US20170309955A1

US20170309955A1 - Lithium ion conductive crystal body and all-solid state lithium ion secondary battery

Info

Publication number: US20170309955A1
Application number: US15/517,125
Authority: US
Inventors: Kunimitsu Kataoka; Junji AKIMOTO
Original assignee: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology AIST
Current assignee: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology AIST
Priority date: 2014-10-31
Filing date: 2015-10-30
Publication date: 2017-10-26
Also published as: JP6296263B2; US11139504B2; EP3214623B1; KR20170065594A; EP3214623A4; CN106796825A; KR101982422B1; CN106796825B; EP3214623A1; JPWO2016068329A1; WO2016068329A1; US20200303771A1

Abstract

To provide a lithium ion conductive crystal body having a high density and a large length and an all-solid state lithium ion secondary battery containing the lithium ion conductive crystal body. A Li₅La₃Ta₂O₁₂crystal body, which is one example of the lithium ion conductive crystal body, has a relative density of 99% or more, belongs to a cubic system, has a garnet-related type structure, and has a length of 2 cm or more. The Li₅La₃Ta₂O₁₂crystal body is grown by a melting method employing a Li₅La₃Ta₂O₁₂polycrystal body as a raw material. With the growing method, a Li₅La₃Ta₂O₁₂crystal body having a relative density of 100% can also be obtained. In addition, the all-solid state lithium ion secondary battery has a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a solid electrolyte, in which the solid electrolyte contains the lithium ion conductive crystal body.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a high-density lithium ion conductive crystal body and an all-solid state lithium ion secondary battery containing the lithium ion conductive crystal body as a solid electrolyte.

BACKGROUND ART

Since the energy density is high and operation at a high potential is achieved as compared with secondary batteries, such as a nickel-cadmium battery and a nickel-hydride battery, a lithium ion secondary battery has been widely used for small information devices, such as a cellular phone and a notebook PC. In recent years, since a reduction in size and weight is easily achieved, a demand as a secondary battery for hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles has increased. Considering safety, an all-solid state lithium ion secondary battery containing no flammable electrolytic solution has been researched and developed. A solid electrolyte for use in the all-solid state lithium ion secondary battery has been required to have high ion conductivity.
As an oxide having high lithium ion conductivity, Li₇La_3.1Zr_1.9O₁₂having a cubic garnet-related type crystal structure produced by a high temperature sintering method is known (Patent Document 1). However, according to the high temperature sintering method, only a crystal body having a diameter of about several tens to several hundreds of μm is obtained. The crystal body of this size cannot be used as a solid electrolyte of all-solid state lithium ion secondary battery products. For the application to all-solid state lithium ion secondary battery products, a lithium ion conductive crystal body is required which has an area equal to or larger than a circle having a diameter of about 1 cm and which can be formed into a thin piece in order to reduce an electrical resistance value.

CITATION LIST

Patent Document

Patent Document 1: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2011-195373

SUMMARY

Technical Problem

The present invention has been made in view of such circumstances. It is an object of the present invention to provide a lithium ion conductive crystal body having a high-density and a large length and an all-solid state lithium ion secondary battery containing the lithium ion conductive crystal body as a solid electrolyte.

Solution to Problem

The present inventors have considered that high-density Li_7-3xAl_xLa₃Zr₂O₁₂(0.05<x<0.50), Li₅La₃Ta₂O₁₂, and Li₆BaLa₂Ta₂O₁₂crystal bodies in which no grain boundary is present are obtained by conceiving a method for producing a crystal body, so that the above-described problem can be solved. Then, as a result of extensively examining a method for producing a crystal body including melting a polycrystal body sample at a high temperature, and then cooling the same, the present inventors have confirmed that Li_7-3xAl_xLa₃Zr₂O₁₂(0.05<x<0.50), Li₅La₃Ta₂O₁₂, and Li₆BaLa₂Ta₂O₁₂crystal bodies having a high-density and a garnet-related type structure can be grown and these crystal bodies can be mechanically formed into a thin piece, and thus have completed the present invention.
The chemical composition of the lithium ion conductive crystal body of the present invention is represented by Li_7-3xAl_xLa₃Zr₂O₁₂(0.05<x<0.50), Li₅La₃Ta₂O₁₂, or Li₆BaLa₂Ta₂O₁₂, has a relative density of 99% or more, belongs to a cubic system, has a garnet-related type structure, and has a length of 2 cm or more.
A method for producing a lithium ion conductive crystal body of the present invention is a method for producing a lithium ion conductive crystal body having a chemical composition represented by Li_7-3xAl_xLa₃Zr₂O₁₂(0.05<x<0.50), Li₅La₃Ta₂O₁₂, or Li₆BaLa₂Ta₂O₁₂, having a relative density of 99% or more, belonging to a cubic crystal system, and having a garnet-related type structure, and the method includes a process of melting at least a part of a raw material of a polycrystal represented by the same chemical composition as that of the lithium ion conductive crystal body to form a melted portion, and then moving the melted portion at a movement speed of 8 mm/h or more.
A method for producing another lithium ion conductive crystal body of the present invention is a method for producing a lithium ion conductive crystal body having a chemical composition represented by Li_7-3xAl_xLa₃Zr₂O₁₂(0.05<x<0.50), having a relative density of 99% or more, belonging to a cubic crystal system, and having a garnet-related type structure, and the method includes a process of melting at least a part of a raw material containing a polycrystal body having a chemical composition represented by Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂, belonging to a tetragonal crystal system, and having a garnet-related type structure and at least one of an Al₂O₃polycrystal body and a LiAlO₂polycrystal body to form a melted portion, and then moving the melted portion at a movement speed of 8 mm/h or more.
An all-solid state lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention has a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a solid electrolyte, in which the solid electrolyte contains the lithium ion conductive crystal body of the present invention.

