US20180217106A1 - Wireless ultrasound sensor - Google Patents

Wireless ultrasound sensor Download PDF

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Publication number
US20180217106A1
US20180217106A1 US15/847,833 US201715847833A US2018217106A1 US 20180217106 A1 US20180217106 A1 US 20180217106A1 US 201715847833 A US201715847833 A US 201715847833A US 2018217106 A1 US2018217106 A1 US 2018217106A1
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
induction coil
transducer
inductance
coil
wireless
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
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US15/847,833
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English (en)
Inventor
Cheng Huan Zhong
Anthony Croxford
Paul Wilcox
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University of Bristol
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University of Bristol
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Assigned to THE UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL reassignment THE UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: CROXFORD, Anthony, ZHONG, Cheng Huan, WILCOX, PAUL
Publication of US20180217106A1 publication Critical patent/US20180217106A1/en
Priority to US17/383,312 priority Critical patent/US11927568B2/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/22—Details, e.g. general constructional or apparatus details
    • G01N29/24—Probes
    • G01N29/2475—Embedded probes, i.e. probes incorporated in objects to be inspected
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/22—Details, e.g. general constructional or apparatus details
    • G01N29/24—Probes
    • G01N29/2481—Wireless probes, e.g. with transponders or radio links
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
    • G01N2291/04—Wave modes and trajectories
    • G01N2291/044—Internal reflections (echoes), e.g. on walls or defects
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J50/00—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power
    • H02J50/10—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using inductive coupling
    • H02J50/12—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using inductive coupling of the resonant type

