US20170081665A1 - Methods and compositions for preventing ischemia reperfusion injury in organs - Google Patents

Methods and compositions for preventing ischemia reperfusion injury in organs Download PDF

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US20170081665A1
US20170081665A1 US15/312,425 US201515312425A US2017081665A1 US 20170081665 A1 US20170081665 A1 US 20170081665A1 US 201515312425 A US201515312425 A US 201515312425A US 2017081665 A1 US2017081665 A1 US 2017081665A1
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inhibitor
organ
iri
donor
prophylaxis
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Elizabeth C. Squiers
Shai Erlich
Daniel Rothenstein
Nir Sharon
Daniel J. Odenheimer
Elena Feinstein
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Quark Pharmaceuticals Inc
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Quark Pharmaceuticals Inc
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Assigned to QUARK PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. reassignment QUARK PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: ERLICH, SHAI, SQUIERS, ELIZABETH C., ROTHENSTEIN, Daniel, SHARON, NIR, FEINSTEIN, ELENA, ODENHEIMER, Daniel J.
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    • A61P13/00—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system
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    • A61P7/02—Antithrombotic agents; Anticoagulants; Platelet aggregation inhibitors
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Definitions

  • This application incorporates-by-reference nucleotide and/or amino acid sequences which are present in the file named “262-PCT1 ST25.txt”, which is 29 Kbytes in size, and which was created on May 27, 2015 in the IBM-PC machine format, having an operating system compatibility with MS-Windows, and is submitted herewith.
  • the invention in some embodiments, relates to methods for the prevention of ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) in organs, and in particular to IRI in organs aged 35 years and older.
  • IRI ischemia reperfusion injury
  • Specific uses include prevention of IRI in native organs in vivo, in reimplantations and in transplantations of donor organs aged 35 years and older.
  • Additional embodiments include the prophylaxis of delayed graft function (DGF) and reduction in the frequency, amount and duration of dialysis in recipients of deceased donor kidney transplantations.
  • the methods entail contacting the organ in vivo or ex vivo with a temporary p53 inhibitor. Novel temporary dsRNA p53 inhibitors are further provided.
  • IRI Ischemic Reperfusion Injury
  • IRI can occur in any body tissue as a result of inter alia surgery, wounds, trauma, obstructions, implantations and transplantations.
  • DGF Delayed graft function
  • DDRT deceased donor renal transplant
  • ECD Expanded Criteria Donor
  • SCD Standard Criteria Donor
  • DGF DGF is defined by UNOS as the need for dialysis within the first seven days after transplantation. The etiology of DGF is not well understood but is undoubtedly multifactorial, in which IRI to the graft that directly results from the transplantation plays a central role.
  • IRI is an antigen-independent process that is a major risk factor for development of chronic allograft dysfunction as demonstrated in animal models (Goes N, et al., Transplantation. 1995 27;59(4):565-72; Kusaka M, et al., Transplantation. 1999 67(9):1255-61; Takada M, et al; Transplantation. 1997 64(11):1520-5).
  • Ischemic conditions caused by reduced local blood flow to the kidneys during cold storage prior to transplantation followed by oxidative stress after the restoration of blood supply after the transplantation initiates a chain of events that can lead to acute tubular injury.
  • Renal tubular cell dysfunction and apoptotic cell death are the hallmarks of this process (Oberbauer R, et al. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1999 10(9):2006-13; Giral-Classe M, et al. Kidney Int. 1998 54(3):972-8).
  • U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,593,353; 6,982,277; 7,008,956 and 7,012,087 relate to the temporary inhibition of p53 for the treatment of cancer and other diseases and disorders.
  • U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,910,566 and 8,148,342 to the assignee of the present application, relate to methods for treating acute kidney injury (AKI) and acute renal failure (ARF), respectively, with short interfering p53 molecules.
  • AKI acute kidney injury
  • ARF acute renal failure
  • WO 2010/144336 to the assignee of the present application is directed to a method of treating a subject with chronic kidney disease (CKD) resulting from exposure to a recurring renal insult with a p53 inhibitor.
  • CKD chronic kidney disease
  • U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2010/0222409 and EP Patent No EP 2170403 to the assignee of the present application relate to a method of reducing Delayed Graft Function (DGF) in a recipient of a kidney transplant from a deceased donor using a double-stranded RNA compound for down-regulating the expression of a p53 gene.
  • DGF Delayed Graft Function
  • PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US2013/059349 to the assignee of the present application, provides modified double-stranded nucleic acid compounds for down-regulating the expression of a p53 gene.
  • the present disclosure is based in part on the surprising and clinically significant finding that recipients of deceased donor kidneys aged 35 years or older, wherein the recipients are treated with a temporary p53 inhibitor show a greater improvement in clinical outcome compared to recipients of younger deceased donor kidneys and untreated patients.
  • the present inventors have further surprisingly found that temporary inhibitors of the p53 gene are more effective in providing prophylaxis of DGF in a kidney over the age of about 30 (for example, over the age of about 35, or over the age of about 40, 45 or 50) and including kidneys from both Expanded Criteria Donors (ECD) and Standard Criteria Donors (SCD). Additionally, the treatment of recipients of deceased donor kidneys with a temporary p53 inhibitor results in the reduction in the amount and duration of dialysis post-transplantation compared to untreated recipients.
  • a method of prophylaxis of ischemic reperfusion injury (IRI) of an organ comprising contacting the organ with a temporary p53 gene inhibitor in an amount effective to provide prophylaxis of IRI in the organ; wherein the organ is aged 35 or over.
  • IRI ischemic reperfusion injury
  • a temporary inhibitor of a p53 gene for use in prophylaxis of ischemic reperfusion injury (IRI), wherein the inhibitor is for contacting an organ that is 35 years or older at risk of IRI and use of a temporary inhibitor of a p53 gene for the manufacture of a medicament for providing prophylaxis of ischemic reperfusion injury (IRI), wherein the inhibitor is for contacting an organ that is 35 years or older at risk of IRI.
  • the organ is an organ native to a subject, a reimplanted organ or a transplanted organ.
  • inhibitor or use the risk of IRI in the native organ is imposed by temporary cessation of blood flow to the organ or by temporary global hypoxia of the organ.
  • the temporary cessation of blood flow is due to, for example, at least one of thrombosis, vasoconstriction, pressure on blood vessels or removal of the organ from the body of a subject with subsequent reimplantation.
  • the invention in some embodiments, relates to an organ over the age of about 30 or 34; or an organ over the age of about 35; or an organ over the age of about 36; or an organ over the age of about 37; or an organ over the age of about 38; or an organ over the age of about 39; or an organ over the age of about 40; or an organ over the age of about 41; or an organ over the age of about 42; or an organ over the age of about 43; or an organ over the age of about 44; or an organ over the age of about 44; or an organ over the age of about 46; or an organ over the age of about 47; or an organ over the age of about 48; or an organ over the age of about 49; or an organ over the age of about 50; or a donor organ over the age of about 30 or 34; or a donor organ over the age of about 35; or a donor organ over the age of about 36; or a donor organ over the age of about 37; or a donor organ over the age of about 38; or a donor organ over the age of about 39
  • inhibitor or use the transplant organ originates from a deceased donor.
  • the contacting the organ with the temporary inhibitor comprises administering the temporary inhibitor to a subject possessing the organ at risk of IRI.
  • the organ at risk may be a native organ of a subject and has never been removed from the body of the subject. Alternatively, the organ at risk has been reimplanted to a subject or transplanted to a subject.
  • inhibitor or use the contacting the organ with the temporary inhibitor comprises contacting the organ with the temporary inhibitor ex vivo prior to transplantation or reimplantation of the organ to a recipient.
  • inhibitor or use the organ at risk of IRI is 45 years old or older.
  • prophylaxis of IRI results in prophylaxis of IRI-associated organ dysfunction or in prophylaxis of IRI-associated delayed graft function.
  • inhibitor, or use the organ is selected from the group consisting of a kidney, a liver, a pancreas, a heart, a lung, an intestine, skin, a blood vessel, a brain, a retina, composite tissue, a blood vessel, an ear, a limb; or a part thereof.
  • the organ is a lung, heart or kidney, preferably a kidney.
  • the organ is a kidney graft and wherein prophylaxis of IRI results in prophylaxis of delayed graft function (DGF).
  • DGF delayed graft function
  • the prophylaxis of DGF results in the reduction of the amount, intensity and duration of dialytic support during at least the first 7 days post-transplant in a dialysis-dependent end stage renal disease (ESRD) patient undergoing deceased donor renal transplantation.
