969
1249	2	20	970, 973, 974, 978, 979
1250	5	84	969-971, 973-979
1250	86	270	969-971, 973-979
1250	278	306	969-971, 973-979
1250	326	351	969-971, 973-979
1251	2	52	969-971, 973-979
1251	54	238	969-971, 973-979
1251	246	274	969-971, 973-979
1251	294	322	969-971, 973-979
1253	115	194	969-971, 973-979
1253	196	351	969-971, 973-979
1254	3	31	970, 971, 973, 974, 977-979
1254	51	79	970, 971, 973, 974, 977-979
1255	282	352	970, 971, 973-978, 1626, 1629
1256	1	53	970, 971, 973-978
1256	55	239	970, 971, 973-978
1256	247	275	970, 971, 973-978
1256	295	323	970, 971, 973-978
1257	6	85	970, 971, 973-978
1257	87	271	970, 971, 973-978
1257	279	307	970, 971, 973-978
1257	327	351	970, 971, 973-978
1250	1	84	969-971, 973-979
1250	326	352	969-971, 973-979
1251	294	319	969-971, 973-979
1253	112	194	969-971, 973-979
1254	51	76	970, 971, 973, 974, 977-979
1255	279	352	970, 971, 973-978, 1626, 1629
1256	295	320	970, 971, 973-978
1257	3	85	970, 971, 973-978
1252	31	89	972
1252	91	236	972
1252	238	266	972
1252	277	337	972
1249	2	23	970, 973, 974, 978, 979
1249	25	44	970, 973, 974, 978, 979
1250	34	84	969-971, 973-979
1251	1	52	969-971, 973-979
1251	294	325	969-971, 973-979
1251	327	346	969-971, 973-979
1253	144	194	969-971, 973-979
1254	51	82	970, 971, 973, 974, 977-979
1254	84	103	970, 971, 973, 974, 977-979
1255	311	352	970, 971, 973-978, 1626, 1629
1256	3	53	970, 971, 973-978
1256	295	326	970, 971, 973-978
1256	328	347	970, 971, 973-978
1257	35	85	970, 971, 973-978
1250	47	84	969-971, 973-979
1251	15	52	969-971, 973-979
1253	157	194	969-971, 973-979
1255	324	352	970, 971, 973-978, 1626, 1629
1256	16	53	970, 971, 973-978
1257	48	85	970, 971, 973-978
1250	2	84	969-971, 973-979
1250	86	241	969-971, 973-979
1251	54	209	969-971, 973-979
1253	1	68	969-971, 973-979
1253	91	194	969-971, 973-979
1253	196	352	969-971, 973-979
1255	169	235	970, 971, 973-978, 1626, 1629
1255	258	352	970, 971, 973-978, 1626, 1629
1256	55	210	970, 971, 973-978
1257	1	85	970, 971, 973-978
1257	87	242	970, 971, 973-978
1250	86	110	969-971, 973-979
1251	54	78	969-971, 973-979
1253	2	68	969-971, 973-979
1253	196	220	969-971, 973-979
1255	39	130	970, 971, 973-978, 1626, 1629
1255	132	235	970, 971, 973-978, 1626, 1629
1256	55	79	970, 971, 973-978
1257	87	111	970, 971, 973-978
1250	326	350	969-971, 973-979
1251	294	318	969-971, 973-979
1253	110	194	969-971, 973-979
1254	51	75	970, 971, 973, 974, 977-979
1255	277	352	970, 971, 973-978, 1626, 1629
1256	295	319	970, 971, 973-978
1257	327	352	970, 971, 973-978
1250	32	84	969-971, 973-979
1253	142	194	969-971, 973-979
1255	309	352	970, 971, 973-978, 1626, 1629
1257	33	85	970, 971, 973-978
1249	46	68	970, 973, 974, 978, 979
1250	61	84	969-971, 973-979
1251	29	52	969-971, 973-979
1253	171	194	969-971, 973-979
1254	105	127	970, 971, 973, 974, 977-979
1256	30	53	970, 971, 973-978
1257	62	85	970, 971, 973-978
1259	192	226	999-1004
1259	249	298	999-1004
1259	321	352	999-1004
1260	190	224	999-1004
1260	247	296	999-1004
1260	319	351	999-1004
1261	99	133	999-1004
1261	156	205	999-1004
1261	228	289	999-1004
1261	300	334	999-1004
1262	82	116	999-1004
1262	139	188	999-1004
1262	211	272	999-1004
1262	283	317	999-1004
1262	319	350	999-1004
1263	324	351	999-1004
1264	191	225	999-1004
1264	248	297	999-1004
1264	320	351	999-1004
1265	98	132	999-1004
1265	155	204	999-1004
1265	227	288	999-1004
1265	299	333	999-1004
1259	95	145	999-1004
1259	165	226	999-1004
1260	93	143	999-1004
1260	163	224	999-1004
1261	1	52	999-1004
1261	72	133	999-1004
1262	1	35	999-1004
1262	55	116	999-1004
1263	227	277	999-1004
1263	297	351	999-1004
1264	94	144	999-1004
1264	164	225	999-1004
1265	2	51	999-1004
1265	71	132	999-1004
1259	15	40	999-1004
1259	42	64	999-1004
1259	66	88	999-1004
1259	90	145	999-1004
1259	165	219	999-1004
1260	13	38	999-1004
1260	40	62	999-1004
1260	64	86	999-1004
1260	88	143	999-1004
1260	163	217	999-1004
1261	2	52	999-1004
1261	72	126	999-1004
1262	55	109	999-1004
1263	1	60	999-1004
1263	105	127	999-1004
1263	147	172	999-1004
1263	174	196	999-1004
1263	198	220	999-1004
1263	222	277	999-1004
1263	297	352	999-1004
1264	14	39	999-1004
1264	41	63	999-1004
1264	65	87	999-1004
1264	89	144	999-1004
1264	164	218	999-1004
1265	71	125	999-1004
1259	190	226	999-1004
1260	188	224	999-1004
1261	97	133	999-1004
1262	80	116	999-1004
1263	322	351	999-1004
1264	189	225	999-1004
1265	96	132	999-1004
1259	96	145	999-1004
1260	94	143	999-1004
1261	3	52	999-1004
1263	228	277	999-1004
1264	95	144	999-1004
1265	1	51	999-1004
1259	165	218	999-1004
1260	163	216	999-1004
1261	72	125	999-1004
1262	55	108	999-1004
1263	2	60	999-1004
1263	297	350	999-1004
1264	164	217	999-1004
1265	71	124	999-1004
1266	2	39	1016-1023
1266	41	87	1016-1023
1266	89	129	1016-1023
1267	2	74	1016-1023
1267	76	122	1016-1023
1267	124	164	1016-1023
1268	2	53	1016-1023
1268	55	101	1016-1023
1268	103	143	1016-1023
1269	2	72	1016-1023
1269	74	120	1016-1023
1269	122	162	1016-1023
1270	2	107	1016-1023
1270	109	155	1016-1023
1270	157	197	1016-1023
1271	2	62	1016-1023
1271	64	110	1016-1023
1271	112	152	1016-1023
1266	131	177	1016-1023
1266	179	207	1016-1023
1266	209	243	1016-1023
1267	166	212	1016-1023
1267	214	242	1016-1023
1267	244	278	1016-1023
1268	145	191	1016-1023
1268	193	221	1016-1023
1268	223	257	1016-1023
1269	164	210	1016-1023
1269	212	240	1016-1023
1269	242	276	1016-1023
1270	199	245	1016-1023
1270	247	275	1016-1023
1270	277	311	1016-1023
1271	154	200	1016-1023
1271	202	230	1016-1023
1271	232	266	1016-1023
1266	209	294	1016-1023
1266	296	316	1016-1023
1267	1	74	1016-1023
1267	244	329	1016-1023
1267	331	351	1016-1023
1268	223	308	1016-1023
1268	310	330	1016-1023
1269	242	327	1016-1023
1269	329	349	1016-1023
1270	35	107	1016-1023
1270	277	351	1016-1023
1271	232	317	1016-1023
1271	319	339	1016-1023
1266	296	318	1016-1023
1267	4	74	1016-1023
1268	310	332	1016-1023
1269	1	72	1016-1023
1269	329	351	1016-1023
1270	37	107	1016-1023
1271	319	341	1016-1023
1266	131	157	1016-1023
1267	166	192	1016-1023
1268	145	171	1016-1023
1269	164	190	1016-1023
1270	199	225	1016-1023
1271	154	180	1016-1023
1295	113	168	1026, 1027, 1024
1295	170	201	1026, 1027, 1024
1295	203	233	1026, 1027, 1024
1295	236	258	1026, 1027, 1024
1297	128	183	1026, 1027, 1024
1297	185	216	1026, 1027, 1024
1297	218	248	1026, 1027, 1024
1296	1	44	1025, 1028, 1029, 1515-1518, 1520
1298	7	57	1025, 1028, 1029
1298	59	96	1025, 1028, 1029
1298	110	132	1025, 1028, 1029
1298	143	210	1025, 1028, 1029
1295	17	87	1026, 1027, 1024
1297	32	102	1026, 1027, 1024
1294	127	153	1027
1295	17	46	1026, 1027, 1024
1297	32	61	1026, 1027, 1024
1298	5	57	1025, 1028, 1029
1320	249	268	1033, 1035, 1076
1324	2	23	1036, 1037, 1038
1326	14	38	1036, 1037, 1038
1326	95	117	1036, 1037, 1038
1326	152	174	1036, 1037, 1038
1326	227	248	1036, 1037, 1038
1327	44	65	1036, 1037, 1038
1321	65	86	1037
1321	88	132	1037
1322	2	34	1037
1322	36	67	1037
1322	135	156	1037
1322	158	202	1037
1323	1	35	1037
1323	37	68	1037
1323	136	157	1037
1323	159	203	1037
1324	2	51	1036, 1037, 1038
1324	56	93	1036, 1037, 1038
1324	95	126	1036, 1037, 1038
1324	194	215	1036, 1037, 1038
1324	217	261	1036, 1037, 1038
1325	2	31	1037
1325	33	64	1037
1325	132	153	1037
1325	155	199	1037
1326	227	276	1036, 1037, 1038
1326	281	318	1036, 1037, 1038
1326	320	350	1036, 1037, 1038
1327	44	93	1036, 1037, 1038
1327	98	135	1036, 1037, 1038
1327	137	168	1036, 1037, 1038
1327	236	257	1036, 1037, 1038
1327	259	303	1036, 1037, 1038
1324	2	24	1036, 1037, 1038
1326	227	249	1036, 1037, 1038
1327	44	66	1036, 1037, 1038
1328	3	59	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1328	70	146	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1328	148	215	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1328	232	263	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1328	328	350	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1329	22	53	1039-1043 1045
1329	118	140	1039-1043 1045
1330	31	62	1039-1043 1045
1330	127	149	1039-1043 1045
1331	28	84	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1331	95	171	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1331	173	240	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1331	257	288	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1332	2	26	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1332	37	113	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1332	115	182	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1332	199	230	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1332	295	317	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1333	4	60	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1333	71	147	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1333	149	216	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1333	233	264	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1333	329	351	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1334	42	98	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1334	109	185	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1334	187	254	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1334	271	302	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1335	2	47	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1335	49	116	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1335	133	164	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1335	229	251	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1336	34	90	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1336	101	177	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1336	179	246	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1336	263	294	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1338	40	96	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1338	107	183	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1338	185	252	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1338	269	300	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597,1598