Advantageous Effects of Invention

According to the present invention, a lithium ion conductive crystal body having a high-density and a large length and an all-solid state lithium ion secondary battery containing the lithium ion conductive crystal body as a solid electrolyte are obtained.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a photograph of the appearance of a cubic system Li_6.46Al_0.18La₃Zr₂O₁₂crystal body obtained in Examples.

FIG. 2 is a photograph of the appearance of a cubic system Li_6.1Al_0.3La₃Zr₂O₁₂crystal body obtained in Examples.

FIG. 3 is a photograph of the appearance of a cubic system Li₅La₃Ta₂O₁₂crystal body obtained in Examples.

FIG. 4 is a photograph of the appearance of a cubic system Li₆BaLa₂Ta₂O₁₂crystal body obtained in Examples.

FIG. 5 is a single crystal X-ray diffraction pattern of the cubic system Li₅La₃Ta₂O₁₂crystal body obtained in Examples.

FIG. 6 is a schematic view illustrating a garnet-related type structure of the cubic system Li₅La₃Ta₂O₁₂crystal body obtained in Examples.

FIG. 7 is a photograph of the appearance of thin pieces of the cubic system Li₆BaLa₂Ta₂O₁₂crystal body obtained in Examples.

FIG. 8 is the Nyquist plot of the cubic system Li_6.1Al_0.3La₃Zr₂O₁₂crystal body obtained in Examples.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENT

