US20160303655A1 - Method for producing a green compact from a powdered or ganular material - Google Patents
Method for producing a green compact from a powdered or ganular material Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20160303655A1 US20160303655A1 US15/190,565 US201615190565A US2016303655A1 US 20160303655 A1 US20160303655 A1 US 20160303655A1 US 201615190565 A US201615190565 A US 201615190565A US 2016303655 A1 US2016303655 A1 US 2016303655A1
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- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- fill shoe
- filling
- fill
- shoe
- end position
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
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- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title description 104
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000012254 powdered material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 34
- 238000005429 filling process Methods 0.000 description 22
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 18
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 16
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 16
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000010355 oscillation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004069 differentiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002452 interceptive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009827 uniform distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B30—PRESSES
- B30B—PRESSES IN GENERAL
- B30B11/00—Presses specially adapted for forming shaped articles from material in particulate or plastic state, e.g. briquetting presses, tabletting presses
- B30B11/02—Presses specially adapted for forming shaped articles from material in particulate or plastic state, e.g. briquetting presses, tabletting presses using a ram exerting pressure on the material in a moulding space
- B30B11/027—Particular press methods or systems
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/02—Compacting only
- B22F3/03—Press-moulding apparatus therefor
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D22/00—Shaping without cutting, by stamping, spinning, or deep-drawing
- B21D22/20—Deep-drawing
- B21D22/22—Deep-drawing with devices for holding the edge of the blanks
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/004—Filling molds with powder
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B30—PRESSES
- B30B—PRESSES IN GENERAL
- B30B11/00—Presses specially adapted for forming shaped articles from material in particulate or plastic state, e.g. briquetting presses, tabletting presses
- B30B11/005—Control arrangements
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B30—PRESSES
- B30B—PRESSES IN GENERAL
- B30B15/00—Details of, or accessories for, presses; Auxiliary measures in connection with pressing
- B30B15/04—Frames; Guides
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B30—PRESSES
- B30B—PRESSES IN GENERAL
- B30B15/00—Details of, or accessories for, presses; Auxiliary measures in connection with pressing
- B30B15/30—Feeding material to presses
- B30B15/302—Feeding material in particulate or plastic state to moulding presses
- B30B15/304—Feeding material in particulate or plastic state to moulding presses by using feed frames or shoes with relative movement with regard to the mould or moulds
- B30B15/306—Feeding material in particulate or plastic state to moulding presses by using feed frames or shoes with relative movement with regard to the mould or moulds for multi-layer articles
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/622—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/626—Preparing or treating the powders individually or as batches ; preparing or treating macroscopic reinforcing agents for ceramic products, e.g. fibres; mechanical aspects section B
- C04B35/62605—Treating the starting powders individually or as mixtures
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/02—Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
- C04B2235/30—Constituents and secondary phases not being of a fibrous nature
- C04B2235/42—Non metallic elements added as constituents or additives, e.g. sulfur, phosphor, selenium or tellurium
- C04B2235/422—Carbon
- C04B2235/427—Diamond
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/60—Aspects relating to the preparation, properties or mechanical treatment of green bodies or pre-forms
- C04B2235/604—Pressing at temperatures other than sintering temperatures
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S100/00—Presses
- Y10S100/903—Pelleters
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a device for producing a green compact from a powdered or granular material as well as a method for producing a green compact from a powdered or granular material.
- Known processing tools like drill bits and circular saw blades are made of a main body which is connected to cutting segments.
- the cutting segments are connected to the main body by laser welding, for example, and are made of a base zone and a use zone.
- the area of the cutting segment that is connected to the main body of the processing tool is designated as the base zone and the remaining cutting segment as the use zone.
- the base zone is made of, for example, a weldable material so the main body and the cutting segments are able to be welded together well.
- the use zone is made of a basic material and cutting particles that are embedded into the basic material.
- the cutting particles are designed as diamond particles or other abrasive particles, which are suitable for abrasive processing. The cutting effect is produced by the cutting particles and the basic material serves to fix the cutting particles.
- the cutting segments are produced in a two-stage method from powdered or granular materials.
- a green compact is constructed of material layers lying on top of one another and in a second stage, the green compact is finished in a sintering plant by the effect of temperature and/or pressure.
- the cutting particles are mixed into the basic material and distributed uniformly in the basic material. The disadvantage is that it is possible for cutting particle nests to form, which reduce the cutting efficiency and the service life of the cutting segments.
- the basic material is applied layer-by-layer with a fill shoe and the cutting particles are placed in the basic material by a placing unit in a separate placement step. Because of the separate placement step, it is possible to vary the concentration and distribution of the cutting particles in the material layer and adapt them to the processing task.
- Known devices for producing a green compact from a powdered or granular material by successive application and compression of the material are comprised of a fill shoe, which is filled with the material or several materials and is designed to be adjustable by means of an adjusting device, a matrix having at least one construction chamber, which the fill shoe fills layer-by-layer with the material, and a press having a lower punch and an upper punch, which are adjustable by means of a height adjustment device and which compress the material applied layer-by-layer in the construction chamber.
- a first park position is provided for the fill shoe, in which the fill shoe is disposed during the pressing process.
- the fill shoe is moved out of the park position into an end position, in which the fill shoe is opened and begins filling the material into the construction chamber.
- the fill shoe is closed. This position is designated as the second end position for the fill shoe.
- the fill shoe is moved back out of the second end position over the first end position into the park position.
- a one-sided compression of the material is produced on the edge of the construction chamber.