  • ESRD dialysis-dependent end stage renal disease
  • the prophylaxis of DGF results in at least one of a longer time interval between transplantation and the first dialysis treatment post-transplant, a shorter mean duration of initial post-transplantation course of dialysis and a higher measured glomerular filtration rate (mGFR) at the end of the first post-transplant month.
  • mGFR measured glomerular filtration rate
  • the prophylaxis of IRI results in the reduction of the amount, intensity and/or duration of dialytic support during the first 30 days, first 60 days, first 120 days and up to the first 180 days post-transplant in a dialysis-dependent end stage renal disease (ESRD) patient undergoing deceased donor renal transplantation.
  • ESRD dialysis-dependent end stage renal disease
  • inhibitor or use the organ for example a kidney, is preserved entirely by cold storage following removal from the donor and prior to implantation in the recipient.
  • inhibitor or use the organ for example a kidney is preserved by machine-perfusion for at least a portion of time following removal from the donor and prior to implantation in the recipient.
  • the method further comprises the steps of (a) selecting a recipient having a kidney from a deceased Expanded Criteria Donor, and (b) administering to the recipient a temporary inhibitor of a p53 gene in an amount effective to provide prophylaxis of DGF in the recipient.
  • the kidney is from a donor that is not a deceased Expanded Criteria Donor.
  • the kidney is from a donor that is between the ages of 50 and 59 (inclusive) who does not have at least two of the following: a history of high blood pressure, terminal serum creatinine level greater than 1.5 mg/dl, or cardiovascular cause of brain death.
  • the kidney is from a donor that is not over the age of 60.
  • inhibitor or use the prophylaxis of IRI provides prophylaxis of acute kidney injury (AKI), whereby the AKI results from at least one of cardiovascular surgery, cardiopulmonary surgery, renal surgery, acute ureteral obstruction, shock, global hypoxia and/or exposure to a nephrotoxin.
  • AKI acute kidney injury
  • a method of prophylaxis of ischemic reperfusion injury (IRI) in a donor kidney from a deceased donor comprising contacting the kidney with a temporary inhibitor of p53 in an amount effective to provide prophylaxis of IRI in the kidney.
  • a temporary inhibitor of p53 for use in prophylaxis of ischemic reperfusion injury (IRI) in a donor kidney from a deceased donor, wherein the inhibitor is for contacting the kidney.
  • inhibitor or use the prophylaxis of IRI results in the reduction of the amount, intensity and duration of dialytic support during the first 180 days post-transplant in a dialysis-dependent end stage renal disease (ESRD) patient undergoing deceased donor renal transplantation.
  • ESRD dialysis-dependent end stage renal disease
  • the temporary inhibitor of a p53 gene is selected from the group consisting of a small organic molecule, a protein, an antibody or fragment thereof, a peptide, a polypeptide, a peptidomimetic and a nucleic acid molecule; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
  • the temporary inhibitor of a p53 gene may be a nucleic acid molecule selected from the group consisting of a single stranded antisense nucleic acid (ssNA), a double-stranded NA (dsNA), a small interfering NA (siNA), a short hairpin NA (shNA), a micro RNA (miRNA), an aptamer, and a ribozyme, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
  • the nucleic acid molecule may be modified or chemically modified.
  • the nucleic acid molecule is a ssNA or a dsNA, comprising one or more of a modified nucleotide, an unmodified nucleotide, a nucleotide analogue and an unconventional moiety.
  • the dsNA selected from the group consisting of an unmodified dsNA or a chemically modified dsNA; or a salt or prodrug thereof.
  • the dsNA comprises an antisense strand having a nucleic acid sequence set forth in Table 2 (SEQ ID NOS:21-33, 35, 37).
  • the dsNA comprises an antisense strand sequence 5′ UGAAGGGUGAAAUAUUCUC 3′ and a sense strand sequence 5′ GAGAAUAUUUCACCCUUCA 3′.
  • the dsNA molecule is a synthetic small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) having the structure:
  • each of A, C, U and G is a ribonucleotide and each consecutive ribonucleotide is joined to the next ribonucleotide by a covalent bond;
  • alternating ribonucleotides in both the antisense strand and the sense strand are 2′-O-methyl sugar modified ribonucleotides and a 2′-O-methyl sugar modified ribonucleotide is present at both the 5′ terminus and the 3′ terminus of the antisense strand and an unmodified ribonucleotide is present at both the 5′ terminus and the 3′ terminus of the sense strand.
  • the dsNA may be terminally phosphorylated or non-phosphorylated at one or more of the 5′ termini and or 3′ termini. In some embodiments, the dsNA is non-phosphorylated at the 5′ termini and at the 3′ termini.
  • the dsNA molecule is preferably in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, for example a sodium salt.
  • the prophylaxis of IR injury provides prophylaxis of wherein the temporary inhibitor of a p53 gene is administered at a dose of about 1.0 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg, preferable about 10 mg/kg.
  • the temporary inhibitor of a p53 gene is formulated as a composition.
  • the temporary inhibitor may be administered as a liquid composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the composition further comprises a cell targeting moiety.
  • the cell targeting moiety may be covalently or non-covalently attached to the temporary inhibitor of a p53 gene.
  • the temporary inhibitor is administered to the recipient as an injectable composition comprising a pharmacologically acceptable aqueous excipient.
  • the temporary inhibitor may be administered by intravenous (IV) injection.
  • the intravenous (IV) injection is administered in a single treatment, which may be a single dose or multiple dose.
  • the single treatment is a single dose or multiple doses, preferably a single dose.
  • the single treatment is for example, a single intravenous push (IVP).
  • the intravenous (IV) injection is administered intraoperatively following autograft/reimplantation or allograft/transplantation reperfusion.
  • the intravenous (IV) injection is administered directly into a proximal port of a central venous line or through a peripheral line.
  • the temporary inhibitor is administered systemically, subcutaneously, topically, by inhalation, by instillation (lungs).
  • the temporary inhibitor may be conjugated or formulated, for example, in liposomes, lipoplex, microparticles or nanoparticles.
  • the recipient is further administered a medication selected from the group consisting of an antiviral agent, an antifungal agent, an antimicrobial agent, an immunosuppressant agent, and any combination thereof.
  • the medication is an immunosuppressant agent that is a calcineurin inhibitor.
  • the immunosuppressant agent is selected from the group consisting of tacrolimus (TAC), mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), mycophenolic acid (MPA), a corticosteroid, a cyclosporine, an azathioprine, a sirolimus, and any combination thereof.
  • the immunosuppressant agent is tacrolimus (TAC).
  • TAC tacrolimus
  • the recipient may further be administered an antibody induction therapy agent, for example peri-operatively and prior to transplant reperfusion.
  • the antibody induction therapy agent comprises a polyclonal anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) or an anti-CD25 (anti-IL-2R) monoclonal antibody.
  • the inhibitor is present in a kit comprising the inhibitor and instructions for use.
  • the inhibitor is present within a container in liquid or solid form.
  • the kit may further include a diluent and/or a means for administration, for example a syringe.
  • an inhibitor of a p53 gene for use in prophylaxis of Delayed Graft Function in a recipient of a kidney transplant, wherein the recipient has received the kidney from a donor having a Kidney Donor Risk Index (KDRI) of at least 1.25.
  • KDRI Kidney Donor Risk Index
  • the kidney is from a donor having a KDRI of at least 1.50, at least 1.75, at least 2.0, or even at least 2.5. In some embodiments, the kidney is from a donor having a KDRI in the range for 1.25 to 1.50, 1.5-175, 1.75-2.0, 2.0-2.5 or even 2.5-3.0.
  • the kidney is from a donor having a Kidney Donor Profile Index (KDPI) of at least 70%. In some embodiments, the KDPI is greater than 75%, greater than 80%, or even greater than 85%.
  • KDPI Kidney Donor Profile Index
  • the deceased donor kidney is preserved entirely by cold storage following removal from the donor and prior to implantation in the recipient.
  • the deceased donor kidney is preserved by machine perfusion for at least a portion of time following removal from the donor and prior to implantation in the recipient.
  • the outcomes of prophylaxis of Delayed Graft Function comprise at least one of prolonged time-to-first post-transplantation dialysis, shorter mean number and duration of post-transplantation dialysis and improved measured glomerular filtration rate (mGFR) during the first post-transplantation month.
  • mGFR measured glomerular filtration rate
  • the deceased ECD donor is of age at least about 60 years.
  • the deceased ECD donor is of age at least about 50 years, the donor having at least two conditions selected from the group consisting of history of hypertension, terminal serum creatinine level above about 1.5 mg/dL and cardiovascular accident as cause of death.
