US20210235574A1 - Electrode assembly for plasma generation - Google Patents
Electrode assembly for plasma generation Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20210235574A1 US20210235574A1 US17/230,612 US202117230612A US2021235574A1 US 20210235574 A1 US20210235574 A1 US 20210235574A1 US 202117230612 A US202117230612 A US 202117230612A US 2021235574 A1 US2021235574 A1 US 2021235574A1
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- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- gas
- electrode
- electrode assembly
- plasma
- anode
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
- H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
- H05H1/24—Generating plasma
- H05H1/48—Generating plasma using an arc
- H05H1/50—Generating plasma using an arc and using applied magnetic fields, e.g. for focusing or rotating the arc
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
- H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
- H05H1/24—Generating plasma
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
- H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
- H05H1/24—Generating plasma
- H05H1/26—Plasma torches
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
- H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
- H05H1/24—Generating plasma
- H05H1/48—Generating plasma using an arc
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
- H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
- H05H1/24—Generating plasma
- H05H1/47—Generating plasma using corona discharges
-
- H05H2001/481—
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
- Y02E30/10—Nuclear fusion reactors
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates generally to electrodes for plasma generation.
- Electrodes are used in plasma generation such as in fusion reactors and plasma generators. Such electrodes can be connected to a power source (for use as an anode) or the ground (for use as a cathode) and placed in a plasma chamber. Overheated gas is typically supplied to the plasma discharge
- the present disclosure relates to a hollow electrode assembly including at least one conduit for the supply of fresh, non-ionized gas to a plasma discharge from the electrode.
- the non-ionized gas comprises ions and electrons which are thermally cooled by the assembly.
- the supply of gas helps to thermally cool the electrode which helps to extend the anode life of the electrode and enable longer analysis times.
- the electrode may function as an anode while in other aspects, the electrode may function as a cathode.
- the present disclosure relates to a hollow electrode assembly including at least one conduit for the supply of fresh, non-ionized gas to a plasma discharge, and an effusion membrane through which the non-ionized gas can pass to supply the plasma discharge from the electrode.
- the electrode assembly can be used in high temperature plasma generators.
- the electrode is used as an anode and the casing shields the gas inside the electrode from the ionizing plasma and impinging negative ions and electrons from a cathode.
- the effusion rate of the gas through the casing into the surrounding ionizing plasma is partially governed by Sievert's law, which describes diatomic and ionizable gas solubility in a metal lattice. If a selected amount of porosity is introduced into the metal or metal allow casing during casting, Fick's law of diffusion further governs the pressure differential between the internal high pressure of the electrode and the surrounding vacuum plasma.
- the present disclosure relates to a method for generating a plasma including providing a hollow electrode assembly through which a gas from a gas supply can pass and be effused across the casing of the electrode for supplying a gas for a plasma discharge, introducing the gas under pressure into the electrode assembly such that the gas passes and is effused across the casing, and applying a current and a voltage to the electrode assembly for generating a plasma discharge.
- FIG. 1 is front elevation view with a partial cut-away of an anode assembly according to an aspect of the present disclosure
- FIG. 1A is a section view taken along A-A of FIG. 1 ;
- FIG. 2 is an isometric view of the anode assembly of FIG. 1 ;
- FIG. 3 is a front elevation view of the anode head of the anode and sleeve of FIG. 1 ;
- FIG. 3A is a left side elevation view of the anode head and sleeve of FIG. 3 ;
- FIG. 3B is an isometric view of the anode and sleeve of FIG. 3 ;
- FIG. 4 is a section view of the anode of FIG. 3 taken along B-B of FIG. 3 ;
- FIG. 5 is an image of the head of a steel anode according to an aspect of the present disclosure with a high-voltage discharge on the head.
- the dark striations are the weld seams;
- FIG. 6 is a graph of the pressure within the anode of FIG. 5 as a function of time when initially charged with (•) hydrogen and ( ⁇ ) nitrogen and then the source gas shut off.
- the present disclosure is directed to an electrode assembly including an anode generally indicated at 50 and a gas delivery and cooling assembly generally indicated at 52 .
- the anode 50 includes a hollow bulbous head 54 .