- the one-sided compression of the material leads to irregularities in the material density. These irregularities may reduce the cutting efficiency and the service life of the cutting segments.
- the fill shoe may be moved in different directions of movement over the matrix or over the construction chambers in order to reduce one-sided compression.
- the problem with this solution is that the movements increase the complexity of the machine and additional machine components are required.
- the object of the present invention is further developing a device and a method for producing a green compact from a powdered or granular material by layer-by-layer application and compression of the material to the effect that the cutting segments have a uniform material density without additional machine components.
- the required time for constructing the green compacts is reduced.
- the invention provides for a second park position to be provided for the fill shoe, wherein the second park position is different from the first park position. Because a second park position is provided for the fill shoe, it is possible to maintain the direction of movement of the fill shoe after the filling process. The fill shoe does not have to be decelerated first and then accelerated in the opposite direction of movement. If the fill shoe were to be moved back into its park position after the filling process, it would also have to cover the distance over the matrix. In addition, the direction of movement in which the material is applied may be reversed in successive material layers without requiring a second fill shoe.
- the fill shoe can be connected in the first and/or second park position to a filling station, which fills the fill shoe with material.
- the auxiliary process time during which the fill shoe is disposed in a park position, is utilized to fill the fill shoe with material. Because of the filling station, it is possible to design the fill shoe to be smaller since the fill shoe may be filled regularly with material. If a filling station is not provided for the fill shoe, the fill shoe must be filled with a greater quantity of material or be connected via supply lines to a storage tank. Because of the movement of the fill shoe it is possible for the supply lines to disconnect thereby interfering with or interrupting the supply of material.
- the fill shoe can be connected to a first filling station in the first park position and to a second filling station in the second park position. Because of the second filling station, it is possible to better utilize the auxiliary process time during which the fill shoe is disposed in a park position.
- a first material can be filled at the first filling station and a second material at the second filling station.
- the filling system is designed to be structurally simpler because only one material is filled at each filling station. Each filling station only has to be connected via one supply line to the storage tank.
- a first and second material can be filled at the first and second filling station.
- the speed of the fill shoe is preferably adjustable via the adjusting device.
- the adjustability of the speed at which the fill shoe moves may be utilized to increase the speed during positioning of the fill shoe as compared to a constant travel speed between the first and second end positions of the filling process. Higher speeds during positioning may reduce the auxiliary process times when constructing the green compacts.
- the adjusting device of the fill shoe is especially preferably designed as an electric motor.
- the speed at which the fill shoe is moved over the work surface is adjustable via a control device.
- the fill shoe is moved at a higher speed than during the filling process from a park position into an end position or from an end position into a park position. The travel speed during the filling process depends above all on the filling behavior of the material.
- the invention provides for the fill shoe to be moved from the second end position into a second park position after application of the material, wherein the second park position is different from the first park position.
- the positioning path of the fill shoe is reduced, because the fill shoe is moved into the second park position after the filling process. If the fill shoe were to be moved back into its park position after the filling process, it would also have to cover the distance over the matrix.
- the material is preferably applied in one material layer in a first direction of movement and in a subsequent further material layer in a second direction of movement, wherein the first and second directions of movement are opposed to one another. Due to the feed movement, a compression zone with increased material density develops during the filling process in the end region of the material layer. The fact that the direction of movement is reversed after every material layer does not compound the errors, but counteracts them.
- the speed at which the fill shoe is moved between the park position and the end position is preferably increased at least in sections as compared to a constant speed of the fill shoe between the end positions. Higher speeds during positioning of the fill shoe may reduce the auxiliary process times when constructing the green compacts and therefore the time required to construct the green compacts.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a device according to the invention for producing a green compact from a powdered or granular material by successive application of the material with a fill shoe and compression of the material with a press;
- FIG. 2 is a side view of the press from FIG. 1 having a lower punch and an upper punch, which are designed to be height-adjustable and are pressed against each other in a pressing direction; and
- FIG. 3 is a top view of the fill shoe from FIG. 1 , wherein the fill shoe is adjustable between a first park position and a second park position.
- FIG. 1 shows a device 1 according to the invention for producing a green compact from a powdered or granular material by successive application and compression of the material.
- the device 1 includes a machine frame 2 , a horizontally disposed work surface 3 having a matrix 4 , a fill shoe 5 and a press 6 with a lower punch 7 and an upper punch 8 .
- the matrix 4 is disposed interchangeably in the work surface 3 and includes a first construction chamber 9 A for a first green compact and a second construction chamber 9 B for a second green compact.
- the construction chambers 9 A, 9 B are designed as passage openings in the matrix 4 , in which the lower punch 7 and the upper punch 8 may engage.
- the construction chambers 9 A, 9 B are filled with material layer-by-layer during the construction of the green compacts.
- the geometry of the construction chambers 9 A, 9 B corresponds to the desired geometry of the cutting segments, wherein shrinkage effects during sintering of the green compacts must be taken into consideration.
- the construction chambers 9 A, 9 B shown in FIG. 1 are designed to be identical so that identical cutting segments are produced. Alternatively, the construction chambers may also be designed to be different.
- the fill shoe 5 for applying the material in the construction chambers 9 A, 9 B is arranged above the work surface 3 .
- the fill shoe 5 is fastened on a supporting arm 10 and adjustable on the upper side of the work surface 3 by an adjusting device 11 .
- the adjusting device 11 is designed as a swivel mechanism, which moves the fill shoe 5 around a swivel axis 12 .
- the adjusting device may be designed as a linear drive or as a combined drive unit.
