US20160312369A1 - Device and method for the flexible use of electricity - Google Patents

Device and method for the flexible use of electricity Download PDF

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US20160312369A1
US20160312369A1 US15/104,969 US201415104969A US2016312369A1 US 20160312369 A1 US20160312369 A1 US 20160312369A1 US 201415104969 A US201415104969 A US 201415104969A US 2016312369 A1 US2016312369 A1 US 2016312369A1
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oxygen
cell
cathode
gas
space
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Imad Moussallem
Georg Markowz
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Evonik Operations GmbH
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Evonik Degussa GmbH
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Assigned to EVONIK DEGUSSA GMBH reassignment EVONIK DEGUSSA GMBH ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: MARKOWZ, GEORG, MOUSSALLEM, IMAD
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
    • C25B1/01—Products
    • C25B1/34—Simultaneous production of alkali metal hydroxides and chlorine, oxyacids or salts of chlorine, e.g. by chlor-alkali electrolysis
    • C25B1/46—Simultaneous production of alkali metal hydroxides and chlorine, oxyacids or salts of chlorine, e.g. by chlor-alkali electrolysis in diaphragm cells
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
    • C25B1/01—Products
    • C25B1/02—Hydrogen or oxygen
    • C25B1/04—Hydrogen or oxygen by electrolysis of water
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
    • C25B1/01—Products
    • C25B1/24—Halogens or compounds thereof
    • C25B1/26—Chlorine; Compounds thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
    • C25B11/02—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by shape or form
    • C25B11/03—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by shape or form perforated or foraminous
    • C25B11/031—Porous electrodes
    • C25B11/035—
    • C25B11/0405—
    • C25B11/0489—
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
    • C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
    • C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
    • C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
    • C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
    • C25B11/073—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material
    • C25B11/091—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of at least one catalytic element and at least one catalytic compound; consisting of two or more catalytic elements or catalytic compounds
    • C25B11/095—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of at least one catalytic element and at least one catalytic compound; consisting of two or more catalytic elements or catalytic compounds at least one of the compounds being organic
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B13/00—Diaphragms; Spacing elements
    • C25B13/02—Diaphragms; Spacing elements characterised by shape or form
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B15/00—Operating or servicing cells
    • C25B15/02—Process control or regulation
    • C25B9/08—
    • C25B9/18—
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
    • C25B9/17—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof
    • C25B9/19—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
    • C25B9/70—Assemblies comprising two or more cells
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a device and a method for flexible use of power, with which excess electrical energy can be utilized for production of hydrogen.
  • a known approach is to utilize excess electrical energy for production of hydrogen by electrolytic cleavage of water.
  • This approach has the disadvantage that a separate device for electrolytic cleavage of water has to be constructed, which is operated only in the event of an excess of electrical energy and remains unused for most of the time.
  • both an oxygen-consuming electrode as cathode and a second cathode for generation of hydrogen are arranged in the cathode half-cell, and the cathode half-cell is equipped with a conduit for purging of the gas space adjoining the oxygen-consuming electrode, such that the electrolysis cell can be operated, as a function of the power supply, either with generation of hydrogen at the second cathode or with reduction of oxygen at the oxygen-consuming electrode.
  • the invention provides a device for flexible use of power, comprising an electrolysis cell for chlor-alkali electrolysis having an anode half-cell, a cathode half-cell and a cation exchange membrane that separates the anode half-cell and the cathode half-cell from one another, an anode arranged in the anode half-cell for evolution of chlorine, an oxygen-consuming electrode arranged in the cathode half-cell as the cathode, a catholyte space which is formed between the cation exchange membrane and the oxygen-consuming electrode, and through which electrolyte flows, a gas space adjoining the oxygen-consuming electrode at a surface facing away from the catholyte space, and a conduit for supply of gaseous oxygen to this gas space, characterized in that a second cathode for generation of hydrogen is arranged within the catholyte space and the device has at least one conduit for purging of the gas space with inert gas.
  • the invention also provides a method for flexible use of power, in which, in an inventive device, chlorine is produced by chlor-alkali electrolysis, wherein when power supply is low, gaseous oxygen is supplied to the oxygen-consuming electrode and oxygen is reduced at the oxygen-consuming electrode at a first cell voltage, and when power supply is high, no oxygen is supplied to the oxygen-consuming electrode and hydrogen is generated at the second cathode at a second cell voltage which is higher than the first cell voltage.
  • the inventive device comprises an electrolysis cell for chlor-alkali electrolysis having an anode half-cell, a cathode half-cell and a cation exchange membrane that separates the anode half-cell and the cathode half-cell from one another.
  • This inventive device may comprise a plurality of such electrolysis cells, which may be connected to form monopolar or bipolar electrolysers, preference being given to monopolar electrolysers.
