US20190309513A1 - Curtain wall drain opening apparatus - Google Patents
Curtain wall drain opening apparatus Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20190309513A1 US20190309513A1 US16/373,727 US201916373727A US2019309513A1 US 20190309513 A1 US20190309513 A1 US 20190309513A1 US 201916373727 A US201916373727 A US 201916373727A US 2019309513 A1 US2019309513 A1 US 2019309513A1
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
- curtain wall
- drain opening
- water
- flow channel
- frame
- Prior art date
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 96
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000003566 sealing material Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 59
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 12
- 230000008595 infiltration Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000001764 infiltration Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002452 interceptive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000006978 adaptation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004873 anchoring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003466 anti-cipated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003562 lightweight material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
- E06B—FIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
- E06B3/00—Window sashes, door leaves, or like elements for closing wall or like openings; Layout of fixed or moving closures, e.g. windows in wall or like openings; Features of rigidly-mounted outer frames relating to the mounting of wing frames
- E06B3/54—Fixing of glass panes or like plates
- E06B3/5427—Fixing of glass panes or like plates the panes mounted flush with the surrounding frame or with the surrounding panes
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
- E04B2/88—Curtain walls
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
- E06B—FIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
- E06B7/00—Special arrangements or measures in connection with doors or windows
- E06B7/14—Measures for draining-off condensed water or water leaking-in frame members for draining off condensation water, throats at the bottom of a sash
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
- E06B—FIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
- E06B7/00—Special arrangements or measures in connection with doors or windows
- E06B7/14—Measures for draining-off condensed water or water leaking-in frame members for draining off condensation water, throats at the bottom of a sash
- E06B2007/145—Measures for draining-off condensed water or water leaking-in frame members for draining off condensation water, throats at the bottom of a sash for glass façade, e.g. curtain wall
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of building structures. More particularly, the invention relates to drain opening apparatus used in conjunction with a curtain wall with an inwardly openable window, embedded in the curtain wall.
- a curtain wall which is generally associated with a multi-story building, is a non-structural, outer covering generally made of lightweight materials that is attached from the outside of a building and transfers lateral wind loads to a main building structure.
- a curtain wall is designed to span multiple floors, and its frame is typically infilled with a plurality of glass panels to provide a building exterior with an appearance of continuous panels from the top to bottom.
- curtain walls generally suffer from water infiltration, particularly wind driven rain as a result of the high wind speeds prevalent at upper floors, due to the curtain wall structure and the presence of inwardly openable windows. Many buildings deteriorate unacceptably as a result of the water infiltration.
- Curtain wall based drain opening apparatus comprises a drainage element extending outwardly from, and in fluid communication with, a concealed horizontal water flow channel associated with a stationary first frame element of an inwardly pivotable window assembly and adapted to receive infiltrated water, wherein said drainage element passes through a second frame element which is laterally spaced from two adjacent fixed panels of a curtain wall and is exposed to atmospheric air.
- a curtain wall assembly comprises the drain opening apparatus.
- outwardly is in the direction of a fixed panel of the curtain wall
- inwardly is in the direction away from a fixed panel and towards an interior space of the building to which the curtain wall is attached.
- “Laterally” means in a direction between adjacent fixed panels of the same row of the curtain wall.
- the drainage element is of a labyrinth type, such as configured with a horizontal segment thereof extending outwardly from the water flow channel, a vertical segment extending downwardly from, and in fluid communication with, an outward end of said segment extending outwardly from the water flow channel, and an additional horizontal segment extending outwardly from, and in fluid communication with, a bottom end of said vertical segment so as to be exposed to atmospheric air.
- the vertical segment has a height that is longer than its width.
- a ratio of height to width of the vertical segment ranges from 1.3 to 2.
- the drainage element has a uniform cross section, being entirely horizontally oriented or configured with a slight downward incline to urge gravitation-caused flow of the infiltrated water.
- the drain opening further comprises sealing material applied to the drainage element and to a third frame element positioned between adjacent fixed window panels.
- the third frame element may be a flange surrounding a corresponding fixed window panel, and the second frame element may be inwardly spaced relative to the third frame element.
- the sealing material may have a prefabricated configuration that is complementary to a shape of the drainage element.
- the drain opening apparatus further comprises securement apparatus for securing the drainage element to the second frame element without appreciably blocking an aperture formed in the second frame element through which the infiltrated water is drainable.
- a curtain wall assembly configured with a plurality of fixed window panels and a plurality of pivotable window panels interspersed among the plurality of fixed window panels comprises a concealed horizontal water flow channel provided below an engagement region between a sash frame of one of the pivotable window panels and a vertical frame element which is laterally spaced from two of the fixed window panels which are adjacent to each other, said water flow channel adapted to receive ingress of water infiltrating through said engagement region; and a drainage element passing through and extending outwardly from said frame element, and in fluid communication with said water flow channel.
- the “engagement region” through which water is able to infiltrate means a designed engagement region between a sash frame and a vertical frame element when the sash frame and the corresponding pivotable window panel are set to a closed position, generally, but not necessarily, by means of an attached flexible element such as a sealing element, and also a region between the sash frame and the vertical frame element when the sash frame is set to a closed position but a small clearance develops due to an unintentional variation in a dimension of a curtain wall assembly element, for example as a result of deterioration, which is not in compliance with an accepted tolerance, due to a deficient closing operation, or due to lack of an attached flexible element.
- the water flow channel is of a limited length and laterally extends between the two fixed window panels which are adjacent to each other.