Hereinafter, a lithium ion conductive crystal body, a method for producing Li₅La₃Ta₂O₁₂, Li₆BaLa₂Ta₂O₁₂, and Li_7-3xAl_xLa₃Zr₂O₁₂crystal bodies, and an all-solid state lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention are described in detail based on Embodiment and Examples. An overlapped description is omitted as appropriate.
The present inventors have found that, by molding polycrystalline powder of Li₅La₃Ta₂O₁₂and Li₆BaLa₂Ta₂O₁₂into a rod shape, and then melting and rapidly cooling the rod-shaped polycrystal body by a floating zone (FZ) method employing infrared ray converging heating, a crystal body having high-density and a large length can be produced, and then have completed the present invention. A lithium ion conductive crystal body according to an embodiment of the present invention has a chemical composition represented by Li_7-3xAl_xLa₃Zr₂O₁₂(0.05<x<0.50), Li₅La₃Ta₂O₁₂, or Li₆BaLa₂Ta₂O₁₂, has a relative density of 99% or more, belongs to a cubic system, and has a garnet-related type structure. In this embodiment, the length of the ion conductive crystal body is 2 cm or more.
The relative density is calculated by measuring the outer shape of a produced thin piece, calculating the apparent volume, and then dividing the apparent density calculated from the measurement mass by a true density obtained from a single crystal X-ray structure analysis result. The lithium ion conductive crystal body of this embodiment having a higher relative density is more preferable. In the lithium ion conductive crystal body of this embodiment, all crystal domains do not need to face in the same direction.
The high-density lithium ion conductive crystal body has high strength, and therefore can be easily cut into an arbitrary thickness with a diamond cutter or the like. For example, a thin piece having a thickness of about 0.1 mm can be mechanically produced. A lithium ion conductive crystal body having a relative density of 100%, i.e., an original lithium ion conductive single crystal body, is particularly excellent in lithium ion conductivity. When a ratio where the crystal domains of the lithium ion conductive crystal body are aligned in the same direction is high, diffraction spots are observed as clear points in the X-ray diffraction measurement using a single crystal.
In a lithium ion conductive crystal body in which the directions of the crystal domains of are not aligned, diffraction spots are complicated or the diffractions from various domains are overlapped, so that the diffraction spots are close to a ring shape. The crystal body was produced by moving a melted portion at 10 mm/h in the FZ method. Therefore, the cooling rate of the melted portion increases, so that growing cannot be performed in such a manner that the directions of the crystal domains are always uniform in the crystal body.
The lithium ion conductive crystal body of this embodiment satisfies at least one of (1) and (2) below: (1) the Nyquist plot by alternative current impedance measurement does not show a resistance component due to a grain boundary but shows only a resistance component of the material itself; and (2) a diffraction spot appears in a diffraction pattern in X-ray diffraction measurement, neutron diffraction measurement, or electron diffraction measurement using a single crystal. The diffraction spot sometimes appears only in a spot shape or sometimes appears in a spot shape and a ring shape.
The lithium ion conductive crystal body of this embodiment is produced by melting at least a part of a raw material of a polycrystal body to form a melted portion, and then moving the melted portion at a movement speed of 8 mm/h or more. Specifically, the lithium ion conductive crystal body is grown by a floating zone (FZ) method, a Czochralski (CZ) method, a Bridgman method, a Pedestal method, and the like. A suitable method may be selected from these methods according to the size, shape, and the like of a lithium ion conductive crystal body to be produced.
The lithium ion conductive crystal body of this embodiment may be grown by a melting method employing a polycrystal body represented by the same chemical composition as a raw material. More specifically, a Li_7-3xAl_xLa₃Zr₂O₁₂(0.05<x<0.50) crystal body is grown by a melting method employing a Li_7-3xAl_xLa₃Zr₂O₁₂(0.05<x<0.50) polycrystal body as a raw material, a Li₅La₃Ta₂O₁₂crystal body is grown by a melting method employing a Li₅La₃Ta₂O₁₂polycrystal body as a raw material, and a Li₆BaLa₂Ta₂O₁₂crystal body is grown by a melting method employing a Li₆BaLa₂Ta₂O₁₂polycrystal body as a raw material.
The lithium ion conductive crystal body having a chemical composition represented by Li_7-3xAl_xLa₃Zr₂O₁₂(0.05<x<0.50), having a relative density of 99% or more, belonging to a cubic system, and having a garnet-related type structure may be grown by melting at least a part of a raw material containing a polycrystal body having a chemical composition represented by Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂, belonging to a tetragonal system, and having a garnet-related type structure and at least one of an Al₂O₃polycrystal body and a LiAlO₂polycrystal body to form a melted portion, and then moving the melted portion at a movement speed of 8 mm/h or more.
In the case of producing the lithium ion conductive crystal body of this embodiment by the FZ method, a part of a rod-shaped polycrystal body raw material is melted while being rotated on a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal direction, and then moving the melted portion in the longitudinal direction to thereby grow the lithium ion conductive crystal body. By setting the movement speed of the melted portion to be as high as 8 mm/h or more, the decomposition of the raw material involved in the volatilization of the lithium is avoided. The movement speed of the melted portion is preferably 8 mm/h or more and 19 mm/h or less. In the melted portion, the lithium tends to volatilize, so that air bubbles are generated. However, the air bubbles can be removed by setting the rotation speed of the rod-shaped polycrystal body raw material to be as high as 30 rpm or more. The rotation speed of the raw material is preferably 30 rpm or more and 60 rpm or less.
