US20190368472A1 - Device and method for recognizing the attachment of ice to a structure of an edifice - Google Patents

Device and method for recognizing the attachment of ice to a structure of an edifice Download PDF

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Publication number
US20190368472A1
US20190368472A1 US16/470,183 US201716470183A US2019368472A1 US 20190368472 A1 US20190368472 A1 US 20190368472A1 US 201716470183 A US201716470183 A US 201716470183A US 2019368472 A1 US2019368472 A1 US 2019368472A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
ice
attachment
detection
natural frequency
sensor
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Abandoned
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US16/470,183
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English (en)
Inventor
Mathias Müller
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fos4X GmbH
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fos4X GmbH
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Assigned to fos4X GmbH reassignment fos4X GmbH ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: MULLER, MATHIAS
Publication of US20190368472A1 publication Critical patent/US20190368472A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D80/00—Details, components or accessories not provided for in groups F03D1/00 - F03D17/00
    • F03D80/40—Ice detection; De-icing means
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D17/00—Monitoring or testing of wind motors, e.g. diagnostics
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B19/00—Alarms responsive to two or more different undesired or abnormal conditions, e.g. burglary and fire, abnormal temperature and abnormal rate of flow
    • G08B19/02—Alarm responsive to formation or anticipated formation of ice
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2220/00—Application
    • F05B2220/30—Application in turbines
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2260/00—Function
    • F05B2260/80—Diagnostics
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B10/00—Integration of renewable energy sources in buildings
    • Y02B10/30—Wind power
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/70—Wind energy
    • Y02E10/72—Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction

Definitions

  • Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a device and a method for recognizing the attachment of ice to a structure of an edifice.
  • Structures of edifices are exposed in an unprotected manner to the environmental weather conditions.
  • a structure is the rotor blade of a wind turbine.
  • ice may deposit at the structures, e.g. the rotor blades, when the environmental temperatures are correspondingly low and the air humidity is sufficiently high or when rainfall occurs.
  • the structures such as e.g. the rotor blades of wind turbines, their surface increases so that the risk of an attachment of ice, i.e. the formation of an ice deposit on the structures increases as well.
  • Ice attachments constitute a potential danger for the environment of the edifice, since, when the ice attachment is thrown out—e.g. in the rotating operation of a wind turbine—the thrown-out ice pieces may endanger persons and objects in the throw-out radius.
  • the thrown-out ice pieces may endanger persons and objects in the throw-out radius.
  • an imbalance of the rotor of the wind turbine may result which may lead to damages in the operation of the wind turbine.
  • Some known devices and methods for recognizing the attachment of ice to rotor blades of wind turbines are known. Some known devices and methods evaluate signals of an acceleration sensor mounted to the rotor blade or in the area of the rotor blade, in order to gather information as to a possible attachment of ice.
  • the mass of attached ice may be relatively small in relation to the mass of a rotor blade.
  • the accuracy or resolution of an acceleration sensor or the related evaluation method is therefore limited.
  • Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a device for recognizing the attachment of ice to a structure of an edifice according to claim 1 . Further embodiments of the present disclosure propose a method for recognizing the attachment of ice to a structure of an edifice according to claim 10 .
  • a device for recognizing the attachment of ice to a structure of an edifice comprising at least one acceleration sensor that is arranged and configured to detect an acceleration on the structure, wherein the device comprises an evaluation device for determining at least one natural frequency of the structure from the detected acceleration, wherein the evaluation device is configured to indirectly detect attachment of ice to said structure on the basis of the determined at least one natural frequency of the structure, and wherein the device comprises at least one ice detection sensor that is arranged and configured to directly detect attachment of ice at a position on said structure, wherein the evaluation device combines the indirect detection of the attachment of ice and the direct detection of the attachment of ice.
  • a method for recognizing the attachment of ice to a structure of an edifice comprises detecting an acceleration on the structure, determining at least one natural frequency of the structure from the detected acceleration, indirectly detecting attachment of ice to the structure on the basis of the determined at least one natural frequency of the structure, directly detecting attachment of ice at a position on said structure, and determining from the combination of the direct detection result and the indirect detection result, whether ice attachment is given or not.
  • FIG. 1 a schematic block diagram of a device for recognizing the attachment of ice to a structure of an edifice according to one embodiment
  • FIG. 2 a schematic representation of a wind turbine, in which the device according to one of the embodiments described herein may be employed;
  • FIG. 3 a flow chart of a method for recognizing the attachment of ice to a structure of an edifice according to one embodiment.
  • FIG. 1 schematically shows a block diagram of a device for recognizing the attachment of ice to a structure 110 of an edifice according to the embodiment.
  • the structure 110 of the edifice is movable, for example, supported to be rotatable relative to a foundation of the edifice or the like.
  • a non-limiting example of an edifice is a wind turbine, and a likewise non-limiting example of a structure 110 of the wind turbine is a rotor blade.
  • An acceleration sensor 10 is arranged and configured in a manner to detect an acceleration on the structure 110 .
  • the acceleration sensor 10 is arranged in a rotor blade or on a rotor blade of a wind turbine.
  • the acceleration sensor 10 detects the acceleration in a time-continuous manner, and outputs the acceleration in a time-continuous manner, e.g. as a data stream of temporally equidistant sample values.
  • the acceleration sensor 10 supplies the detected acceleration as an acceleration signal 15 to an evaluation device 30 .
  • the evaluation device 30 is supplied with the acceleration signal 15 via a suitable medium; an electric line, an optical line or a wireless transmission should be mentioned as non-limiting examples.
  • the acceleration sensor 10 may also be provided for the acceleration sensor 10 to measure accelerations in a plurality of axial directions, for example, in two axial directions or in three axial directions.
  • the disclosure is not restricted to one single acceleration sensor 10 , rather two or more accelerations sensors may be provided on the structure 110 , typically at different points on or in the structure 110 .
  • the evaluation device 30 is configured to determine a natural frequency of the structure 110 or a plurality of natural frequencies of the structure 110 from the detected acceleration (from the acceleration signal 15 ).
  • the evaluation device is further configured to indirectly detect an attachment of ice on the structure based on the detected at least one natural frequency of the structure 110 .
  • the evaluation device 30 For detecting the at least one natural frequency, the evaluation device 30 , for example, is configured to transform a measurement value progress of the acceleration sensor into the frequency domain, for example, by a Fourier transform or another suitable integral transformation.
  • a natural frequency of the structure 110 may show, for example, as a frequency excess (a peak) in the transformed signal.