- one of the drainage elements is in fluid communication with the water flow channel at each lateral end thereof.
- the water flow channel is integrally formed with a stationary frame member associated with the sash frame.
- the frame element through which the drainage element passes is a water deflector vertically extending from the stationary frame member, said water deflector being used to mitigate ingress of water through the engagement region into a zone between the stationary frame member and the sash frame.
- the curtain wall assembly further comprises a sealing element which is coupled to an upper surface of the stationary frame member and is configured to be in abutting and sealing relation with an upper edge of the water flow channel and with a cooperating horizontal surface of the sash frame when set to a closed position, said sealing element delimiting an inner region of the zone between the stationary frame member and the sash frame through which the infiltrating water is introducible.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view from the front of a portion of a curtain wall assembly, showing a fragmented region thereof;
- FIG. 2 is an enlargement of Detail A of FIG. 1 , showing a window assembly as well as an embodiment of a drainage element in a vertically sectioned perspective view from the side;
- FIG. 3 is a front view of a portion of a curtain wall assembly according to another embodiment, indicating a flange surrounding an inwardly pivoting glass panel which is set to a closed position by dashed lines;
- FIG. 4 is a cross sectional view of the curtain wall assembly of FIG. 3 , cut along plane B-B of FIG. 3 and showing another embodiment of a drainage element;
- FIG. 5 is a vertically sectioned perspective view from the side of the drainage element as of the window assembly shown in FIG. 4 ;
- FIG. 6 is a perspective view from the front of a portion of a curtain wall assembly according to another embodiment, showing one of the inwardly pivoting glass panels when set to an opened position;
- FIG. 7 is an enlargement of Detail C of FIG. 6 ;
- FIG. 8 a vertically sectioned perspective view from the side of the curtain wall assembly of FIG. 6 ;
- FIG. 9 is an exploded view of exemplary securement apparatus.
- FIG. 10 is a cross sectional view of a drainage element when secured by the securement apparatus of FIG. 9 .
- the drain opening apparatus of the present invention is adapted for use with the type of curtain wall assembly that has pivotable windows, generally inwardly openable windows, which are interspersed among fixed windows.
- pivotable windows generally inwardly openable windows, which are interspersed among fixed windows.
- a horizontal water flow channel for receiving the infiltrated water is provided below the engagement region for each corresponding pair of vertically adjacent fixed and pivoting glass panels.
- Drainage of water that has collected in a horizontal water flow channel is a major concern to building planners, who are interested in minimizing condensation formation caused by a temperature differential between an interior space and a glass panel. Condensation will lead to the deterioration of curtain wall insulation and to corrosion of steel parts provided in the curtain wall assembly.
- drain opening apparatus mounted in a gap between laterally adjacent fixed glass panels of the curtain wall assembly is advantageously provided to be in fluid communication with the horizontal water flow channel and to be exposed to atmospheric air.
- This gap is a region that is devoid of a glass panel, but generally provided with a frame element, such as a flange surrounding the fixed glass panel.
- FIGS. 1 and 2 One embodiment of the structure of curtain wall based drain opening apparatus is illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 .
- FIG. 1 A portion of curtain wall assembly 20 is shown in FIG. 1 , indicating a plurality of fixed glass panels 11 associated with the curtain wall assembly and a glass panel 10 associated with an inwardly openable pivoting window assembly that is interspersed among the fixed panels 11 .
- the upper edge 13 of all glass panels in a given row consisting entirely of fixed glass panels is at a common height.
- the upper edge 17 of all glass panels in a given row consisting of both a pivoting glass panel 10 and fixed glass panels 11 is at a common height.
- a silicone sealing layer 6 is adhesively applied to all surfaces within the gap between adjacent fixed panels 11 , for example over vertical and horizontal recessed joints interfacing the fixed panels to produce a flush finish.
- An interspace 9 between a side edge of a glass panel 10 of an inwardly openable pivoting window assembly and an adjacent side edge of a fixed glass panel 11 is devoid of a silicone sealing layer, to permit pivoting of the window assembly without interference.
- a fragmented portion of curtain wall assembly 20 reveals a frame element 1 associated with the pivoting window assembly and two abutting, vertically extending frame elements 15 and 19 of two laterally adjacent fixed glass panels 11 , respectively, which are positioned in the gap between the fixed glass panels.
- FIG. 2 illustrates window assembly 25 when set to a closed position.
- Window assembly 25 comprises a stationary frame element 1 connected to, for example overlying in accordance with the illustrated orientation, a horizontal curtain wall beam 5 , which extends between two mullions 4 of curtain wall 20 , and sash frame 2 adapted to pivot inwardly about a vertical axis.
- Pivotable glass panel 10 is mounted on outer surfaces of sash frame 2 , and is vertically spaced from fixed glass panel 11 .
- a vertically oriented water deflector 26 proximally extends, i.e. in a direction towards pivotable glass panel 10 , from an outer portion 12 of curtain wall beam 5 , and is used to mitigate ingress of water into a zone between frame element 1 and sash frame 2 .
- a proximal portion of water deflector 26 is in abutment with a distal, i.e. towards fixed glass panel 11 , and outer portion of sash frame 2 , for example sealing element 31 of FIG. 4 , and an inward portion of frame element 1 is in abutment with an appendage distally protruding from sash frame 2 , for example sealing element 32 of FIG. 4 .