- the anode head 54 includes two cast alloy half spheres 1 , 2 welded together along seam 56 .
- the alloy is a steel-based alloy with high nickel content (above ⁇ 20%) but other metals and/or alloys suitable for plasma generation can be used. In certain embodiments, any metal that is castable with porosity can be used.
- noble metals such as palladium, platinum, nickel, etc.
- the bulbous head 54 houses a magnet 58 .
- the magnet 58 may be an electromagnet or permanent magnet which can be used to further customize the plasma characteristics.
- the charged plasma will follow the field lines from the magnet to the surface of the anode.
- the magnetic core 15 is located at the free end of inner sleeve 60 which enters the bulbous head 54 through opening 62 is half sphere 2 .
- Sleeve 60 houses conduits indicated generally at 64 that include gas inlet, coolant inlet, and coolant outlet The sleeve 60 is enclosed by insulated outer sleeve 11 .
- the sleeves 60 and 62 and conduits 64 extend into insulated sleeve 10 and then insulated sleeve 9 of the gas delivery and cooling assembly 52 .
- the sleeve 9 houses multi-anode tube flow-throughs 19 , anode water cooling lines 5 , 6 and gas input line 7 which are coupled together by tube unions 8 to internal gas/water cooling lines 14 in order to maintain gas/water pressure and flow.
- the bulbous anode head 1 remains energized at high electrical potential with no arcing to grounded inlet lines 5 , 6 , 7 .
- the gas inlet 7 is connected to a pressure gauge and subsequent gas sources.
- the tapered base 18 ensures the anode assembly is a tight fit to the positive high voltage/high current circuit while allowing multiple styles of anode electrode to be interchanged.
- Electric charge is delivered via an insulated cable 20 coupled to the multi-anode base/heat exchanger unit 16 .
- Pressurized cooling lines 17 are connected to the multi-anode base/heat exchanger to maintain cooling of the anode and insulated properties.
- Insulated sleeves 9 , 10 , 11 are utilized to increase arc distance to ground and insulate components from heat.
- a polymer bulkhead 13 is used in transition from the gas/cooling/electrical supply-side. Dielectric materials are used whenever possible to prevent discharges across gaps to electrical ground. PEEK polymer, glass, quartz, and refractory materials are common constituents to accomplish such a task.
- the gas can be any gas, but in this embodiment discharges using hydrogen and deuterium are disclosed. Because of the extremely high temperatures encountered, cooling water lines are distributed throughout the electrode assembly which further strengthen the original nature of this design.
- FIG. 5 shows a typical electrical discharge in 5 torr hydrogen (chamber pressure) and 200 psi (13.8 kbar) being exerted from the source gas in the anode with a discharge voltage of 300V.
- FIG. 6 shows the pressure decay as a function of time for a charged anode surrounded by 1 torr of atmosphere of hydrogen, and a separate experiment with nitrogen.
- the anode was charged with 250 psi of gas, and the supply valve then closed.
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Plasma Technology (AREA)
Abstract
A hollow electrode assembly through which gas from a gas supply can pass and be effused across the casing of the electrode for supplying a gas for a plasma discharge. The gas passing the electrode goes from a higher gas pressure environment inside the electrode to a lower gas pressure environment on the outside of the electrode. The casing of the electrode through which the gas effuses can be a metal or metal allow which provides for a controlled flow of the gas through the wall. The flow rate of the gas can be controlled by one or more of the porosity of the metal or metal alloy used, the type of gas used, the pressure differential between the inside and outside of the electrode, and the temperature of the system. The electrode assembly can be used in and high temperature plasma generators.
Description
- This present application is a continuation of U.S. Provisional patent application Ser. No. 16/105,190 filed Aug. 20, 2018 which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/547,432 filed Aug. 18, 2017.
- The present disclosure relates generally to electrodes for plasma generation.
- Electrodes are used in plasma generation such as in fusion reactors and plasma generators. Such electrodes can be connected to a power source (for use as an anode) or the ground (for use as a cathode) and placed in a plasma chamber. Overheated gas is typically supplied to the plasma discharge
- In one aspect, the present disclosure relates to a hollow electrode assembly including at least one conduit for the supply of fresh, non-ionized gas to a plasma discharge from the electrode. The non-ionized gas comprises ions and electrons which are thermally cooled by the assembly. The supply of gas helps to thermally cool the electrode which helps to extend the anode life of the electrode and enable longer analysis times. In certain aspects of the present disclosure, the electrode may function as an anode while in other aspects, the electrode may function as a cathode.
