US20160054546A1 - Three-Piece All-Aspheric Adapter Fisheye Lens - Google Patents
Three-Piece All-Aspheric Adapter Fisheye Lens Download PDFInfo
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- US20160054546A1 US20160054546A1 US14/465,013 US201414465013A US2016054546A1 US 20160054546 A1 US20160054546 A1 US 20160054546A1 US 201414465013 A US201414465013 A US 201414465013A US 2016054546 A1 US2016054546 A1 US 2016054546A1
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- negative meniscus
- tpaaaf
- biconcave
- biconvex
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B13/00—Optical objectives specially designed for the purposes specified below
- G02B13/06—Panoramic objectives; So-called "sky lenses" including panoramic objectives having reflecting surfaces
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B13/00—Optical objectives specially designed for the purposes specified below
- G02B13/001—Miniaturised objectives for electronic devices, e.g. portable telephones, webcams, PDAs, small digital cameras
- G02B13/0015—Miniaturised objectives for electronic devices, e.g. portable telephones, webcams, PDAs, small digital cameras characterised by the lens design
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B13/00—Optical objectives specially designed for the purposes specified below
- G02B13/18—Optical objectives specially designed for the purposes specified below with lenses having one or more non-spherical faces, e.g. for reducing geometrical aberration
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B15/00—Optical objectives with means for varying the magnification
- G02B15/02—Optical objectives with means for varying the magnification by changing, adding, or subtracting a part of the objective, e.g. convertible objective
- G02B15/10—Optical objectives with means for varying the magnification by changing, adding, or subtracting a part of the objective, e.g. convertible objective by adding a part, e.g. close-up attachment
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
- G02B27/0025—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00 for optical correction, e.g. distorsion, aberration
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B9/00—Optical objectives characterised both by the number of the components and their arrangements according to their sign, i.e. + or -
- G02B9/12—Optical objectives characterised both by the number of the components and their arrangements according to their sign, i.e. + or - having three components only
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03B—APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS OR FOR PROJECTING OR VIEWING THEM; APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS EMPLOYING ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR
- G03B17/00—Details of cameras or camera bodies; Accessories therefor
- G03B17/56—Accessories
- G03B17/565—Optical accessories, e.g. converters for close-up photography, tele-convertors, wide-angle convertors
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B13/00—Optical objectives specially designed for the purposes specified below
- G02B13/001—Miniaturised objectives for electronic devices, e.g. portable telephones, webcams, PDAs, small digital cameras
- G02B13/0015—Miniaturised objectives for electronic devices, e.g. portable telephones, webcams, PDAs, small digital cameras characterised by the lens design
- G02B13/002—Miniaturised objectives for electronic devices, e.g. portable telephones, webcams, PDAs, small digital cameras characterised by the lens design having at least one aspherical surface
- G02B13/0035—Miniaturised objectives for electronic devices, e.g. portable telephones, webcams, PDAs, small digital cameras characterised by the lens design having at least one aspherical surface having three lenses
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B13/00—Optical objectives specially designed for the purposes specified below
- G02B13/001—Miniaturised objectives for electronic devices, e.g. portable telephones, webcams, PDAs, small digital cameras
- G02B13/0015—Miniaturised objectives for electronic devices, e.g. portable telephones, webcams, PDAs, small digital cameras characterised by the lens design
- G02B13/002—Miniaturised objectives for electronic devices, e.g. portable telephones, webcams, PDAs, small digital cameras characterised by the lens design having at least one aspherical surface
- G02B13/004—Miniaturised objectives for electronic devices, e.g. portable telephones, webcams, PDAs, small digital cameras characterised by the lens design having at least one aspherical surface having four lenses
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B13/00—Optical objectives specially designed for the purposes specified below
- G02B13/04—Reversed telephoto objectives
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B9/00—Optical objectives characterised both by the number of the components and their arrangements according to their sign, i.e. + or -
- G02B9/12—Optical objectives characterised both by the number of the components and their arrangements according to their sign, i.e. + or - having three components only
- G02B9/14—Optical objectives characterised both by the number of the components and their arrangements according to their sign, i.e. + or - having three components only arranged + - +
- G02B9/16—Optical objectives characterised both by the number of the components and their arrangements according to their sign, i.e. + or - having three components only arranged + - + all the components being simple
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B9/00—Optical objectives characterised both by the number of the components and their arrangements according to their sign, i.e. + or -
- G02B9/34—Optical objectives characterised both by the number of the components and their arrangements according to their sign, i.e. + or - having four components only
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03B—APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS OR FOR PROJECTING OR VIEWING THEM; APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS EMPLOYING ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR
- G03B17/00—Details of cameras or camera bodies; Accessories therefor
- G03B17/02—Bodies
- G03B17/12—Bodies with means for supporting objectives, supplementary lenses, filters, masks, or turrets
- G03B17/14—Bodies with means for supporting objectives, supplementary lenses, filters, masks, or turrets interchangeably
Definitions
- Digital camera modules are used in a variety of consumer, industrial and scientific imaging devices to produce still images and/or video. These devices include mobile telephones, digital still image and video cameras, and webcams.