  • ECD Expanded criteria donor
  • the “standard criteria donor (SCD)” is a donor who is under 50 years of age and suffered brain death from any number of causes. This would include donors under the age of 50 who suffer from traumatic injuries or other medical problems such as a stroke. Pediatric donors are considered standard criteria donors;, or a donor between the ages of 50 and 59 (inclusive) without two or more of the following: a history of high blood pressure, terminal serum creatinine level greater than 1.5 mg/dl, or cerebrovascular cause of brain death.
  • DGF delayed graft function
  • KDRI Kidney Donor Risk Profile
  • KDPI Kidney Donor Profile Index
  • the term “prophylaxis” of DGF refers to prevention or reduction of the intensity and duration of dialytic support, as manifested, for example, as a longer time interval between transplantation and the first dialysis treatment post-transplant, shorter mean duration of the initial post-transplantation course of dialysis or higher measured glomerular filtration rate at the end of the first post-transplant month.
  • a “therapeutically effective amount” of a compound or molecule is an amount sufficient to provide a therapeutic benefit in the treatment or management of disorders associated with increased expression of p53 or to delay or minimize one or more symptoms associated with disorders associated with increased expression of p53.
  • a “prophylactically effective amount” of a compound is an amount sufficient to prevent, delay the onset or reduce the severity of disorders associated with increased expression of p53, or one or more symptoms associated with disorders associated with increased expression of p53 or prevent or delay its recurrence.
  • cold storage refers to storage at a temperature of about 0° C. or less, for example, storage on ice. Such storage reduces the rate of energy consumption, for example, by the organ.
  • machine-perfusion refers to storage at below-normal body temperatures, together with pump-driven circulation of a preservation solution through the blood vessels of the kidney. Such perfusion helps to sustain or replenish residual, intracellular energy stores while also reducing the rate at which they are consumed.
  • organ 35 years or older refers to a body organ such as a kidney, a liver, a pancreas, a heart, a lung, an intestine, skin, a blood vessel, a brain, a retina, composite tissue, a blood vessel, an ear, a limb; or a part thereof, present in its native host, reimplanted to its native host, removed from a donor, or transplanted to a recipient, wherein the age is counted from birth of the host or donor.
  • a body organ such as a kidney, a liver, a pancreas, a heart, a lung, an intestine, skin, a blood vessel, a brain, a retina, composite tissue, a blood vessel, an ear, a limb; or a part thereof, present in its native host, reimplanted to its native host, removed from a donor, or transplanted to a recipient, wherein the age is counted from birth of the host or donor.
  • a “method of prophylaxis of ischemic reperfusion injury (IRI)” refers to preventing, attenuating or reducing the damage caused by IRI, for example, preventing, attenuating or reducing cellular death and/or apoptosis and/or necrosis and/or oxidative stress.
  • an organ at risk of IRI refers to an organ experiencing temporary cessation of blood flow or temporary global hypoxia.
  • a temporary cessation of blood flow may be due to thrombosis, vasoconstriction, and pressure on blood vessels for any reason or removal of the organ from the body with subsequent reimplantation or transplantation.
  • DGF delayed graft function
  • organ dysfunction As used herein, “delayed graft function” or “DGF” refers to organ dysfunction following organ transplantation. When referring to a renal transplant, according to UNOS, DGF is defined as the requirement for dialysis within the first 7 days post-transplant.
  • the term “prophylaxis” of DGF when referring to a renal transplant refers to prevention or reduction of the frequency and/or duration of dialytic support, as manifested, for example, as a longer time interval between transplantation and the first dialysis treatment post-transplant, shorter mean duration of the initial post-transplantation course of dialysis or higher measured glomerular filtration rate at the end of the first post-transplant month.
  • Temporary inhibitors of p53 are intended to reduce the expression or function of a p53 gene for a length of time sufficient to evoke a therapeutic or prophylactic effect, for example on an organ or in a subject, without increasing the risk for cancerous growth.
  • a method of temporary p53 inhibition is disclosed in, inter alia, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,593,353; 6,982,277; 7,008,956 and 7,012,087, incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
  • the term “inhibitor” refers to a compound, which is capable of reducing (partially or fully) the expression of a gene or the activity of a product of such gene (mRNA, protein) to an extent sufficient to achieve a desired biological or physiological effect.
  • the expression may be reduced to 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, 5% or less than that observed in the absence of an inhibitor.
  • the inhibitor is a temporary inhibitor that reversibly reduces p53 expression or activity.
  • a “temporary” inhibitor of p53 refers to a molecule that exerts its effect for up to 24 hours, up to 36 hours, up to 48 hours, up to 72 hours, up to 96 hours, up to 120 hours or no longer than 120 hours, 7 days, 10 days, 20 days or 30 days.
  • An inhibitor of a “p53 gene” may be a small organic molecule, a protein, an antibody or fragment thereof, a peptide, a polypeptide, a peptidomimetic or a nucleic acid molecule; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
  • a small organic molecule may be, for example, pifithrin.
  • nucleic acid aptamer as used herein is meant a nucleic acid molecule that binds specifically to a target molecule wherein the nucleic acid molecule has sequence that comprises a sequence recognized by the target molecule, preferably in vivo.
  • the target molecule can be any molecule of interest.
  • the aptamer can be used to bind to a ligand-binding domain of a protein, thereby preventing interaction of the naturally occurring ligand with the protein.
  • antibody refers to IgG, IgM, IgD, IgA, and IgE antibody, inter alia.
  • the definition includes polyclonal antibodies or monoclonal antibodies. This term refers to whole antibodies or fragments of antibodies comprising an antigen-binding domain, e.g. antibodies without the Fc portion, single chain antibodies, miniantibodies, fragments consisting of essentially only the variable, antigen-binding domain of the antibody, etc.
  • antibody may also refer to antibodies against polynucleotide sequences obtained by cDNA vaccination. The term also encompasses antibody fragments which retain the ability to selectively bind with their antigen, for example a p53 gene product, and are exemplified as follows, inter alia:
  • CDR grafting may be performed to alter certain properties of the antibody molecule including affinity or specificity.
  • a non-limiting example of CDR grafting is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,225,539.
  • Single-domain antibodies are isolated from the unique heavy-chain antibodies of immunized Camelidae, including camels and llamas.
  • the small antibodies are very robust and bind the antigen with high affinity in a monomeric state.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 6,838,254 describes the production of antibodies or fragments thereof derived from heavy chain immunoglobulins of Camelidae.
  • a monoclonal antibody is a substantially homogeneous population of antibodies to a specific antigen, and is well known in the art. Monoclonal antibodies are obtained by methods known to those skilled in the art.
  • a mAb may be of any immunoglobulin class including IgG, IgM, IgE, IgA, and any subclass thereof.
  • a hybridoma producing a mAb may be cultivated in vitro or in vivo. High titers of mAbs are obtained in vivo for example wherein cells from the individual hybridomas are injected intraperitoneally into pristine-primed Balb/c mice to produce ascites fluid containing high concentrations of the desired mAbs.
  • mAbs of isotype IgM or IgG may be purified from such ascites fluid, or from culture supernatants, using column chromatography methods well known to those of skill in the art.
  • binding affinity is meant that the antibody binds to a p53 polypeptide or fragment thereof with greater affinity than it binds to another polypeptide under similar conditions.
  • epitope is meant to refer to that portion of a molecule capable of being bound by an antibody which can also be recognized by that antibody.
  • An “antigen” is a molecule or a portion of a molecule capable of being bound by an antibody which is additionally capable of inducing an animal to produce antibody capable of binding to an epitope of that antigen.
  • An antigen may have one or more than one epitope. The specific reaction referred to above is meant to indicate that the antigen will react, in a highly selective manner, with its corresponding antibody and not with the multitude of other antibodies that may be evoked by other antigens.
  • Epitopes or antigenic determinants usually consist of chemically active surface groupings of molecules such as amino acids or sugar side chains and have specific three-dimensional structural characteristics as well as specific charge characteristics.
  • the antibody may be a human or nonhuman antibody.
  • a nonhuman antibody may be humanized by recombinant methods to reduce its immunogenicity in man. Methods for humanizing antibodies are known to those skilled in the art.
  • a mAb or fragment, chimera or humanized antibody thereof may be used as an inhibitor of the p53 gene product, per se, or may be used to conjugate to a temporary inhibitor of a p53 gene.
  • the antibody When conjugated to a temporary inhibitor of a p53 gene, the antibody may serve to target an organ at risk of IRI.
  • peptide is used broadly to mean peptides, proteins, fragments of proteins and the like.
  • a peptide mimetic or “peptidomimetic” is a molecule that mimics the biological activity of a peptide but is not completely peptidic in nature.