- In another aspect, the present disclosure relates to a hollow electrode assembly including at least one conduit for the supply of fresh, non-ionized gas to a plasma discharge, and an effusion membrane through which the non-ionized gas can pass to supply the plasma discharge from the electrode.
- In a still further aspect, the present disclosure relates to a hollow electrode assembly through which gas from a gas supply can pass and be effused across the casing of the electrode for supplying a gas for a plasma discharge. The gas passing the electrode goes from a higher gas pressure environment inside the electrode to a lower gas pressure environment on the outside of the electrode. In certain aspects of the present disclosure, the casing of the electrode through which the gas effuses is a metal or metal allow which provides for a controlled flow of the gas through the wall. In certain aspects of the present disclosure, the flow rate of the gas is controlled by one or more of the porosity of the metal or metal alloy used, the type of gas used, the pressure differential between the inside and outside of the electrode, and the temperature of the system. In certain aspects of the present disclosure, the electrode assembly can be used in high temperature plasma generators. In another aspect of the present disclosure, the electrode is used as an anode and the casing shields the gas inside the electrode from the ionizing plasma and impinging negative ions and electrons from a cathode. In another aspect of the present disclosure, the effusion rate of the gas through the casing into the surrounding ionizing plasma is partially governed by Sievert's law, which describes diatomic and ionizable gas solubility in a metal lattice. If a selected amount of porosity is introduced into the metal or metal allow casing during casting, Fick's law of diffusion further governs the pressure differential between the internal high pressure of the electrode and the surrounding vacuum plasma.
- In another aspect, the present disclosure relates to a method for generating a plasma including providing a hollow electrode assembly through which a gas from a gas supply can pass and be effused across the casing of the electrode for supplying a gas for a plasma discharge, introducing the gas under pressure into the electrode assembly such that the gas passes and is effused across the casing, and applying a current and a voltage to the electrode assembly for generating a plasma discharge.
- For the purpose of illustrating the invention, the drawings show aspects of one or more embodiments of the invention. However, it should be understood that the present invention is not limited to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown in the drawings, wherein:
-
FIG. 1 is front elevation view with a partial cut-away of an anode assembly according to an aspect of the present disclosure; -
FIG. 1A is a section view taken along A-A ofFIG. 1 ; -
FIG. 2 is an isometric view of the anode assembly ofFIG. 1 ; -
FIG. 3 is a front elevation view of the anode head of the anode and sleeve ofFIG. 1 ; -
FIG. 3A is a left side elevation view of the anode head and sleeve ofFIG. 3 ; -
FIG. 3B is an isometric view of the anode and sleeve ofFIG. 3 ; -
FIG. 4 is a section view of the anode ofFIG. 3 taken along B-B ofFIG. 3 ; -
FIG. 4A is an isometric view of the anode ofFIG. 4 . -
FIG. 5 is an image of the head of a steel anode according to an aspect of the present disclosure with a high-voltage discharge on the head. The dark striations are the weld seams; and -
FIG. 6 is a graph of the pressure within the anode ofFIG. 5 as a function of time when initially charged with (•) hydrogen and (Δ) nitrogen and then the source gas shut off. - Referring initially to