1328	35	59	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1331	60	84	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1332	1	26	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1333	36	60	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1334	74	98	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1336	66	90	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1338	72	96	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1331	1	26	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1334	2	40	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1336	2	32	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1338	2	38	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1328	36	59	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1331	61	84	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1332	3	26	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1333	37	60	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1334	75	98	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1336	67	90	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1338	73	96	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1329	172	191	1039-1043 1045
1329	265	296	1039-1043 1045
1329	298	317	1039-1043 1045
1329	319	343	1039-1043 1045
1330	181	200	1039-1043 1045
1330	274	305	1039-1043 1045
1330	307	326	1039-1043 1045
1330	328	352	1039-1043 1045
1335	283	302	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1337	1	19	1043, 1045
1337	93	124	1043, 1045
1337	126	145	1043, 1045
1337	147	171	1043, 1045
1329	319	352	1039-1043 1045
1337	147	180	1043, 1045
1386	2	38	1054-1057, 1060, 1496, 1498
1386	40	59	1054- 1057, 1060, 1496, 1498
1386	70	95	1054-1057, 1060, 1496, 1498
1386	103	161	1054-1057, 1060, 1496, 1498
1386	196	262	1054-1057, 1060, 1496, 1498
1388	2	51	1054-1057, 1060, 1496, 1498
1388	53	72	1054-1057, 1060, 1496, 1498
1388	83	108	1054-1057, 1060, 1496, 1498
1388	116	174	1054-1057, 1060, 1496, 1498
1388	209	275	1054-1057, 1060, 1496, 1498
1390	88	119	1054-1057, 1060, 1492, 1496-1498
1390	145	194	1054-1057, 1060, 1492, 1496-1498
1390	196	215	1054-1057, 1060, 1492, 1496-1498
1390	226	251	1054-1057, 1060, 1492, 1496-1498
1390	259	317	1054-1057, 1060, 1492, 1496-1498
1391	19	50	1054-1057, 1060, 1492, 1496-1498
1391	76	125	1054-1057, 1060, 1492, 1496-1498
1391	127	146	1054-1057, 1060, 1492, 1496-1498
1391	157	182	1054-1057, 1060, 1492, 1496-1498
1391	190	248	1054-1057, 1060, 1492, 1496-1498
1391	283	349	1054-1057, 1060, 1492, 1496-1498
1384	20	39	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500
1384	62	84	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500
1384	134	204	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500
1384	206	249	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500
1384	251	270	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500
1384	284	305	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500
1385	21	40	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500
1385	63	85	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500
1385	135	205	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500
1385	207	250	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500
1385	252	271	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500
1385	285	306	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500
1387	2	21	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500, 1057
1387	23	42	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500, 1057
1387	56	77	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500, 1057
1389	1	55	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500
1389	57	100	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500
1389	102	121	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500
1389	135	156	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500
1386	196	255	1054-1057, 1060, 1496, 1498
1388	209	268	1054-1057, 1060, 1496, 1498
1391	283	342	1054-1057, 1060, 1492, 1496-1498
1387	257	321	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500, 1057
1387	332	351	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500, 1057
1390	25	56	1054-1057, 1060, 1492, 1496-1498
1384	284	321	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500
1385	285	322	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500
1387	56	93	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500, 1057
1389	135	172	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500
1386	196	332	1054-1057, 1060, 1496, 1498
1388	209	345	1054-1057, 1060, 1496, 1498
1391	283	352	1054-1057, 1060, 1492, 1496-1498
1384	323	348	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500
1385	324	349	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500
1387	95	120	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500, 1057
1387	128	153	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500, 1057
1387	161	186	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500, 1057
1387	191	210	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500, 1057
1389	174	199	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500
1389	207	232	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500
1389	240	265	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500
1389	270	289	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500
1283	177	208	1064-1070
1284	130	161	1064-1070
1284	301	351	1064-1070
1286	210	241	1064-1070
1287	126	157	1064-1070
1287	297	351	1064-1070
1288	326	351	1064-1070, 1071
1289	41	72	1064-1070
1289	212	288	1064-1070
1289	320	351	1064-1070
1290	178	209	1064-1070
1291	228	259	1064-1070, 1071
1292	43	74	1064-1070
1292	214	290	1064-1070
1292	322	351	1064-1070
1293	330	351	1064-1070, 1071
1377	37	68	1064-1070
1377	208	284	1064-1070
1377	316	348	1064-1070
1289	212	274	1064-1070
1292	214	276	1064-1070
1377	208	270	1064-1070
1285	123	148	1067, 1069, 1071
1288	107	132	1064-1070, 1071
1291	9	34	1064-1070, 1071
1293	111	136	1064-1070, 1071
1287	297	347	1064-1070
1289	212	262	1064-1070
1292	214	264	1064-1070
1377	208	258	1064-1070
1287	297	352	1064-1070
1289	212	266	1064-1070
1292	214	268	1064-1070
1377	208	262	1064-1070
1285	18	61	1067, 1069, 1071
1288	2	45	1064-1070, 1071
1293	6	49	1064-1070, 1071
1357	1	40	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1357	63	85	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1357	102	157	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1357	159	189	1079-1082, 1152-1154,1455, 1457, 1458
1357	191	322	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1358	25	47	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1358	64	119	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1358	121	151	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1358	153	284	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1359	31	53	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1359	70	125	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1359	127	157	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1359	159	290	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1360	38	60	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1360	77	132	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1360	134	164	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1360	166	297	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1361	1	41	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1361	64	86	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1361	103	158	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1361	160	190	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1361	192	323	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1362	31	53	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1362	70	125	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1362	127	157	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1362	159	290	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1363	33	55	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1363	72	127	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1363	129	159	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1363	161	292	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1364	4	59	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1364	61	91	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1364	93	224	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1365	35	57	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1365	74	129	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1365	131	161	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1365	163	294	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1366	2	26	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1366	28	58	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1366	60	191	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1367	2	116	1079, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1152, 1153, 1154
1358	322	345	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1359	328	350	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1362	328	351	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1363	330	352	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1364	262	285	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1365	332	351	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1366	229	252	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1367	154	177	1079-1082, 1152-1154
1358	322	344	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1362	328	350	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1364	262	284	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1366	229	251	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1367	154	176	1079-1082, 1152-1154
1368	126	145	1083, 1087
1368	153	177	1083, 1087
1368	186	208	1083, 1087