  • the disclosure is not restricted to a single natural frequency, and a plurality of natural frequencies of the structure 110 may also be referred to for the indirect detection.
  • evaluation device 30 and the acceleration sensor 10 must be given necessarily; the evaluation device 30 and the at least one acceleration sensor 10 rather may be designed to be integrated.
  • Indirectly detecting means that the presence or absence of an ice attachment is derived from a parameter directly associated to an ice attachment. In the exemplary embodiment, it is indirectly concluded based on the natural frequency of the structure 110 which changes with a change of the mass of the structure 110 , that the changed natural frequency indicates an ice attachment to the structure 110 .
  • an ice detection sensor 20 is arranged and configured in a manner to directly detect the attachment of ice at a position on the structure 110 .
  • Directly detecting comprises measuring a parameter directly indicating an ice attachment.
  • the ice detection sensor 20 for directly detecting is selected from the group comprising: an impedance sensor, an electrical resistance sensor, an ultrasonic sensor, an optical sensor for measuring a light intensity or a change in light intensity, an optical sensor for measuring a light wavelength or a change in light wavelength, a fiber Bragg grating sensor.
  • the ice detection sensor 20 detects the attachment of ice typically at a position on the structure 110 in a spatially limited detection area.
  • the ice detection sensor 20 is designed to directly detect the attachment of ice directly within a detection radius of 1 m or 50 cm in the area of the position on the structure 110 .
  • the ice detection sensor 20 outputs an ice detection signal 25 with which the evaluation device 30 is supplied.
  • the evaluation device 30 is supplied with the ice detection signal 25 via a suitable medium; an electric line, an optical line or a wireless transmission should be mentioned as non-limiting examples.
  • the ice detection signal 25 for example, is a binary signal indicating the presence or absence of attached ice.
  • the ice detection signal 25 may as well be a signal which can assume more than two values.
  • the ice detection signal may indicate an appropriately coded value of the ice thickness or ice volume at the position on the structure or in the detection area at the position of the structure 110 .
  • the evaluation device 30 is configured to combine the indirect detecting of the attachment of ice and the direct detecting of the attachment of ice.
  • the evaluation device 30 typically combines an indirect detection result which is derived from the evaluation described here of the determined at least one natural frequency with a direct detection result derived from the ice detection signal 25 .
  • the indirect detection result is based on the evaluation of a natural frequency or of natural frequencies of the structure 110 .
  • large or extensive areas of the structure 110 are in principle implied in the detection with a low number of acceleration sensors 10 .
  • the change in mass in the event of ice attachment on the structure 110 may be small.
  • a rotor blade of a wind turbine has a mass which in some cases is very large in relation to the mass of attached ice.
  • the detection accuracy or the resolution of the indirect detection may therefore be limited depending on the case.
  • the combination of the indirect and direct detection result allows the detection accuracy or the reliability or the resolution of the device for recognizing the attachment of ice as described herein to be improved.
  • the indirect detection result may even be determined when accelerations do not occur on the structure 110 in a period of time and thus natural frequencies cannot be determined, for example, when the rotor blade of a wind turbine is at standstill.
  • the indirect detecting of the attachment of ice to the structure 110 comprises comparing the determined at least one natural frequency with at least one reference natural frequency, and determining a shift between the determined at least one natural frequency and the at least one reference natural frequency.
  • the reference natural frequency for example, is a basic value of a natural frequency of the structure 110 in a state free of ice attachment.
  • the basic value may be determined, for example, by a reference measurement of the natural frequency in the state free of ice attachment or by simulation.
  • the shift between the determined natural frequency and the reference natural frequency for example, is a shift between the determined natural frequency and the basic value.
  • the combining of indirectly detecting the attachment of ice and of directly detecting the attachment of ice comprises determining, in the indirect detection, that an attachment of ice is given when a shift between the determined at least one natural frequency and the at least one reference natural frequency exceeds a previously defined or definable threshold value of shift, and determining, in the direct detection, that an attachment of ice is given when a detection value of the attachment of ice exceeds a previously defined or definable threshold value of ice thickness.
  • the previously defined or definable threshold value of shift may be an equivalent shift where a determination is made that a certain change of mass or increase of mass has occurred.
  • An increase of mass may be, for example, at least 50 kg or at least 20 kg.
  • the previously defined or definable threshold value of ice thickness may be an equivalent ice volume or an equivalent ice thickness, where a determination is made that a certain increase of mass has occurred.
  • FIG. 2 shows a schematic representation of a wind turbine, in which the device according to one of the embodiments described herein may be employed.
  • the at least one ice detection sensor 20 a , 20 b to be arranged at one or more positions of the group comprising: the area of the rotor blade front edge of a rotor blade of a wind turbine, the area of the rotor blade tip of a rotor blade of a wind turbine, the area of the rotor blade root of a rotor blade of a wind turbine.