- the field of view of a camera module is typically between 60 degrees and 70 degrees.
- the field of view can be increased by attaching an adapter lens in front of the camera module.
- the resulting imaging system of the adapter lens and camera module has a wider field of view than the camera module alone.
- a wide field of view is valuable in applications such as autonomous vehicle navigation, car parking monitor systems, and gesture recognition.
- a three-piece all-aspheric adapter fisheye (TPAAAF) lens is provided.
- the TPAAAF lens includes a negative meniscus lens, a biconvex lens, and a biconcave lens positioned between the negative meniscus lens and the biconvex lens.
- the negative meniscus, biconcave, and biconvex lenses are coaxial and arranged with an exit pupil to cooperatively generate an image with a camera lens that has greater field of view than the camera lens alone when the exit pupil is coplanar and coaxial with an entrance pupil of the camera lens.
- the negative meniscus, biconcave, and biconvex lenses each have an aspheric object-side surface and an aspheric image-side surface.
- the negative meniscus lens has a thickness D 1 and a semi-diameter S 1 of its object-side surface, wherein ratio S 1 /D 1 satisfies 8.0 ⁇ S 1 /D 1 ⁇ 8.8 for enabling a wide field of view.
- the object-side surface of the negative meniscus lens has a radius of curvature R 1 and the image-side surface of the negative meniscus lens has a radius of curvature R 2 , wherein ratio R 2 /R 1 satisfies 0.11 ⁇ R 2 /R 1 ⁇ 0.19 for reducing distortion.
- the object-side surface of the biconcave lens has a radius of curvature R 3 and the image-side surface of the biconcave lens has a radius of curvature R 4 , wherein ratio R 4 /R 3 satisfies ⁇ 0.22 ⁇ R 4 /R 3 ⁇ 0.12 for reducing field curvature.
- the object-side surface of the biconvex lens has a radius of curvature R 5
- the image-side surface of the biconvex lens has a radius of curvature R 6 , wherein ratio R 6 /R 5 satisfies ⁇ 0.7 ⁇ R 6 /R 5 ⁇ 0.4 for reducing chromatic aberration and longitudinal aberration.
- the negative meniscus lens and biconcave lens each have an Abbe number exceeding 55, and the biconvex lens has an Abbe number less than 35 for reducing chromatic aberration.
- FIG. 1 shows a prior art adapter fisheye lens within an adapter housing and attached to a mobile phone.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a three-piece all-aspheric adapter fisheye (TPAAAF) lens, in an embodiment.
- TPAAAF all-aspheric adapter fisheye
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a TPAAAF lens functioning as an adapter lens for an imaging system, in an embodiment.
- FIG. 4 shows exemplary parameters for the TPAAAF lens of FIG. 3 .
- FIG. 5 is a plot of the longitudinal aberration of the TPAAAF lens within the imaging system of FIG. 3 .
- FIG. 6 is a plot of the f-Theta distortion of the TPAAAF lens within the imaging system of FIG. 3 .
- FIG. 7 is a plot of the Petzval field curvature of the TPAAAF lens within the imaging system of FIG. 3 .
- FIG. 8 is a plot of the lateral color error of the TPAAAF lens within the imaging system of FIG. 3 .
- FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of a TPAAAF lens functioning as an adapter lens for an imaging system, in an embodiment.
- FIG. 10 shows exemplary parameters for the fisheye lens of FIG. 9 .
- FIG. 11 is a plot of the longitudinal aberration of the TPAAAF lens within the imaging system of FIG. 9 .