  • peptidomimetic as used herein, means a peptide-like molecule that has the activity of the peptide upon which it is structurally based.
  • Such peptidomimetics include chemically modified peptides, peptide-like molecules containing non-naturally occurring amino acids, and peptides and have an activity such as selective targeting activity of the peptide upon which the peptidomimetic is derived.
  • a peptidomimetic can include amino acid analogs and can be a peptide-like molecule which contains, for example, an amide bond isostere such as a retro-inverso modification; reduced amide bond; methylenethioether or methylenesulfoxide bond; methylene ether bond; ethylene bond; thioamide bond; trans-olefin or fluoroolefin bond; 1,5-disubstituted tetrazole ring; ketomethylene or fluoroketomethylene bond or another amide isostere.
  • an amide bond isostere such as a retro-inverso modification
  • reduced amide bond such as a retro-inverso modification
  • methylenethioether or methylenesulfoxide bond methylene ether bond
  • ethylene bond thioamide bond
  • trans-olefin or fluoroolefin bond 1,5-disubstituted tetrazole ring
  • a peptide, protein or fragment thereof may be used as an inhibitor of the p53 gene product, per se, or may be used to conjugate to a temporary inhibitor of a p53 gene.
  • the peptide When conjugated to a temporary inhibitor of a p53 gene, the peptide may serve to target facilitate delivery of the inhibitor to an organ at risk of IRI.
  • composition or “therapeutic composition” refers to a preparation of one or more of the active ingredients with other components such as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and excipients.
  • the purpose of a therapeutic composition is to facilitate administration of an active ingredient to a subject.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carrier refers to a carrier or a diluent that does not cause significant irritation to a subject and does not substantially abrogate the activity and properties of the administered active ingredients. An adjuvant is included under these phrases.
  • excipient refers to an inert substance added to a therapeutic composition to further facilitate administration of an active ingredient.
  • compositions used in implementing the teachings herein may be formulated using techniques with which one of average skill in the art is familiar in a conventional manner using one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers comprising excipients and adjuvants, which facilitate processing of the active ingredients into a therapeutic composition and generally includes mixing an amount of the active ingredients with the other components. Suitable techniques are described in “Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,” Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., latest edition, which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • compositions useful in implementing the teachings herein may be manufactured by one or more processes that are well known in the art, e.g., mixing, blending, homogenizing, dissolving, granulating, emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping and lyophilizing processes.
  • compositions suitable for implementing the teachings herein include compositions comprising active ingredients in an amount effective to achieve the intended purpose (a therapeutically effective amount). Determination of a therapeutically effective amount is well within the capability of those skilled in the art, for example, is initially estimated from animal models.
  • FIG. 1 is a graph showing protein levels of ischemia induced activation of p53 in kidneys from young and old rat donors.
  • FIGS. 2 a and 2 b are line graphs showing secondary endpoint time to first post-transplant dialysis in mITT(EE) population ( FIG. 2 a ) and in ECD/CS stratum ( FIG. 2 b ).
  • FIG. 3 shows a Forest plot demonstrating the impact of QPI-1002 treatment on DGF relative risk reduction in graft recipients per donor kidney type.
  • compositions that temporarily inhibit the p53 gene, and the use of such compounds for prophylaxis of IRI in organs, a reduction in the amount and duration of dialysis in deceased donor kidney transplant recipients and for prevention of Delayed Graft Function (DGF) in recipients of Expanded Criteria Donor (ECD) kidneys.
  • DGF Delayed Graft Function
  • Temporary inhibitors of p53 are intended to reduce the expression or function of a p53 gene for a length of time sufficient to evoke a therapeutic or prophylactic effect, for example in an organ or in a subject, without increasing the risk for cancerous growth.
  • a method of temporary p53 inhibition is disclosed in, inter alia, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,593,353; 6,982,277; 7,008,956 and 7,012,087, incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
  • the term “inhibitor” refers to a compound, which is capable of reducing (partially or fully) the expression of a gene or the activity of a product of such gene (mRNA, protein) to an extent sufficient to achieve a desired biological or physiological effect.
  • the expression may be reduced to 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, 5% or less than that observed in the absence of an inhibitor.
  • the inhibitor is a temporary inhibitor that reversibly reduces p53 expression or activity.
  • a “temporary” inhibitor of p53 refers to a molecule that exerts its effect for up to 24 hours, up to 36 hours, up to 48 hours, up to 72 hours, up to 96 hours, up to 120 hours or no longer than 30 days.
  • An inhibitor of a “p53 gene” may be a small organic molecule, a protein, an antibody or fragment thereof, a peptide, a polypeptide, a peptidomimetic or a nucleic acid molecule; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
  • a small organic molecule of may be, for example, pifithrin.
  • An inhibitor of the p53 gene can be an “aptamer”, which are nucleic acid or peptide molecules that bind to a specific protein target molecule (see, for example, patent documents: Sundaram, et al., Eu. J. Pharm. Sci. 2013, 48:259-271; WO 1992/014843 U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,861,254; 5,756,291; 6,376,190.
  • Aptamers may be used to inhibit target genes or to target other inhibitors to specific target cells or organs (see for example US 2006/0105975).
  • Aptamers are meant to include “thiophosphate oligonucleotide aptamers,” “thioaptamers” or “TAs”, which are a class of ligand that structurally differs from RNA and DNA capable of binding proteins with high (nM) affinity. TAs may also be used to inhibit target genes or as targeting moieties, per se.
  • the compounds that down-regulate or inhibit expression of the p53 gene are nucleic acid molecules (for example, antisense molecules, short interfering nucleic acid (siNA), short interfering RNA (siRNA), double-stranded NA (dsNA), micro-RNA (miRNA) or short hairpin RNA (shRNA)) that bind a nucleotide sequence (such as an mRNA sequence) or portion thereof, encoding p53, for example, the mRNA coding sequence (SEQ ID NO:1-7) for human p53, encoding one or more proteins or protein subunits.
  • the nucleic acid molecule is selected from the group consisting of unmodified or chemically modified dsNA compound such as a dsRNA, a siRNA or shRNA that down-regulates the expression of a p53 gene.
  • the nucleic acid molecule is a synthetic, unmodified double stranded RNA (dsRNA) compound that down-regulates p53 expression.
  • dsRNA double stranded RNA
  • the nucleic acid molecule is a synthetic, chemically modified double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) compound that down-regulates p53 expression.
  • dsRNA double-stranded RNA
  • p53 refers to human p53 gene.
  • target gene refers to human p53 gene.
  • the chemically modified nucleic acid molecules and compositions provided herein exhibit beneficial properties, including at least one of increased serum stability, improved cellular uptake, reduced off-target activity, reduced immunogenicity, improved endosomal release, improved specific delivery to target tissue or cell and increased knock down/down-regulation activity when compared to corresponding unmodified nucleic acid molecules.
  • nucleic acid compound or “nucleic acid molecule” refer to an oligomer (oligonucleotide) or polymer (polynucleotide) of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA) or a combination thereof. This term includes compounds composed of naturally occurring nucleobases, sugars and covalent internucleoside linkages.
  • dsRNA is a small double stranded nucleic acid molecule which includes RNA and RNA analogs.
  • a “dsNA” is a small double stranded nucleic acid molecule which includes RNA, modified nucleotides and/or unconventional nucleotides. The terms dsRNA and dsNA may be used interchangeably.
  • dsRNA relates to two strands of anti-parallel polyribonucleic acids held together by base pairing.
  • the two strands can be of identical length or of different lengths provided there is enough sequence homology between the two strands that a double stranded structure is formed with at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% complementarity over the entire length.
  • the dsRNA molecule comprises overhangs, which may be selected from nucleotide overhangs, non-nucleotide overhangs or a combination thereof.
  • the strands are aligned such that there are between 1-10 bases, preferably between 1-6 bases at least at the end of the strands, which do not align such that an overhang of 1-10 residues occurs at one or both ends of the duplex when strands are annealed.
  • the dsRNA in the present application is between 15 and 100 bp, between 15 and 50 bp, between 15 and 40 bp, between 15 and 30, or between 15 and 25 bp.
  • the 5′ and/or 3′ ends of the sense and/or antisense strands of the dsRNA comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more nucleotide overhangs.
  • the dsRNA comprises between 1-6 nucleotide overhangs on the 5′ and/or 3′ ends of the sense and/or antisense strands.
  • the ends of the dsRNA are blunt.
  • siRNA relates to small inhibitory dsRNA (generally between 15-25 bp) that may interact with the RNA interference (RNAi) machinery and induce the RNAi pathway.