It is preferable to perform the melting of the raw material and the movement of the melted portion in a dry air atmosphere. Thus, the lithium ion conductive crystal body having a relative density of 99% or more can be produced. A method for producing a lithium ion conductive crystal body is described taking the growing of a Li₅La₃Ta₂O₁₂crystal body having a relative density of 99% or more, belonging to a cubic system, having a garnet-related type structure, and having a length of 2 cm or more as an example.
First, a rod-shaped Li₅La₃Ta₂O₁₂polycrystal body raw material is produced as follows. More specifically, a lithium compound, a lanthanum compound, and a tantalum compound are weighed so that Li:La:Ta is 6-7:3:2 in terms of a molar ratio considering the fact that the lithium is volatilized at a high temperature. The lithium compound is not particularly limited insofar as lithium is contained, and Li₂O, Li₂CO₃, and the like are mentioned. The lanthanum compound is not particularly limited insofar as lanthanum is contained and La₂O₃, La(OH)₃, and the like are mentioned. The tantalum compound is not particularly limited insofar as tantalum is contained and Ta₂O₅, TaCl₅, and the like are mentioned. Using a compound containing two or more kinds of lithium, lanthanum, and tantalum, e.g., LaTaO₄, LiTaO₃, or the like, the compound may be weighed so that Li:La:Ta is 6-7:3:2 in terms of a molar ratio.
Next, the weighed compounds are mixed. A mixing method is not particularly limited insofar as these compounds can be uniformly mixed, and these compounds may be mixed by a wet method or a dry method using mixing devices, such as a mixer, for example. Then, the obtained mixture is charged into a crucible with a cover, and then calcined at 900° C. to 1000° C. and preferably 930° C. to 990° C., whereby polycrystal body powder serving as a raw material is obtained. It is more preferable to repeat pulverization, mixing, and baking of the once-calcined product again. The polycrystal body powder belongs to the cubic system.
Next, in order to facilitate molding, the obtained polycrystal body powder is pulverized to reduce the particle size. A pulverization method is not particularly limited insofar as the powder can be pulverized and, for example, the powder may be pulverized by a wet method or a dry method using a pulverization device, such as a planetary ball mill, a pot mill, or a bead mill. Then, the obtained pulverized substances are charged into a rubber tube, and then molded into a rod shape by a hydrostatic press. Next, the obtained molded substance is baked at about 800° C. to 1300° C. and preferably 900° C. to 1100° C., whereby a rod-shaped Li₅La₃Ta₂O₁₂polycrystal body raw material is obtained. The rod-shaped polycrystal body raw material belongs to the cubic system.
Then, the rod-shaped polycrystal body raw material is melted in an infrared ray converging heating furnace, and then rapidly cooled, whereby a Li₅La₃Ta₂O₁₂crystal body having a relative density of 99% or more, having the garnet-related structure, and having a length of 2 cm or more is produced. The Li₅La₃Ta₂O₁₂crystal body to be produced belongs to the cubic system. Thus, a Li₅La₃Ta₂O₁₂crystal body having a high-density and a large length can be produced. A Li₅La₃Ta₂O₁₂crystal body having a relative density of 100% can also be produced. The grating constant a of the lithium ion conductive crystal body of this embodiment is 1.28 nm a 1.31 nm.
When producing the Li₅La₃Ta₂O₁₂crystal body by the CZ method, the production is performed by the following procedure. First, a Li₅La₃Ta₂O₁₂polycrystal body as a raw material is placed in a crucible, and then heated for melting. Next, a seed crystal is dipped in a melt of the raw material, and then pulled up while rotating. It is considered that, by setting the movement speed of the melted portion, i.e., the pull-up speed of the seed crystal, to be as high as 8 mm/h or more, the volatilization of the lithium is prevented, and a high-density Li₅La₃Ta₂O₁₂crystal body is obtained. The lithium ion conductive crystal body of this embodiment has a length of 2 cm or more. Therefore, thin pieces having the same quality can be easily produced by cutting.
A method for producing a Li_7-3xAl_xLa₃Zr₂O₁₂(0.05<x<0.50) crystal body is the same as the method for producing the Li₅La₃Ta₂O₁₂crystal body. An aluminum compound serving as a raw material is not particularly limited insofar as Al is contained and Al₂O₃, LiAlO₂, and the like are mentioned. A zirconium compound serving as a raw material is not particularly limited insofar as zirconium is contained and ZrO₂, ZrCl₄, La₂Zr₂O₇, Li₂ZrO₃, and the like are mentioned. A method for producing a Li₆BaLa₂Ta₂O₁₂crystal body is the same as the method for producing the Li₅La₃Ta₂O₁₂crystal body. A barium compound serving as a raw material is not particularly limited insofar as barium is contained and BaCO₃, BaO, and the like are mentioned.
The lithium ion conductive crystal body of the present invention is excellent in lithium ion conductivity, and therefore is usable for a solid electrolyte of an all-solid state lithium ion secondary battery. More specifically, an all-solid state lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention has a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a solid electrolyte, in which the solid electrolyte contains the lithium ion conductive crystal body of the present invention. The solid electrolyte is a high-density lithium ion conductive crystal body, and therefore, in an all-solid state lithium battery in which a negative electrode is metallic lithium, a short circuit due to penetration of the metallic lithium in charge/discharge can be prevented. Moreover, the solid electrolyte can be formed into a thin piece, and therefore the energy density per unit mass of the battery can be increased.