- a stationary, horizontal water flow channel 8 adapted to receive infiltrated water, if any, is formed integrally with an outer region 14 of frame 1 , such that the lowermost surface of channel 8 is located below an upper horizontal surface 16 of frame 1 .
- a sealing element 3 e.g.
- a drainage element 7 of uniform cross section shown to be of rectangular cross section but which may also be tubular, is fixed to, and extends outwardly from, channel 8 while being in fluid communication therewith.
- An aperture may be formed in water deflector 26 to facilitate the protrusion of drainage element 7 therethrough.
- silicone sealing layer 6 is applied around drainage element 7 , or alternatively is applied to distal and proximal regions of drainage element 7 , in addition to being adhesively applied to a frame element associated with each fixed glass panel 11 .
- silicone sealing layer 6 may be prefabricated to assume a dedicated configuration that is complementary to the shape of drainage element 7 . Silicone sealing layer 6 may be terminated at approximately a proximal region 6 a that corresponds with the extreme proximal portion of water deflector 26 to enable uninhibited pivotal displacement of window assembly 25 .
- the length of drainage element 7 is preferably such that its outer edge is flush with, or slightly recessed from the outer surface of silicone sealing layer 6 .
- the silicone sealing layer 6 applied to drainage element 7 may be a vertical gasket or a horizontal gasket.
- no silicone sealing is applied into the spacing between adjacent fixed glass panels 11 .
- sealing may be obtained by other means, such as composite beams with dedicated profiles.
- the location of drainage element 7 is selected to be exactly within the vertical spacing between adjacent fixed glass panels 11 . This is an important advantage of the present invention, since any other location would require forming a via-hole in the glass panel 11 , to allow drainage element 7 to discharge water that has accumulated within channel 8 .
- Drainage element 7 exposed to atmospheric air facilitates discharge and evaporation of accumulated water within channel 8 .
- Drainage element 7 may be entirely horizontally oriented, or, alternatively, may be configured with a slight downward incline to urge gravitation-caused flow.
- FIGS. 3-5 Another embodiment of curtain wall based drain opening apparatus for use in conjunction with an inwardly pivoting window assembly 25 is illustrated in FIGS. 3-5 .
- FIG. 3 A portion of curtain wall assembly 40 is shown in FIG. 3 when inwardly pivoting glass panel 10 is set to a closed position.
- the upper edge 17 of all glass panels in a given row consisting of both an inwardly pivoting glass panel 10 and fixed glass panels, e.g. panels 11 d and 11 e is at a common height.
- Fixed glass panel 11 b is shown to be located directly below pivoting glass panel 10 such that the side edge 41 of panels 10 and 11 b are aligned and the side edge 43 of panels 11 c and 11 e are aligned to define common interspace 9 between side edges 41 and 43 .
- the side edge 44 of panels 10 and 11 b are aligned and the side edge 46 of panels 11 a and 11 d are aligned to define common interspace 39 between side edges 44 and 46 .
- the rectangular flange 27 surrounding inwardly pivoting glass panel 10 which is indicated by dashed lines, is positioned inwardly to a portion of fixed panels 11 a - h , when set to a closed position.
- Horizontal water flow channel 8 adapted to receive infiltrated water, if any, that has infiltrated into curtain wall assembly 40 extends between fixed glass panels 11 a and 11 c . Since upper edge 13 of fixed glass panel 11 b covers channel 8 , the only way the channel can be drained without having to drill a drainage hole in fixed glass panel 11 b is by providing drain opening apparatus 37 within each of interspaces 9 and 39 , so as to be in fluid communication with water flow channel 8 .
- drainage element 37 is of the labyrinth type, with a horizontal segment 33 thereof extending outwardly from horizontal water flow channel 8 such that the bottom surface 38 of segment 33 is coplanar with the bottom surface of channel 8 , a vertical segment 34 which is embedded within silicone sealing layer 6 and extending downwardly from, and in fluid communication with, the outward end of segment 33 , and an additional horizontal segment 35 extending outwardly from, and in fluid communication with, the bottom end of segment 34 so as to be exposed to atmospheric air.
- Upper segment 33 may be secured to water deflector 26 , for example by securement apparatus 79 illustrated in more detail in FIGS. 9-10 .
- Water deflector 26 which may be provided with weatherstrip seal 31 , may protrude inwardly from frame element 77 surrounding a fixed glass panel. Water deflector 26 may be connected to frame element 77 or formed integrally therewith. Alternatively, water deflector 26 may be coplanar with frame element 77 .
- top surface of horizontal segment 33 may be slightly spaced vertically above upper horizontal surface 16 of stationary frame 1 , so that any overflow from water flow channel 8 will be directed to segment 33 .
- Oblique sealing element 3 is in sealing relation with the junction of vertical surface 14 of water flow channel 8 , which is common to an outer region of frame 1 , and surface 16 and with distal horizontal surface 18 of sash frame 2 , and delimits zone Z within which the infiltration water is received while preventing inward flow of the infiltration water.
- the labyrinth configuration of drainage element 37 assists in preventing the ingress of water, particularly precipitation such as rain which may be displaced upwardly by wind pressure, from segment 35 to segment 33 .
- a vertical segment 34 having a height that is longer than its width, for example by a ratio ranging from 1.3-2, and generally having a minimum height of 10 cm, will resist the vertical rise of water therethrough.
- a large cross sectional area of segment 35 will also prevent the vertical rise of liquid within segment 34 as long as segment 35 is not completely filled with liquid.