- the green compact is constructed from a powdered or granular material in several layers.
- the green compact may be constructed of the same material or of different materials.
- the base zone of a cutting segment i.e., the area of the cutting segment that is connected to the main body, may be constructed of a weldable material so the cutting segment and the main body are able to be welded together well.
- the remaining cutting segment is made of a wear material in which the cutting particles are embedded.
- the fill shoe 5 includes a first filling container 13 A for filling the first construction chamber 9 A and a second filling container 13 B for filling the second construction chamber 9 B.
- the filling containers 13 A, 13 B each have two material chambers, a first material chamber for a first material 14 and a second material chamber for a second material 15 .
- the size of the material chambers is selected such that the material chambers are able to accommodate enough material 14 , 15 for a predetermined number of material layers.
- the filling containers 13 A, 13 B are filled at a filling station 16 with the first and second materials 14 , 15 .
- the filling station 16 is connected to a storage tank 19 ( FIG. 2 ) via a first supply line 17 for the first material 14 and via a second supply line 18 for the second material 15 .
- the filling containers 13 A, 13 B may be connected directly to the storage tank 19 via supply lines.
- the device 1 has a further filling station 20 .
- the filling stations 16 , 20 are constructed identically.
- the filling station 20 is connected via supply lines to a storage tank, which stores the first and second materials 14 , 15 .
- the first filling station 16 may fill the first material chamber of the filling containers 13 A, 13 B with the first material 14 and the second filling station 20 may fill the second material chamber of the filling containers 13 A, 13 B with the second material 15 .
- FIG. 2 shows a side view of the press 6 from FIG. 1 with the lower punch 7 and the upper punch 8 .
- the lower punch 7 is disposed beneath the work surface 3 and connected to the machine frame 2 .
- the upper punch 8 is disposed above the work surface 3 and likewise connected to the machine frame 2 .
- the lower punch 7 and the upper punch 8 are pressed against each other in a pressing direction 21 in order to compress the green compact. During compression, the cutting particles are temporarily fixed in the material layer and a displacement of the cutting particles in the material layer is prevented.
- the lower punch 7 is adjustable in a motorized manner with a height adjustment device 22 in the pressing direction 21 and engages in the construction chambers 9 A, 9 B on the lower side of the matrix 4 .
- the upper punch 8 is adjustable in a motorized manner with a height adjustment device 23 in the pressing direction 21 and engages on the green compact on the upper side of the matrix 4 .
- the area between the lower punch 7 and the upper punch 8 is designated as the press zone 24 .
- the powdered or granular material 14 , 15 is filled by the fill shoe 5 layer-by-layer into the construction chambers 9 A, 9 B in a first process step, the cutting particles are placed in the material layer with a placing unit 25 in a second process step and the compression of the green compact is carried out with the press 6 in a third process step.
- the inactive processing units must be removed from the processing zone of the respectively active processing unit.
- the fill shoe 5 is moved into a position, which lies outside of the press zone 24 . Due to the high pressing forces which the upper punch 8 must apply during compression, the upper punch 8 is designed to be solid and the press zone 24 correspondingly large.
- FIG. 3 shows the fill shoe 5 in a top view onto the work surface 3 , wherein the upper punch 8 of the press 6 is not depicted.
- the fill shoe 5 is disposed in a position that lies outside of the press zone 24 and is designated as the first park position 31 .
- the fill shoe 5 In the first park position 31 , the fill shoe 5 is connected to the first filling station 16 and the filling containers 13 A, 13 B of the fill shoe 5 are able to be filled with the first and second materials 14 , 15 .
- the fill shoe 5 is moved out of the first park position 31 into a first end position 32 .
- the filling containers 13 A, 13 B of the fill shoe 5 are opened and the filling process begins.
- the fill shoe 5 is moved over the construction chambers 9 A, 9 B, which are filled with the materials 14 , 15 via the filling containers 13 A, 13 B, up to a second end position 33 .
- the filling containers 13 A, 13 B of the fill shoe 5 are closed and the filling process is ended.
- the fill shoe 5 is moved out of the second end position 33 into a second park position 34 .
- the second park position 34 like the first park position 31 , lies outside of the press zone 24 .
- the different positions 31 - 34 of the fill shoe 5 are preset in a control device or are detected by a sensor device.
- the movement of the fill shoe 5 between the first and second park position 31 , 34 is subdivided into a positioning movement and a filling movement. Movements that are required to position the fill shoe 5 before and after filling the construction chambers 9 A, 9 B are designated as positioning movements. In this case, a differentiation is made between an approach movement and return movement. With the approach movement, the fill shoe 5 is moved from a park position into an end position, in which the filling process begins. With the return movement, the fill shoe 5 is moved from an end position, in which the filling process ends, into a park position.
- the construction of the green compact using layer-by-layer application and compression is carried out in accordance with the following method according to the invention for producing a green compact from a powdered or granular material.
- the method is comprised of several phases that are repeated iteratively until the green compact has reached the desired height.
- a first material layer is constructed.
- the first phase is made up of several sub-steps.
- the lower punch 7 is lowered with the aid of the height adjustment device 22 by the desired layer thickness of the first material layer. If material layers are already located in the construction chambers 9 A, 9 B, the lower and upper punches 7 , 8 are jointly lowered by the desired layer thickness and the upper punch 8 is then moved back into its initial position.
- the fill shoe 5 is moved in a first direction of movement 35 with an approach movement out of the first park position 31 into the first end position 32 . Then the fill shoe 5 is moved over the construction chambers 9 A, 9 B, which are filled during the filling process with the materials 14 , 15 , up to a second end position 33 .