EXAMPLES

Example 1: Production of Li_6.46Al_0.18La₃Zr₂O₁₂Crystal Body

(Production of Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂Polycrystal Body Powder)
First, 10.6861 g of lithium carbonate Li₂CO₃(manufactured by RARE METALLIC Co., LTD., Purity of 99.99%), 16.8280 g of lanthanum oxide La₂O₃(manufactured by RARE METALLIC Co., LTD., Purity of 99.99%), and 8.4859 g of zirconium dioxide ZrO₂(manufactured by RARE METALLIC Co., LTD., Purity of 99.99%) as starting materials were placed in an agate mortar, and then uniformly mixed by a wet method employing ethanol. For the lanthanum oxide, one which was calcined at 900° C. beforehand was used.
As the molar ratio Li:La:Zr of the metals of the mixture, lithium is 20 mol % excessive as compared with the stoichiometric ratio of Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂which is a target substance. More specifically, as the quantity, the chemical composition is equivalent to Li_8.4La₃Zr₂O₁₂. Next, 36 g of the mixture was charged into an alumina crucible with a cover (manufactured by NIKKATO CORPORATION, C5 type). Then, the crucible was placed in a box type electric furnace (manufactured by YAMATO SCIENTIFIC CO., LTD., FP100 type), and then calcined at 950° C. for 5 hours, whereby powder was obtained. Next, the obtained powder was pulverized with the mortar, and then baked at 980° C. for 10 hours twice, whereby Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂polycrystal body powder was produced.
(Production of Mixed Powder of Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂Polycrystal Body and Al₂O₃Polycrystal Body)
30 g of the Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂polycrystal body powder obtained in the process above, 0.6 g of aluminum oxide Al₂O₃(manufactured by RARE METALLIC Co., LTD., Purity of 99.99%) polycrystal body, 50 g of zirconia balls having a diameter of 5 mm, and 14 mL of ion exchanged water were charged into a pulverization container made from zirconia and having a capacity of 45 mL, and then rotated at a number of revolutions of 200 rpm for 300 minutes in total using a planetary ball mill (manufactured by Fritsch, Germany, Type P-6) to be pulverized. The polycrystal body powder after the pulverization was dried at 100° C. for 24 hours, and classified using a sieve having an opening of 250 μm to obtain mixed powder of the Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂polycrystal body and the Al₂O₃polycrystal body.
(Production of Rod-Shaped Mixture of Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂Polycrystal Body and Al₂O₃Polycrystal Body)
A rod-shaped mixture of the Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂polycrystal body and the Al₂O₃polycrystal body was produced using the mixed powder classified in the process above by the following procedure. First, 26 g of the mixed powder was charged into a rubber mold, followed by degassing. Next, the mold was placed in water in a state of being sealed, and then held at 40 MPa for 5 minutes. Then, the water pressure was reduced, and then the molded substance was taken out from the mold. The molded substance had a cylindrical shape having a diameter of 1.0 cm and a height of 4.8 cm. Next, the cylindrical molded substance was baked at 1150° C. for 8 hours using a box type electric furnace (manufactured by DENKEN Co., Ltd., Model Number KDF009). After the baking, 26 g of a mixture of the Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂polycrystal body and the Al₂O₃polycrystal body close to a column having a width of 0.8 cm and a height of 4 cm was obtained.
(Growing 1 of Li_6.46Al_0.18La₃Zr₂O₁₂Crystal Body)
First, the rod-shaped mixture of the Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂polycrystal body and the Al₂O₃polycrystal body as the raw material obtained in the process above was disposed in a four ellipse-type infrared ray converging heating furnace (FZ furnace) (manufactured by Crystal System, FZ-T-10000H type) having a 1 kW halogen lamp, and then a dry air atmosphere was set.
Next, the raw material was heated at an output of 51.9% while being rotated at 45 rpm on a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal direction. After a while, a part of the raw material was melted to form a melted portion. Then, an installation stand on which the raw material was disposed was lowered at two movement speeds of 8 mm/h and 19 mm/h to grow a Li_6.46Al_0.18La₃Zr₂O₁₂crystal body. The chemical composition of the crystal body was analyzed by X-ray crystal structure analysis. FIG. 1 illustrates a photograph of the appearance of the Li_6.46Al_0.18La₃Zr₂O₁₂crystal body (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “sample 1”) obtained at the lowering speed of 19 mm/h. As illustrated in FIG. 1, the length of the sample 1 was 2.3 cm.
(Production of Mixed Powder of Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂Polycrystal Body and LiAlO₂Polycrystal Body)
Mixed powder of a Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂polycrystal body and a LiAlO₂polycrystal body was produced in the same manner as the method for producing the mixed powder of the Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂polycrystal body and the Al₂O₃polycrystal body, except using 0.8 g of lithium oxide aluminum LiAlO₂(manufactured by RARE METALLIC Co., LTD., Purity of 99.99%) polycrystal body in place of 0.6 g of the Al₂O₃polycrystal body.
(Production of Rod-Shaped Mixture of Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂Polycrystal Body and LiAlO₂Polycrystal Body)
A rod-shaped mixture of the Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂polycrystal body and the LiAlO₂polycrystal body was produced in the same manner as the method for producing the rod-shaped mixture of the Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂polycrystal body and the Al₂O₃polycrystal body, except using the mixed powder of the Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂polycrystal body and the LiAlO₂polycrystal body in place of the mixed powder of the Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂polycrystal body and the Al₂O₃polycrystal body.
(Growing 2 of Li_6.46Al_0.18La₃Zr₂O₁₂Crystal Body)
A Li_6.46Al_0.18La₃Zr₂O₁₂crystal body was grown in the same manner as the method of “Growing 1 of Li_6.46Al_0.18La₃Zr₂O₁₂crystal body” above, except using the rod-shaped mixture of the Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂polycrystal body and the LiAlO₂polycrystal body in place the mixture of the rod-shaped Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂polycrystal body and the Al₂O₃polycrystal body. Thus, even when the aluminum compounds as the raw material were different, the same crystal body was able to be grown.