1368	224	253	1083, 1087
1369	161	180	1083, 1084, 1089
1370	124	143	1083, 1087
1370	151	175	1083, 1087
1370	184	206	1083, 1087
1370	222	251	1083, 1087
1369	278	303	1083, 1084, 1089
1369	182	201	1083, 1084, 1089
1371	1	71	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1371	82	122	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1371	124	180	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1371	182	244	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1372	16	56	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1372	58	114	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1372	116	178	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1373	2	61	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1373	72	112	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1373	114	170	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1373	172	234	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1374	1	68	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1374	79	119	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1374	121	177	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1374	179	241	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1375	2	41	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1375	52	92	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1375	94	150	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1375	152	214	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1376	7	47	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1376	49	105	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1376	107	169	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1371	124	148	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1372	58	82	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1373	114	138	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1374	121	145	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1375	94	118	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1376	49	73	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1371	182	276	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1371	278	333	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1372	116	210	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1372	212	267	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1372	269	309	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1372	311	352	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1373	172	266	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1373	268	323	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1373	325	351	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1374	179	273	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1374	275	330	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1374	332	351	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1375	152	246	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1375	248	303	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1375	305	345	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1376	107	201	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1376	203	258	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1376	260	300	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1376	302	342	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1371	278	303	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1372	212	237	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1373	268	293	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1374	275	300	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1375	248	273	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1376	203	228	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1371	124	155	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1372	58	89	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1373	114	145	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1374	121	152	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1375	94	125	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1376	49	80	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1371	182	241	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1372	116	175	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1373	172	231	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1374	179	238	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1375	152	211	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1376	107	166	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1371	278	325	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1372	212	259	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1373	268	315	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1374	275	322	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1375	248	295	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1376	203	250	1093-1095, 1098, 1100-1103
1309	1	69	1114, 1115
1309	71	96	1114, 1115
1309	98	144	1114, 1115
1309	152	195	1114, 1115
1309	197	237	1114, 1115
1309	254	352	1114, 1115
1310	25	92	1114, 1115
1310	94	119	1114, 1115
1310	121	167	1114, 1115
1310	175	218	1114, 1115
1310	220	260	1114, 1115
1310	277	351	1114, 1115
1311	7	74	1114, 1115
1311	76	101	1114, 1115
1311	103	149	1114, 1115
1311	157	200	1114, 1115
1311	202	242	1114, 1115
1311	259	351	1114, 1115
1312	9	76	1114, 1115
1312	78	103	1114, 1115
1312	105	151	1114, 1115
1312	159	202	1114, 1115
1312	204	244	1114, 1115
1312	261	352	1114, 1115
1309	2	69	1114, 1115
1309	254	327	1114, 1115
1310	22	92	1114, 1115
1310	277	350	1114, 1115
1311	4	74	1114, 1115
1311	259	332	1114, 1115
1312	6	76	1114, 1115
1312	261	334	1114, 1115
1315	56	87	1117, 1119-1125
1315	91	114	1117, 1119-1125
1315	116	144	1117, 1119-1125
1315	146	171	1117, 1119-1125
1315	185	225	1117, 1119-1125
1315	275	294	1117, 1119-1125
1315	317	342	1117, 1119-1125
1316	22	45	1117, 1119-1125
1316	47	75	1117, 1119-1125
1316	77	102	1117, 1119-1125
1316	116	156	1117, 1119-1125
1316	206	225	1117, 1119-1125
1316	248	273	1117, 1119-1125
1316	275	317	1117, 1119-1125
1318	144	175	1117, 1119-1125
1318	179	202	1117, 1119-1125
1318	204	232	1117, 1119-1125
1318	234	259	1117, 1119-1125
1318	273	313	1117, 1119-1125
1319	2	20	1117, 1119-1125
1319	24	47	1117, 1119-1125
1319	49	77	1117, 1119-1125
1319	79	104	1117, 1119-1125
1319	118	158	1117, 1119-1125
1319	208	227	1117, 1119-1125
1319	250	275	1117, 1119-1125
1319	277	319	1117, 1119-1125
1313	17	81	1118, 1125
1313	92	117	1118, 1125
1313	137	204	1118, 1125
1313	215	240	1118, 1125
1313	242	291	1118, 1125
1313	293	329	1118, 1125
1314	22	89	1118-1125
1314	100	125	1118-1125
1314	127	176	1118-1125
1314	178	214	1118-1125
1317	25	92	1118, 1120-1122, 1124, 1125
1317	103	128	1118, 1120-1122, 1124, 1125
1317	130	179	1118, 1120-1122, 1124, 1125
1317	181	217	1118, 1120-1122, 1124, 1125
1314	332	351	1118-1125
1315	27	51	1117, 1119-1125
1316	275	306	1117, 1119-1125
1318	115	139	1117, 1119-1125
1319	277	308	1117, 1119-1125
1314	330	351	1118-1125
1315	25	51	1117, 1119-1125
1316	275	303	1117, 1119-1125
1317	333	351	1118, 1120-1122, 1124, 1125
1318	113	139	1117, 1119-1125
1319	277	305	1117, 1119-1125
1314	262	293	1118-1125
1314	295	314	1118-1125
1314	316	351	1118-1125
1315	11	51	1117, 1119-1125
1317	265	296	1118, 1120-1122, 1124, 1125
1317	298	317	1118, 1120-1122, 1124, 1125
1317	319	351	1118, 1120-1122, 1124, 1125
1318	45	76	1117, 1119-1125
1318	78	97	1117, 1119-1125
1318	99	139	1117, 1119-1125
1316	275	324	1117, 1119-1125
1319	277	326	1117, 1119-1125
1299	50	96	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1300	2	43	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1300	66	112	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1300	123	154	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1300	183	211	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1300	213	232	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1300	264	310	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1301	1	35	1126-1131
1301	37	84	1126-1131
1301	107	153	1126-1131
1301	164	195	1126-1131
1301	224	252	1126-1131
1301	254	273	1126-1131
1301	305	351	1126-1131
1302	26	54	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1302	56	75	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1302	107	153	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1303	11	39	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1303	41	60	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1303	92	138	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1299	50	114	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1299	131	162	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1299	215	236	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1299	248	270	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1299	272	309	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1300	264	328	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1302	107	171	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1302	188	219	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1302	272	293	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1302	305	327	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1302	329	351	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1303	92	156	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1303	173	204	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1303	257	278	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1303	290	312	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1303	314	351	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1299	272	352	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1299	272	344	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1299	272	318	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1299	272	310	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1304	2	25	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1304	