US20190063330A1

US20190063330A1 - Geared gas turbine engine with oil deaerator

Info

Publication number: US20190063330A1
Application number: US16/100,930
Authority: US
Inventors: William G. Sheridan
Original assignee: United Technologies Corp
Current assignee: Raytheon Technologies Corp
Priority date: 2014-07-01
Filing date: 2018-08-10
Publication date: 2019-02-28
Also published as: EP2963249B1; EP3693564A1; US20160017812A1; EP2963249A1; US11725589B2; US9976490B2; US20210231059A1; US20180238242A1

Abstract

A gas turbine engine includes a fan section including a fan rotor, a compressor section, a turbine section including a fan drive turbine that drives the fan rotor through a gear reduction, and a lubrication system that supplies oil to the gear reduction and includes a lubricant pump that supplies a mixed air and oil to an inlet of a deaerator during operation. The deaerator includes a shell defining a cavity and a separator that separates the mixed air and oil in the cavity, delivers separated air to an air outlet of the deaerator and delivers separated oil back into an oil tank during operation. A method of designing a gas turbine engine is also disclosed.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/873,961, filed Jan. 18, 2018, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/737,670, filed Jun. 12, 2015. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/737,670 claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/019,452, filed Jul. 1, 2014.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This application relates to a gas turbine engine having a gear reduction driving a fan wherein an oil tank has an improved deaerator.
Gas turbine engines are known and, typically, include a fan delivering air into a bypass duct as propulsion air. The fan also delivers air into a core engine where it passes to a compressor. The air is compressed in the compressor and delivered downstream into a combustion section where it is mixed with fuel and ignited. Products of this combustion pass downstream over turbine rotors driving them to rotate.
Historically, the fan rotor and a fan drive turbine rotor have been driven at the same speed. This placed a restriction on the desirable speed of both the fan and the fan drive turbine.
More recently, it has been proposed to provide a gear reduction between the fan drive turbine and the fan rotor.
The gear reduction is a source of increased heat loss. As an example, a geared turbofan engine creates about twice as much heat loss as a non-geared turbofan engine. In addition, the weight of the engine increases due to the weight of the gear reduction.
It has typically been the case that a designer of a gas turbine engine sizes an oil tank such that the oil can sit in the oil tank long enough to de-aerate. On a normal turbofan engine, this had been approximately at least ten seconds.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In a featured embodiment, a gas turbine engine comprises a fan drive turbine for driving a gear reduction. The gear reduction drives a fan rotor. A lubrication system supplies oil to the gear reduction. The lubrication system includes a lubricant pump supplying a mixed air and oil to a deaerator inlet. The deaerator includes a separator that for separating oil, and delivering separated air to an air outlet, and for delivering separated oil back into an oil tank. The separator includes a member having lubricant flow paths on both of two opposed sides.
In another embodiment according to the previous embodiment, the separator has a splitter at an intermediate position in the inlet.
In another embodiment according to any of the previous embodiments, the air outlet has a tube extending downwardly into a deaerator shell.
In another embodiment according to any of the previous embodiments, an inlet velocity to the deaerator is less than or equal to 14 feet/second, and an exit velocity from the deaerator of the separated air is less than or equal to 14 feet/second.
In another embodiment according to any of the previous embodiments, a deaerator exit delivers oil into the oil tank at least 2 inches (5.08 centimeters) between a freestanding oil level within the tank.
In another embodiment according to any of the previous embodiments, a dwell time of oil in the tank as removed by the oil pump, on average, is five seconds or less.
In another embodiment according to any of the previous embodiments, the oil tank may hold greater than or equal to 25 and less than or equal to 35 quarts of oil.
In another embodiment according to any of the previous embodiments, the engine is rated greater than or equal to 15,000 and less than or equal to 35,000 lbs in rated thrust at take-off.
In another embodiment according to any of the previous embodiments, the oil tank holds greater than or equal to 35 and less than or equal to 50 quarts of oil.
In another embodiment according to any of the previous embodiments, the oil tank is associated with an engine having greater than or equal to 35,000 and less than or equal to 100,000 lbs in rated thrust at take-off.
In another embodiment according to any of the previous embodiments, the gear reduction includes a sun gear for driving intermediate gears. Oil baffles are located circumferentially between the intermediate gears.
In another embodiment according to any of the previous embodiments, an oil capture gutter surrounds the gear reduction.
In another embodiment according to any of the previous embodiments, an oil capture gutter surrounds the gear reduction.
In another embodiment according to any of the previous embodiments, the separator includes a scroll spiraling from the inlet to a deaerator exit.
In another embodiment according to any of the previous embodiments, the exit includes a plurality of holes in a shell.
In another featured embodiment, method of designing a gas turbine engine includes providing a fan drive turbine for driving a gear reduction. The gear reduction drives a fan rotor. A lubrication system is provided to supply oil to the gear reduction, with an oil tank, the lubrication system including a lubricant pump. Mixed air and oil are delivered to a deaerator inlet, the deaerator including a separator for separating oil, and delivering separated air to an air outlet, and delivering separated oil back into an oil tank. The lubricant separator includes a member having lubricant flow paths on both of two opposed sides.
In another embodiment according to the previous embodiment, the separator is at an intermediate position in the inlet.
In another embodiment according to any of the previous embodiments, the air outlet has a tube extending downwardly into a deaerator shell.
In another embodiment according to any of the previous embodiments, the flow separator includes a scroll spiraling from the inlet to a deaerator exit.
In another embodiment according to any of the previous embodiments, the separator is at an intermediate position in the inlet.
These and other features may be best understood from the following drawings and specification.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a gas turbine engine.