  • the disclosure is not restricted to the mentioned positions and it may be provided for individual or the entirety of the ice detection sensors 20 a , 20 b to be arranged or attached at positions differing from the mentioned positions.
  • the rotor blade front edge belongs to the areas where ice attaches particularly rapidly, since the cold and humid air directly impinges the blade here. On the rotor blade root, as well, ice forms rapidly. Moreover, the ice attachment forms all the more rapidly the closer the position is to the rotor blade tip, since the blade moves fastest here.
  • ice attachments of importance for the operation of the wind turbine are already present in these areas when the detection accuracy and the resolution of the indirect detection are not yet sufficient to recognize these attached ice volumes.
  • the detection accuracy of the device can be improved.
  • an ice detection sensor 20 a is provided in the area of the blade root and arranged in the rotor blade.
  • a further ice detection sensor 20 b is provided in the area of the rotor blade tip at a rotor blade front edge and glued to the rotor blade in the area of the rotor blade tip in the illustrated embodiment.
  • the disclosure is not restricted to two ice detection sensors 20 a , 20 b , and only one ice detection sensor 20 may be provided, or more than two ice detection sensors 20 a , 20 b may be provided. Typically, more than ten or more than fifteen ice detection sensors are provided on a structure 110 .
  • the at least one acceleration sensor 10 and/or the at least one ice detection sensor 20 , 20 a , 20 b to be configured to supply the evaluation device 30 in a wireless manner with the detected acceleration or the direct detection result.
  • the acceleration sensor 10 and the ice detection sensor 20 a are connected to the evaluation device 30 in the area of the rotor blade root by means of a wired line.
  • the term wired comprises an electrical connection and/or an optical, for example, fiber optical connection.
  • the ice detection sensor 20 b in the area of the rotor blade tip is configured to transmit the direct detection result to the evaluation device 30 in a wireless manner.
  • the flexibility is increased, and the ice detection sensor 20 b may be easily installed in the area of the rotor blade tip to the rotor blade tip without providing additional data lines or signal lines.
  • the at least one acceleration sensor 10 and/or the at least one ice detection sensor 20 , 20 a , 20 b to comprise an energy harvesting device 40 .
  • the detection sensor 20 b exhibits an energy harvesting device 40 in the area of the rotor blade tip, which energy harvesting device 40 is configured to supply the detection sensor 20 b with energy for performing the direct detection and for performing the transmission of the detection result to the evaluation device 30 .
  • the disclosure is not restricted to a single energy harvesting device 40 per sensor, and a sensor 20 , 20 a , 20 b may also be supplied with energy by a plurality of energy harvesting devices 40 .
  • the flexibility is increased, and the ice detection sensor 20 b in the area of the rotor blade tip may be easily installed to the rotor blade tip without providing additional energy supply lines.
  • the device to further comprise a warning device 50 (see FIG. 1 ).
  • the warning device 50 is configured to output an ice warning message if the determination is made that an attachment of ice is given.
  • the warning device 50 is configured to output a free-of-ice message if the determination is made that an attachment of ice is not given.
  • the warning device 50 is supplied with the evaluation signal 35 from the evaluation device 30 .
  • the warning device 50 outputs the ice warning message or the free-of-ice message as a warning signal 55 .
  • the warning signal 55 may be employed in the use of a plant control for a wind turbine.
  • the wind turbine may be stopped or decelerated or slowed down when an ice warning message is given.
  • the wind turbine may be released or started again.
  • FIG. 3 shows a flow chart of a method for recognizing the attachment of ice to a structure 110 of an edifice according to one embodiment.
  • the structure 110 is a rotor blade of a wind turbine, for example.
  • a step 1001 an acceleration is detected on the structure 110 .
  • at least one natural frequency of the structure 110 is determined from the detected acceleration.
  • an attachment of ice to the structure 110 is indirectly detected on the basis of the determined at least one natural frequency of the structure 110 .
  • an attachment of ice at a position on the structure 110 is directly detected.
  • step 1006 it is continued with step 1006 .
  • step 1007 it is determined in step 1005 that an ice attachment is not given.
  • step 1006 an evaluation signal indicating an ice warning message is output as the result of the evaluation.
  • step 1007 an evaluation signal indicating a free-of-ice message is output as the result of the evaluation.
  • step 1006 or step 1007 it may be provided for the method to be repeated following step 1006 or step 1007 , for example, continuously repeated.
  • step 1004 for performing the indirect detection is not restricted to this example, and it may likewise be provided for step 1004 for performing the direct detection to be executed before steps 1001 , 1002 , 1003 for performing the indirect detection, or for steps 1001 , 1002 , 1003 for performing the indirect detection to be executed simultaneously with step 1004 for performing the direct detection.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Wind Motors (AREA)
US16/470,183 2016-12-15 2017-12-15 Device and method for recognizing the attachment of ice to a structure of an edifice Abandoned US20190368472A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102016124554.2 2016-12-15
DE102016124554.2A DE102016124554A1 (de) 2016-12-15 2016-12-15 Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum Erkennen der Anlagerung von Eis an einer Struktur eines Bauwerks
PCT/EP2017/083088 WO2018109180A1 (de) 2016-12-15 2017-12-15 Vorrichtung und verfahren zum erkennen der anlagerung von eis an einer struktur eines bauwerks