- FIG. 12 is a plot of the f-Theta distortion of the TPAAAF lens within the imaging system of FIG. 9 .
- FIG. 13 is a plot of the Petzval field curvature of the TPAAAF lens within the imaging system of FIG. 9 .
- FIG. 14 is a plot of the lateral color error of the TPAAAF lens within the imaging system of FIG. 9 .
- FIG. 1 shows a prior-art adapter fisheye lens 100 within a fisheye lens adapter housing 140 that is attached to a mobile phone 150 .
- Mobile phone 150 includes an on-chip camera with a standard field of view.
- Fisheye lens adapter housing 140 is positioned on mobile phone 150 such that the optic axis of adapter fisheye lens 100 and the optic axis of the on-chip phone camera are coaxial.
- Prior-art adapter fisheye lens 100 includes optical elements made of optical glass and/or plastic, for example, one spherical glass lens combined with one aspherical plastic lens.
- the range of Abbe numbers V D of optical glasses exceeds that of optical plastics.
- the minimum chromatic aberration achievable in compound fisheye lenses with only spherical glass surfaces is lower than a similar lens formed from plastic.
- the use of a glass in a fisheye lens incurs increased material costs, fabrication costs, weight, volume, and restrictions on manufacturing lens shape.
- An all-plastic compound fisheye lens described herein-below achieves the performance benefits of glass with the size and weight advantages of plastic.
- These performance specifications include minimizing aberrations such as longitudinal aberration (longitudinal spherical aberration), image distortion, field curvature, and lateral color.
- Optimizing a lens design per these performance metrics is constrained by the relatively narrow range of Abbe numbers in optical plastics, and the benefits of minimizing the number of plastic elements.
- This disclosure specifically provides three-piece all-aspheric adapter fisheye (TPAAAF) lenses, wherein the Abbe numbers of each optical element in the TPAAAF corresponds to an existing optical plastic.
- the TPAAAF lens may be designed to fit into fisheye lens adapter housings, such as fisheye lens adapter housing 140 of FIG. 1 .
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of one TPAAAF lens 200 .
- TPAAAF lens 200 includes a negative meniscus lens 210 , a biconcave lens 220 , and a biconvex lens 230 .
- Negative meniscus lens 210 includes an object-side surface 211 and an image-side surface 212 .
- Biconcave lens 220 includes an object-side surface 221 and an image-side surface 222 .
- Biconvex lens 230 includes an object-side surface 231 and an image-side surface 232 .
- each of the surfaces 211 , 212 , 221 , 222 , 231 , and 232 are aspheric.
- Negative meniscus lens 210 , biconcave lens 220 , and biconvex lens 230 are each singlet lenses.
- one or more of negative meniscus lens 210 , biconcave lens 220 , and biconvex lens 230 may be non-singlet lenses without departing from the scope hereof.
- TPAAAF lens 200 may be dimensioned so that it replaces adapter fisheye lens 100 in fisheye lens adapter housing 140 , FIG. 1 .
- negative meniscus lens 210 the semi-diameter of object-side surface 211 is S 1 and the on-axis thickness of negative meniscus lens 210 is D 1 .
- Embodiments of negative meniscus lens 210 may have a quotient S 1 /D 1 between 8.0 and 8.8. Limiting the quotient S 1 /D 1 to this range enables a wide field of view in imaging systems that include TPAAAF lens 200 . For example, imaging systems 350 and 950 discussed herein have respective fields of view exceeding 170°.
- object-side surface 211 has radius of curvature R 1 and image-side surface 212 has radius of curvature R 2 .
- Embodiments of negative meniscus lens 210 may have a quotient R 2 /R 1 between 0.11 and 0.19. Limiting the quotient R 2 /R 1 to this range allows for correcting distortion in imaging systems that include TPAAAF lens 200 . For example, at field angles between 0° and 90°, imaging systems 350 and 950 discussed herein have respective distortions less than 11%.
- object-side surface 221 has radius of curvature R 3 and image-side surface 222 has radius of curvature R 4 .
- Embodiments of biconcave lens 220 may have a quotient R 4 /R 3 between ⁇ 0.22 and ⁇ 0.12. Limiting the quotient R 4 /R 3 to this range allows for correcting field curvature in imaging systems that include TPAAAF lens 200 . For example, at field angles between 0° and 90°, imaging systems 350 and 950 discussed herein have respective field curvatures less than 0.10 mm.