FIG. 2 shows a portion of a cross-section of a gear reduction.

FIG. 3 shows another portion of a gear reduction.

FIG. 4 shows a lubrication system.

FIG. 5 shows a deaerator.

FIG. 6 shows internal structure of the deaerator.

FIG. 7 shows additional internal structure of the deaerator.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a gas turbine engine 20. The gas turbine engine 20 is disclosed herein as a two-spool turbofan that generally incorporates a fan section 22, a compressor section 24, a combustor section 26 and a turbine section 28. Alternative engines might include an augmentor section (not shown) among other systems or features. The fan section 22 drives air along a bypass flow path B in a bypass duct defined within a nacelle 15, while the compressor section 24 drives air along a core flow path C for compression and communication into the combustor section 26 then expansion through the turbine section 28. Although depicted as a two-spool turbofan gas turbine engine in the disclosed non-limiting embodiment, it should be understood that the concepts described herein are not limited to use with two-spool turbofans as the teachings may be applied to other types of turbine engines including three-spool architectures.
The exemplary engine 20 generally includes a low speed spool 30 and a high speed spool 32 mounted for rotation about an engine central longitudinal axis A relative to an engine static structure 36 via several bearing systems 38. It should be understood that various bearing systems 38 at various locations may alternatively or additionally be provided, and the location of bearing systems 38 may be varied as appropriate to the application.
The low speed spool 30 generally includes an inner shaft 40 that interconnects a fan 42, a first (or low) pressure compressor 44 and a first (or low) pressure turbine 46. The inner shaft 40 is connected to the fan 42 through a speed change mechanism, which in exemplary gas turbine engine 20 is illustrated as a geared architecture 48 to drive the fan 42 at a lower speed than the low speed spool 30. The high speed spool 32 includes an outer shaft 50 that interconnects a second (or high) pressure compressor 52 and a second (or high) pressure turbine 54. A combustor 56 is arranged in exemplary gas turbine 20 between the high pressure compressor 52 and the high pressure turbine 54. A mid-turbine frame 57 of the engine static structure 36 is arranged generally between the high pressure turbine 54 and the low pressure turbine 46. The mid-turbine frame 57 further supports bearing systems 38 in the turbine section 28. The inner shaft 40 and the outer shaft 50 are concentric and rotate via bearing systems 38 about the engine central longitudinal axis A which is collinear with their longitudinal axes.
The core airflow is compressed by the low pressure compressor 44 then the high pressure compressor 52, mixed and burned with fuel in the combustor 56, then expanded over the high pressure turbine 54 and low pressure turbine 46. The mid-turbine frame 57 includes airfoils 59 which are in the core airflow path C. The turbines 46, 54 rotationally drive the respective low speed spool 30 and high speed spool 32 in response to the expansion. It will be appreciated that each of the positions of the fan section 22, compressor section 24, combustor section 26, turbine section 28, and fan drive gear system 48 may be varied. For example, gear system 48 may be located aft of combustor section 26 or even aft of turbine section 28, and fan section 22 may be positioned forward or aft of the location of gear system 48.
The engine 20 in one example is a high-bypass geared aircraft engine. In a further example, the engine 20 bypass ratio is greater than or equal to about six (6), with an example embodiment being greater than about ten (10), the geared architecture 48 is an epicyclic gear train, such as a planetary gear system or other gear system, with a gear reduction ratio of greater than about 2.3 and the low pressure turbine 46 has a pressure ratio that is greater than about five. In one disclosed embodiment, the engine 20 bypass ratio is greater than or equal to about ten (10:1), the fan diameter is significantly larger than that of the low pressure compressor 44, and the low pressure turbine 46 has a pressure ratio that is greater than about five 5:1. Low pressure turbine 46 pressure ratio is pressure measured prior to inlet of low pressure turbine 46 as related to the pressure at the outlet of the low pressure turbine 46 prior to an exhaust nozzle. The geared architecture 48 may be an epicycle gear train, such as a planetary gear system or other gear system, with a gear reduction ratio of greater than about 2.3:1. It should be understood, however, that the above parameters are only exemplary of one embodiment of a geared architecture engine and that the present invention is applicable to other gas turbine engines including direct drive turbofans.
A significant amount of thrust is provided by the bypass flow B due to the high bypass ratio. The fan section 22 of the engine 20 is designed for a particular flight condition—typically cruise at about 0.8 Mach and about 35,000 feet. The flight condition of 0.8 Mach and 35,000 ft, with the engine at its best fuel consumption—also known as “bucket cruise Thrust Specific Fuel Consumption (‘TSFC’)”—is the industry standard parameter of lbm of fuel being burned divided by lbf of thrust the engine produces at that minimum point. “Low fan pressure ratio” is the pressure ratio across the fan blade alone, without a Fan Exit Guide Vane (“FEGV”) system. The low fan pressure ratio as disclosed herein according to one non-limiting embodiment is less than about 1.45. “Low corrected fan tip speed” is the actual fan tip speed in ft/sec divided by an industry standard temperature correction of └(Tram ° R)/(518.7° R)┘^0.5. The “Low corrected fan tip speed” as disclosed herein according to one non-limiting embodiment is less than about 1150 ft/second.