  • RNAi RNA interference
  • siRNA are chemically synthesized as 15-25 mers, preferably comprising a central 15-19 bp duplex region with or without symmetric 2-base or more 3′ overhangs on the termini.
  • RNA silencing agent of some embodiments of the invention may also be a short hairpin RNA (shRNA).
  • RNA refers to a RNA molecule having a stem-loop structure, comprising a first and second region of complementarity sequence, the degree of complementarity and orientation of the regions being sufficient such that base pairing occurs between the regions, the first and second regions being sufficient such that base pairing occurs between the regions, the first and second regions being bound by a loop region, the loop resulting from lack of base pairing between nucleotides (or nucleotide analogs) within the loop region.
  • modified nucleotide refers to a nucleotide comprising at least one modification which may be a sugar modification, a nucleobase modification or an internucleotide linkage modification (between said nucleotide and a consecutive nucleotide) or a combination thereof.
  • modified nucleotides are often preferred over the naturally occurring forms because of desirable properties such as, for example, enhanced cellular uptake, enhanced affinity for a nucleic acid target and enhanced nuclease stability.
  • Internucleotide linkage modifications The naturally occurring internucleoside linkage that makes up the backbone of RNA and DNA is a 3′ to 5′ phosphodiester linkage.
  • the nucleic acid compounds according to some embodiments of the invention may comprise at least one modified (non-naturally occuring) internucleotide linkage.
  • Modified internucleoside linkages may include internucleoside linkages that retain a phosphorus atom and internucleoside linkages that do not have a phosphorus atom.
  • Non-limiting examples of modified internucleoside linkages containing a phosphorus atom therein include, for example, phosphorothioates, chiral phosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates, phosphotriesters, aminoalkylphosphotriesters, methyl and other alkyl phosphonates including 3′-alkylene phosphonates, 5′-allylene phosphonates and chiral phosphonates, phosphinates, phosphoramidates including 3′-amino phosphoramidate and aminoalkylphosphoramidates, thionophosphoramidates, thionoalkylphosphonates, thionoalkylphosphotriesters, phosphonoacetate (PACE) and thiophosphonoacetate, selenophosphates and boranophosphates having normal 3′-5′ linkages, 2′-5′ linked analogs of these, and those having inverted polarity wherein one or more internucleotide linkages is a
  • Non-limiting examples of modified internucleotide linkages that do not include a phosphorus atom therein include a short chain alkyl or cycloalkyl internucleoside linkages, mixed heteroatom and alkyl or cycloalkyl internucleoside linkages, or one or more short chain heteroatomic or heterocyclic internucleoside linkages.
  • morpholino linkages formed in part from the sugar portion of a nucleoside
  • siloxane linkages sulfide, sulfoxide and sulfone linkages
  • formacetyl and thioformacetyl linkages methylene formacetyl and thioformacetyl linkages
  • riboacetyl linkages alkene containing linkages; sulfamate linkages; methyleneimino and methylenehydrazino linkages; sulfonate and sulfonamide linkages; amide linkages; and other linkages having mixed N, O, S and CH 2 component parts.
  • Non-limiting examples of heteroatom internucleoside linkages include —CH 2 —NH—O—CH 2 —, —CH 2 —N(CH 3 )—O—CH 2 — (known as a methylene (methylimino) or MMI linkage), —CH 2 —O—N(CH 3 )—CH 2 —, —CH 2 —N(CH 3 )—N(CH 3 )—CH 2 — and —O—N(CH 3 )—CH 2 —CH 2 — (wherein the naturally occuring phosphodiester internucleotide linkage is represented as —O—P( ⁇ O)(OH)—O—CH 2 —).
  • Sugar moieties in nucleic acid compounds disclosed herein may include 2′-hydroxylpentofuranosyl sugar moiety without any modification.
  • nucleic acid compounds of the invention may contain one or more substituted or otherwise modified sugar moieties.
  • a preferred position for a sugar substituent group is the 2′-position not usually used in the native 3′ to 5′-internucleoside linkage. Other preferred positions are the 3′ and the 5′-termini. 3′-sugar positions are open to modification when the linkage between two adjacent sugar units is a 2′-5′-linkage.
  • Preferred sugar substituent groups include: —OH; —F; —O-alkyl, —S-alkyl, or —N-alkyl; —O-alkenyl, —S-alkenyl, or —N-alkenyl; —O-alkynyl, —S-alkynyl or —N-alkynyl; or —O-alkyl-O-alkyl, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl may be substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C10 alkyl or C2 to C10 alkenyl and alkynyl, C1 to C10 lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkaryl, aralkyl (e.g.
  • Non-limiting examples of sugar modification include methoxy (—O—CH 3 ), methylthio (—S—CH 3 ), —OCN, —OCF 3 , aminopropoxy (—OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 ), allyl (—CH 2 —CH ⁇ CH 2 ), —O-allyl (—O—CH 2 —CH ⁇ CH 2 ), —O[(CH 2 ) n O] m CH 3 , —O(CH 2 )—OCH 3 , —O(CH 2 ) n NH 2 , —O(CH 2 ) n CH 3 , —O(CH 2 ) n ONH 2 , and —O(CH 2 ) n ON[(CH 2 ) n CH 3 ] 2 , where n and m are from 1 to about 10, 2′-methoxyethoxy
  • 2′-sugar substituent groups described supra may be incorporated in the arabino (up) position or ribo (down) position.
  • An example of 2′-arabino modification is 2′-F (2′-F-arabino modified nucleotide is typically referred to as fluoroarabimo nucleic acid (FANA)).
  • sugar moieties may be modified such as, 2′-deoxy-pentofuranosyl sugar moiety.
  • the modified nucleotide comprises at least one 2′-O-methyl sugar modified ribonucleotide.
  • nucleic acid compounds disclosed herein may comprise “unmodified” or “natural” nucleobases including the purine bases adenine (A) and guanine (G), and the pyrimidine bases thymine (T), cytosine (C) and uracil (U).
  • nucleic acid compounds of the invention may contain one or more substituted or otherwise modified nucleobase.
  • nucleobase modifications include 5-methylcytosine (5-me-C), 5-hydroxymethyl cytosine, xanthine, hypoxanthine, 2-aminoadenine, 6-methyl adenine, 6-methyl guanine, 2-propyl adenine, 2-propyl guanine and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-thiouracil, 2-thiothymine, 2-thiocytosine, 5-halouracil, 5-halocytosine, 5-propynyl uracil, 5-propynyl cytosine and other alkynyl derivatives of pyrimidine bases, 6-azo uracil, 6-azo cytosine, 6-azo thymine, 5-uracil (pseudouracil), 4-thiouracil, 8-halo adenine, 8-halo guanines, 8-amino adenine, 8-amino guanine, 8-thiol a
  • nucleobases moieties may also include those in which the purine or pyrimidine base is replaced with other heterocycles, for example 8-azaguanine, 8-azaadenine, 7-deaza-guanine, 7-deaza-adenine, 3-deazaguanine and 3-deazaadenine. Additional examples include nucleobases having non-purinyl and non-pyrimidinyl bases such as 2-aminopyridine, 2-pyridone and triazine.
  • Nucleotide analogues The nucleic acid compounds, according to some embodiments of the invention, may comprise one or more nucleotide analogues.
  • Nucleotide analogues alternatively referred to as “nucleotide mimetics” as used herein refers to nucleotides wherein the furanose ring or the furanose ring and the internucleotide linkage are replaced with alternative groups. The nucleobase moiety (modified or unmodified) is maintained.
  • Non-limiting examples of nucleotide analogues include a peptide nucleic acid (PNA), in which the sugar-backbone of a nucleotide is replaced with an amide containing backbone, in particular an aminoethylglycine backbone; a morpholino nucleic acid, in which the furanose ring is replaced with a morpholine ring; a cyclohexenyl nucleic acid (CeNA), in which the furanose ring is replaced with a cyclohenyl ring; a nucleic acid comprising bicyclic sugar moiety (BNAs), such as “Locked Nucleic Acids” (LNAs) in which the 2′-hydroxyl group of the ribosyl sugar ring is linked to the 4′ carbon atom of the sugar ring thereby forming a 2′-C,4′-C-oxymethylene linkage to form the bicyclic sugar moiety, a 2′-O,4′-ethylene-
  • the nucleic acid compound according to some embodiments of the invention may further comprise at least one unconventional moiety.
  • inventive moiety refers to as an “abasic nucleotide” or an “abasic nucleotide analog”. Such abasic nucleotide encompasses sugar moieties lacking a base or having other chemical groups in place of base at the 1′ position.
  • the abasic nucleotide may comprise an abasic ribose moiety (unmodified or modified as described supra) or an abasic deoxyribose moiety (unmodified or modified).