36	169	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1304	186	214	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1304	231	250	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1304	264	307	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1306	2	70	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1306	87	115	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1306	132	151	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1306	165	208	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1307	1	27	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1307	29	69	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1307	80	213	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1307	230	258	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1307	275	294	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1307	308	351	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1308	2	33	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1308	44	177	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1308	194	222	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1308	239	258	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1308	272	315	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1347	2	28	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1347	39	172	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1347	189	217	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1347	234	253	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1347	267	310	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1305	1	133	1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581, 1583
1305	135	154	1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581, 1583
1305	156	178	1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581, 1583
1305	195	280	1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581, 1583
1305	330	351	1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581, 1583
1344	13	35	1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581, 1583
1344	52	137	1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581, 1583
1344	187	208	1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581, 1583
1345	50	181	1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581, 1583
1345	183	202	1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581, 1583
1345	204	226	1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581, 1583
1345	243	328	1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581, 1583
1346	2	81	1133, 1137, 1138
1346	131	152	1133, 1137, 1138
1304	1	25	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1304	264	334	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1306	165	235	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1307	46	69	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1308	10	33	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1308	272	342	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1347	5	28	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1347	267	337	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1304	101	169	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1306	1	70	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1306	237	310	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1306	312	352	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1307	145	213	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1308	109	177	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1347	104	172	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1307	38	69	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1308	1	33	1132, 1134, 1135, 1136
1344	187	239	1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581, 1583
1344	241	272	1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581, 1583
1344	286	308	1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581, 1583
1344	310	329	1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581, 1583
1346	131	183	1133, 1137, 1138
1346	185	216	1133, 1137, 1138
1346	230	252	1133, 1137, 1138
1346	254	273	1133, 1137, 1138
1305	227	280	1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581, 1583
1344	84	137	1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581, 1583
1345	275	328	1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581, 1583
1346	28	81	1133, 1137, 1138
1346	290	351	1133, 1137, 1138
1348	44	66	1139, 1140, 1141, 1142
1348	104	129	1139, 1140, 1141, 1142
1348	131	156	1139, 1140, 1141, 1142
1348	158	195	1139, 1140, 1141, 1142
1348	167	189	1139, 1140, 1141, 1142
1348	197	237	1139, 1140, 1141, 1142
1348	215	234	1139, 1140, 1141, 1142
1348	4	49	1139, 1140, 1141, 1142
1348	4	74	1139, 1140, 1141, 1142
1348	4	85	1139, 1140, 1141, 1142
1349	19	90	1143
1349	146	207	1143
1349	209	256	1143
1350	32	51	1144-1151, 1703
1350	71	90	1144-1151, 1703
1351	118	137	1144-1151
1351	157	176	1144-1151
1353	81	100	1144-1151
1353	120	139	1144-1151
1354	1	42	1144-1151
1354	218	237	1144-1151
1354	257	276	1144-1151
1356	43	62	1144-1151
1356	82	101	1144-1151
1350	176	201	1144-1151, 1703
1350	209	231	1144-1151, 1703
1350	236	267	1144-1151, 1703
1351	262	287	1144-1151
1351	295	317	1144-1151
1351	322	351	1144-1151
1353	225	250	1144-1151
1353	258	280	1144-1151
1353	285	316	1144-1151
1356	187	212	1144-1151
1356	220	242	1144-1151
1356	247	278	1144-1151
1350	236	265	1144-1151, 1703
1351	322	352	1144-1151
1353	285	314	1144-1151
1356	247	276	1144-1151
1350	287	306	1144-1151, 1703
1350	323	348	1144-1151, 1703
1352	2	21	1147, 1150, 1151, 1703
1352	38	63	1147, 1150, 1151, 1703
1355	5	24	1147, 1150, 1151, 1703
1355	41	66	1147, 1150, 1151, 1703
1356	298	317	1144-1151
1358	322	351	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1364	262	291	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1366	229	258	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1367	154	183	1079-1082, 1152-1154
1361	2	41	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1210	1	35	1431
1211	30	63	1431
1213	15	48	1431
1217	19	52	1431
1357	162	200	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1358	124	162	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1359	130	168	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1360	137	175	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1361	163	201	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1362	130	168	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1363	132	170	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1364	64	102	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1365	134	172	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1366	31	69	1079-1082, 1152-1154, 1455, 1457, 1458
1054	198	244	1492, 1496, 1497, 1498
1054	285	319	1492, 1496, 1497, 1498
1056	191	237	1492, 1496, 1497, 1498
1056	278	312	1492, 1496, 1497, 1498
1057	14	60	1492, 1496, 1497, 1498
1057	101	135	1492, 1496, 1497, 1498
1057	233	264	1492, 1496, 1497, 1498
1060	269	315	1492, 1496, 1497, 1498
1390	10	50	1054-1057, 1060, 1492, 1496-1498
1390	142	173	1054-1057, 1060, 1492, 1496-1498
1391	73	104	1054-1057, 1060, 1492, 1496-1498
1055	85	131	1493, 1494, 1495, 1499, 1500
1058	117	163	1493, 1494, 1495, 1499, 1500
1059	118	164	1493, 1494, 1495, 1499, 1500
1061	109	155	1493, 1494, 1495, 1499, 1500
1062	222	268	1493, 1494, 1495, 1499, 1500
1063	262	308	1493, 1494, 1495, 1499, 1500
1054	15	64	1492, 1496, 1497, 1498
1054	165	196	1492, 1496, 1497, 1498
1056	8	57	1492, 1496, 1497, 1498
1056	158	189	1492, 1496, 1497, 1498
1060	86	135	1492, 1496, 1497, 1498
1060	236	267	1492, 1496, 1497, 1498
1386	199	248	1054-1057, 1060, 1496, 1498
1388	212	261	1054- 1057, 1060, 1496, 1498
1391	286	335	1054-1057, 1060, 1492, 1496-1498
1384	311	351	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500
1385	312	351	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500
1387	83	123	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500, 1057
1389	162	202	1055, 1058, 1059, 1061-1063, 1500
1296	69	101	1025, 1028, 1029, 1515, 1516, 1517, 1518, 1520
909	305	340	1531
960	70	101	1543, 1551
964	259	290	1543, 1551
1305	180	226	1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581, 1583
1133	195	226	1580, 1581
1137	52	83	1580, 1581
1344	37	83	1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581, 1583
1345	228	274	1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581, 1583
1305	180	217	1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581, 1583
1344	37	74	1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581, 1583
1345	228	265	1133, 1137, 1138, 1580, 1581, 1583
1039	176	210	1590, 1594, 1597, 1598
1040	142	176	1590, 1594, 1597, 1598
1041	248	282	1590, 1594, 1597, 1598
1042	141	175	1590, 1594, 1597, 1598
1328	175	209	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1331	2	54	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1331	200	234	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1332	142	176	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1333	176	210	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1334	16	68	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1334	214	248	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1335	76	110	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1336	8	60	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1336	206	240	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1338	14	66	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1338	212	246	1039-1043, 1045, 1594, 1597, 1598
1255	165	199	970, 971, 973-978, 1626, 1629
976	129	163	1626, 1629
1299	98	129	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1300	312	343	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1302	155	186	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1303	140	171	1126-1131, 1651-1653
1350	314	345	1144-1151, 1703
1352	29	60	1147, 1150, 1151, 1703
1355	32	63	1147, 1150, 1151, 1703