- the fill shoe 5 is moved with a return movement in the first direction of movement 35 out of the second end position 33 into second park position 34 .
- the placing unit 25 places the cutting particles in the first material layer in the desired distribution. The placement step is executed when the cutting particles are not mixed into the material, but are placed individually in the material layer.
- the materials are compressed in a second phase.
- the upper punch 8 is first lowered up to the upper edge of the construction chambers 9 A, 9 B. Then the lower punch 7 and the upper punch 8 are pressed against each other in pressing direction 21 in order to compress the first material layer. After the compression, the lower punch 7 and the upper punch 8 are jointly lowered in a stroke movement by the desired layer thickness of the second material layer. Then the upper punch 8 is moved back into its initial position.
- a second material layer is constructed.
- the third phase is made up of several sub-steps.
- the fill shoe 5 is moved in a second direction of movement 36 with an approach movement out of the second park position 34 into the second end position 33 .
- the fill shoe 5 is moved over the construction chambers 9 A, 9 B, which are filled during the filling process with the materials 14 , 15 , between the second end position 33 and the first end position 32 .
- the fill shoe 5 is moved with a return movement in the second direction of movement 36 out of the first end position 32 into the first park position 31 .
- the placing unit 25 places the cutting particles in the second material layer in the desired distribution.
- the second material layer is compressed with the aid of the adjustable lower and upper punches 7 , 8 analogous to the compression of the first material layer.
- the filling movement and the positioning movements of the fill shoe 5 are carried out during construction of the second material layer in the second direction of movement 36 , which is opposed to the first direction of movement 35 when constructing the first material layer. Due to the feed movement of the fill shoe 5 , a compression zone with increased material density develops during the filling process in the end region of the material layer. The fact that the direction of movement 35 , 36 is reversed after every material layer does not compound the errors, but counteracts them.
- the travel speed of the fill shoe 5 is constant during the filling movement between the end positions 32 , 33 in order to apply a uniform material application.
- the filling behavior of the materials 14 , 15 establishes the maximum possible travel speed for the filling movement. At higher travel speeds during the filling movement, there is a risk of the construction chambers 9 A, 9 B not being filled uniformly and above all not with the required material quantity.
- the maximum possible travel speed of the fill shoe is determined by the capacity of the adjusting device 11 .
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
- Footwear And Its Accessory, Manufacturing Method And Apparatuses (AREA)
Abstract
A method for producing a green compact from a powdered or granular material is disclosed. An embodiment of the method includes moving a fill shoe, which is filled with powdered or granular material, by an adjusting device from a first park position to a first end position. The fill shoe is moved from the first end position to a second end position over a construction chamber and the construction chamber is filled with the powdered or granular material in the fill shoe in a layer. The fill shoe is moved from the second end position to a second park position after filling the construction chamber with the layer, where the second park position is different from the first park position.
Description
- This application is a divisional of prior U.S. application Ser. No. 13/451,259, filed Apr. 19, 2012, which claims the priority of German Patent Document No. 10 2011 007 728.6, filed Apr. 20, 2011, the disclosures of which are expressly incorporated by reference herein.
- The present invention relates to a device for producing a green compact from a powdered or granular material as well as a method for producing a green compact from a powdered or granular material.
- Known processing tools like drill bits and circular saw blades are made of a main body which is connected to cutting segments. The cutting segments are connected to the main body by laser welding, for example, and are made of a base zone and a use zone. The area of the cutting segment that is connected to the main body of the processing tool is designated as the base zone and the remaining cutting segment as the use zone. The base zone is made of, for example, a weldable material so the main body and the cutting segments are able to be welded together well. The use zone is made of a basic material and cutting particles that are embedded into the basic material. The cutting particles are designed as diamond particles or other abrasive particles, which are suitable for abrasive processing. The cutting effect is produced by the cutting particles and the basic material serves to fix the cutting particles.
- The cutting segments are produced in a two-stage method from powdered or granular materials. In a first stage, a green compact is constructed of material layers lying on top of one another and in a second stage, the green compact is finished in a sintering plant by the effect of temperature and/or pressure. In a first group of manufacturing methods the cutting particles are mixed into the basic material and distributed uniformly in the basic material. The disadvantage is that it is possible for cutting particle nests to form, which reduce the cutting efficiency and the service life of the cutting segments. In a second group of manufacturing methods, the basic material is applied layer-by-layer with a fill shoe and the cutting particles are placed in the basic material by a placing unit in a separate placement step. Because of the separate placement step, it is possible to vary the concentration and distribution of the cutting particles in the material layer and adapt them to the processing task.
- Known devices for producing a green compact from a powdered or granular material by successive application and compression of the material are comprised of a fill shoe, which is filled with the material or several materials and is designed to be adjustable by means of an adjusting device, a matrix having at least one construction chamber, which the fill shoe fills layer-by-layer with the material, and a press having a lower punch and an upper punch, which are adjustable by means of a height adjustment device and which compress the material applied layer-by-layer in the construction chamber. A first park position is provided for the fill shoe, in which the fill shoe is disposed during the pressing process. To fill the construction chamber with material, the fill shoe is moved out of the park position into an end position, in which the fill shoe is opened and begins filling the material into the construction chamber. At the end of the filling process, the fill shoe is closed. This position is designated as the second end position for the fill shoe. After the filling process, the fill shoe is moved back out of the second end position over the first end position into the park position.