  • abasic nucleotide may be a reverse abasic nucleotide, e.g., where a reverse abasic phosphoramidite is coupled via a 5′ amidite (instead of 3′ amidite) resulting in a 5′-5′ phosphate linkage.
  • abasic nucleotide analog encompasses any nucleotide analog as defined above, wherein the sugar moiety is lacking a base or having other chemical groups in place of base at the 1′ position.
  • Modifications can be made at terminal phosphate groups.
  • Non-limiting examples of different stabilization chemistries can be used, for example to stabilize the 3′-end of nucleic acid sequences, include [3-3′]-inverted deoxyribose; deoxyribonucleotide; [5′-3]-3′-deoxyribonucleotide; [5′-3]-ribonucleotide; [5′-3]-3′-O-methyl ribonucleotide; 3′-glyceryl; [3′-5]-3′-deoxyribonucleotide; [3′-3′]-deoxyribonucleotide; [5′-2]-deoxyribonucleotide; and [5-3]-dideoxyribonucleotide.
  • these structures can be combined with different internucleotide linkage modifications, sugar modifications and/or nucleobase modifications as described above.
  • nucleic acid compounds according to some embodiments disclosed herein may comprise blunt ends (i.e., ends do not include any overhanging nucleotides).
  • the nucleic compounds of the invention may comprise at least one overhang, said overhangs may be selected from the group consisting of nucleotide overhangs (e.g. 3′-terminal nucleotide overhangs) and non-nucleotide overhangs.
  • chemically modified dsNA compounds that target p53, compositions and kits comprising same and methods of use thereof in the treatment of a condition or pathology involving apoptosis (programmed cell death), are provided herein.
  • the invention relates to use of such compounds for prophylaxis of Delayed Graft Function (DGF) in a recipient of a kidney from a deceased Expanded Criteria Donor (ECD), including as a kidney that has been preserved entirely by cold storage following removal from the donor and prior to implantation in the recipient.
  • DGF Delayed Graft Function
  • ECD Expanded Criteria Donor
  • the nucleic acid compounds that target and down-regulate the p53 gene are having oligonucleotide sequences (SEQ ID NOS: 8-37).
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts of such compounds are used.
  • the oligonucleotide sequence of one of the strands is selected from one of SEQ ID NOS: 8-20, 34 and 36 and the oligonucleotide sequence of the other strand is selected from one of SEQ ID NOS: 21-33, 35 and 37.
  • the inhibitors of p53 are nucleic acid molecules, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts of such molecules, having a double-stranded structure in which (a) the nucleic acid molecule is a duplex which includes a sense strand and a complementary antisense strand; (b) each strand of the nucleic acid molecule is 19 nucleotides in length; (c) a 19 nucleotide sequence of the antisense strand is complementary to a consecutive sequence of a mRNA encoding mammalian p53 (e.g., SEQ ID NOS: 1-7) or portion thereof; and (d) the sense strand and antisense strand are selected from the oligonucleotide sequences set forth in Table 1 below (SEQ ID NOS: 8-37).
  • the inhibitors of p53 are nucleic acid compounds (e.g., dsNA molecules), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts of such compounds, in which (a) the nucleic acid molecule is a duplex which includes a sense strand and a complementary antisense strand; (b) each strand of the nucleic acid molecule is 19 nucleotides in length; (c) a 19 nucleotide sequence of the antisense strand is complementary to a consecutive sequence of a mRNA encoding mammalian p53 (e.g., SEQ ID NOS: 1-7) or portion thereof; and (d) the sense strand and antisense strand comprise sequence pairs set forth in Table 2 below.
  • nucleic acid compounds e.g., dsNA molecules
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts of such compounds in which (a) the nucleic acid molecule is a duplex which includes a sense strand and a complementary antisense strand; (b) each strand of the nucleic acid molecule is
  • the sense strand and the antisense strand of the double-stranded nucleic acid molecule are selected from the group consisting of a sense strand SEQ ID NO: 36 and an antisense strand SEQ ID NO: 37; a sense strand SEQ ID NO: 16 and an antisense strand SEQ ID NO: 29; a sense strand SEQ ID NO: 19 and an antisense strand SEQ ID NO: 32; and a sense strand SEQ ID NO: 19 and an antisense strand SEQ ID NO: 28.
  • QPI-1002 (also known as “I5NP”, CAS Number 1231737-88-4) having molecular weight 12,319.75 Daltons (protonated form), QPI-1002 Sodium Salt: 13,111.10 Daltons (sodium salt) is nuclease-resistant, chemically modified, synthetic, double-stranded (19-base pair) RNA oligonucleotide designed to temporarily inhibit the expression of the pro-apoptotic gene, p53, via activation of the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway.
  • the sodium salt of QPI-1002 has the molecular formula: C 380 H 448 O 262 N 140 P 36 Na 36 .
  • the RNA duplex is partially protected from nuclease degradation using a modification on the 2′ position of the ribose sugar.
  • QPI-1002 The structure of QPI-1002 is as follows:
  • each of A, C, U and G is a ribonucleotide and each consecutive ribonucleotide is joined to the next ribonucleotide by a covalent bond; and wherein alternating ribonucleotides in both the antisense strand and the sense strand are 2′-O-methyl sugar modified ribonucleotides and a 2′-O-methyl sugar modified ribonucleotide is present at both the 5′ terminus and the 3′ terminus of the antisense strand and an unmodified ribonucleotide is present at both the 5′ terminus and the 3′ terminus of the sense strand.
  • each of the first, third, fifth, seventh, ninth, eleventh, thirteenth, fifteenth, seventeenth and nineteenth ribonucleotide is a 2′-O-Methyl sugar modified ribonucleotide
  • each of the second, fourth, sixth, eighth, tenth, twelfth, fourteenth, sixteenth and eighteenth ribonucleotide is a 2′-O-Methyl sugar modified ribonucleotide.
  • p53 protein is activated as a consequence of the acute renal tubular (ischemia-reperfusion) injury that can occur in donor kidneys transplanted following hypothermic preservation, particularly prolonged hypothermic preservation, such as for periods of 26 hours or more, and after removal of patients from cardiopulmonary bypass following major cardiac surgery, leading to the induction of apoptosis/programmed cell death.
  • the temporary inhibition of p53 expression by QPI-1002 affords proximal tubular epithelial cells time to repair cellular damage and, therefore, avoid induction of apoptosis.
  • Temporarily blocking induction of apoptosis has been shown by the present inventors reduce the severity, frequency or duration of reperfusion injury following prolonged ischemia.
  • the administered dose of the temporary inhibitor of p53 must be effective to achieve prophylaxis, including but not limited to improved survival rate or more rapid recovery, or improvement or attenuation or prevention of symptoms and other indicators as are selected as appropriate measures by those skilled in the art.
  • the compounds disclosed herein can be administered by any of the conventional routes of administration. It should be noted that the compound can be administered as the compound or as pharmaceutically acceptable salt and can be administered alone or as an active ingredient in combination with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, solvents, diluents, excipients, adjuvants and vehicles.
  • the compounds can be administered orally, subcutaneously or parenterally including intravenous, intraarterial, intramuscular, intraperitoneally, and intranasal administration as well as intrathecal and infusion techniques.
  • Implants of the compounds are also useful.
  • Liquid forms may be prepared for injection, the term including subcutaneous, transdermal, intravenous, intramuscular, intrathecal, and other parental routes of administration.
  • the liquid compositions include aqueous solutions, with and without organic cosolvents, aqueous or oil suspensions, emulsions with edible oils, as well as similar pharmaceutical vehicles.
  • the compositions for use in the novel treatments of the present invention may be formed as aerosols, for intranasal and like administration.
  • the patient being treated is a warm-blooded animal and, in particular, mammals including man.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, solvents, diluents, excipients, adjuvants and vehicles as well as implant carriers generally refer to inert, non-toxic solid or liquid fillers, diluents or encapsulating material not reacting with the active ingredients of the invention and they include liposomes, lipidated glycosaminoglycans and microspheres. Many such implants, delivery systems, and modules are well known to those skilled in the art.
  • FIG. 1 the Y-axis shows arbitrary units corresponding to p53 protein levels measured in ELISA.
  • FIG. 1 shows that the p53 protein level is significantly increased in transplanted kidneys from older rats, compared to transplanted kidneys from young rats (3 months old). Note that following p53 activation occurring via a variety of post-translational modifications, its steady-state levels are increased due to marked protein stabilization.