Example 2: Production of Li₆₁Al_0.3La₃Zr₂O₁₂Crystal Body

(Production of Mixed Powder of Polycrystal Bodies as Raw Material)
First, 7.1588 g of lithium carbonate Li₂CO₃(manufactured by RARE METALLIC Co., LTD., Purity of 99.99%), 12.9254 g of lanthanum oxide La₂O₃(manufactured by RARE METALLIC Co., LTD., Purity of 99.99%), 6.5196 g of zirconium dioxide ZrO₂(manufactured by RARE METALLIC Co., LTD., Purity of 99.99%), and 0.4045 g of γ-type alumina oxide as starting materials were placed in a mortar, and then uniformly mixed by a wet method. For the lanthanum oxide, one which was calcined at 900° C. beforehand was used.
As the molar ratio Li:Al:La:Zr of the metals of the mixture, lithium is 20 mol % excessive as compared with the stoichiometric ratio of Li_6.1Al_0.3La₃Zr₂O₁₂which is a target substance. More specifically, as the quantity, the chemical composition is equivalent to Li_7.32Al_0.3La₃Zr₂O₁₂. Next, 27 g of the mixture was charged into an alumina crucible with a cover (manufactured by NIKKATO CORPORATION, C5 type). Then, the crucible was placed in a box type electric furnace (manufactured by DENKEN Co., Ltd., Model Number KDF009), and then calcined at 850° C. for 4 hours, whereby mixed powder of the polycrystal bodies was obtained.
(Production of Rod-Shaped Mixture of Polycrystal Bodies)
A rod-shaped mixture of the polycrystal bodies was produced in the same manner as the method for producing the rod-shaped mixture of the Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂polycrystal body and the Al₂O₃polycrystal body, except using the mixed powder of the polycrystal bodies as the raw material above in place of the mixed powder of the Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂polycrystal body and the Al₂O₃polycrystal body.
(Growing of Li_6.1Al_0.3La₃Zr₂O₁₂Crystal Body)
A Li_6.1Al_0.3La₃Zr₂O₁₂crystal body was grown in the same manner as the method of “Growing 1 of Li_6.46Al_0.18La₃Zr₂O₁₂crystal body” above, except using the rod-shaped polycrystal body above in place of the rod-shaped mixture of the Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂polycrystal body and the Al₂O₃polycrystal body. Thus, by the use of the γ-type alumina oxide, the same crystal body was able to be grown from not only the polycrystal body having the same chemical composition as that of the lithium ion conductive crystal body to be produced but the rod-shaped mixture of the polycrystal bodies. FIG. 2 illustrates a photograph of the appearance of the obtained Li_6.1Al_0.3La₃Zr₂O₁₂crystal body (hereinafter also sometimes referred to as “sample 2”). As illustrated in FIG. 2, the length of the sample 2 was 4 cm.

Example 3: Production of Li₅La₃Ta₂O₁₂Crystal Body

(Production of Li₅La₃Ta₂O₁₂Polycrystal Body Powder)
Li₅La₃Ta₂O₁₂polycrystal body powder was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except using 6.9256 g of lithium carbonate Li₂CO₃(manufactured by RARE METALLIC Co., LTD., Purity of 99.99%), 15.2686 g of lanthanum oxide La₂O₃(manufactured by RARE METALLIC Co., LTD., Purity of 99.99%), and 13.8058 g of tantalum oxide Ta₂O₅(manufactured by RARE METALLIC Co., LTD., Purity of 99.99%) as starting materials. As the molar ratio Li:La:Ta of the metals of the mixture of the raw material, lithium is 20 mol % excessive as compared with the stoichiometric ratio of Li₅La₃Ta₂O₁₂which is a target substance. More specifically, as the quantity, the chemical composition is equivalent to Li₆La₃Ta₂O₁₂.
(Production of Rod-Shaped Li₅La₃Ta₂O₁₂Polycrystal Body)
A rod-shaped Li₅La₃Ta₂O₁₂polycrystal body was produced using the Li₅La₃Ta₂O₁₂polycrystal body powder classified in the process above by the following procedure. First, 26 g of the Li₅La₃Ta₂O₁₂polycrystal body powder was charged into a rubber mold, followed by degassing. Next, the mold was placed in water in a state of being sealed, and then held at 40 MPa for 5 minutes. Then, the water pressure was reduced, and then the molded substance was taken out from the mold. The molded substance had a cylindrical shape having a diameter of 1.2 cm and a height of 7 cm. Next, the molded substance was baked at 1150° C. for 8 hours using a box type electric furnace (manufactured by DENKEN Co., Ltd., Model Number KDF009). After the baking, 26 g of a rod-shaped Li₅La₃Ta₂O₁₂polycrystal body close to a column and having a width of 1 cm and a length of 7 cm was obtained.
(Growing of Li₅La₃Ta₂O₁₂Crystal Body)
A Li₅La₃Ta₂O₁₂crystal body was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 using the rod-shaped Li₅La₃Ta₂O₁₂polycrystal body. FIG. 3 illustrates a photograph of the appearance of the Li₅La₃Ta₂O₁₂crystal body (hereinafter also sometimes referred to as “sample 3”) obtained at a lowering speed of 19 mm/h. As illustrated in FIG. 3, the length of the sample 3 was 4 cm.