Example 8

This example discloses embodiments related to polynucleotide molecules having a nucleotide sequence containing specific modifications such as nucleotide substitutions. Embodiments of such modifications include modified polynucleotides that provide improved sequence discrimination between the intended target gene of the insect pest of interest, and genetic sequences of other, non-target species.
Double-stranded RNAs identified in Table 1 were screened for sequence matches to a sequence of at least 19 contiguous nucleotides identified in a non-target gene or a non-target organism (NTO, e. g., Apis mellifera, Bombus impatiens and B. terrestris; Bombyx mori; Bos taurus; Canis lupus familiaris; Coleomegilla maculata; Danio rerio; Danaus plexippus; Daphnia pulex; Equus caballus; Gallus gallus; Homo sapiens; Megachile rotundata; Mus musculus; Sus scrofa; Brassica napus; Brassica oleracea; Brassica rapa; Glycine max; Gossypium raimondii; Solanum tuberosum; Solanum lycopersicum; and Zea mays). Nucleotide changes are made to eliminate contiguous sequence matches over 19 nucleotides to a non-target gene or non-target organism. Examples of such modified polynucleotide sequences are provided by SEQ ID NO:1725, which corresponds to SEQ ID NO:870 (which targets the target gene having SEQ ID NO:11), SEQ ID NO:1726, which corresponds to SEQ ID NO:1224 (which targets the target gene having SEQ ID NO:365), SEQ ID NO:1727, which corresponds to SEQ ID NO:875 (which targets the target gene having SEQ ID NO:16), SEQ ID NO:1728, which corresponds to SEQ ID NO:1193 (which targets the target gene having SEQ ID NO:334), SEQ ID NO:1729, which corresponds to SEQ ID NO:871 (which targets the target gene having SEQ ID NO:12), and SEQ ID NO:1730, which corresponds to SEQ ID NO:1187 (which targets the target gene having SEQ ID NO:328).
These modified polynucleotide sequences SEQ ID NOs:1725-1730 are useful for designing polynucleotides for providing improved discrimination between the intended target species and non-target organisms. For example, embodiments of insecticidal compositions useful for controlling or preventing flea beetle infestations comprise an effective amount of a dsRNA comprising one RNA strand having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1725-1730, or a fragment thereof. In embodiments, insecticidal compositions for causing stunting or mortality in flea beetles comprise an effective amount of a dsRNA comprising one RNA strand having at least one segment of at least 21 contiguous nucleotides of a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1725-1730. In embodiments, insecticidal compositions for causing stunting or mortality in flea beetles comprise an effective amount of an RNA molecule comprising at least one segment of at least 21 contiguous nucleotides of a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1725-1730 wherein the at least one segment is embedded in larger sections of neutral sequence to provide an efficacious insecticidal polynucleotide. In another embodiment, segments of at least 21 contiguous nucleotides from multiple sequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1725-1730 are embedded in larger sections of neutral sequence to provide an efficacious insecticidal polynucleotide for controlling flea beetles. Methods for selecting efficacious insecticidal polynucleotides are described elsewhere in this application, e. g., the method including oral delivery of insecticidal polynucleotides to flea beetles, resulting in stunting or mortality in the flea beetles, described in Example 5. These modified polynucleotide sequences SEQ ID NOs:1725-1730 are useful in a method of causing mortality or stunting in an insect, comprising providing in the diet of an insect, such as a flea beetle, at least one polynucleotide that comprises at least one segment of at least 21 contiguous nucleotides of a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1725-1730, wherein ingestion of the polynucleotide by the insect results in mortality or stunting in the insect; in embodiments, the polynucleotide comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1725-1730. Polynucleotides comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NOs:1725-1730 are useful in a method for controlling an insect infestation of a plant comprising contacting, with a polynucleotide, an insect that infests a plant, wherein the polynucleotide comprises at least one segment of at least 21 contiguous nucleotides of a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1725-1730, whereby the insect infestation is controlled; in embodiments, the polynucleotide comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1725-1730. Polynucleotides as described herein are useful in a method of providing a plant having improved resistance to an insect, comprising expressing in the plant a recombinant DNA construct, wherein the recombinant DNA encodes a polynucleotide that comprises at least one segment of at least 21 contiguous nucleotides of a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1725-1730, wherein ingestion of the polynucleotide by the insect results in mortality or stunting in the insect; in some embodiments, the polynucleotide comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1725-1730.