  • the primary objectives of the study were 1) to assess the efficacy of QPI-1002 in the prevention of DGF and 2) to further assess the safety of a single-dose IV bolus infusion of QPI-1002 in high-risk patients following deceased donor renal transplantation.
  • the primary endpoint was the incidence of DGF, whereas DGF was defined in the protocol as the necessity for dialysis during the first 7 days following the transplantation.
  • the secondary endpoints included parameters measuring dialysis severity in dialyzed patients, kidney function in non-dialyzed patients immediately post-transplant (within 5 days) as well as kidney function at an intermediate-term observation point, i.e. at 30 days after transplantation.
  • Test product QPI-1002 was provided by Quark Pharmaceuticals Inc., Fremont Calif., formulated as a preservative free, sterile solution formulated in phosphate buffered saline. The product was filled into clear Type I glass vials sealed with Teflon-coated butyl rubber stoppers with aluminum flip-off overseals. Each vial was provided for single use. Vials were stored at 2-8 ° C., protected from light. The solution was warmed to room temperature prior to use.
  • QPI-1002 was administered via bolus intravenous injection at a dose of 10 mg/kg at about 30 minutes following completion of surgery and removal of the patient from the cardiopulmonary bypass machine, or following reperfusion of the transplanted kidney.
  • Cold storage Following removal from the donor, kidneys preserved by cold storage were flushed with cold preservative solution and placed in a sterile bag immersed in the solution. The sterile bag was placed inside an additional bag containing crushed ice.
  • Machine-perfusion Following removal from the donor, kidneys preserved by machine-perfusion were connected to a perfusion device configured to continuously pump perfusion fluid through the organ.
  • a perfusion device configured to continuously pump perfusion fluid through the organ.
  • non-limiting examples of commonly used devices for machine perfusion of donor kidneys include the Waters RM3 (IGL/Waters Medical Systems, Rochester Minn.) and the LifePort kidney transporter (Organ Recovery Systems, des Plaines, Ill., USA).
  • suitable preservation solutions include UW (University of Wisconsin) solution and HTK (histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate) solution.
  • UW Universality of Wisconsin
  • HTK histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate
  • ITT Intent- All patients randomized, transplanted and dosed, to-treat: analyzed as randomized ITTEE: Efficacy evaluable (EE) patients: All patients randomized, transplanted and dosed, analyzed as randomized, (excludes four patients who experi- enced graft loss in first 24 hrs post-transplant and one patient who did not receive study drug) - this population was used in the analysis of the primary efficacy endpoint MITT (Modified Same as ITT but analyzed as treated - this popu- intent-to-treat): lation was used in safety analysis mITT(EE): Same as ITTEE but analyzed as treated - this popu- lation was used in efficacy analysis (secondary endpoints)
  • organ donor type was not accurately identified until transplant, hence at time of randomization, final organ type was not identified.
  • ITT & ITTEE strata are presented in Table B as organ donor type (ECD/SCD) used in randomization.
  • mITT(EE) stratum is presented in Table B as per actual organ donor type (ECD/SCD).
  • DGF was defined as the need for dialysis within 24 hours following kidney transfer (excluding for hyperkalemia and/or hypervolemia).
  • Table E provides non-demographic donor DGF risk variables:
  • DGF Delayed Graft Function
  • ECD/CS ECD/CS
  • the overall safety profile of the drug was consistent with that expected among DDRT recipients during the early post-transplant period, and similar in both treatment groups.
  • Table F provides primary efficacy endpoint results in ITTEE population (Analyzed as randomized):
  • FIGS. 2 a and 2 b provide results for secondary endpoint probability of remaining dialysis free time to first post-transplant dialysis in mITT(EE) population ( FIG. 2 a ) and in ECD/CS stratum ( FIG. 2 b ), showing a greater reduction improvement in ECD/CS population treated with QP1-1002 as compared to the overall population.
  • Table H shows that clinically significant reduction of more than 30% was achieved in
  • ECD/CS stratum such that on average one week of dialysis was saved in patients receiving QPI-1002.
  • DGF secondary efficacy endpoint was based on treatment differences in the percentages of subjects with DGF, SGF and IGF, as defined per the criteria of Humar et al (Clinical Transplantation, 2002) and Johnston et al (NDT, 2006). Results are provided in Table M and the data suggest a shift from DGF to slow graft function (SGF) in QPI-1002 treated group.
  • FIG. 3 shows a Forest plot demonstrating the impact of QPI-1002 treatment on DGF relative risk reduction in graft recipients per donor kidney type.
  • Relative risk (RR) is calculated as the ratio between DGF incidence in QPI-1002-treated patients and placebo-treated patients in a given patient subgroup.
  • Box plots Estimated RR values are marked with “+” inside the boxes. Box sizes are proportional to respective sample sizes.
  • Line ends represent respective calculated RR 95% confidence limits (CL).
  • N number of patients in a given subgroup.
  • LCL 95% lower confidence limit of RRR.
  • UCL 95% upper confidence limit of RRR.
  • the impact of QPI-1002 on kidney function in the immediate post-transplant period (5 days) in non-dialyzed patients was evaluated by measuring urine output as well as creatinine-based parameters related to glomerular function, i.e. eGFR and serum creatinine concentration.
  • Tables 3a, 3b and 3c show endpoint data for overall recipient population, population of recipients who received a kidney from a donor 45 years old and older; and population of recipients who received a kidney from a donor 35 years old and older. “Duration of DGF” (.ie, the total number of contiguous days counted from the DGF Start date to the DGF Stop date).
  • the rate of DGF was numerically lower among QPI-1002 treated patients as compared to patients receiving placebo in the largest (ECD/CS) group and was accompanied by reduced need for post-transfer dialysis and a comparable safety profile among both treatment groups.
  • Patients undergoing DDRT with entirely cold-stored ECD kidneys may benefit from intraoperative, post-reperfusion treatment with QPI-1002 in terms of reduced need for dialysis and higher GFRs at 1 month post-transfer.
  • Single-dose treatment with QPI-1002 following vascular reperfusion was associated with a safety profile similar to that of Placebo, and comparable to that expected among recipients of deceased donor renal transplants.
  • Example 2 A study similar to Example 1 was performed to test the effectiveness of QPI-1002 using kidneys from donors of various ages that did not necessarily meet the criteria for ECD donors.
  • Dialysis has a pharmacoeconomic impact as well as health consequences. Therefore, a comparison of the number of dialyses from day 0 to day 180 between treatment groups is of interest.
  • the analysis was not limited to the first course only or conditioned on DGF event.
  • Dialysis data is drawn out from ‘Dial’ file.
  • ‘Dial’ data any record before day 30 is considered as a session and from day 30 and onward the record is regarded as a course which includes the start date and the end date.
  • Table 4b summarizes the mean, STD, min, max and median of the number of dialysis per patients for each treatment group. The most right hand side columns include the p-value obtained from the different tests for the treatment comparison.
  • the mean number of dialysis per patients in I5NP group is 2.29, which is ⁇ 2 ⁇ 3 of the Placebo group (3.44).
  • the p-value is 0.086 according to the median test.
  • the p-value obtained by the ZIP model is 0.014, which means that there is a significant reduction of the number of dialysis per patient in the I5NP group with respect to the Placebo group.
  • Table 4d contains the descriptive statistics for the mean number of dialysis per patients according to treatment groups.
  • the mean number of dialysis per patients in I5NP group is 2.15, which is ⁇ 1 ⁇ 2 of the Placebo group (4.14).
  • the difference is statistically significant p-value is 0.0076 according to the median test.
  • the p-value obtained by the ZIP model is ⁇ 0.01, which means that there is a significant reduction of the number of dialysis per patient in the I5NP group with respect to the Placebo group.
  • Table 4f contains the descriptive statistics for the mean number of dialysis per patients according to treatment groups.
  • the mean number of dialysis per patients in I5NP group is 2.27, which is ⁇ 3 ⁇ 5 of the Placebo group result (3.95).
  • the difference is statistically significant p-value is 0.0149 according to the median test.
  • the p-value obtained by the ZIP model is ⁇ 0.01, which means that there is a significant reduction of the number of dialysis per patient in the I5NP group with respect to the Placebo group.
  • oligonucleotide sequences were prioritized based on their score in a proprietary algorithm as the best predicted sequences for targeting the human p53 gene expression.
  • Exemplary sense and antisense sequences useful for generating a dsNA temporary inhibitor of p53 gene are shown in Table 2, supra, and include SEQ ID NOS:36 and 37; 8 and 21; 9 and 22; 9 and 31; 10 and 23; 11 and 24; 12 and 25; 13 and 26; 14 and 27; 15 and 28; 16 and 29; 17 and 30; 18 and 31; 18 and 22; 19 and 32; 19 and 28; 20 and 33; and 20 and 21.