Example 4: Production of Li₆BaLa₂Ta₂O₁₂Crystal

(Production of Li₆BaLa₂Ta₂O₁₂Polycrystal Body Powder)
Li₆BaLa₂Ta₂O₁₂polycrystal body powder was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except using 6.8699 g of lithium carbonate Li₂CO₃(manufactured by RARE METALLIC Co., LTD., Purity of 99.99%), 5.0964 g of barium carbonate BaCO₃(manufactured by RARE METALLIC Co., LTD., Purity of 99.99%), 12.6215 g of lanthanum oxide La₂O₃(manufactured by RARE METALLIC Co., LTD., Purity of 99.99%), and 11.4123 g of tantalum oxide Ta₂O₅(manufactured by RARE METALLIC Co., LTD., Purity of 99.99%) as starting materials. As the molar ratio Li:Ba:La:Ta of the metals of the mixture of the starting materials, lithium is 20 mol % excessive as compared with the stoichiometric ratio of Li₆BaLa₂Ta₂O₁₂which is a target substance. More specifically, as the quantity, the chemical composition is equivalent to Li_7.2BaLa₂Ta₂O₁₂.
(Production of Rod-Shaped Li₆BaLa₂Ta₂O₁₂Polycrystal Body)
A rod-shaped Li₆BaLa₂Ta₂O₁₂polycrystal body was produced using the Li₆BaLa₂Ta₂O₁₂polycrystal body powder classified in the process above by the following procedure. First, 26 g of the Li₆BaLa₂Ta₂O₁₂polycrystal body powder was charged into a rubber mold, followed by degassing. Next, the mold was placed in water in a state of being sealed, and then held at 40 MPa for 5 minutes. Then, the water pressure was reduced, and then the molded substance was taken out from the mold. The molded substance had a cylindrical shape having a diameter of 1.4 cm and a height of 9 cm. Next, the molded substance was baked at 1150° C. for 8 hours using a box type electric furnace (manufactured by DENKEN Co., Ltd., Model Number KDF009). After the baking, 26 g of a rod-shaped Li₆BaLa₂Ta₂O₁₂polycrystal body close to a column and having a width of 1.2 cm and a length of 8 cm was obtained.
(Growing of Li₆BaLa₂Ta₂O₁₂Crystal Body)
A Li₆BaLa₂Ta₂O₁₂crystal body was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 using the rod-shaped Li₆BaLa₂Ta₂O₁₂polycrystal body. FIG. 4 illustrates a photograph of the appearance of the Li₆BaLa₂Ta₂O₁₂crystal body (hereinafter also sometimes referred to as “sample 4”) obtained at a lowering speed of 19 mm/h. As illustrated in FIG. 4, the length of the sample 4 was 6 cm.
Evaluation of Lithium Ion Conductive Crystal Body Obtained in Each Example
The powder X-ray diffraction pattern of the sample 2 was the same as the pattern of Li_7-3xAl_xLa₃Zr₂O₁₂of the cubic system garnet-related structure reported until now. The grating constant a calculated from the result of the powder X-ray structure analysis was a=1.30208 nm±0.00004 nm.
The structure of the sample 3 was investigated using a single crystal X-ray diffraction device (manufactured by Rigaku Corporation, R-AXIS RAPID-II). FIG. 5 illustrates the X-ray diffraction pattern of the sample 3. As illustrated in FIG. 5, clear diffraction points were able to be measured. When diffraction intensity data was collected by a program RAPID AUTO attached to the single crystal X-ray diffraction device, and then the crystal structure of the sample 3 was investigated by a crystal structure analysis program Jana 2006, it was found that the sample 3 belongs to a cubic system. As a result of the crystal structure analysis of the sample 3, it was clarified that the crystal structure is the same as that of Li₅La₃Ta₂O₁₂reported before as illustrated in FIG. 6. Since the R factor showing the reliability of the crystal structure analysis of the sample 3 was 2.04%, it can be said that the crystal structure analysis result is appropriate.
When the grating constant a of the sample 2 was determined by a least-squares method using the reflection observed in the single crystal X-ray diffraction measurement, 1.2816 nm±0.003 nm was obtained. It was confirmed from the grating constant that the sample 2 is a lithium composite oxide belonging to the cubic system and having the garnet-related type structure. Thin pieces having a thickness of about 0.1 mm were produced from the sample 3 and the sample 4, and then powder X-ray diffraction measurement was performed using a powder X-ray diffraction device (manufactured by Rigaku Corporation, Smart Lab). As a result, the diffraction pattern of the cubic system garnet-related type compound reported before applied to the thin pieces of the sample 3 and the sample 4.
As a result of calculating the grating constants a1 and a2 of the thin pieces of the sample 3 and the sample 4, the following values were obtained:
Grating constant a1 of Sample 3=1.282227 nm±0.000007 nm;
Grating constant a2 of Sample 4=1.29118 nm±0.00004 nm.
As a result of measuring the density of the molded body of the sample 3 at two or more portions, the relative densities were 99.2%, 99.5%, 99.8%, and 100% to the true density calculated from the crystal structure. The relative density of the sample 4 was also 99% or more. When the sample 4 was cut with a diamond cutter, thin pieces having a thickness of 0.3 mm and 0.086 mm were able to be produced as illustrated in FIG. 7. Thus, thin pieces can be obtained, and therefore, when the lithium ion conductive crystal body of this embodiment is used as a solid electrolyte of an all-solid state lithium ion secondary battery, the electrical resistance value of the solid electrolyte can be reduced.
The sample 2 was cut to produce a thin piece having a diameter of about 0.8 cm and a thickness of about 0.09 cm. 40 nm thick gold of a circle having a diameter of 0.2 cm was sputtered onto the front side and the back side of the thin piece to form an electrode. Then, the impedance of the sample 2 was measured by subjecting the sample to an alternative current impedance method (Measuring device: Solartron, 1260) at 25° C. in a nitrogen atmosphere. FIG. 8 illustrates the Nyquist plot at this time. The lithium ion conductivity was calculated to be 3.3×10⁻⁵S/cm from the Nyquist plot illustrated in FIG. 8.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