FIG. 1 , in one implementation, the present disclosure is directed to an electrode assembly including an anode generally indicated at 50 and a gas delivery and cooling assembly generally indicated at 52. Theanode 50 includes a hollowbulbous head 54. Theanode head 54 includes two cast alloyhalf spheres seam 56. The alloy is a steel-based alloy with high nickel content (above ˜20%) but other metals and/or alloys suitable for plasma generation can be used. In certain embodiments, any metal that is castable with porosity can be used. In still further embodiments, noble metals such as palladium, platinum, nickel, etc., may be used since hydrogen dissolves in the lattice and can diffuse from a higher pressure within the anode to the surrounding chamber. Housed in thebulbous head 54 ismagnetic core 15 which houses amagnet 58. Themagnet 58 may be an electromagnet or permanent magnet which can be used to further customize the plasma characteristics. The charged plasma will follow the field lines from the magnet to the surface of the anode. Themagnetic core 15 is located at the free end ofinner sleeve 60 which enters thebulbous head 54 through opening 62 ishalf sphere 2.Sleeve 60 houses conduits indicated generally at 64 that include gas inlet, coolant inlet, and coolant outlet Thesleeve 60 is enclosed by insulatedouter sleeve 11. - The
sleeves conduits 64 extend into insulatedsleeve 10 and then insulated sleeve 9 of the gas delivery andcooling assembly 52. The sleeve 9 houses multi-anode tube flow-throughs 19, anode water cooling lines 5, 6 and gas input line 7 which are coupled together by tube unions 8 to internal gas/water cooling lines 14 in order to maintain gas/water pressure and flow. In this manner, in operation, thebulbous anode head 1 remains energized at high electrical potential with no arcing to grounded inlet lines 5, 6, 7. The gas inlet 7 is connected to a pressure gauge and subsequent gas sources. The tapered base 18 ensures the anode assembly is a tight fit to the positive high voltage/high current circuit while allowing multiple styles of anode electrode to be interchanged. - Electrical charge is delivered via an
insulated cable 20 coupled to the multi-anode base/heat exchanger unit 16. Pressurized cooling lines 17 are connected to the multi-anode base/heat exchanger to maintain cooling of the anode and insulated properties. -
Insulated sleeves - In order to further insulate the parts from the high electrical potential when the
bulbous head 54 operates as an anode, a polymer bulkhead 13 is used in transition from the gas/cooling/electrical supply-side. Dielectric materials are used whenever possible to prevent discharges across gaps to electrical ground. PEEK polymer, glass, quartz, and refractory materials are common constituents to accomplish such a task. The gas can be any gas, but in this embodiment discharges using hydrogen and deuterium are disclosed. Because of the extremely high temperatures encountered, cooling water lines are distributed throughout the electrode assembly which further strengthen the original nature of this design. -
FIG. 5 shows a typical electrical discharge in 5 torr hydrogen (chamber pressure) and 200 psi (13.8 kbar) being exerted from the source gas in the anode with a discharge voltage of 300V. -
FIG. 6 shows the pressure decay as a function of time for a charged anode surrounded by 1 torr of atmosphere of hydrogen, and a separate experiment with nitrogen. The anode was charged with 250 psi of gas, and the supply valve then closed. - Accordingly, the present disclosure should only be limited by the scope of the claims that follow.
Claims (4)
1. An electrode apparatus for plasma generation comprising:
a hollow electrode assembly connectable to a gas source, comprising,
at least one conduit in the hollow electrode assembly for supplying gas under pressure to the inside of the hollow electrode assembly,
a gas permeable membrane on the electrode for permitting gas from inside the assembly to effuse across the membrane for supply gas to a plasma discharge from the electrode.
2. The electrode apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the electrode further comprises a plasma discharge head from which the plasma is discharged from the electrode.
3. The electrode apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the gas permeable membrane comprises a head composed of a pure element or alloy selected from the group consisting of nickel, iron, carbon, molybdenum, chromium, vanadium, silicon, copper, palladium, platinum, lithium, aluminum, carbon and combinations thereof.