  • dsRNA compounds were synthesized having the following modification patterns:
  • dsRNA compounds having unmodified ribonucleotides in the antisense strand and in the sense strand, and a -dTdTS 3′-end overhang in both the antisense strand and the sense strand, with dT designating thymidine and dT$ designating thymidine with no terminal phosphate.
  • dsRNA compound having alternating 2′-O-methyl (Me) sugar modified ribonucleotides are present in the first, third, fifth, seventh, ninth, eleventh, thirteenth, fifteenth, seventeenth and nineteenth positions of the antisense strand, whereby the very same modification, i.e. a 2′-O-Methyl sugar modified ribonucleotides are present in the second, fourth, sixth, eighth, tenth, twelfth, fourteenth, sixteenth and eighteenth positions of the sense strand.
  • Cy3-labeled siRNA transfected cells were used as positive control for transfection efficiency. Cells were then incubated in a 37 ⁇ 1° C., 5% CO 2 incubator for 48-72 hours. dsRNA transfected cells were harvested and RNA was isolated using EZ-RNA kit [Biological Industries (#20-410-100)]. Reverse transcription was performed as follows: cDNA was synthesized and human and/or rat p53 mRNA levels were determined, accordingly by Real Time qPCR and normalized to those of the Cyclophilin A (CYNA, PPIA) mRNA for each sample. dsRNA activity was determined based on the ratio of the mRNA quantity in siRNA-treated samples versus non-transfected control samples.
  • CYNA Cyclophilin A
  • the preferred sequences (SEQ ID NOS: 8-37) were used for generating modified double-stranded nucleic acid compounds.
  • Some modified double-stranded nucleic acid compounds that were generated using the preferred antisense strand and sense strand sequences are set forth in Tables N and O, below.
  • Table P below shows some preferred modified double-stranded nucleic acid compounds that were generated using the preferred antisense strand and sense strand sequences (SEQ ID NOS: 8-37).
  • duplex names are identified by prefixes “p53” and “TP53” that are used interchangeably.
  • a , U , G , C designates a 2-O-methyl sugar modified ribonucleotide
  • the ribonucleotide at the 3′ terminus and at the 5′ terminus in each of the antisense strand and the sense strand may be phosphorylated or non-phosphorylated.
  • the ribonucleotide at the 3′ terminus is phosphorylated and the ribonucleotide at the 5′ terminus is non-phosphorylated.
  • the antisense strand and the sense strand are non-phosphorylated at both the 3′ terminus and the 5′ terminus.
  • duplexes for generation of double-stranded nucleic acid compounds for down-regulation of a p53 gene are set forth herein below in Table O. Additional duplexes are provided in the Examples section below.
  • Duplex Sense (N′)y Antisense (N)x Name 5 ⁇ 3 5 ⁇ 3 p53_13 cap- C AGACCUAUGG AG U AGUaUCC A U A AAAC U A C U-C3-pi GGUC U G-C3-C3 cap- C AGACCUAUGG AG U AGUuUCC A U A AAAcuacu-C3-pi GGUC U G-C3-C3 cap-C A G A C C U A U G G A G U A G U A G U A G U A G U U U U U C C A U A A A A A C U A C U-pi G G U C U G -pi cap- C AGACCUAUGG U G U AGUuUCC A U A AAAcuaca-C3-pi GGUC U G-C3-C3 cap- C AGACCUAUGG U G U A G U U U U U C C A U A AAAC U A C A C A-C3-pi G G U C U G -pi
  • a , U , G , C designates a 2-O-methyl sugar modified ribonucleotide
  • a, u, c, g designates a nucleotide joined to an adjacent nucleotide by a 2′-5′ internucleotide phosphate bond (5′>3′);
  • the capping moiety is the group consisting of an abasic ribose moiety, an abasic deoxyribose moiety, an inverted deoxyribose moiety, an inverted deoxyabasic moiety (idAb), amino-C6 moiety (AM-c6), C6-amino-pi, a non-nucleotide moiety, a mirror nucleotide, a 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthalene butyric phosphodiester (THNB) and a conjugate moiety.
  • abasic ribose moiety an abasic deoxyribose moiety
  • an inverted deoxyribose moiety an inverted deoxyabasic moiety (idAb)
  • amino-C6 moiety AM-c6
  • C6-amino-pi C6-amino-pi
  • non-nucleotide moiety a mirror nucleotide
  • pi designates 3′-phosphate.
  • dT$ designates thymidine (no phosphate)
  • C3 designates 1,3-Propanediol, mono(dihydrogen phosphate) (C3) [CAS RN: 13507-42-1].
  • C3-C3 designates two consecutive C3 molecules.
  • the C3-C3 non-nucleotide overhang covalently attached at the 3′ terminus of the antisense strand is phosphorylated (—C3-C3-pi).
  • the ribonucleotide at the 5′ terminus in the antisense strand is phosphorylated. In some embodiments of the nucleic acid compounds described in Table O, supra, in each of the nucleic acid compounds, the ribonucleotide at the 5′ terminus in the antisense strand is non-phosphorylated.
  • a compound identified by prefix “p53_13” and “TP53_13” designates a double-stranded nucleic acid compound having a sense strand sequence 5′ CAGACCUAUGGAAACUACU 3′ (SEQ ID NO:8) and an antisense strand sequence 5′ AGUAGUUUCCAUAGGUCUG 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 21).
  • a , U , G , C designates a 2-O-methyl sugar modified ribonucleotide
  • a, u, c, g designates a nucleotide joined to an adjacent nucleotide (5′>3′) by a 2′-5′ internucleotide phosphate bond;
  • C3 designates 1,3-Propanediol, mono(dihydrogen phosphate) also identified as 3-Hydroxypropane-1-phosphate capping moiety [CAS RN: 13507-42-1].
  • C3C3 designates a capping moiety consisting of two consecutive C3 molecules
  • pi designates 3′-phosphate.
  • Table Q summarizes the in vitro activity results obtained for some of the double-stranded nucleic acid molecules in human HCT116 cell line. All of the dsNA compounds are described in Table P, supra.
  • the p53_13_S500 compound has sense strand SEQ ID NO: 8 and antisense strand SEQ ID NO: 21 and the following modification pattern: alternating 2′-O-methyl (Me) sugar modified ribonucleotides are present in the first, third, fifth, seventh, ninth, eleventh, thirteenth, fifteenth, seventeenth and nineteenth positions of the antisense strand, whereby the very same modification, i. e. a 2′-O-Methyl sugar modified ribonucleotides are present in the second, fourth, sixth, eighth, tenth, twelfth, fourteenth, sixteenth and eighteenth positions of the sense strand.
  • 2′-O-methyl (Me) sugar modified ribonucleotides are present in the first, third, fifth, seventh, ninth, eleventh, thirteenth, fifteenth, seventeenth and nineteenth positions of the antisense strand, whereby the very same modification, i. e. a 2′-O-Methyl sugar modified
  • Table R summarizes the in vitro activity results obtained for some of the double-stranded nucleic acid molecules in rat REF52 cell line.
  • the psiCHECK constructs contained single copies of matched complementary guide (AS-CM). 1.3-1.5 ⁇ 10 6 human HeLa cells were inoculated in 10 cm dish. Cells were then incubated in 37 ⁇ 1° C., 5% CO 2 incubator for 24 hours. Growth medium was replaced one day post inoculation by 8 ml fresh growth medium and each plate was transfected with one of the plasmids mentioned above, using LipofectamineTM 2000 reagent according to manufacturer's protocol and incubated for 5 hours at 37 ⁇ 1° C. and 5% CO 2 .
  • AS-CM matched complementary guide
  • cells were re-plated in a 96-well plate at final concentration of 5 ⁇ 10 3 cells per well in 80 ⁇ l growth medium. After 16 hours, cells were transfected with transfection RNA compound using LipofectamineTM 2000 reagent at final concentrations ranging from 0.01 nM to 100 nM in a 100 ⁇ l final volume. Cells were then incubated for 48 hours at 37 ⁇ 1° C. following assessment of Renilla and FireFly luciferase activities as described below.
  • Renilla and FireFly luciferase activities were measured in each of the siRNA transfected samples, using Dual-Luciferase® Assay kit (Promega, Cat #E1960) according to manufacturer procedure. Renilla luciferase activity value was divided by Firefly luciferase activity value for each sample (normalization). Renilla luciferase activity is finally expressed as the percentage of the normalized activity value in tested sample relative to the normalized value obtained in cells transfected with the corresponding psiCHECKTM-2 plasmid only but with no double-stranded RNA.

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