  • An anode for evolution of chlorine is arranged in the anode half-cell of the inventive device.
  • Anodes used may be any of the anodes known from the prior art for chlor-alkali electrolysis by the membrane method. Preference is given to using dimensionally stable electrodes having a carrier of metallic titanium and a coating with a mixed oxide composed of titanium oxide and ruthenium oxide or iridium oxide.
  • the anode half-cell and cathode half-cell of the inventive device are separated from one another by a cation exchange membrane.
  • Cation exchange membranes used may be any of the cation exchange membranes known to be suitable for chlor-alkali electrolysis by the membrane method. Suitable cation exchange membranes are available under the Nafion®, AciplexTM and FlemionTM trade names from Du Pont, Asahi Kasei and Asahi Glass.
  • An oxygen-consuming electrode is arranged in the cathode half-cell of the inventive device such that the cathode half-cell has a catholyte space, through which electrolyte flows, between the cation exchange membrane and the oxygen-consuming electrode, and a gas space, which can be supplied with oxygen via a conduit for supply of gaseous oxygen, adjoins the oxygen-consuming electrode at a surface facing away from the catholyte space.
  • the device also has at least one conduit for purging of the gas space with an inert gas.
  • the gas space may be continuous over the entire height of the cathode half-cell or may be divided into a plurality of gas pockets arranged vertically one on top of another, in which case the gas pockets each have orifices for pressure equalization with the electrolyte space. Suitable embodiments of such gas pockets are known to those skilled in the art, for example from DE 44 44 114 A1.
  • the conduit for purging of the gas space with an inert gas may be separate from the conduit for supply of gaseous oxygen to the gas space, or it may be connected outside the cathode half-cell to the conduit for supply of gaseous oxygen, such that the conduit section between this connection and the cathode half-cell can be purged with inert gas.
  • Oxygen-consuming electrodes used may be noble metal-containing gas diffusion electrodes. Preference is given to using silver-containing gas diffusion electrodes, more preferably gas diffusion electrodes having a porous hydrophobic gas diffusion layer containing metallic silver and a hydrophobic polymer.
  • the hydrophobic polymer is preferably a fluorinated polymer, more preferably polytetrafluoroethylene. More preferably, the gas diffusion layer consists essentially of polytetrafluoroethylene-sintered silver particles.
  • the gas diffusion electrode may additionally comprise a carrier structure in the form of a mesh or grid, which is preferably electrically conductive and more preferably consists of nickel.
  • Particularly suitable multilayer oxygen-consuming electrodes are known from EP 2 397 578 A2.
  • the multilayer oxygen-consuming electrodes known from EP 2 397 578 A2 can be operated with high pressure differentials and can therefore be used in a cathode half-cell with a continuous gas space over the entire height.
  • a second cathode for generation of hydrogen is arranged in the cathode half-cell of the inventive device in the catholyte space.
  • any of the cathodes known from the prior art for the generation of hydrogen in a chlor-alkali electrolysis may be used as second cathode.
  • the second cathode used is preferably a cathode having a noble metal-containing coating which preferably contains platinum or ruthenium as the noble metal.
  • the second cathode is configured in the form of a mesh or grid and directly abuts the cation exchange membrane, such that the electrolyte flows through the catholyte space essentially between the second cathode and the oxygen-consuming cathode.
  • the oxygen-consuming electrode and the second cathode are preferably electrically insulated from one another in the cathode half-cell and preferably have separate power connections. This allows reliable prevention of formation of hydrogen at the second cathode during the operation of the device with reduction of oxygen at the oxygen-consuming electrode.
  • the inventive device preferably comprises a conduit with which inert gas can be withdrawn from the gas space of the cathode half-cell, and at which there is arranged a sensor which can be used to measure the content of oxygen in the inert gas.
  • a sensor which can be used to measure the content of oxygen in the inert gas.
  • the inventive device additionally comprises at least one conduit for purging the catholyte space with inert gas.
  • the device may comprise a further conduit with which inert gas can be withdrawn from the catholyte space, and this conduit may be connected to a gas collector at the upper end of the catholyte space or may be connected to a separating device which is arranged outside the cathode half-cell and in which gas is separated from electrolyte flowing out of the cathode half-cell.
  • the device comprises a conduit with which inert gas can be removed both from the gas space and from the catholyte space of the cathode half-cell, and at which there are arranged one or more sensors with which the content of oxygen and hydrogen in the inert gas can be measured.
  • the gas space adjoining the oxygen-consuming electrode, any gas pockets present, any gas collector present and the conduits connected to the cathode half-cell for supply and withdrawal of gases are preferably configured such that only low backmixing of gas occurs when purging the gas space and optionally of the catholyte space with inert gas.
  • the gas space, any gas pockets present and any gas collector present are therefore configured with minimum gas volumes.