As shown in FIG. 2, a flexible shaft 99, which is driven by the turbine 46, drives a sun gear 101 which, in turn, engages and drives intermediate gears 102. In some embodiments, the intermediate gears 102 may be planet gears of a planetary epicyclic gear system. In other embodiments, the intermediate gears 102 may be star gears of a star epicyclic gear system. The intermediate gears 102 engage and drive a ring gear 103 to, in turn, drive an output shaft 106, which then drives the fan rotor 42. In other embodiments, a planetary gear carrier (not shown) driven by planetary gears may drive the fan shaft. Lubricant is supplied to a journal pin 108, to the intermediate gears 102 and to other locations within the gear reduction 48.
FIG. 3 shows baffles 100 which are placed circumferentially between adjacent planet gears 102.
A gutter 104 surrounds the gear reduction 48 and captures oil that has left the gear reduction. Oil from the gear reduction 48 is returned to a pump 72 (See FIG. 4) or a tank 90 as shown schematically in FIG. 4. As shown, a lubricant system 70 includes the gear reduction 48 which may be structured as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3. Notably, complete details of the operation of the baffle, the gutter and the other portions of the gear reduction may be as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,223,616, the disclosure of which with regard to the operation of the gear reduction is incorporated by reference.
Oil flows from an oil pump 72 to a filter 74 through a pressure relief valve 76 to an air/oil cooler 78 and then to a fuel/oil cooler 80. The oil may pass through an oil pressure trim orifice 82 and back to the tank 90. Alternatively, the oil may pass through a strainer 84 and then to the gear reduction 48. Oil returning from the gear reduction and, in particular, from the gutter, may pass back directly to the pump 72 or to the tank 90. This is a simplification of the overall lubricant system and, as appreciated, there may be other components.
Applicant has recognized that by utilizing baffles 100 and a gutter 104 on the gear reduction 48, which may be generally as disclosed in the above-mentioned U.S. patent, the oil need not sit in the oil tank for ten seconds in order to de-aerate. Thus, the size of the tank 90 may be made much smaller.
Conventional turbofans allow the oil to dwell in an oil tank for approximately seven to ten seconds. The dwell time allows air bubbles to separate from the oil to prevent foaming. With the move to a geared gas turbine engine, the oil flow volumes may effectively double. This would require a much larger oil tank, and as much as twice as large if the same dwell time is allowed. Thus, it becomes important to reduce dwell time.
Applicant has discovered that oil is de-aerated by the baffles 100 and gutter system and that a dwell time in the oil tank to remove air bubbles may be less than five seconds. More preferably, it may be less than or equal to about 3.0 seconds. This allows the use of oil tank 90 to be of a size roughly equivalent to the size utilized in prior non-geared gas turbine engines. A deaerator 88 is shown incorporated into the oil tank 90.
The better the deaeration before the oil reaches the tank, the shorter the dwell time that can be achieved. The disclosed deaerator achieves these very low dwell times.
As an example, an oil tank that holds 25 to 35 quarts of oil may be utilized on a geared gas turbine engine with 15,000 to 35,000 lbs in rated thrust at take-off. Further, an oil tank may be 35 quarts to 50 quarts of oil for an engine with 35,000 to 100,000 lbs in rated thrust at take-off.
FIG. 5 shows a deaerator embodiment 188. A line 190 receives an air/oil mixture such as from the pump 72. Air leaves through an air outlet 192, as shown in FIG. 4.
A plurality of oil outlets 194 are shown in an outer shell 195 of the deaerator. An oil level 196 is shown schematically, and would be the oil level within the oil tank 90 of FIG. 4.
As shown in FIG. 6, a flow splitter or separator 200 is provided inline to the inlet 190 and serves to split the air/oil flow into two paths, and at an intermediate location in inlet 190. This will hasten the deaeration of the mixed oil and air from the inlet 190. The air will be at the radially outer locations, and will pass through a tube 193 into the air outlet 192. As shown, air outlet 192 has an end 300 extending into a shell 302 of deaerator 188.
As shown in FIG. 7, the oil will flow downwardly along an upper path 202 of a scroll or spiral, and along a lower path 204. Although shown as vertically upper and lower sides, other opposed side orientations may be used. The inventive deaerator more quickly removes the oil, and thus facilitates the dwell times as mentioned above.
A deaerator exit 194 delivers oil into the oil tank 90 at least 2 inches (5.08 centimeters) between a freestanding oil level 196 within the tank 90. An inlet velocity to the deaerator 188 may be less than or equal to 14 feet/second. An exit velocity from the deaerator 188 into the air outlet 192 may be less than or equal to 14 feet/second.
Applicant has found that introducing the oil and air mixture into an oil tank is much “quieter,” resulting in less re-aeration when it is delivered at least two inches below a free surface. As an example, if the oil were sprayed into the free surface, this could cause splashing and foaming.
As to the velocity, high velocity oil and air mixtures entering the tank may cause re-aeration. The 14 feet/second is a very good goal to reduce the chances of re-aeration.
Although an embodiment of this invention has been disclosed, a worker of ordinary skill in this art would recognize that certain modifications would come within the scope of this invention. For that reason, the following claims should be studied to determine the true scope and content of this invention.