Example 9

This example discloses additional insecticidal polynucleotide molecules with complementarity to both Phyllotreta cruciferae and Psylloides striolata. A total of two hundred-forty (240) polynucleotide sequences were engineered (SEQ ID NOs 1731-1971). These polynucleotides target gene transcripts for calmodulin, casein kinase 1a and elongation factori 1-alpha across both flea beetle species. Fifty-one polynucleotides are tiling polynucleotides that cover the transcript length of these genes. The following Table 5 summarizes these fifty-one tiling polynucleotides and the transcripts targeted.

TABLE 5

Insecticidal Polynucleotides and target transcripts

Insecticidal
Polynucleotide
SEQ ID NO	Target transcript

1731	Rpn7_PHYST-05JAN16-TRPT0002041:1
1732	Rpn7_PHYST-05JAN16-TRPT0002041:3
1733	TubulinG_PHYST-05JAN16-TRPT0002886:1
1734	TubulinG_PHYST-05JAN16-TRPT0002886:2
1735	TubulinG_PHYST-05JAN16-TRPT0002886:3
1736	TubulinG_PHYST-05JAN16-TRPT0002886:4
1737	TubulinG_PHYST-05JAN16-TRPT0002886:5
1738	COPI_Delta_PHYST-05JAN16-TRPT0009108:2
1739	COPI_Delta_PHYST-05JAN16-TRPT0009108:5
1740	COPI_Delta_PHYST-05JAN16-TRPT0009108:6
1741	COPI_Delta_PHYST-05JAN16-TRPT0009108:11
1742	COPI_Delta_PHYST-05JAN16-TRPT0009108:12
1743	sec23_PHYST-05JAN16-TRPT0011013:1
1744	sec23_PHYST-05JAN16-TRPT0011013:2
1745	sec23_PHYST-05JAN16-TRPT0011013:3
1746	sec23_PHYST-05JAN16-TRPT0011013:4
1747	COPI_Gamma_PHYST-05JAN16-TRPT0018736:1
1748	COPI_Gamma_PHYST-05JAN16-TRPT0018736:2
1749	COPI_Gamma_PHYST-05JAN16-TRPT0018736:3
1750	COPI_Gamma_PHYST-05JAN16-TRPT0018736:4
1751	COPI_Gamma_PHYST-05JAN16-TRPT0018736:5
1752	Rpt6_PHYST-05JAN16-TRPT0036466:1
1753	Rpt6_PHYST-05JAN16-TRPT0036466:2
1754	Rpt6_PHYST-05JAN16-TRPT0036466:3
1755	Rpt6_PHYST-05JAN16-TRPT0036466:4
1756	Rpt6_PHYST-05JAN16-TRPT0036466:5
1757	actin_PHYST-05JAN16-TRPT0037252:1
1758	actin_PHYST-05JAN16-TRPT0037252:3
1759	actin_PHYST-05JAN16-TRPT0037252:5
1760	vATPaseA_PHYST-05JAN16-TRPT0041323:1
1761	RpL13_PHYST-05JAN16-TRPT0045203:1
1762	RpL13_PHYST-05JAN16-TRPT0045203:2
1763	RpS14_PHYST-05JAN16-TRPT0045884:1
1764	RpS14_PHYST-05JAN16-TRPT0045884:2
1765	actin_PHYCR-05JAN16-TRPT0000169:2
1766	actin_PHYCR-05JAN16-TRPT0000169:3
1767	vATPase-A_PHYCR-05JAN16-TRPT0001064:1
1768	vATPase-A_PHYCR-05JAN16-TRPT0001064:3
1769	vATPase-A_PHYCR-05JAN16-TRPT0001064:4
1770	vATPase-A_PHYCR-05JAN16-TRPT0001064:5
1771	vATPase-A_PHYCR-05JAN16-TRPT0001064:6
1772	vATPase-A_PHYCR-05JAN16-TRPT0001064:7
1773	vATPase-A_PHYCR-05JAN16-TRPT0001064:8
1774	tubulinG_PHYCR-05JAN16-TRPT0001496:1
1775	tubulinG_PHYCR-05JAN16-TRPT0001496:2
1776	tubulinG_PHYCR-05JAN16-TRPT0001496:3
1777	tubulinG_PHYCR-05JAN16-TRPT0001496:4
1778	tubulinG_PHYCR-05JAN16-TRPT0001496:5
1779	tubulinG_PHYCR-05JAN16-TRPT0001496:6
1780	RpS14_PHYCR-05JAN16-TRPT0002697:1
1782	RpS14_PHYCR-05JAN16-TRPT0002697:2

Example 10

This example illustrates non-limiting embodiments of methods of testing the efficacy of insecticidal polynucleotides in flea beetles. More specifically this example illustrates a method comprising oral delivery of dsRNAs to flea beetles, resulting in stunting or mortality in the flea beetles.
P. cruciferae and P. striolata were collected from a canola field where no pesticides had been applied in the previous 3 months. Two dsRNAs (SEQ ID NOs:1972 and 1974) targeting Phyllotreta cruciferae genes (COPI_delta and Rpt6, respectively) and two dsRNAs (SEQ ID Nos:1973 and 1975) targeting Phyllotreta striolata genes (COPI_delta and Rpt6, respectively) and one negative control dsRNA targeting GFP were tested on groups of 30 P. cruciferae or P. striolata by using 10 insects in three separate replications. The dsRNAs were resuspended in water and applied to 9 millimeter leaf discs (55±6 milligrams each) at a dose of 50 nanograms dsRNA/milligram leaf tissue, which were fed to groups of 5 flea beetles. Leaf discs with freshly applied dsRNA were replaced every other day, and the number of surviving individuals was recorded over a 12-day period.
A low non-specific mortality rate was observed in the negative-control insect groups (4 out of 30 insects dying over 12 days for P. cruciferae, or 13% non-specific mortality and 8 out of 30 insects dying over 12 days for P. striolata, or 26% non-specific mortality). Mortality was observed beginning at day 2 and continuing through the 12 day period. Specific mortality was observed for all dsRNA treatments (Table 6). Correcting for non-specific mortality (subtracting non-specific mortality rate of 4 or 8 insects per group for corrected N=26 or N=22), the percent mortality observed at the end of the 12 day period ranged from 36-38% for the dsRNAs tested. These results demonstrated the efficacy of the dsRNAs in causing mortality in flea beetles when provided in the flea beetles' diet and their cross species effect.