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a wireless sensor for non-destructive testing.
  • Non-destructive testing is used extensively across a range of industries to evaluate the properties of a test object without causing damage to the test object.
  • test objects include composite aircraft panels, gas-turbine engine components, pipelines and pressure vessels.
  • an NDT sensor into a test object in order to provide, for example, reliable repeatable measurement and/or in situ monitoring while the test object is in service.
  • an ultrasound sensor in or on a test object.
  • wireless integrated NDT sensors that can be inductively coupled to a remote device.
  • the inductive coupling enables power to be provided to the integrated sensor from the remote device in a similar manner to known radio-frequency identification (RFID) modules.
  • RFID radio-frequency identification
  • the inductive coupling can also be used for the transfer of measurement information from the integrated sensor back to the remote device.
  • the present inventors have identified that the operable distance or range between the NDT sensor and the remote device required for inductive coupling is limited in known systems, particularly for sensors operated at high frequency such as ultrasound sensors.
  • a wireless ultrasound sensor for non-destructive testing of a test object, the wireless ultrasound sensor comprising:
  • a first induction coil electrically coupled to the ultrasound transducer
  • a second induction coil electrically coupled to the ultrasound transducer in parallel with the first induction coil
  • first and second induction coils are arranged to enable the ultrasound transducer to be inductively operated at an operating frequency thereof by a remote device;
  • outer diameter of the second induction coil is greater than the outer diameter of the first induction coil.
  • an ultrasound transducer forms part of an inductor-capacitor (LC) circuit comprising the ultrasound transducer and an induction coil.
  • LC inductor-capacitor
  • the resonant frequency of the LC circuit should match an operating frequency of the ultrasound transducer.
  • this frequency is generally in the range of 1 to 10 MHz.
  • the approximate required inductance of an induction coil can be estimated by:
  • f o is the desired operating frequency of the transducer and C pz is the capacitance of the transducer.
  • C pz is the capacitance of the transducer.
  • an induction coil with a relatively low inductance is required for such applications.
  • the coil inductance increases as the number of turns and diameter increases.
  • the most important parameter in terms of the coil inductance is the number of turns, followed by the average coil diameter, which affects the outer diameter of the coil.
  • the induction coil will typically have an average diameter of between 25 mm to 50 mm and a number of turns between 1 and 10.
  • the wireless NDT sensor can be operated by an inductively coupled external device, since as the coil diameter is decreased, the operable inductive coupling distance is reduced.
  • the maximum reading distance can be roughly equal to the outer diameter of the coil.
  • Including a second induction coil coupled in parallel with the transducer coil and the ultrasound transducer enables the remote operating range of the NDT sensor to be increased, whilst maintaining the resonant frequency of the LC circuit at a value required for operation of the ultrasound transducer.
  • This effect is achieved by including a second induction coil with an outer diameter which is larger than that of the first induction coil.
  • the use of two induction coils can also improve the strength of inductive coupling between the sensor and a remote device, as both of the induction coils contribute to the inductive coupling. Therefore, the amplitude of a signal transmitted between the sensor and the remote device can also be increased in comparison to a single coil design.
  • the outer diameter of the second induction coil may be greater than the outer diameter of the first induction coil by a factor of at least 1.1 and preferably by a factor of at least 2.
  • the transducer, the first induction coil, and the second induction coil may be mounted in a coaxial arrangement.
  • the first induction coil and the second induction coil can be mounted in substantially the same plane.
  • the first induction coil may have an inductance such that the first induction coil and the ultrasound transducer form a circuit with a resonant frequency that matches an operating frequency of the ultrasound transducer.
  • the first induction coil may have an inductance between 0.05 ⁇ H to 10 ⁇ H.
  • the first induction coil may have an inductance between 0.2 ⁇ H to 5 ⁇ H.
  • the second induction coil may have an inductance between 0.1 ⁇ H to 20 ⁇ H.
  • the second induction coil may have an inductance between 0.2 ⁇ H to 5 ⁇ H.
  • the sensor can include further outer induction coils electrically coupled to the ultrasound transducer in parallel with the first induction coil, each further induction coil having an outer diameter which is greater than the outer diameter of the first induction coil.
  • a method of producing an ultrasound sensor for non-destructive testing of a test object comprising:
  • the method can include the step of calculating the inductance value required to operate the ultrasound transducer at an operating frequency and the steps of providing the first and second induction coils can comprise:
  • a second induction coil having a diameter which is greater than the first diameter and which provides an inductance that substantially does not change the total inductance of the ultrasound sensor.
  • This method ensures that the inductance of the ultrasound sensor is optimised for an operating frequency of the transducer by initially designing a first coil with an inductance that forms a resonant circuit of the required frequency, independently of the second coil. A second coil with a diameter greater than the diameter of the first coil is then added to the circuit in parallel with the first coil, in order to increase the remote operating range possible between the sensor and a remote device without significantly affecting the total inductance of the ultrasound sensor circuit.
  • the present inventors have found that it is possible to increase the operating range by a factor of about 2 to 3 without adversely affecting the operation of the transducer.
  • a wireless sensor for non-destructive testing of a test object comprising:
  • a second planar induction coil electrically coupled to the transducer in parallel with the first induction coil
  • first and second induction coils are arranged to enable the transducer to be inductively operated at an operating frequency thereof by a remote device;
  • outer diameter of the second induction coil is greater than the outer diameter of the first induction coil.
  • a wireless non-destructive testing system comprising a wireless ultrasound sensor according to the first aspect and an inspection wand arranged to inductively operate the wireless ultrasound sensor.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a known wireless NDT system.
  • FIG. 2 is circuit diagram of the wireless ultrasound sensor of FIG. 1 .
  • FIG. 3 is a simplified circuit diagram of the wireless ultrasound sensor of FIG. 1 .
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of a wireless ultrasound sensor.
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of a wireless NDT system including the sensor of FIG. 4 .
  • FIG. 6 is a circuit diagram of the wireless ultrasound sensor of FIG. 4 .
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic representation showing a first method of producing a wireless ultrasound sensor according to a second embodiment.
  • a known wireless NDT system is shown generally at 100 .
  • the NDT system is arranged for testing of a test object 102 and comprises a wireless ultrasound sensor 104 which is embedded in or attached to the test object 102 and a remote device comprising an inspection wand 106 .
  • the wireless ultrasound sensor 104 comprises a piezoelectric ultrasound transducer 108 , electrically coupled to an induction coil 110 .
  • the induction coil 110 enables the wireless ultrasound sensor 104 to be remotely powered by the inspection wand 106 by inductive coupling.