- During the forward movement of the fill shoe between the first and second end positions and during the return movement between the second and first end positions, a one-sided compression of the material is produced on the edge of the construction chamber. The one-sided compression of the material leads to irregularities in the material density. These irregularities may reduce the cutting efficiency and the service life of the cutting segments.
- In order to reduce the problem of one-sided compression during the filling process, vibrating the matrix and/or the fill shoe using shaking movements or oscillations during the filling process is known. The shaking movements or oscillations produce a uniform distribution of the material in the construction chamber. However, it is problematic that the cutting particles are likewise distributed uniformly in the material layer and are no longer in the position predetermined by the placing unit in the placement step.
- As an alternative, the fill shoe may be moved in different directions of movement over the matrix or over the construction chambers in order to reduce one-sided compression. The problem with this solution is that the movements increase the complexity of the machine and additional machine components are required.
- The object of the present invention is further developing a device and a method for producing a green compact from a powdered or granular material by layer-by-layer application and compression of the material to the effect that the cutting segments have a uniform material density without additional machine components. In addition, the required time for constructing the green compacts is reduced.
- This object is attained by the device cited at the outset for producing a green compact from a powdered or granular material according to the invention and by the method cited at the outset for producing a green compact from a powdered or granular material according to the invention. Advantageous further developments are disclosed in the dependent claims.
- In the case of the device cited at the outset, the invention provides for a second park position to be provided for the fill shoe, wherein the second park position is different from the first park position. Because a second park position is provided for the fill shoe, it is possible to maintain the direction of movement of the fill shoe after the filling process. The fill shoe does not have to be decelerated first and then accelerated in the opposite direction of movement. If the fill shoe were to be moved back into its park position after the filling process, it would also have to cover the distance over the matrix. In addition, the direction of movement in which the material is applied may be reversed in successive material layers without requiring a second fill shoe.
- In a preferred embodiment, the fill shoe can be connected in the first and/or second park position to a filling station, which fills the fill shoe with material. The auxiliary process time, during which the fill shoe is disposed in a park position, is utilized to fill the fill shoe with material. Because of the filling station, it is possible to design the fill shoe to be smaller since the fill shoe may be filled regularly with material. If a filling station is not provided for the fill shoe, the fill shoe must be filled with a greater quantity of material or be connected via supply lines to a storage tank. Because of the movement of the fill shoe it is possible for the supply lines to disconnect thereby interfering with or interrupting the supply of material.
- It is especially preferred that the fill shoe can be connected to a first filling station in the first park position and to a second filling station in the second park position. Because of the second filling station, it is possible to better utilize the auxiliary process time during which the fill shoe is disposed in a park position.
- In a first preferred variant, a first material can be filled at the first filling station and a second material at the second filling station. The filling system is designed to be structurally simpler because only one material is filled at each filling station. Each filling station only has to be connected via one supply line to the storage tank.
- In a second preferred variant, a first and second material can be filled at the first and second filling station. The lower the amount of material that must be present in the fill shoe, the smaller and therefore compacter the fill shoe may be. If all materials are able to be filled at both filling stations, it suffices if the fill shoe contains material to apply one material layer.
- The speed of the fill shoe is preferably adjustable via the adjusting device. The adjustability of the speed at which the fill shoe moves may be utilized to increase the speed during positioning of the fill shoe as compared to a constant travel speed between the first and second end positions of the filling process. Higher speeds during positioning may reduce the auxiliary process times when constructing the green compacts.
- In doing so, the adjusting device of the fill shoe is especially preferably designed as an electric motor. The speed at which the fill shoe is moved over the work surface is adjustable via a control device. In order to reduce the auxiliary process times when constructing the green compacts, the fill shoe is moved at a higher speed than during the filling process from a park position into an end position or from an end position into a park position. The travel speed during the filling process depends above all on the filling behavior of the material.
- In the case of the method cited at the outset, the invention provides for the fill shoe to be moved from the second end position into a second park position after application of the material, wherein the second park position is different from the first park position. The positioning path of the fill shoe is reduced, because the fill shoe is moved into the second park position after the filling process. If the fill shoe were to be moved back into its park position after the filling process, it would also have to cover the distance over the matrix.
- The material is preferably applied in one material layer in a first direction of movement and in a subsequent further material layer in a second direction of movement, wherein the first and second directions of movement are opposed to one another. Due to the feed movement, a compression zone with increased material density develops during the filling process in the end region of the material layer. The fact that the direction of movement is reversed after every material layer does not compound the errors, but counteracts them.
- The speed at which the fill shoe is moved between the park position and the end position is preferably increased at least in sections as compared to a constant speed of the fill shoe between the end positions. Higher speeds during positioning of the fill shoe may reduce the auxiliary process times when constructing the green compacts and therefore the time required to construct the green compacts.
- Exemplary embodiments of the invention are described in the following on the basis of the drawings. These drawings are not necessarily supposed to represent the exemplary embodiments to scale; rather the drawings are executed in a schematic and/or slightly distorted form when it is useful for explanatory purposes. Reference is made to the pertinent prior art with respect to additions to the teachings directly identifiable from the drawings. It must be taken into consideration in this case that a wide range of modifications and changes related to the form and detail of an embodiment may be undertaken without deviating from the general idea of the invention. The features of the invention disclosed in the description, the drawings as well as in the claims may be essential for the further development of the invention both separately as well as in any combination. Moreover, all combinations of at least two features disclosed in the description, the drawings and/or the claims fall within the scope of the invention. The general idea of the invention is not restricted to the exact form or detail of the preferred embodiment described and depicted in the following or restricted to a subject matter which would be limited as compared to the subject matter claimed in the claims. In the case of any dimensioning ranges given, values within the stated limits are also meant to be disclosed as limit values, and be applicable at will and claimable. For the sake of simplicity, the same reference numbers are used in the following for identical or similar parts having an identical or similar function.