  • the inventive device comprises a plurality of electrolysers arranged in parallel.
  • Each of the electrolysers then comprises a plurality of electrolysis cells each having a gas space, and a common conduit for supply of gaseous oxygen to the gas spaces of the electrolysis cells of the electrolyser and a common conduit for purging of the gas spaces of the electrolyser with inert gas.
  • the device comprises separate conduits for supply of oxygen to the electrolysers and separate conduits for supply of inert gas to the electrolysers.
  • the inventive device may additionally have a buffer reservoir for chlorine generated in the anode half-cell, which can store an amount of chlorine which can compensate for the interruption in the generation of chlorine in the anode half-cell on purging of the cathode half-cell with inert gas.
  • FIG. 1 shows a preferred embodiment of the inventive device with an electrolysis cell in which the second cathode abuts the cation exchange membrane.
  • the electrolysis cell comprises an anode half-cell ( 1 ), a cathode half-cell ( 2 ) and a cation exchange membrane ( 3 ) that separates the two half-cells.
  • An anode ( 4 ) for evolution of chlorine arranged in the anode half-cell abuts the cation exchange membrane.
  • the gas space can be supplied with gaseous oxygen via a conduit ( 8 ).
  • the gas space can be purged with inert gas via a conduit ( 10 ).
  • Inert gas can be withdrawn from the gas space via a conduit ( 13 ), and a sensor is arranged at the conduit ( 13 ) with which the content of oxygen and hydrogen in the inert gas can be measured.
  • the oxygen-consuming electrode ( 5 ) and the second cathode ( 9 ) have separate power connections ( 11 , 12 ).
  • the catholyte space ( 6 ) is supplied with a sodium hydroxide solution via a conduit ( 15 ) and an enriched sodium hydroxide solution is withdrawn via a conduit ( 16 ), optionally together with hydrogen formed, such that the electrolyte flows through the catholyte space.
  • the catholyte space can be purged with inert gas via a conduit ( 14 ).
  • the anode half-cell ( 1 ) is supplied with a sodium chloride solution via a conduit ( 17 ), and a depleted sodium chloride solution is withdrawn together with chlorine via a conduit ( 18 ).
  • chlorine is produced by chlor-alkali electrolysis in a device according to the invention and at least one electrolysis cell in the device is operated with different cell voltages as a function of the power supply.
  • the oxygen-consuming electrode of the electrolysis cell is supplied with gaseous oxygen, and oxygen is reduced at the oxygen-consuming electrode at a first cell voltage.
  • power supply is high, the oxygen-consuming electrode is not supplied with oxygen, and hydrogen is generated at the second cathode at a second cell voltage which is higher than the first cell voltage.
  • the preferred embodiment of the device in which the oxygen-consuming electrode and the second cathode have separate power connections is used, and during operation with the first cell voltage the cell voltage is applied only to the oxygen-consuming electrode, and during operation with the second cell voltage the cell voltage is applied only to the second cathode.
  • a high power supply may result from a power surplus, and a low power supply may result from a power deficit.
  • a power surplus arises when at some point more power from renewable energy sources is being provided than the total amount of power being consumed at this time.
  • a power surplus also arises when large amounts of electrical energy are being provided from fluctuating renewable energy sources, and the throttling or shutdown of power plants is associated with high costs.
  • a power deficit arises when comparatively small amounts of renewable energy sources are available and inefficient power plants, or power plants associated with high costs, have to be operated.
  • a power surplus may also exist when the operator of a power generator, for example of a windfarm, is producing more power than has been predicted and sold. Analogously, a power deficit may exist when less power is being produced than predicted.
  • a high power supply and a low power supply can alternatively also be made on the basis of a price at a power exchange, in which case a low power price corresponds to a high power supply and a high power price to a low power supply.
  • a high power supply and a low power supply it is possible to use a fixed or a time-variable threshold value for the power price at a power exchange.
  • a threshold value for a power supply is defined for the inventive method.
  • the current power supply is determined at regular or irregular intervals and the electrolysis cell is operated with the first cell voltage with supply of gaseous oxygen to the oxygen-consuming electrode when the power supply is below the threshold value, and with the second cell voltage without supply of oxygen to the oxygen-consuming electrode when the power supply is above the threshold value.
  • the threshold value for the power supply and the current power supply can, as described above, be defined or ascertained on the basis of the difference between power generation and power consumption, on the basis of the current output of a power generator, or on the basis of the power price at a power exchange.
  • Suitable values for the first cell voltage for reduction of oxygen at the oxygen-consuming electrode and for the second cell voltage for production of hydrogen at the second cathode depend on the design of the oxygen-consuming electrode used and of the second cathode, and on the current density envisaged for the chlor-alkali electrolysis, and can be ascertained in a known manner by the measurement of current-voltage curves for the two modes of operation.