  • the induction coil 110 is connected to a negative electrode of the transducer 108 by a first connection 112 and to a positive electrode of the transducer 108 by a second connection 114 .
  • the induction coil 110 and the ultrasound transducer 108 together form an LC circuit with a particular resonant frequency.
  • the inspection wand 106 is brought towards the sensor 104 which induces a current in the LC circuit at the resonant frequency.
  • the ultrasound pulse can reflect off a surface of the test object 102 and the reflected signal is received by the transducer 108 , producing a current in the sensor 104 that can be transmitted to the inspection wand 106 via inductive coupling.
  • the inspection wand 106 In order for inductive coupling to take place between the inspection wand 106 and the sensor 104 , the inspection wand 106 must be held within a distance x of the ultrasound sensor 104 . Outside of this range, the inductive coupling is too weak to enable the inspection wand 106 to operate (i.e. send and/or receive a signal to) the ultrasound sensor 104 .
  • the maximum operating distance is determined by a number of factors including the resonant frequency of sensor 104 , the resonant frequency of the inspection wand 106 , material between the inspection wand and sensor and the outer diameter d of the coil.
  • FIG. 2 shows a circuit diagram of the wireless NDT sensor 104 of FIG. 1 .
  • the induction coil 110 can be represented as an inductance L parasitic resistance R d and capacitance C d , which are electrically coupled in parallel with the piezoelectric ultrasound transducer 108 , which can be represented as an impedance Z pz .
  • a coil with a small number of turns (generally 1 to 10) is typically used and therefore the perfect inductor assumption may be made and the parasitic resistance and capacitance of the induction coil 110 can be neglected. Therefore, the electrical circuit can be simplified as shown in FIG. 3 to an inductance associated with the coil L, and a capacitance associated with the transducer C pz .
  • the frequency f o is then given by:
  • the coil In order to design a coil with the required inductance to achieve a frequency f o required to operate the ultrasound transducer, the coil will necessarily have a small diameter, particularly for a coil having a small number of turns, which in turn limits the distance at which the sensor 104 can be operated by the inspection wand 106 , as the inductive coupling range is reduced for a smaller diameter coil.
  • a wireless ultrasound sensor according to a first embodiment is shown generally at 404 .
  • the sensor 404 comprises a piezoelectric ultrasound transducer 406 and a first planar induction coil 408 .
  • the first induction coil 406 is connected to a negative electrode of the transducer 406 with a first connection 410 and to a positive electrode of the transducer 406 with a second connection 412 .
  • the wireless ultrasound sensor 404 further comprises a second planar induction coil 414 , which has an outer diameter d 2 which is greater than the outer diameter d 1 of the first induction coil 408 .
  • the second induction coil 414 is connected to the negative electrode of the transducer 406 with a third connection 416 and to the positive electrode of the transducer 406 with a fourth connection 418 .
  • the first and second induction coils 408 , 414 are connected in parallel with the transducer 406 .
  • further outer induction coils can be provided in parallel with the first induction coil 408 .
  • the first induction coil 408 has an outer diameter d 1 of between 35 mm and 75 mm and the second induction coil 414 has an outer diameter d 2 of between 38.5 mm and 150 mm.
  • the first induction coil can have an outer diameter d 1 of between 35 mm and 100 mm and the second induction coil can have an outer diameter d 2 of between 38.5 mm and 200 mm, with the outer diameter of the outer coil being at least 1.1 times that of the inner coil.
  • the inner diameter of the outer coil can be at least 1.1 times the outer diameter of the inner coil, enabling a nested coil arrangement which can have a particularly low profile.
  • the first induction coil 408 can have between 1 and 20 turns.
  • the second induction coil 414 can have between 1 and 20 turns.
  • the inner and outer coils 408 , 414 can have any suitable wire radius. In some embodiments the wire radius can be the same for each coil 408 , 414 .
  • FIG. 5 shows a wireless NDT system including the wireless ultrasound sensor 404 of FIG. 4 embedded in or attached to a test object 502 and a remote device, in this case an inspection wand 504 .
  • the wireless ultrasound sensor 404 can be inductively operated by the inspection wand 504 in a similar manner to the wireless NDT system of FIG. 1 .
  • the wireless ultrasound sensor 404 includes first and second induction coils 408 , 414 , the NDT system 500 of FIG. 5 can be operated with a greater distance x 2 between the inspection wand 504 and the wireless ultrasound sensor 404 than would be possible for the NDT system of FIG. 1 .
  • FIG. 6 shows a circuit diagram of the wireless NDT sensor of FIG. 4 .
  • the first induction coil 408 can be represented as an inductance L, parasitic resistance R d and capacitance C d .
  • the second induction coil 414 can be represented as an inductance L 2 , parasitic resistance R 2d and capacitance C 2d .
  • the first and second induction coils are coupled in parallel with the piezoelectric ultrasound transducer 108 , which can be represented as an impedance Z pz .
  • the first and second induction coils also have associated voltages V and V 2 respectively, which are induced voltages caused by mutual inductance between the coils.
  • the sensor has a total inductance determined by the inductance values of the first and second induction coils (when the parasitic resistance and capacitance of the coils are negligible) which is given by:
  • L eq is the total inductance
  • L is the inductance of the first coil
  • L 2 is the inductance of the second coil
  • M is the mutual inductance between the coils.
  • the second induction coil 414 may have a non-negligible parasitic resistance and capacitance, as the energy loss due to parasitic resistance and capacitance increases as the diameter of the coil increases.
  • the outer coil 414 can be designed to have a number of turns and diameter that are sufficient to provide an inductance L 2 which balances the parasitic capacitance, but does not lead to a significant parasitic resistance.
  • FIG. 7 a method of producing an ultrasound wireless transducer is shown generally at 700 .
  • an ultrasound transducer having a particular operating frequency and known static capacitance can be provided.
  • step 704 the required inductance of a transducer coil necessary to form an LC circuit with a resonance at the operating frequency is calculated.
  • a first induction coil with a first diameter and having the calculated required inductance, is provided.
  • the outer diameter of a second induction coil is determined.
  • the inner diameter of the second induction coil can have a value which is larger than the outer diameter of the first induction coil.
  • the outer diameter of the second induction coil is determined by the required reading distance and/or maximum sensor footprint for the given application. For example, the outer diameter can be approximately equal to twice the squared root of 2 multiplied by the optimum reading distance (2*Sqrt(2)*Reading distance), and approximately equal to the maximum reading distance.
  • the first and second induction coils are each connected in parallel to the positive and negative electrodes of the ultrasound transducer.
  • the method can comprise:

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
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US15/847,833 2015-06-22 2017-12-19 Wireless ultrasound sensor Abandoned US20180217106A1 (en)

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GB1510968.9A GB2533833B (en) 2015-06-22 2015-06-22 Wireless ultrasound sensor with two induction coils
PCT/GB2016/051668 WO2016207604A1 (en) 2015-06-22 2016-06-07 Wireless ultrasound sensor

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US11927568B2 (en) 2024-03-12
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CN107771282A (zh) 2018-03-06
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GB201510968D0 (en) 2015-08-05
JP6855068B2 (ja) 2021-04-07

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