- object-side surface 231 has radius of curvature R 5 and image-side surface 232 has radius of curvature R 6 .
- Embodiments of biconvex lens 230 may have a quotient R 6 /R 5 between ⁇ 0.7 and ⁇ 0.4. Limiting the quotient R 6 /R 5 to this range allows for correcting chromatic aberration and longitudinal aberration in imaging systems that include TPAAAF lens 200 , such as imaging systems 350 and 950 discussed herein.
- the transverse chromatic aberration (lateral color error) of imaging systems 350 and 950 discussed herein is less than the Airy disk radius.
- the magnitude of longitudinal aberration of imaging systems 350 and 950 discussed herein is less than 0.04 mm across the entrance pupil radius.
- negative meniscus lens 210 and biconcave lens 220 each have Abbe number V D >55.
- Biconvex lens 230 has an Abbe number V D ⁇ 35.
- the Handbook of Plastic Optics (Wiley-VCH, publisher) lists examples of transparent optical materials with V D >55. These include polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), and cycloolefin polymers, for example, APELTM 5014 DP, TOPAS® 5013, and ZEONEX® 480R.
- the lens material with V D >55 may be plastic, glass, or any non-plastic optical material without departing from the scope hereof.
- the Handbook of Plastic Optics lists examples of transparent optical materials with V D ⁇ 35. These include PANLITE®, a brand-name polycarbonate, Udel® P-1700, a brand-name polysulfone, and OKP-4, a brand-name optical polyester.
- the lens material with V D ⁇ 35 may be plastic, glass, or any non-plastic optical material without departing from the scope hereof.
- Lenses 210 , 220 , and 230 may be formed by injection molding or other methods known in the art. Embodiments of lenses 210 , 220 , and 230 formed of glass may be formed by precision glass molding (also known as ultra-precision glass pressing) or other methods known in the art.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a TPAAAF lens 300 functioning as an adapter lens for an imaging system, e.g., for a standard non-fisheye imaging system included in mobile phone 150 , FIG. 1 .
- TPAAAF lens 300 is an embodiment of TPAAAF lens 200 .
- TPAAAF lens 300 includes a negative meniscus lens 310 , a biconcave lens 320 , and a biconvex lens 330 that are analogous to negative meniscus lens 210 , biconcave lens 220 , and biconvex lens 230 of TPAAAF lens 200 .
- Negative meniscus lens 310 includes an object-side surface 311 and an image-side surface 312 .
- Biconcave lens 320 includes an object-side surface 321 and an image-side surface 322 .
- Biconvex lens 330 includes an object-side surface 331 and an image-side surface 332 .
- each of the surfaces 311 , 312 , 321 , 322 , 331 , and 332 are aspheric.
- TPAAAF lens 300 is shown coupled with a camera lens 351 of the standard non-fisheye imaging system such that, collectively, TPAAAF lens 300 and camera lens 351 cooperatively form an image at image plane 352 .
- TPAAAF lens 300 is variably locatable with respect to a camera lens 351 .
- the entrance pupil of camera lens 351 is located at the exit pupil of TPAAAF lens 300 , resulting in an imaging system 350 .
- imaging system 350 the entrance pupil of camera lens 351 and the exit pupil of TPAAAF lens 300 are coaxial and coplanar.
- Camera lens 351 is, for example, an imaging lens of a reflowable camera module mounted on a printed circuit board (PCB) of an imaging device such as a mobile phone.
- camera lens 351 may alternatively be an imaging lens of other cameras known in the art without departing from the scope hereof; examples include point-and-shoot cameras, compact system cameras, and single-lens reflex cameras. Such cameras may capture still images, video, or both, and be either digital or analog.
- camera lens 351 is modeled as an aberration-free “perfect lens” with a 66° field of view.
- camera lens 351 may include aberrations and have a different field of view without departing from the scope hereof.
- Imaging system 350 is shown with ray traces of ray pencils 370 and 379 computed and displayed by the Zemax® Optical Design Program.
- Ray pencil 370 and ray pencil 379 propagate from the center and edge of the scene, respectively, through TPAAAF lens 300 and camera lens 351 , and focus at image plane 352 .
- Ray pencil 370 has a ray angle of zero.
- Ray pencil 379 has a ray angle 390 equal to 90°.
- imaging system 350 has a field of view that is twice ray angle 390 , or 180°.