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US (1) US20190368472A1 (de)
EP (1) EP3555466B1 (de)
CA (1) CA3044131A1 (de)
DE (1) DE102016124554A1 (de)
WO (1) WO2018109180A1 (de)

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CN109973333A (zh) * 2019-03-19 2019-07-05 南京航空航天大学 一种风力机电热除冰系统性能评价方法
CN113323805A (zh) * 2021-05-27 2021-08-31 中国电建集团江西省电力设计院有限公司 一种提升风电场覆冰期间风机运行效率的方法
US11415112B2 (en) 2017-12-07 2022-08-16 Wobben Properties Gmbh Method for operating a wind turbine

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DE102019135108A1 (de) 2019-12-19 2021-06-24 Weidmüller Monitoring Systems Gmbh Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Bestimmen einer Änderung einer Masseverteilung eines Rotorblatts einer Windkraftanlage
DE102020118646A1 (de) 2020-07-15 2022-01-20 Weidmüller Monitoring Systems Gmbh Vorrichtung zum Erkennen eines Eisansatzes an Rotorblättern einer Windenergieanlage und Verfahren zum Anlernen einer derartigen Vorrichtung
LU503174B1 (de) * 2022-12-12 2024-06-12 Phoenix Contact Gmbh & Co Kg Eingriffs- und Freigabeverfahren beim Betreiben einer Windenergieanlage

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US20050276696A1 (en) * 2004-06-10 2005-12-15 Lemieux David L Methods and apparatus for rotor blade ice detection
US20080203735A1 (en) * 2007-02-26 2008-08-28 Carlton Leslie Apparatus and method for lubricating railroad tracks
US20100119370A1 (en) * 2009-11-17 2010-05-13 Modi Vivendi As Intelligent and optimized wind turbine system for harsh environmental conditions
US20130078093A1 (en) * 2010-03-23 2013-03-28 Erik Carl Lehnskov Miranda Method for de-icing the blades of a wind turbine and a wind turbine with a de-icing system
US20130238282A1 (en) * 2010-07-05 2013-09-12 Eduardo Figueroa-Karlström Device and method for measuring ice thickness
US20150254484A1 (en) * 2012-02-23 2015-09-10 Microsensys Gmbh Sensor assembly, device and method for determining vibrations of a measurement object, and measurement object having at least one such sensor assembly
US20160027294A1 (en) * 2014-07-23 2016-01-28 Nordex Energy Gmbh Method for testing a rotor blade ice detection system as well as rotor blade ice detection system and wind turbine for carrying out the method
US20170268486A1 (en) * 2014-12-04 2017-09-21 fos4X GmbH Method for the individual pitch control of rotor blades of a wind turbine, acceleration sensor for a rotor blade, rotor blade comprising an acceleration sensor, rotor blade of a wind turbine and wind turbine

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US20050276696A1 (en) * 2004-06-10 2005-12-15 Lemieux David L Methods and apparatus for rotor blade ice detection
US20080203735A1 (en) * 2007-02-26 2008-08-28 Carlton Leslie Apparatus and method for lubricating railroad tracks
US20100119370A1 (en) * 2009-11-17 2010-05-13 Modi Vivendi As Intelligent and optimized wind turbine system for harsh environmental conditions
US20130078093A1 (en) * 2010-03-23 2013-03-28 Erik Carl Lehnskov Miranda Method for de-icing the blades of a wind turbine and a wind turbine with a de-icing system
US20130238282A1 (en) * 2010-07-05 2013-09-12 Eduardo Figueroa-Karlström Device and method for measuring ice thickness
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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US11415112B2 (en) 2017-12-07 2022-08-16 Wobben Properties Gmbh Method for operating a wind turbine
CN109973333A (zh) * 2019-03-19 2019-07-05 南京航空航天大学 一种风力机电热除冰系统性能评价方法
CN113323805A (zh) * 2021-05-27 2021-08-31 中国电建集团江西省电力设计院有限公司 一种提升风电场覆冰期间风机运行效率的方法

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WO2018109180A1 (de) 2018-06-21
EP3555466B1 (de) 2024-05-01
EP3555466A1 (de) 2019-10-23
EP3555466C0 (de) 2024-05-01
DE102016124554A1 (de) 2018-06-21
CA3044131A1 (en) 2018-06-21

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