- curtain wall assembly 40 aside from drainage element 37 , may be similar to curtain wall assembly 20 , as shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 .
- FIGS. 6-8 illustrate a portion of curtain wall assembly 60 for accommodating inwardly pivoting glass panel 65 and drain opening apparatus 37 wherein the upper edge of the fixed glass panels of a given row are at a similar, but not at a common, height.
- the upper edge 63 of the fixed glass panel 61 b located directly below inwardly pivoting glass panel 65 is located slightly below the upper edge 64 of the fixed glass panel 61 a located adjacent to panel 61 b.
- apparatus of curtain wall assembly 60 shown in FIG. 8 including frame element 1 of the inwardly pivotable window assembly, water flow channel 8 formed integrally with an outer region of frame element 1 , and curtain wall beam 5 , is concealed by horizontal frame element 68 and by substantially horizontal cover element 72 connected to frame element 68 , as shown in FIG. 7 .
- Horizontal cover element 72 extends laterally to an interface 74 with vertical cover element 73 and obliquely and outwardly to a portion of upper horizontal segment 33 of labyrinth drainage element 37 .
- the labyrinth drainage element 37 In order to benefit from the good draining capabilities and good resistance to water infiltration provided by labyrinth drainage element 37 without detracting from the esthetic appearance of curtain wall assembly 60 by forming apertures in horizontal frame element 68 to enable discharge of the infiltrated water collected in the horizontal water flow channel or by drilling a hole in fixed glass panel 61 b to accommodate the bottom segment of the drainage element, or without blocking a portion of fixed glass panel 61 b , the labyrinth drainage element is advantageously positioned in the gap between fixed glass panels 61 a and 61 b.
- FIGS. 7 and 8 illustrate labyrinth drainage element 37 as its upper segment 33 passes through an aperture 69 formed in water deflector 26 and is aligned with water flow channel 8 , and its vertical segment 34 contacts and protrudes outwardly from one or both of the abutting frame elements 76 and 77 of fixed glass panels 61 a and 61 b , respectively.
- Securement apparatus 79 may be used for securing upper segment 33 to water deflector 26 , or to any other frame element, aligned with water flow channel 8 .
- the unrestrained vertical segment 34 is subject to significant movement due to wind derived forces that are prevalent at upper floors of a multi-story building
- vertical segment 34 and bottom segment 35 of the labyrinth drainage element 37 are anchored by adhesively applying the silicone sealing layer thereto and to frame elements 76 and 77 .
- the silicone sealing layer may be flush with fixed glass panel 61 a together with bottom segment 35 , as illustrated.
- the silicone sealing layer also serves to seal the small clearance between frame elements 76 and 77 .
- FIGS. 9 and 10 illustrate an exemplary securement apparatus 79 for securing labyrinth drainage element 37 to water deflector 26 , or to any other suitable frame element.
- the same securement apparatus can be using for securing drainage element 7 of FIG. 2 .
- securement apparatus 79 comprises a flange 82 fixed to the outer periphery of upper segment 33 of labyrinth drainage element 37 , while being slightly spaced from its terminal end 81 and without interfering with the interior of the upper segment.
- a hollow insert element 84 having the same cross section as upper segment 33 , but of slightly smaller dimensions, is adapted to be in abutting relation with the inner wall 87 of the upper segment after being inserted therewithin.
- a flange 86 is fixed to the outer periphery of insert element 84 at its inner end, without interfering with the interior of the insert element.
- Upper segment 33 of labyrinth drainage element 37 is first introduced through aperture 69 formed in water deflector 26 until flange 82 contacts water deflector 26 . Then insert element 84 is also introduced through aperture 69 and through the interior of upper segment 33 until flange 86 contacts water deflector 26 . Insert element 84 may be in frictional contact with inner wall 87 of upper segment 33 by means of one or more protrusions 88 provided at its outer surface.
- FIG. 10 illustrates securement apparatus 79 while labyrinth drainage element 37 is secured to water deflector 26 .
- Flanges 82 and 86 in contact with opposite sides of water deflector 26 are aligned with each other, and also may be connected to each other, such as by fasteners.
- the interior of both labyrinth drainage element 37 and insert element 84 is in fluid communication with the water flow channel.
Abstract
Description
- The present invention relates to the field of building structures. More particularly, the invention relates to drain opening apparatus used in conjunction with a curtain wall with an inwardly openable window, embedded in the curtain wall.
- A curtain wall, which is generally associated with a multi-story building, is a non-structural, outer covering generally made of lightweight materials that is attached from the outside of a building and transfers lateral wind loads to a main building structure. A curtain wall is designed to span multiple floors, and its frame is typically infilled with a plurality of glass panels to provide a building exterior with an appearance of continuous panels from the top to bottom.
- Curtain walls generally suffer from water infiltration, particularly wind driven rain as a result of the high wind speeds prevalent at upper floors, due to the curtain wall structure and the presence of inwardly openable windows. Many buildings deteriorate unacceptably as a result of the water infiltration.
- It is an object of the present invention to provide drain opening apparatus to prevent water infiltration through vertically spaced panels of a curtain wall with an inwardly openable window, embedded in the curtain wall.
- It is an additional object of the present invention to provide curtain wall drain opening apparatus that does not comprise the structural integrity and appearance of the infilled glass panels.
- Other objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent as the description proceeds.