The lithium ion conductive crystal body of the present invention is usable for a material of a solid electrolyte of an all-solid state lithium ion secondary battery, for example.

Claims

1. A lithium ion conductive crystal body comprising:

chemical composition represented by Li_7-3xAl_xLa₃Zr₂O₁₂(0.05<x<0.50), Li₅La₃Ta₂O₁₂, or Li₆BaLa₂Ta₂O₁₂;

having a relative density of 99% or more;

belonging to a cubic system;

having a garnet-related type structure; and

having a length of 2 cm or more.

2. The lithium ion conductive crystal body according to claim 1, wherein

the lithium ion conductive crystal body is grown by a melting method employing a raw material containing a polycrystal body having a chemical composition represented by Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂, belonging to a tetragonal system, and having a garnet-related type structure and at least one of an Al₂O₃polycrystal body and a LiAlO₂polycrystal body, and

has a chemical composition represented by Li_7-3xAl_xLa₃Zr₂O₁₂(0.05<x<0.50).

3. The lithium ion conductive crystal body according to claim 1, wherein

the lithium ion conductive crystal body is grown by a melting method employing a polycrystal body represented by a same chemical composition as a raw material.

4. The lithium ion conductive crystal body according to claim 1, wherein

the relative density is 100%.

5. The lithium ion conductive crystal body according to claim 1, wherein the body has a

a grating constant a is 1.28 nm≦a≦1.31 nm.

6. A method for producing a lithium ion conductive crystal body having a chemical composition represented by Li_7-3xAl_xLa₃Zr₂O₁₂(0.05<x<0.50), Li₅La₃Ta₂O₁₂, or Li₆BaLa₂Ta₂O₁₂, having a relative density of 99% or more, belonging to a cubic system, and having a garnet-related type structure,

the method comprising:

melting at least a part of a raw material of a polycrystal body represented by a same chemical composition as the chemical composition of the lithium ion conductive crystal body to form a melted portion, and then moving the melted portion at a movement speed of 8 mm/h or more.

7. A method for producing a lithium ion conductive crystal body having a chemical composition represented by Li_7-3xAl_xLa₃Zr₂O₁₂(0.05<x<0.50), having a relative density of 99% or more, belonging to a cubic system, and having a garnet-related type structure,

the method comprising:

melting at least a part of a raw material containing a polycrystal body having a chemical composition represented by Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂, belonging to a tetragonal system, and having a garnet-related type structure and at least one of an Al₂O₃polycrystal body and a LiAlO₂polycrystal body to form a melted portion, and moving the melted portion at a movement speed of 8 mm/h or more.

8. The method for producing a lithium ion conductive crystal body according to claim 6, wherein

the movement speed is 8 mm/h or more and 19 mm/h or less.

9. The method for producing a lithium ion conductive crystal body according to claim 6, wherein

the raw material is melted while rotating the rod-shaped raw material on a plane perpendicular to a longitudinal direction at a rotation speed of 30 rpm or more.

10. The method for producing a lithium ion conductive crystal body according to claim 9, wherein

the rotation speed is 30 rpm or more and 60 rpm or less.

11. An all-solid state lithium ion secondary battery comprising:

a positive electrode;

a negative electrode; and

a solid electrolyte, wherein

the solid electrolyte contains the lithium ion conductive crystal body according to claim 1.