  • the gaseous oxygen can be supplied in the form of essentially pure oxygen or in the form of oxygen-rich gas, in which case the oxygen-rich gas contains preferably more than 50% by volume of oxygen and more preferably more than 80% by volume of oxygen.
  • the oxygen-rich gas consists essentially of oxygen and nitrogen, and may optionally additionally contain argon.
  • a suitable oxygen-rich gas can be obtained from air by known methods, for example by pressure swing adsorption or a membrane separation.
  • the cell voltage when changing from hydrogen generation at the second cell voltage to oxygen reduction at the first cell voltage, the cell voltage is reduced until essentially no more current flows, and the gas space is purged with an inert gas, before gaseous oxygen is supplied to the oxygen-consuming electrode.
  • the cell voltage when changing from oxygen reduction at the first cell voltage to hydrogen generation at the second cell voltage, the cell voltage is reduced until essentially no more current flows, and the gas space is purged with an inert gas, before hydrogen is generated at the second cathode.
  • Suitable inert gases are all gases which do not form ignitable mixtures either with oxygen or with hydrogen and which do not react with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution.
  • the inert gas used is preferably nitrogen.
  • purging with inert gas and maintenance of a reduced cell voltage is continued until the content of hydrogen or oxygen in the gas which leaves the cathode half-cell because of the purging falls below a defined limit.
  • the limit for hydrogen is preferably selected such that the mixing of the hydrogen containing gas with pure oxygen cannot give a flammable mixture
  • the limit for oxygen is preferably selected such that mixing of the oxygen containing gas with pure hydrogen cannot give a flammable mixture. Suitable limits can be taken from known diagrams for the flammability of gas mixtures, or be ascertained by methods known to those skilled in the art for determining flammability.
  • the reduction in the cell voltage and the purging with inert gas can reliably avoid the formation of flammable gas mixtures when changing between the two modes of operation of the inventive method.
  • the purging with inert gas is preferably additionally followed by purging with an oxygen containing gas, in order to avoid mass transfer inhibition in the reduction of oxygen as a result of a high content of inert gas in the gas diffusion layer of the oxygen-consuming electrode.
  • a prediction of the expected power supply is made for the method of the invention, a minimum duration for operation with the first and with the second cell voltage is set, and a swichover between operation with the first cell voltage with supply of gaseous oxygen to operation with the second cell voltage without supply of oxygen is performed only when the predicted duration of a low or high power supply is longer than the minimum duration set.
  • a gas mixture comprising hydrogen and inert gas is withdrawn from the cathode half-cell and hydrogen is separated from this gas mixture, preferably through a membrane. With such a separation, essentially all the hydrogen generated can be obtained in high purity and with constant quality.
  • the method of the invention is performed in a device having a plurality of electrolysis cells according to the invention, and the proportion of electrolysis cells to which no oxygen is supplied and in which hydrogen is generated at the second cathode is altered as a function of the power supply.
  • the device described above with a plurality of electrolysers arranged in parallel is used, and the proportion of the electrolysers to which no oxygen is supplied and in which hydrogen is generated at the second cathode is altered as a function of the power supply.
  • the inventive method can be used, without any adverse effects on chlorine production, for providing negative control energy for the operation of a power distribution grid.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
  • Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
US15/104,969 2013-12-18 2014-12-16 Device and method for the flexible use of electricity Abandoned US20160312369A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102013226414.3 2013-12-18
DE102013226414.3A DE102013226414A1 (de) 2013-12-18 2013-12-18 Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum flexiblen Einsatz von Strom
PCT/EP2014/077870 WO2015091422A1 (de) 2013-12-18 2014-12-16 Vorrichtung und verfahren zum flexiblen einsatz von strom

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US20160312369A1 true US20160312369A1 (en) 2016-10-27

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US (1) US20160312369A1 (ja)
EP (1) EP3084040B1 (ja)
JP (1) JP2017504718A (ja)
KR (1) KR20160100299A (ja)
CN (1) CN105829581A (ja)
CA (1) CA2932955A1 (ja)
DE (1) DE102013226414A1 (ja)
RU (1) RU2016129051A (ja)
SG (1) SG11201603003TA (ja)
TN (1) TN2016000129A1 (ja)
WO (1) WO2015091422A1 (ja)

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US12000056B2 (en) 2020-06-18 2024-06-04 Saudi Arabian Oil Company Tandem electrolysis cell
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SG11201603003TA (en) 2016-05-30
EP3084040A1 (de) 2016-10-26
KR20160100299A (ko) 2016-08-23
EP3084040B1 (de) 2017-09-27
CN105829581A (zh) 2016-08-03
WO2015091422A1 (de) 2015-06-25
JP2017504718A (ja) 2017-02-09

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