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. A gas turbine engine comprising:

a fan section including a fan rotor;

a compressor section;

a turbine section including a fan drive turbine that drives said fan rotor through a gear reduction;

a lubrication system that supplies oil to said gear reduction and includes a lubricant pump that supplies a mixed air and oil to an inlet of a deaerator during operation;

wherein said deaerator includes a shell defining a cavity and a separator that separates the mixed air and oil in said cavity, delivers separated air to an air outlet of said deaerator and delivers separated oil back into an oil tank during operation.

2. The gas turbine engine as set forth in claim 1, wherein said separator includes a member that splits the mixed air and oil into lubricant flow paths on both of two opposed sides, said separator includes a scroll spiraling from said inlet to an exit of said deaerator, and said gear reduction includes a sun gear that drives intermediate gears, and a ring gear.

3. The gas turbine engine as set forth in claim 2, wherein a gear reduction ratio of said gear reduction is greater than 2.3:1.

4. The gas turbine engine as set forth in claim 3, wherein a dwell time of oil in said oil tank as removed by said lubricant pump, on average, is five seconds or less during operation.

5. The gas turbine engine as set forth in claim 4, wherein said engine is rated greater than or equal to 15,000 and less than or equal to 100,000 lbs in rated thrust at take-off.

6. The gas turbine engine as set forth in claim 4, wherein said member of said separator is at an intermediate position in said inlet.

7. The gas turbine engine as set forth in claim 6, wherein said gear reduction includes oil baffles circumferentially between said adjacent intermediate gears.

8. The gas turbine engine as set forth in claim 7, further comprising:

a bypass ratio of greater than or equal to 10;

wherein said fan section has a low fan pressure ratio of less than 1.45; and

wherein said fan drive turbine includes an inlet, an outlet and a pressure ratio of greater than 5, the pressure ratio being pressure measured prior to said inlet as related to pressure at said outlet prior to an exhaust nozzle.

9. The gas turbine engine as set forth in claim 8, wherein said deaerator is incorporated into said oil tank, and said exit includes a plurality of oil outlets in a shell of said deaerator.

10. The gas turbine engine as set forth in claim 9, wherein said exit delivers oil into said oil tank at least 2 inches (5.08 centimeters) beneath a freestanding oil level within said tank during operation.