TABLE 6

Mortality in flea beetles fed an artificial
diet containing insecticidal polynucleotide

SEQ	Target	Species	Cumulative mortality
ID	gene	tested	(days after treatment, N = 30)

NO	species	against	d0	d2	d5	d7	d9	d12

		crucifer	0	0	1	1	2	4
	NA	crucifer	0	1	2	2	3	5
1972	crucifer	crucifer	0	0	4	8	10	10
1973	striped	crucifer	0	0	2	6	6	9
1974	crucifer	crucifer	0	1	3	7	8	9
1975	striped	crucifer	0	0	0	2	6	8
		striped	0	0	1	4	7	8
	NA	striped	0	0	1	2	6	8
1972	crucifer	striped	0	0	3	9	10	10
1973	striped	striped	0	0	3	9	9	10
1974	crucifer	striped	0	0	3	7	7	8
1975	striped	striped	0	1	3	5	8	9

All of the materials and methods disclosed and claimed herein can be made and used without undue experimentation as instructed by the above disclosure. Although the materials and methods disclosed herein have been described in terms of preferred embodiments and illustrative examples, it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that variations can be applied to the materials and methods described herein without departing from the concept, spirit and scope of this invention. All such similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the spirit, scope and concept of this invention as defined by the appended claims.

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. A method of causing mortality or stunting in an insect, comprising providing in the diet of an insect at least one insecticidal polynucleotide comprising at least one silencing element essentially identical or essentially complementary to a fragment of a target gene sequence of said insect, wherein said target gene sequence is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-859, and wherein ingestion of said insecticidal polynucleotide by said insect results in mortality or stunting in said insect.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein said silencing element comprises:

(a) at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides comprising a sequence of 100% complementarity with a fragment of said target gene of said insect, wherein said target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-859;

(b) at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides of a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1730 and 1771-1975;

(c) a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1730 and 1771-1975.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein said insecticidal polynucleotide is provided in a microbial or plant cell that expresses said insecticidal polynucleotide, or in a microbial fermentation product, or is chemically synthesized.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one insecticidal polynucleotide is provided in a composition comprising said at least one insecticidal polynucleotide, wherein said composition is applied to a surface of said insect or to a surface of a seed or plant in need of protection from infestation by said insect.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein said composition:

(a) comprises a solid, liquid, powder, suspension, emulsion, spray, encapsulation, microbeads, carrier particulates, film, matrix, soil drench, or seed treatment;

(b) further comprises one or more components selected from the group consisting of a carrier agent, a surfactant, an organosilicone, a polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide pesticide, a fungicide, a safener, a fertilizer, a micronutrient, an insect attractant, and an insect growth regulator;

(c) further comprises at least one pesticidal agent selected from the group consisting of a patatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein, a Xenorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Photorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Bacillus laterosporous insecticidal protein, a Bacillus sphaericus insecticidal protein, a bacterium that produces an insecticidal protein, an entomicidal bacterial species, Lysinibacillus sphaericus (Bacillus sphaericus), Brevibacillus laterosporus (Bacillus laterosporus), Chromobacterium species, Chromobacterium subtsugae, Paenibacillus species, Paenibacillus lentimorbus, and Paenibacillus popilliae; or

(d) is ingested by said insect.

6. A method for controlling an insect infestation of a plant comprising contacting, with a dsRNA, an insect that infests a plant, wherein said dsRNA comprises at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides of a sequence of about 95% to about 100% complementarity with a fragment of a target gene of said insect, and wherein said target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-859.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein said contacting comprises:

(a) oral delivery to said insect, non-oral delivery to said insect, or a combination of oral and non-oral delivery to said insect;

(b) application of a composition comprising said dsRNA to a surface of said insect or to a surface of said plant infested by said insect;

(c) providing said dsRNA in a composition that further comprises one or more components selected from the group consisting of a carrier agent, a surfactant, an organosilicone, a polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide pesticide, a fungicide, a safener, a fertilizer, a micronutrient, an insect attractant, and an insect growth regulator;

(d) providing said dsRNA in a composition that further comprises at least one pesticidal agent selected from the group consisting of a patatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein, a Xenorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Photorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Bacillus laterosporous insecticidal protein, a Bacillus sphaericus insecticidal protein, a bacterium that produces an insecticidal protein, an entomicidal bacterial species, Lysinibacillus sphaericus (Bacillus sphaericus), Brevibacillus laterosporus (Bacillus laterosporus), Chromobacterium species, Chromobacterium subtsugae, Paenibacillus species, Paenibacillus lentimorbus, and Paenibacillus popilliae; or

(e) providing said dsRNA in a composition that is ingested by said insect.

8. An insecticidal composition comprising an insecticidally effective amount of a insecticidal polynucleotide, wherein said insecticidal polynucleotide comprises at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides comprising a sequence of about 95% to about 100% complementarity with a fragment of a target gene of an insect that infests a plant, and wherein said target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-859.

9. The insecticidal composition of claim 8, wherein said insecticidal composition:

(a) further comprises one or more components selected from the group consisting of a carrier agent, a surfactant, an organosilicone, a polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide pesticide, a fungicide, a safener, a fertilizer, a micronutrient, an insect attractant, and an insect growth regulator;

(b) further comprises at least one pesticidal agent selected from the group consisting of a patatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein, a Xenorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Photorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Bacillus laterosporous insecticidal protein, a Bacillus sphaericus insecticidal protein, a bacterium that produces an insecticidal protein, an entomicidal bacterial species, Lysinibacillus sphaericus (Bacillus sphaericus), Brevibacillus laterosporus (Bacillus laterosporus), Chromobacterium species, Chromobacterium subtsugae, Paenibacillus species, Paenibacillus lentimorbus, and Paenibacillus popilliae;

(c) is in a form selected from the group consisting of a solid, liquid, powder, suspension, emulsion, spray, encapsulation, microbeads, carrier particulates, film, matrix, soil drench, insect diet or insect bait, and seed treatment; or

(d) is provided in a microbial or plant cell that expresses said recombinant RNA, or in a microbial fermentation product.

10. A plant treated with the insecticidal composition of claim 8, or a plant grown from seed treated with the insecticidal composition of claim 8, wherein said plant exhibits improved resistance to said insect.

11. A method of providing a plant having improved resistance to an insect, comprising expressing in said plant a recombinant DNA construct, wherein said recombinant DNA construct comprises DNA encoding an RNA having a sequence essentially identical or essentially complementary to at least 18 or more contiguous nucleotides of said target gene, wherein said target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-859, and wherein ingestion of said RNA by said insect results in mortality or stunting in said insect.

12. The method of claim 1 or 11, or the insecticidal composition of claim 8, wherein said RNA:

(a) comprises a strand comprising at least 21 contiguous nucleotides comprising a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity or complementarity with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1975; or

(b) comprises dsRNA.