- FIG. 4 shows exemplary parameters of each surface of TPAAAF lens 300 .
- Surface column 411 denotes surfaces 311 , 312 , 321 , 322 , 331 , 332 , camera lens 351 , and image plane 352 shown in FIG. 3 .
- Column 413 includes on-axis thickness values, in millimeters, between surfaces 311 , 312 , 321 , 322 , 331 , and 332 .
- Surfaces 311 , 312 , 321 , 322 , 331 , and 332 are defined by surface sag z sag , Eqn. 1.
- z sag is a function of radial coordinate r, where directions z and r are shown in coordinate axes 398 , FIG. 3 .
- Column 412 of FIG. 4 lists r c values for surfaces 311 , 312 , 321 , 322 , 331 , and 332 .
- Parameter k denotes the conic constant, shown in column 416 .
- Columns 404 , 406 , 408 , and 410 contain values of aspheric coefficients ⁇ 4 , ⁇ 6 , ⁇ 5 , and ⁇ 10 , respectively.
- the units of quantities in FIG. 3 are consistent with z sag in Eqn. 1 being expressed in millimeters.
- the semi-diameter of object-side surface 311 is S 1 and the on-axis thickness of negative meniscus lens 310 is D 1 .
- the ratio S 1 /D 1 8.2.
- Object-side surface 311 has radius of curvature R 1 and image-side surface 312 has radius of curvature R 2 .
- the ratio R 2 /R 1 0.16.
- object-side surface 321 has radius of curvature R 3 and image-side surface 322 has radius of curvature R 4 .
- the ratio R 4 /R 3 ⁇ 0.20.
- object-side surface 331 has radius of curvature R 5 and image-side surface 332 has radius of curvature R 6 .
- the ratio R 6 /R 5 ⁇ 0.50.
- FIGS. 5-8 are plots of longitudinal aberration, f-Theta distortion, field curvature, and lateral color, respectively, of TPAAAF lens 300 within imaging system 350 as computed by Zemax®. Since camera lens 351 does not contribute to the aberrations shown in FIG. 5-8 , the TPAAAF lens 300 is the source of these aberrations.
- the Zemax® User's Manual includes detailed definitions of each of these quantities.
- FIG. 5 is a plot of the longitudinal aberration of TPAAAF lens 300 within imaging system 350 .
- FIG. 6 is a plot of the f-Theta distortion, versus field angle, of TPAAAF lens 300 within imaging system 350 .
- Distortion curve 658 is computed at wavelength ⁇ D .
- distortion curves corresponding to wavelength ⁇ F and ⁇ C are not shown, as they overlap distortion curve 658 to within its line thickness as plotted in FIG. 6 .
- FIG. 7 is a plot of the Petzval field curvature, as a function of field angle, of TPAAAF lens 300 within imaging system 350 .
- Field curvature 748 -S and field curvature 748 -T (solid lines) are computed at wavelength ⁇ F in the sagittal and tangential planes, respectively.
- Field curvature 758 -S and field curvature 758 -T are computed at wavelength ⁇ D in the sagittal and tangential planes, respectively.
- Field curvature 765 -S and field curvature 765 -T (long-dashed lines) correspond to field curvature at wavelength ⁇ C in the sagittal and tangential planes, respectively.
- FIG. 8 is a plot of the lateral color error, also known as transverse chromatic aberration, versus field height of TPAAAF lens 300 within imaging system 350 .
- Lateral color is referenced to ⁇ D : the lateral color for ⁇ D is zero for all field heights.
- Lateral color 848 is computed at wavelength ⁇ F .
- Lateral color 865 is computed at wavelength ⁇ C .
- the lateral color error is less than the Airy disk radius for the range of field heights evaluated.
- FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of a TPAAAF lens 900 functioning as an adapter lens for an imaging system, e.g., for a standard non-fisheye imaging system included in mobile phone 150 , FIG. 1 .
- TPAAAF lens 900 is an embodiment of TPAAAF lens 200 .
- TPAAAF lens 900 includes a negative meniscus lens 910 , a biconcave lens 920 , and a biconvex lens 930 that are analogous to negative meniscus lens 210 , biconcave lens 220 , and biconvex lens 230 of TPAAAF lens 200 .
- Negative meniscus lens 910 includes an object-side surface 911 and an image-side surface 912 .