4. A method for generating a plasma comprising:
providing a hollow electrode assembly through which a gas from a gas supply can pass and be effused across the casing of the electrode for supplying a gas for a plasma discharge,
introducing the gas under pressure into the electrode assembly such that the gas passes and is effused across the casing, and
applying a current and a voltage to the electrode assembly for generating a plasma discharge.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US17/230,612 US20210235574A1 (en) | 2017-08-18 | 2021-04-14 | Electrode assembly for plasma generation |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US201762547432P | 2017-08-18 | 2017-08-18 | |
US16/105,190 US11006512B2 (en) | 2017-08-18 | 2018-08-20 | Electrode assembly for plasma generation |
US17/230,612 US20210235574A1 (en) | 2017-08-18 | 2021-04-14 | Electrode assembly for plasma generation |
Related Parent Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US16/105,190 Continuation US11006512B2 (en) | 2017-08-18 | 2018-08-20 | Electrode assembly for plasma generation |
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US20210235574A1 true US20210235574A1 (en) | 2021-07-29 |
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Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US16/105,190 Active US11006512B2 (en) | 2017-08-18 | 2018-08-20 | Electrode assembly for plasma generation |
US17/230,612 Abandoned US20210235574A1 (en) | 2017-08-18 | 2021-04-14 | Electrode assembly for plasma generation |
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Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US16/105,190 Active US11006512B2 (en) | 2017-08-18 | 2018-08-20 | Electrode assembly for plasma generation |
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US (2) | US11006512B2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA3014970A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
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CN116553527B (en) * | 2023-06-20 | 2023-12-15 | 烯格沃(上海)纳米技术有限公司 | Industrial synthesis device for single-walled carbon nanotubes |
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US3684911A (en) * | 1970-08-25 | 1972-08-15 | Giancarlo Perugini | Plasma-jet generator for versatile applications |
US4933060A (en) | 1987-03-02 | 1990-06-12 | The Standard Oil Company | Surface modification of fluoropolymers by reactive gas plasmas |
US5359966A (en) | 1992-06-10 | 1994-11-01 | Jensen Donald C | Energy converter using imploding plasma vortex heating |
US5685997A (en) | 1994-11-14 | 1997-11-11 | Lopresti; Daniel R. | Plasma oscillator water heater/steam boiler |
DE4443830C1 (en) | 1994-12-09 | 1996-05-23 | Ardenne Anlagentech Gmbh | Electron beam generating device |
US5698168A (en) * | 1995-11-01 | 1997-12-16 | Chorus Corporation | Unibody gas plasma source technology |
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US6380268B1 (en) | 1999-04-28 | 2002-04-30 | Dennis L. Yakobson | Plasma reforming/fischer-tropsch synthesis |
JP3606232B2 (en) | 2001-06-01 | 2005-01-05 | 富士ゼロックス株式会社 | Carbon structure manufacturing apparatus and manufacturing method |
GB2391314B (en) * | 2002-07-25 | 2005-08-10 | Schlumberger Holdings | Methods and apparatus for the measurement of hydrogen sulphide and thiols in fluids |
JP4141234B2 (en) * | 2002-11-13 | 2008-08-27 | キヤノンアネルバ株式会社 | Plasma processing equipment |
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JP4864418B2 (en) * | 2005-10-27 | 2012-02-01 | ハリマ化成株式会社 | Method for producing newsprint for offset printing and method for preventing plate smear in offset printing |
WO2007089061A1 (en) * | 2006-02-03 | 2007-08-09 | Ls Cable Ltd. | Plasma generating apparatus |
JP5067802B2 (en) * | 2006-12-28 | 2012-11-07 | シャープ株式会社 | Plasma generating apparatus, radical generating method, and cleaning and purifying apparatus |
GB0717430D0 (en) * | 2007-09-10 | 2007-10-24 | Dow Corning Ireland Ltd | Atmospheric pressure plasma |
US7839499B2 (en) * | 2008-02-13 | 2010-11-23 | Los Alamos National Security, Llc | Hydrogen sensor |
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KR101158800B1 (en) * | 2008-11-14 | 2012-06-26 | 주식회사 피에스엠 | Plasma gun for medical treatment |
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US8474724B2 (en) * | 2009-10-02 | 2013-07-02 | Cognex Corporation | Reader with swappable power/communication module |
US20130309416A1 (en) * | 2011-01-25 | 2013-11-21 | Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | Atmospheric pressure plasma treatment apparatus and atmospheric pressure plasma treatment method |
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-
2018
- 2018-08-20 CA CA3014970A patent/CA3014970A1/en active Pending
- 2018-08-20 US US16/105,190 patent/US11006512B2/en active Active
-
2021
- 2021-04-14 US US17/230,612 patent/US20210235574A1/en not_active Abandoned
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Publication number | Publication date |
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US20190059149A1 (en) | 2019-02-21 |
US11006512B2 (en) | 2021-05-11 |
CA3014970A1 (en) | 2019-02-18 |
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