13. The method or insecticidal composition of claim 12, wherein:

(a) said dsRNA is blunt-ended, or has an overhang at at least one terminus, or comprises at least one stem-loop;

(b) said dsRNA is chemically synthesized, produced by expression in a microorganism, produced by expression in a plant cell, or produced by microbial fermentation;

(c) said dsRNA is chemically modified; or

(d) said dsRNA comprises at least one RNA strand comprising a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity or complementarity with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1730 and 1731-1975.

14. The method of claim 6 or 12, wherein said dsRNA comprises:

(a) a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1730 and 1731-1975, or the complement thereof,

(b) at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of 100% complementarity with a fragment of said target gene of said insect, wherein said target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-859; or

(c) at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides of an RNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1730 and 1731-1975.

15. The method of any one of claims 1, 6, or 11, or the insecticidal composition of claim 8, wherein:

(a) said insect is a flea beetle;

(b) said insect is a species of a genus selected from the group consisting of the genera Altica, Anthobiodes, Aphthona, Aphthonaltica, Aphthonoides, Apteopeda, Argopistes, Argopus, Arrhenocoela, Batophila, Blepharida, Chaetocnema, Clitea, Crepidodera, Derocrepis, Dibolia, Disonycha, Epitrix, Hermipyxis, Hermaeophaga, Hespera, Hippuriphila, Horaia, Hyphasis, Lipromima, Liprus, Longitarsus, Luperomorpha, Lythraria, Manobia, Mantura, Meishania, Minota, Mniophila, Neicrepidodera, Nonarthra, Novofoudrasia, Ochrosis, Oedionychis, Oglobinia, Omeisphaera, Ophrida, Orestia, Paragopus, Pentamesa, Philopona, Phygasia, Phyllotreta, Podagrica, Podagricomela, Podontia, Pseudodera, Psylliodes, Sangariola, Sinaltica, Sphaeroderma, Systena, Trachyaphthona, Xuthea, and Zipangia;

(c) said insect is a species selected from the group consisting of Altica ambiens (alder flea beetle), Altica canadensis (prairie flea beetle), Altica chalybaea (grape flea beetle), Altica prasina (poplar flea beetle), Altica rosae (rose flea beetle), Altica sylvia (blueberry flea beetle), Altica ulmi (elm flea beetle), Chaetocnema pulicaria (corn flea beele), Chaetocnema conofinis (sweet potato flea beetle), Epitrix cucumeris (potato flea beetle), Systena blanda (palestripped fleabeetle), and Systena frontalis (redheaded flea beetle);

(d) said insect is a species selected from the group consisting of Phyllotreta armoraciae (horseradish flea beetle), Phyllotreta cruciferae (canola flea beetle), Phyllotreta pusilla (western black flea beetle), Phyllotreta nemorum (striped turnip flea beetle), Phyllotreta atra (turnip flea beetle), Phyllotreta robusta (garden flea beetle), Phyllotreta striolata (striped flea beetle), Phyllotreta undulata, Psylliodes chrysocephala, and Psylliodes punctulata (hop flea beetle);

(e) said insect is an insect pest of a Brassica species;

(f) said insect is a Phyllotreta species and said target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-551;

(g) said insect is Phyllotreta atra (turnip flea beetle) and said target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-296;

(b) said insect is Phyllotreta cruciferae (canola flea beetle) and said target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:297-532;

(i) said insect is Phyllotreta striolata (striped flea beetle) and said target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:533-551;

(j) said insect is a Psylliodes species and said target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:552-859;

(k) said insect is Psylliodes chrysocephala and said target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:552-859;

(l) said insect is a Phyllotreta species and said silencing element comprises an RNA strand having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1410;

(m) said insect is Phyllotreta atra (turnip flea beetle), said recombinant RNA molecule comprises dsRNA, and said dsRNA comprises at least one RNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1155;

(n) said insect is Phyllotreta cruciferae (canola flea beetle), said recombinant RNA molecule comprises dsRNA, and said dsRNA comprises at least one RNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1156-1391, 1731-1972, and 1974;

(o) said insect is Phyllotreta striolata (striped flea beetle), said recombinant RNA molecule comprises dsRNA, and said dsRNA comprises at least one RNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1392-1410, 1973, and 1975;

(p) said insect is a Psylliodes species and said silencing element comprises an RNA strand having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1411-1718; or

(q) said insect is Psylliodes chrysocephala, said recombinant RNA molecule comprises dsRNA, and said dsRNA comprises at least one RNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1411-1718.

16. The method of claim 6 or 11, or the insecticidal composition of claim 8, wherein:

(a) said plant is selected from an ornamental plant or a crop plant;

(b) said plant is a plant in the family Brassicaceae;

(c) said plant is a Brassica species selected from the group consisting of B. napus, B. juncea, B. carinata, B. rapa, B. oleracea, B. rupestris, B. septiceps, B. nigra, B. narinosa, B. perviridus, B. tournefortii, and B. fructiculosa;

(d) said plant is a Brassica plant selected from the group consisting canola, rapeseed, turnips, and field mustard or turnip rape;

(e) said plant is selected from the group consisting of Glycine max, Linum usitatissimum, Zea mays, Carthamus tinctorius, Helianthus annuus, Nicotiana tabacum, Arabidopsis thaliana, Betholettia excelsa, Ricinus communis, Cocos nucifera, Coriandrum sativum, Gossypium spp., Arachis hypogaea, Simmondsia chinensis, Solanum tuberosum, Elaeis guineensis, Olea europaea, Oryza sativa, Cucurbita maxim, Hordeum vulgare, and Triticum aestivum; or

(f) said plant is a potato plant and said insect is Epitrix cucumeris (potato flea beetle).

17. The method of claim 11, wherein:

(a) said method further comprises expression in said plant of at least one pesticidal agent selected from the group consisting of a patatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein, a Xenorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Photorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Bacillus laterosporous insecticidal protein, a Bacillus sphaericus insecticidal protein, a bacterium that produces an insecticidal protein, an entomicidal bacterial species, Lysinibacillus sphaericus (Bacillus sphaericus), Brevibacillus laterosporus (Bacillus laterosporus), Chromobacterium species, Chromobacterium subtsugae, Paenibacillus species, Paenibacillus lentimorbus, and Paenibacillus popilliae; or

(b) said method further comprises expression in said plant of at least one protein conferring tolerance to an herbicide.

18. The plant having improved resistance to an insect, provided by the method of claim 11, or fruit, seed, or propagatable parts of said plant.

19. A recombinant DNA construct comprising a heterologous promoter operably linked to DNA encoding an RNA transcript comprising at least 21 contiguous nucleotides of a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity or complementarity with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:860-1718 and 1722-1730.

20. The recombinant DNA construct of claim 19, wherein said heterologous promoter is functional for expression of said RNA transcript in a bacterium or in a plant cell.

21. A recombinant vector, plant chromosome or plastid, or transgenic plant cell comprising the recombinant DNA construct of claim 19.