- Curtain wall based drain opening apparatus comprises a drainage element extending outwardly from, and in fluid communication with, a concealed horizontal water flow channel associated with a stationary first frame element of an inwardly pivotable window assembly and adapted to receive infiltrated water, wherein said drainage element passes through a second frame element which is laterally spaced from two adjacent fixed panels of a curtain wall and is exposed to atmospheric air.
- A curtain wall assembly comprises the drain opening apparatus.
- As referred to herein, “outwardly” is in the direction of a fixed panel of the curtain wall, and “inwardly” is in the direction away from a fixed panel and towards an interior space of the building to which the curtain wall is attached. “Laterally” means in a direction between adjacent fixed panels of the same row of the curtain wall.
- In one aspect, the drainage element is of a labyrinth type, such as configured with a horizontal segment thereof extending outwardly from the water flow channel, a vertical segment extending downwardly from, and in fluid communication with, an outward end of said segment extending outwardly from the water flow channel, and an additional horizontal segment extending outwardly from, and in fluid communication with, a bottom end of said vertical segment so as to be exposed to atmospheric air.
- The vertical segment has a height that is longer than its width. For example, a ratio of height to width of the vertical segment ranges from 1.3 to 2.
- In one aspect, the drainage element has a uniform cross section, being entirely horizontally oriented or configured with a slight downward incline to urge gravitation-caused flow of the infiltrated water.
- In one aspect, the drain opening further comprises sealing material applied to the drainage element and to a third frame element positioned between adjacent fixed window panels. The third frame element may be a flange surrounding a corresponding fixed window panel, and the second frame element may be inwardly spaced relative to the third frame element. The sealing material may have a prefabricated configuration that is complementary to a shape of the drainage element.
- In one aspect, the drain opening apparatus further comprises securement apparatus for securing the drainage element to the second frame element without appreciably blocking an aperture formed in the second frame element through which the infiltrated water is drainable.
- A curtain wall assembly configured with a plurality of fixed window panels and a plurality of pivotable window panels interspersed among the plurality of fixed window panels comprises a concealed horizontal water flow channel provided below an engagement region between a sash frame of one of the pivotable window panels and a vertical frame element which is laterally spaced from two of the fixed window panels which are adjacent to each other, said water flow channel adapted to receive ingress of water infiltrating through said engagement region; and a drainage element passing through and extending outwardly from said frame element, and in fluid communication with said water flow channel.
- As referred to herein, the “engagement region” through which water is able to infiltrate means a designed engagement region between a sash frame and a vertical frame element when the sash frame and the corresponding pivotable window panel are set to a closed position, generally, but not necessarily, by means of an attached flexible element such as a sealing element, and also a region between the sash frame and the vertical frame element when the sash frame is set to a closed position but a small clearance develops due to an unintentional variation in a dimension of a curtain wall assembly element, for example as a result of deterioration, which is not in compliance with an accepted tolerance, due to a deficient closing operation, or due to lack of an attached flexible element.
- In one aspect, the water flow channel is of a limited length and laterally extends between the two fixed window panels which are adjacent to each other.
- In one aspect, one of the drainage elements is in fluid communication with the water flow channel at each lateral end thereof.
- In one aspect, the water flow channel is integrally formed with a stationary frame member associated with the sash frame.
- In one aspect, the frame element through which the drainage element passes is a water deflector vertically extending from the stationary frame member, said water deflector being used to mitigate ingress of water through the engagement region into a zone between the stationary frame member and the sash frame.
- In one aspect, the curtain wall assembly further comprises a sealing element which is coupled to an upper surface of the stationary frame member and is configured to be in abutting and sealing relation with an upper edge of the water flow channel and with a cooperating horizontal surface of the sash frame when set to a closed position, said sealing element delimiting an inner region of the zone between the stationary frame member and the sash frame through which the infiltrating water is introducible.
- In the drawings:
-
FIG. 1 is a perspective view from the front of a portion of a curtain wall assembly, showing a fragmented region thereof; -
FIG. 2 is an enlargement of Detail A ofFIG. 1 , showing a window assembly as well as an embodiment of a drainage element in a vertically sectioned perspective view from the side; -
FIG. 3 is a front view of a portion of a curtain wall assembly according to another embodiment, indicating a flange surrounding an inwardly pivoting glass panel which is set to a closed position by dashed lines; -
FIG. 4 is a cross sectional view of the curtain wall assembly ofFIG. 3 , cut along plane B-B ofFIG. 3 and showing another embodiment of a drainage element; -
FIG. 5 is a vertically sectioned perspective view from the side of the drainage element as of the window assembly shown inFIG. 4 ; -
FIG. 6 is a perspective view from the front of a portion of a curtain wall assembly according to another embodiment, showing one of the inwardly pivoting glass panels when set to an opened position; -
FIG. 7 is an enlargement of Detail C ofFIG. 6 ; -
FIG. 8 a vertically sectioned perspective view from the side of the curtain wall assembly ofFIG. 6 ; -
FIG. 9 is an exploded view of exemplary securement apparatus; and -
FIG. 10 is a cross sectional view of a drainage element when secured by the securement apparatus ofFIG. 9 . - The drain opening apparatus of the present invention is adapted for use with the type of curtain wall assembly that has pivotable windows, generally inwardly openable windows, which are interspersed among fixed windows. As water infiltration into the curtain wall assembly is anticipated through an engagement region between a vertical frame element associated with a fixed glass panel and a frame associated with a pivoting glass panel (hereinafter referred to as a “sash frame”), a horizontal water flow channel for receiving the infiltrated water is provided below the engagement region for each corresponding pair of vertically adjacent fixed and pivoting glass panels.