-
FIG. 1 illustrates a device according to the invention for producing a green compact from a powdered or granular material by successive application of the material with a fill shoe and compression of the material with a press; -
FIG. 2 is a side view of the press fromFIG. 1 having a lower punch and an upper punch, which are designed to be height-adjustable and are pressed against each other in a pressing direction; and -
FIG. 3 is a top view of the fill shoe fromFIG. 1 , wherein the fill shoe is adjustable between a first park position and a second park position. -
FIG. 1 shows adevice 1 according to the invention for producing a green compact from a powdered or granular material by successive application and compression of the material. Thedevice 1 includes amachine frame 2, a horizontally disposedwork surface 3 having amatrix 4, afill shoe 5 and apress 6 with alower punch 7 and anupper punch 8. - The
matrix 4 is disposed interchangeably in thework surface 3 and includes afirst construction chamber 9A for a first green compact and asecond construction chamber 9B for a second green compact. Theconstruction chambers matrix 4, in which thelower punch 7 and theupper punch 8 may engage. Theconstruction chambers construction chambers construction chambers FIG. 1 are designed to be identical so that identical cutting segments are produced. Alternatively, the construction chambers may also be designed to be different. - The
fill shoe 5 for applying the material in theconstruction chambers work surface 3. Thefill shoe 5 is fastened on a supportingarm 10 and adjustable on the upper side of thework surface 3 by an adjustingdevice 11. The adjustingdevice 11 is designed as a swivel mechanism, which moves thefill shoe 5 around aswivel axis 12. Alternatively, the adjusting device may be designed as a linear drive or as a combined drive unit. - The green compact is constructed from a powdered or granular material in several layers. In this case, the green compact may be constructed of the same material or of different materials. For example, the base zone of a cutting segment, i.e., the area of the cutting segment that is connected to the main body, may be constructed of a weldable material so the cutting segment and the main body are able to be welded together well. The remaining cutting segment is made of a wear material in which the cutting particles are embedded.
- The
fill shoe 5 includes afirst filling container 13A for filling thefirst construction chamber 9A and asecond filling container 13B for filling thesecond construction chamber 9B. The fillingcontainers first material 14 and a second material chamber for asecond material 15. The size of the material chambers is selected such that the material chambers are able to accommodateenough material containers station 16 with the first andsecond materials station 16 is connected to a storage tank 19 (FIG. 2 ) via afirst supply line 17 for thefirst material 14 and via asecond supply line 18 for thesecond material 15. Alternatively, the fillingcontainers storage tank 19 via supply lines. - Along with the filling
station 16, thedevice 1 has afurther filling station 20. In the embodiment depicted inFIG. 1 , the fillingstations station 20 is connected via supply lines to a storage tank, which stores the first andsecond materials first filling station 16 may fill the first material chamber of the fillingcontainers first material 14 and thesecond filling station 20 may fill the second material chamber of the fillingcontainers second material 15. -
FIG. 2 shows a side view of thepress 6 fromFIG. 1 with thelower punch 7 and theupper punch 8. Thelower punch 7 is disposed beneath thework surface 3 and connected to themachine frame 2. Theupper punch 8 is disposed above thework surface 3 and likewise connected to themachine frame 2. - The
lower punch 7 and theupper punch 8 are pressed against each other in apressing direction 21 in order to compress the green compact. During compression, the cutting particles are temporarily fixed in the material layer and a displacement of the cutting particles in the material layer is prevented. Thelower punch 7 is adjustable in a motorized manner with aheight adjustment device 22 in thepressing direction 21 and engages in theconstruction chambers matrix 4. Theupper punch 8 is adjustable in a motorized manner with aheight adjustment device 23 in thepressing direction 21 and engages on the green compact on the upper side of thematrix 4. The area between thelower punch 7 and theupper punch 8 is designated as thepress zone 24. - To construct the green compacts, various processing units are required whose movements must be coordinated temporally and spatially. The powdered or
granular material fill shoe 5 layer-by-layer into theconstruction chambers unit 25 in a second process step and the compression of the green compact is carried out with thepress 6 in a third process step. In order to prevent theprocessing units fill shoe 5 is moved into a position, which lies outside of thepress zone 24. Due to the high pressing forces which theupper punch 8 must apply during compression, theupper punch 8 is designed to be solid and thepress zone 24 correspondingly large. -
FIG. 3 shows thefill shoe 5 in a top view onto thework surface 3, wherein theupper punch 8 of thepress 6 is not depicted. Thefill shoe 5 is disposed in a position that lies outside of thepress zone 24 and is designated as thefirst park position 31. In thefirst park position 31, thefill shoe 5 is connected to thefirst filling station 16 and the fillingcontainers fill shoe 5 are able to be filled with the first andsecond materials - To fill the
construction chambers materials fill shoe 5 is moved out of thefirst park position 31 into afirst end position 32. In thefirst end position 32, the fillingcontainers fill shoe 5 are opened and the filling process begins. Thefill shoe 5 is moved over theconstruction chambers materials containers second end position 33. In thesecond end position 33, the fillingcontainers fill shoe 5 are closed and the filling process is ended. Thefill shoe 5 is moved out of thesecond end position 33 into asecond park position 34. Thesecond park position 34, like thefirst park position 31, lies outside of thepress zone 24. The different positions 31-34 of thefill shoe 5 are preset in a control device or are detected by a sensor device. - The movement of the
fill shoe 5 between the first andsecond park position fill shoe 5 before and after filling theconstruction chambers fill shoe 5 is moved from a park position into an end position, in which the filling process begins. With the return movement, thefill shoe 5 is moved from an end position, in which the filling process ends, into a park position. - The construction of the green compact using layer-by-layer application and compression is carried out in accordance with the following method according to the invention for producing a green compact from a powdered or granular material. The method is comprised of several phases that are repeated iteratively until the green compact has reached the desired height.