11. The gas turbine engine as set forth in claim 9, further comprising a gutter that surrounds said gear reduction such that said gutter captures oil from said gear reduction during operation.

12. The gas turbine engine as set forth in claim 11, wherein said lubricant system includes a filter, an air/oil cooler and a fuel/oil cooler arranged such that oil flows from said lubricant pump to said filter, then flows to said air/oil cooler, and then flows to said fuel/oil cooler, and then passes back to said oil tank or said gear reduction during operation.

13. The gas turbine engine as set forth in claim 12, wherein oil returning from said gutter passes back directly to said pump or said oil tank during operation.

14. The gas turbine engine as set forth in claim 11, wherein an inlet velocity to said deaerator is less than or equal to 14 feet/second, and an exit velocity from said deaerator of the separated air is less than or equal to 14 feet/second during operation.

15. The gas turbine engine as set forth in claim 14, wherein said fan drive turbine drives a compressor rotor of said compressor section, along with said fan rotor through said gear reduction, and a low corrected fan tip speed of less than 1150 feet/second.

16. The gas turbine engine as set forth in claim 15, wherein a dwell time of oil in said oil tank as removed by said lubricant pump, on average, is three seconds or less during operation.

17. The gas turbine engine as set forth in claim 16, wherein said intermediate gears engage and drive said ring gear to drive an output shaft that drives said fan rotor.

18. The gas turbine engine as set forth in claim 17, wherein:

said oil tank may hold greater than or equal to 25 and less than or equal to 35 quarts of oil; and

wherein said oil tank is associated with an engine having greater than or equal to 15,000 and less than or equal to 35,000 lbs in rated thrust at take-off.

19. The gas turbine engine as set forth in claim 17, wherein:

said oil tank holds greater than or equal to 35 and less than or equal to 50 quarts of oil; and

wherein said oil tank is associated with an engine having greater than or equal to 35,000 and less than or equal to 100,000 lbs in rated thrust at take-off.

20. A method of designing a gas turbine engine comprising:

providing a fan drive turbine that drives a fan rotor through a gear reduction; and

providing a lubrication system that supplies oil to said gear reduction, with an oil tank, said lubrication system including a lubricant pump, said lubrication system including a deaerator;

supplying a mixed air and oil to an inlet of said deaerator, said deaerator including a shell defining a cavity;

separating with said separator the mixed air and oil in said cavity, delivering separated air to an air outlet of said deaerator, and delivering separated oil from said deaerator back into said oil tank.

21. The method as set forth in claim 20, wherein said step of separating includes a member of said separator splitting the mixed air and oil into lubricant flow paths on both of two opposed sides.

22. The method as set forth in claim 21, wherein said separator includes a scroll spiraling from said inlet to an exit of said deaerator, and said step of separating includes causing oil to flow downwardly along upper and lower paths of said scroll.

23. The method as set forth in claim 22, wherein:

said gear reduction includes a sun gear that drives intermediate gears, and a ring gear;

a dwell time of oil in said oil tank as removed by said lubricant pump, on average, is five seconds or less; and

said deaerator is incorporated into said oil tank.

24. The method as set forth in claim 23, further comprising:

a bypass ratio of greater than or equal to 10;

wherein a gear reduction ratio of said gear reduction is greater than 2.3:1; and

25. The method as set forth in claim 24, wherein said gear reduction includes oil baffles circumferentially between said adjacent intermediate gears.

26. The method as set forth in claim 25, wherein:

an inlet velocity to said deaerator is less than or equal to 14 feet/second; and

an exit velocity from said deaerator of the separated air into said air outlet is less than or equal to 14 feet/second.

27. The method as set forth in claim 26, wherein:

said oil tank may hold greater than or equal to 25 and less than or equal to 50 quarts of oil; and

wherein said oil tank is associated with an engine having rated greater than or equal to 15,000 and less than or equal to 100,000 lbs in rated thrust at take-off.

28. The method as set forth in claim 27, further comprising capturing oil from said gear reduction in a gutter that surrounds said gear reduction.

29. The method as set forth in claim 28, wherein said member of said separator is at an intermediate position in said inlet, and said air outlet has a tube extending downwardly into a shell of said deaerator.

30. The method as set forth in claim 29, further comprising:

supplying oil from said lubricant pump to a filter, then to an air/oil cooler, and then to a fuel/oil cooler, and then passing the oil back to said oil tank or said gear reduction; and

delivering oil from said exit into said oil tank at least 2 inches (5.08 centimeters) beneath a freestanding oil level within said oil tank.