- Drainage of water that has collected in a horizontal water flow channel is a major concern to building planners, who are interested in minimizing condensation formation caused by a temperature differential between an interior space and a glass panel. Condensation will lead to the deterioration of curtain wall insulation and to corrosion of steel parts provided in the curtain wall assembly.
- Building planners, on the other hand, are faced with the conflicting requirement of maximizing the window-to-wall ratio of the curtain wall assembly, to improve its esthetic appearance. One contributing factor that promotes the esthetic appearance of the curtain wall assembly is the ability to display continuous rows of substantially aligned glass panels. Accordingly, when this factor is combined with requirement of maximizing the window-to-wall ratio, leading to a minimal vertical gap between adjacent rows of glass panels, it therefore follows that the horizontal water flow channel is invariably covered, usually by a glass panel. Without provision of the drain opening apparatus of the present invention, the only way that the water flow channel would be able to be drained is by boring an unappealing drainage hole through one of the glass panels that would considerably weaken the structural integrity of the glass panel.
- To ensure proper drainage of the water collected in the horizontal water flow channel without compromising the structural integrity and esthetic appearance of the glass panels of the curtain wall assembly, drain opening apparatus mounted in a gap between laterally adjacent fixed glass panels of the curtain wall assembly is advantageously provided to be in fluid communication with the horizontal water flow channel and to be exposed to atmospheric air. This gap is a region that is devoid of a glass panel, but generally provided with a frame element, such as a flange surrounding the fixed glass panel.
- One embodiment of the structure of curtain wall based drain opening apparatus is illustrated in
FIGS. 1 and 2 . - A portion of
curtain wall assembly 20 is shown inFIG. 1 , indicating a plurality offixed glass panels 11 associated with the curtain wall assembly and aglass panel 10 associated with an inwardly openable pivoting window assembly that is interspersed among thefixed panels 11. - The
upper edge 13 of all glass panels in a given row consisting entirely of fixed glass panels is at a common height. Likewise, theupper edge 17 of all glass panels in a given row consisting of both apivoting glass panel 10 andfixed glass panels 11 is at a common height. Asilicone sealing layer 6 is adhesively applied to all surfaces within the gap between adjacentfixed panels 11, for example over vertical and horizontal recessed joints interfacing the fixed panels to produce a flush finish. Aninterspace 9 between a side edge of aglass panel 10 of an inwardly openable pivoting window assembly and an adjacent side edge of afixed glass panel 11 is devoid of a silicone sealing layer, to permit pivoting of the window assembly without interference. A fragmented portion ofcurtain wall assembly 20 reveals aframe element 1 associated with the pivoting window assembly and two abutting, vertically extendingframe elements fixed glass panels 11, respectively, which are positioned in the gap between the fixed glass panels. -
FIG. 2 illustrateswindow assembly 25 when set to a closed position.Window assembly 25 comprises astationary frame element 1 connected to, for example overlying in accordance with the illustrated orientation, a horizontalcurtain wall beam 5, which extends between twomullions 4 ofcurtain wall 20, andsash frame 2 adapted to pivot inwardly about a vertical axis.Pivotable glass panel 10 is mounted on outer surfaces ofsash frame 2, and is vertically spaced fromfixed glass panel 11. A vertically orientedwater deflector 26 proximally extends, i.e. in a direction towardspivotable glass panel 10, from anouter portion 12 ofcurtain wall beam 5, and is used to mitigate ingress of water into a zone betweenframe element 1 andsash frame 2. - When
sash frame 2 is in the closed position, a proximal portion ofwater deflector 26 is in abutment with a distal, i.e. towards fixedglass panel 11, and outer portion ofsash frame 2, forexample sealing element 31 ofFIG. 4 , and an inward portion offrame element 1 is in abutment with an appendage distally protruding fromsash frame 2, forexample sealing element 32 ofFIG. 4 . - Since the engagement between
water deflector 26 andsash frame 2 is unsealed or is provided with an imperfect seal, for example theweatherstrip seal 31 shown inFIG. 4 or any other flexible sealing element, which is attached to a distal and outer portion ofsash frame 2 or alternatively towater deflector 26, there is a chance of water infiltration therebetween. A stationary, horizontalwater flow channel 8 adapted to receive infiltrated water, if any, is formed integrally with anouter region 14 offrame 1, such that the lowermost surface ofchannel 8 is located below an upperhorizontal surface 16 offrame 1. A sealingelement 3, e.g. oblique, coupled to the entire length of theupper surface 16 offrame 1 is adapted to be in abutting and sealing relation with the upper edge ofchannel 8 and with a cooperatinghorizontal surface 18 ofsash frame 2, to prevent additional wind and water infiltration. - To prevent overflow of the water received by
channel 8, adrainage element 7 of uniform cross section, shown to be of rectangular cross section but which may also be tubular, is fixed to, and extends outwardly from,channel 8 while being in fluid communication therewith. An aperture may be formed inwater deflector 26 to facilitate the protrusion ofdrainage element 7 therethrough. - To accommodate the presence of