- In a first phase, a first material layer is constructed. The first phase is made up of several sub-steps. The
lower punch 7 is lowered with the aid of theheight adjustment device 22 by the desired layer thickness of the first material layer. If material layers are already located in theconstruction chambers upper punches upper punch 8 is then moved back into its initial position. Thefill shoe 5 is moved in a first direction ofmovement 35 with an approach movement out of thefirst park position 31 into thefirst end position 32. Then thefill shoe 5 is moved over theconstruction chambers materials second end position 33. After the filling process, thefill shoe 5 is moved with a return movement in the first direction ofmovement 35 out of thesecond end position 33 intosecond park position 34. Finally, the placingunit 25 places the cutting particles in the first material layer in the desired distribution. The placement step is executed when the cutting particles are not mixed into the material, but are placed individually in the material layer. - After filling the first material layer, the materials are compressed in a second phase. The
upper punch 8 is first lowered up to the upper edge of theconstruction chambers lower punch 7 and theupper punch 8 are pressed against each other inpressing direction 21 in order to compress the first material layer. After the compression, thelower punch 7 and theupper punch 8 are jointly lowered in a stroke movement by the desired layer thickness of the second material layer. Then theupper punch 8 is moved back into its initial position. - In a third phase, a second material layer is constructed. The third phase is made up of several sub-steps. The
fill shoe 5 is moved in a second direction ofmovement 36 with an approach movement out of thesecond park position 34 into thesecond end position 33. Then thefill shoe 5 is moved over theconstruction chambers materials second end position 33 and thefirst end position 32. After the filling process, thefill shoe 5 is moved with a return movement in the second direction ofmovement 36 out of thefirst end position 32 into thefirst park position 31. Finally, the placingunit 25 places the cutting particles in the second material layer in the desired distribution. - In a fourth phase, the second material layer is compressed with the aid of the adjustable lower and
upper punches - The filling movement and the positioning movements of the
fill shoe 5 are carried out during construction of the second material layer in the second direction ofmovement 36, which is opposed to the first direction ofmovement 35 when constructing the first material layer. Due to the feed movement of thefill shoe 5, a compression zone with increased material density develops during the filling process in the end region of the material layer. The fact that the direction ofmovement - The travel speed of the
fill shoe 5 is constant during the filling movement between the end positions 32, 33 in order to apply a uniform material application. The filling behavior of thematerials construction chambers - With the approach movement and return movement of the
fill shoe 5 between the park positions 31, 34 andend positions device 11. - The foregoing disclosure has been set forth merely to illustrate the invention and is not intended to be limiting. Since modifications of the disclosed embodiments incorporating the spirit and substance of the invention may occur to persons skilled in the art, the invention should be construed to include everything within the scope of the appended claims and equivalents thereof.
Claims (3)
1. A method for producing a green compact from a powdered or granular material, comprising the steps of:
moving a fill shoe, which is filled with powdered or granular material, by an adjusting device from a first park position to a first end position;
moving the fill shoe from the first end position to a second end position over a construction chamber and filling the construction chamber with the powdered or granular material in the fill shoe in a layer; and
moving the fill shoe from the second end position to a second park position after filling the construction chamber with the layer, wherein the second park position is different from the first park position.
2. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising the steps of:
moving the fill shoe, which is filled with powdered or granular material, by the adjusting device from the second park position to the second end position;
moving the fill shoe from the second end position to the first end position over the construction chamber and filling the construction chamber with the powdered or granular material in the fill shoe in a second layer; and
moving the fill shoe from the first end position to the first park position after filling the construction chamber with the second layer.
3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein a first speed at which the fill shoe is moved from the first park position to the first end position and/or the second end position to the second park position is greater than a speed at which the fill shoe is moved from the first end position to the second end position.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US15/190,565 US20160303655A1 (en) | 2011-04-20 | 2016-06-23 | Method for producing a green compact from a powdered or ganular material |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102011007728.6 | 2011-04-20 | ||
DE102011007728A DE102011007728A1 (en) | 2011-04-20 | 2011-04-20 | Apparatus and method for producing a green compact from a powdery or granular material |
US13/451,259 US9399255B2 (en) | 2011-04-20 | 2012-04-19 | Device and method for producing a green compact from a powdered or granular material |
US15/190,565 US20160303655A1 (en) | 2011-04-20 | 2016-06-23 | Method for producing a green compact from a powdered or ganular material |
Related Parent Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US13/451,259 Division US9399255B2 (en) | 2011-04-20 | 2012-04-19 | Device and method for producing a green compact from a powdered or granular material |
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Publication Number | Publication Date |
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US20160303655A1 true US20160303655A1 (en) | 2016-10-20 |
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ID=45607005
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US13/451,259 Active 2035-03-01 US9399255B2 (en) | 2011-04-20 | 2012-04-19 | Device and method for producing a green compact from a powdered or granular material |
US15/190,565 Abandoned US20160303655A1 (en) | 2011-04-20 | 2016-06-23 | Method for producing a green compact from a powdered or ganular material |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US13/451,259 Active 2035-03-01 US9399255B2 (en) | 2011-04-20 | 2012-04-19 | Device and method for producing a green compact from a powdered or granular material |
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US (2) | US9399255B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2514541A3 (en) |
KR (1) | KR101956919B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN102744904B (en) |
DE (1) | DE102011007728A1 (en) |
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DE102019104041A1 (en) * | 2019-02-18 | 2020-08-20 | Dorst Technologies Gmbh & Co. Kg | Method of powder pressing |
KR102377546B1 (en) * | 2020-05-29 | 2022-03-21 | 백승욱 | Press device for filling uniformly ceramic powder and ceramic manufacturing method using same |
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US3605825A (en) * | 1968-10-02 | 1971-09-20 | Mannesmann Meer Ag | Method and apparatus for filling the die of a powder press,especially of a metal powder press |
US4559004A (en) * | 1984-08-24 | 1985-12-17 | Societe Anonyme De Recherche Et D'etudes Techniques | Apparatus for manufacturing bricks of compressed earth |
US5287897A (en) * | 1991-01-15 | 1994-02-22 | Mg2 S.P.A. | Machine for dosing powdered pharmaceuticals |
US5647410A (en) * | 1992-07-17 | 1997-07-15 | Fanuc, Ltd. | Powder molding machine and method for filling molding materials into a die cavity thereof |
US6672343B1 (en) * | 1999-06-21 | 2004-01-06 | Eos Gmbh Optical Systems | Device for supplying powder for a device for producing a three-dimensional object layer by layer |
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US2800684A (en) * | 1953-07-28 | 1957-07-30 | Ncr Co | Apparatus for forming powdered metal parts |
US3752003A (en) * | 1970-12-04 | 1973-08-14 | Federal Mogul Corp | Composite heavy-duty machine element and method of making the same |
IT999894B (en) * | 1973-12-05 | 1976-03-10 | Olivetti & Co Spa | DEVICE FOR THE LUBRICATION OF DIES FOR COMPACTION OF POWDER MATERIALS FOR SINTERED PIECES |
US4354811A (en) * | 1980-07-22 | 1982-10-19 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Workpiece pellet length control apparatus |
DE19903417B4 (en) * | 1999-01-29 | 2007-03-29 | Wilhelm Fette Gmbh | Method for filling a hydraulic press with powders |
DE10209746B4 (en) * | 2002-03-06 | 2004-04-15 | Dorst Maschinen- Und Anlagenbau Gmbh & Co. | Powder filling device, in particular for powder metallurgical powder, filling shoe for such a powder filling device and method for filling a die opening with powder |
EP2098317A1 (en) * | 2007-12-04 | 2009-09-09 | Osterwalder AG | Method and device for manufacturing a compact from metal powder |
-
2011
- 2011-04-20 DE DE102011007728A patent/DE102011007728A1/en active Pending
-
2012
- 2012-02-08 EP EP12154456.3A patent/EP2514541A3/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2012-02-09 KR KR1020120013126A patent/KR101956919B1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2012-04-16 CN CN201210110549.7A patent/CN102744904B/en active Active
- 2012-04-19 US US13/451,259 patent/US9399255B2/en active Active
-
2016
- 2016-06-23 US US15/190,565 patent/US20160303655A1/en not_active Abandoned
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US3605825A (en) * | 1968-10-02 | 1971-09-20 | Mannesmann Meer Ag | Method and apparatus for filling the die of a powder press,especially of a metal powder press |
US4559004A (en) * | 1984-08-24 | 1985-12-17 | Societe Anonyme De Recherche Et D'etudes Techniques | Apparatus for manufacturing bricks of compressed earth |
US5287897A (en) * | 1991-01-15 | 1994-02-22 | Mg2 S.P.A. | Machine for dosing powdered pharmaceuticals |
US5647410A (en) * | 1992-07-17 | 1997-07-15 | Fanuc, Ltd. | Powder molding machine and method for filling molding materials into a die cavity thereof |
US6672343B1 (en) * | 1999-06-21 | 2004-01-06 | Eos Gmbh Optical Systems | Device for supplying powder for a device for producing a three-dimensional object layer by layer |
US7255139B2 (en) * | 2004-03-03 | 2007-08-14 | Nisshinbo Industries, Inc | Powder leveling method and powder leveling apparatus |
US20090256271A1 (en) * | 2005-10-19 | 2009-10-15 | Pascal Engelvin | Powder Dispenser, Notably for Pelletizer and Method for Making Nuclear Fuel Pellets |
US20150118339A1 (en) * | 2011-11-12 | 2015-04-30 | Dorst Technologies Gmbh & Co. Kg | Ceramic and/or metal powder press having a filling shoe and filling lines and method for pressing a pressed body in such a press |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
KR20120119990A (en) | 2012-11-01 |
CN102744904B (en) | 2016-08-31 |
EP2514541A2 (en) | 2012-10-24 |
US9399255B2 (en) | 2016-07-26 |
DE102011007728A1 (en) | 2012-10-25 |
CN102744904A (en) | 2012-10-24 |
US20120267829A1 (en) | 2012-10-25 |
EP2514541A3 (en) | 2013-11-20 |
KR101956919B1 (en) | 2019-03-11 |
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