drainage element 7,silicone sealing layer 6 is applied arounddrainage element 7, or alternatively is applied to distal and proximal regions ofdrainage element 7, in addition to being adhesively applied to a frame element associated with each fixedglass panel 11. To facilitate its application,silicone sealing layer 6 may be prefabricated to assume a dedicated configuration that is complementary to the shape ofdrainage element 7.Silicone sealing layer 6 may be terminated at approximately aproximal region 6 a that corresponds with the extreme proximal portion ofwater deflector 26 to enable uninhibited pivotal displacement ofwindow assembly 25. The length ofdrainage element 7, or its protruding dimension fromchannel 8, is preferably such that its outer edge is flush with, or slightly recessed from the outer surface ofsilicone sealing layer 6. Thesilicone sealing layer 6 applied todrainage element 7 may be a vertical gasket or a horizontal gasket. - According to an alternative embodiment, no silicone sealing is applied into the spacing between adjacent fixed
glass panels 11. In this case, sealing may be obtained by other means, such as composite beams with dedicated profiles. But still, the location ofdrainage element 7 is selected to be exactly within the vertical spacing between adjacent fixedglass panels 11. This is an important advantage of the present invention, since any other location would require forming a via-hole in theglass panel 11, to allowdrainage element 7 to discharge water that has accumulated withinchannel 8. -
Drainage element 7 exposed to atmospheric air facilitates discharge and evaporation of accumulated water withinchannel 8.Drainage element 7 may be entirely horizontally oriented, or, alternatively, may be configured with a slight downward incline to urge gravitation-caused flow. - Another embodiment of curtain wall based drain opening apparatus for use in conjunction with an inwardly pivoting
window assembly 25 is illustrated inFIGS. 3-5 . - A portion of
curtain wall assembly 40 is shown inFIG. 3 when inwardly pivotingglass panel 10 is set to a closed position. Theupper edge 13 of all glass panels in a given row consisting entirely of fixed glass panels,e.g. panels 11 a-c, is at a common height. Likewise, theupper edge 17 of all glass panels in a given row consisting of both an inwardly pivotingglass panel 10 and fixed glass panels,e.g. panels -
Fixed glass panel 11 b is shown to be located directly below pivotingglass panel 10 such that theside edge 41 ofpanels side edge 43 ofpanels common interspace 9 between side edges 41 and 43. Likewise, theside edge 44 ofpanels side edge 46 ofpanels common interspace 39 between side edges 44 and 46. Therectangular flange 27 surrounding inwardly pivotingglass panel 10, which is indicated by dashed lines, is positioned inwardly to a portion of fixedpanels 11 a-h, when set to a closed position. - Horizontal
water flow channel 8 adapted to receive infiltrated water, if any, that has infiltrated intocurtain wall assembly 40 extends between fixedglass panels upper edge 13 of fixedglass panel 11 b coverschannel 8, the only way the channel can be drained without having to drill a drainage hole in fixedglass panel 11 b is by providingdrain opening apparatus 37 within each ofinterspaces water flow channel 8. - It will be appreciated that suitable drainage of the infiltrated water may be ensured by providing
drain opening apparatus 37 within only one of theinterspaces - As shown in
FIG. 4 ,drainage element 37 is of the labyrinth type, with ahorizontal segment 33 thereof extending outwardly from horizontalwater flow channel 8 such that thebottom surface 38 ofsegment 33 is coplanar with the bottom surface ofchannel 8, avertical segment 34 which is embedded withinsilicone sealing layer 6 and extending downwardly from, and in fluid communication with, the outward end ofsegment 33, and an additionalhorizontal segment 35 extending outwardly from, and in fluid communication with, the bottom end ofsegment 34 so as to be exposed to atmospheric air.Upper segment 33 may be secured towater deflector 26, for example bysecurement apparatus 79 illustrated in more detail inFIGS. 9-10 . -
Water deflector 26, which may be provided withweatherstrip seal 31, may protrude inwardly fromframe element 77 surrounding a fixed glass panel.Water deflector 26 may be connected to frameelement 77 or formed integrally therewith. Alternatively,water deflector 26 may be coplanar withframe element 77. - The top surface of
horizontal segment 33 may be slightly spaced vertically above upperhorizontal surface 16 ofstationary frame 1, so that any overflow fromwater flow channel 8 will be directed tosegment 33.Oblique sealing element 3 is in sealing relation with the junction ofvertical surface 14 ofwater flow channel 8, which is common to an outer region offrame 1, andsurface 16 and with distalhorizontal surface 18 ofsash frame 2, and delimits zone Z within which the infiltration water is received while preventing inward flow of the infiltration water. - The labyrinth configuration of
drainage element 37 assists in preventing the ingress of water, particularly precipitation such as rain which may be displaced upwardly by wind pressure, fromsegment 35 tosegment 33. Avertical segment 34 having a height that is longer than its width, for example by a ratio ranging from 1.3-2, and generally having a minimum height of 10 cm, will resist the vertical rise of water therethrough. A large cross sectional area ofsegment 35 will also prevent the vertical rise of liquid withinsegment 34 as long assegment 35 is not completely filled with liquid. - The structure of
curtain wall assembly 40, aside fromdrainage element 37, may be similar tocurtain wall assembly 20, as shown inFIGS. 4 and 5 . -
FIGS. 6-8 illustrate a portion ofcurtain wall assembly 60 for accommodating inwardly pivotingglass panel 65 and drain openingapparatus 37 wherein the upper edge of the fixed glass panels of a given row are at a similar, but not at a common, height. For example as shown inFIG. 6 , theupper edge 63 of the fixedglass panel 61 b located directly below inwardly pivotingglass panel 65 is located slightly below theupper edge 64 of the fixedglass panel 61 a located adjacent topanel 61 b. - In this embodiment, apparatus of
curtain wall assembly 60 shown inFIG. 8 , includingframe element 1 of the inwardly pivotable window assembly,water flow channel 8 formed integrally with an outer region offrame element 1, andcurtain wall beam 5, is concealed byhorizontal frame element 68 and by substantiallyhorizontal cover element 72 connected to frameelement 68, as shown inFIG. 7 .Horizontal cover element 72 extends laterally to aninterface 74 withvertical cover element 73 and obliquely and outwardly to a portion of upperhorizontal segment 33 oflabyrinth drainage element 37. In order to benefit from the good draining capabilities and good resistance to water infiltration provided bylabyrinth drainage element 37 without detracting from the esthetic appearance ofcurtain wall assembly 60 by forming apertures inhorizontal frame element 68 to enable discharge of the infiltrated water collected in the horizontal water flow channel or by drilling a hole in fixedglass panel 61 b to accommodate the bottom segment of the drainage element, or without blocking a portion of fixedglass panel 61 b, the labyrinth drainage element is advantageously positioned in the gap between fixedglass panels -
FIGS. 7 and 8 illustratelabyrinth drainage element 37 as itsupper segment 33 passes through anaperture 69 formed inwater deflector 26 and is aligned withwater flow channel 8, and itsvertical segment 34 contacts and protrudes outwardly from one or both of theabutting frame elements glass panels Securement apparatus 79 may be used for securingupper segment 33 towater deflector 26, or to any other frame element, aligned withwater flow channel 8. Since the unrestrainedvertical segment 34 is subject to significant movement due to wind derived forces that are prevalent at upper floors of a multi-story building,vertical segment 34 andbottom segment 35 of thelabyrinth drainage element 37 are anchored by adhesively applying the silicone sealing layer thereto and to frameelements glass panel 61 a together withbottom segment 35, as illustrated. In addition to anchoringlabyrinth drainage element 37, the silicone sealing layer also serves to seal the small clearance betweenframe elements -
FIGS. 9 and 10 illustrate anexemplary securement apparatus 79 for securinglabyrinth drainage element 37 towater deflector 26, or to any other suitable frame element. The same securement apparatus can be using for securingdrainage element 7 ofFIG. 2 . - As shown in
FIG. 9 ,securement apparatus 79 comprises aflange 82 fixed to the outer periphery ofupper segment 33 oflabyrinth drainage element 37, while being slightly spaced from itsterminal end 81 and without interfering with the interior of the upper segment. Ahollow insert element 84 having the same cross section asupper segment 33, but of slightly smaller dimensions, is adapted to be in abutting relation with theinner wall 87 of the upper segment after being inserted therewithin. Aflange 86 is fixed to the outer periphery ofinsert element 84 at its inner end, without interfering with the interior of the insert element. -
Upper segment 33 oflabyrinth drainage element 37 is first introduced throughaperture 69 formed inwater deflector 26 untilflange 82contacts water deflector 26. Then insertelement 84 is also introduced throughaperture 69 and through the interior ofupper segment 33 untilflange 86contacts water deflector 26.Insert element 84 may be in frictional contact withinner wall 87 ofupper segment 33 by means of one ormore protrusions 88 provided at its outer surface. -
FIG. 10 illustratessecurement apparatus 79 whilelabyrinth drainage element 37 is secured towater deflector 26.Flanges water deflector 26 are aligned with each other, and also may be connected to each other, such as by fasteners. The interior of bothlabyrinth drainage element 37 and insertelement 84 is in fluid communication with the water flow channel. - While some embodiments of the invention have been described by way of illustration, it will be apparent that the invention can be carried out with many modifications, variations and adaptations, and with the use of numerous equivalents or alternative solutions that are within the scope of persons skilled in the art, without exceeding the scope of the claims.
Claims (18)
Priority Applications (1)
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US16/373,727 US10753085B2 (en) | 2018-04-07 | 2019-04-03 | Curtain wall drain opening apparatus |
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US201862652584P | 2018-04-07 | 2018-04-07 | |
US16/373,727 US10753085B2 (en) | 2018-04-07 | 2019-04-03 | Curtain wall drain opening apparatus |
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US20190309513A1 true US20190309513A1 (en) | 2019-10-10 |
US10753085B2 US10753085B2 (en) | 2020-08-25 |
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US16/373,727 Active US10753085B2 (en) | 2018-04-07 | 2019-04-03 | Curtain wall drain opening apparatus |
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IL (1) | IL265814B (en) |
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US20220389706A1 (en) * | 2021-06-08 | 2022-12-08 | Permasteelisa North America Corp. | Curtain wall and drainage cavity for curtain wall unit |
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CN112502326A (en) * | 2020-11-18 | 2021-03-16 | 上海市建筑装饰工程集团有限公司 | Waterproof device and inward-inclined glass curtain wall with same |
CN112814235A (en) * | 2021-01-08 | 2021-05-18 | 北京住总第二开发建设有限公司 | Construction method of layered diversion open type stone curtain wall |
US20220389706A1 (en) * | 2021-06-08 | 2022-12-08 | Permasteelisa North America Corp. | Curtain wall and drainage cavity for curtain wall unit |
CN116145868A (en) * | 2023-04-17 | 2023-05-23 | 北京城建建设工程有限公司 | Construction method of waterproof structure of slotted aluminum plate |
Also Published As
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US10753085B2 (en) | 2020-08-25 |
IL265814B (en) | 2022-01-01 |
IL265814A (en) | 2019-05-30 |
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