- Biconcave lens 920 includes an object-side surface 921 and an image-side surface 922 .
- Biconvex lens 930 includes an object-side surface 931 and an image-side surface 932 .
- each of the surfaces 911 , 912 , 921 , 922 , 931 , and 932 are aspheric
- TPAAAF lens 900 is shown coupled with a camera lens 951 of the standard non-fisheye imaging system such that, collectively, TPAAAF lens 900 and camera lens 951 cooperatively form an image at image plane 952 .
- TPAAAF lens 900 is variably locatable with respect to a camera lens 951 .
- the entrance pupil of camera lens 951 is located at the exit pupil of TPAAAF lens 900 , resulting in an imaging system 950 .
- imaging system 950 the entrance pupil of camera lens 951 and the exit pupil of TPAAAF lens 900 are coaxial and coplanar.
- Camera lens 951 is, for example, an imaging lens of a reflowable camera module mounted on a PCB of an imaging device.
- camera lens 951 is modeled as an aberration-free “perfect lens” with a 66° field of view.
- Camera lens 951 is similar to camera lens 351 .
- Imaging system 950 is shown with ray traces of ray pencils 970 and 979 as computed and displayed by the Zemax® Optical Design Program.
- Ray pencil 970 and ray pencil 979 propagate from the center and edge of the scene, respectively, through TPAAAF lens 900 and camera lens 951 , and focus at image plane 952 .
- Ray pencil 970 has a ray angle of zero.
- Ray pencil 979 has a ray angle 990 equal to 90°.
- imaging system 950 has a field of view that is twice ray angle 990 , or 180°.
- FIG. 10 shows parameters of each surface of TPAAAF lens 900 .
- Surface column 1011 denotes surfaces 911 , 912 , 921 , 922 , 931 , 932 , camera lens 951 , and image plane 952 shown in FIG. 9 .
- Column 1013 contains thickness values, in millimeters, between surfaces 911 , 912 , 921 , 922 , 931 , and 932 .
- Surfaces 911 , 912 , 921 , 922 , 931 , and 932 are defined by z sag , Eqn. 1.
- Columns 1012 , 1014 , 1015 , 1016 , 1004 , 1006 , 1008 , and 1010 are similar to columns 412 , 414 , 415 , 416 , 404 , 406 , 408 , and 410 , respectively, of FIG. 4 .
- the semi-diameter of the object side of negative meniscus lens 910 is S 1 and the on-axis thickness of negative meniscus lens 910 is D 1 .
- the ratio S 1 /D 1 8.5.
- Object-side surface 911 has radius of curvature R 1 and image-side surface 912 has radius of curvature R 2 .
- the ratio R 2 /R 1 0.17.
- object-side surface 921 has radius of curvature R 3 and image-side surface 922 has radius of curvature R 4 .
- the ratio R 4 /R 3 ⁇ 0.14.
- object-side surface 931 has radius of curvature R 5 and image-side surface 932 has radius of curvature R 6 .
- the ratio R 6 /R 5 ⁇ 0.66.
- FIGS. 11-14 are plots of longitudinal aberration, f-Theta distortion, field curvature, and lateral color, respectively, of TPAAAF lens 900 within imaging system 950 as computed by Zemax®. Since camera lens 951 does not contribute to the aberrations shown in FIG. 11-14 , TPAAAF lens 900 is the source of these aberrations.
- FIG. 11 is a plot of the longitudinal aberration of TPAAAF lens 900 within imaging system 950 .
- Longitudinal aberration curves 1148 , 1158 , and 1165 are computed at ⁇ F , ⁇ D , and ⁇ C respectively.
- FIG. 12 is a plot of the f-Theta distortion, versus field angle, of TPAAAF lens 900 within imaging system 950 .
- Distortion curve 1258 is computed at wavelength ⁇ D .
- distortion curves corresponding to wavelength ⁇ F and ⁇ C are not shown, as they overlap distortion curve 1258 to within its line thickness as plotted in FIG. 12 .
- FIG. 13 is a plot of the Petzval field curvature, as a function of field angle, of TPAAAF lens 900 within imaging system 950 .
- Field curvature curves 1348 -S and 1348 -T (solid lines) are computed at wavelength ⁇ F in the sagittal and tangential planes, respectively.
- Field curvature curves 1358 -S and 1358 -T are computed at wavelength ⁇ D in the sagittal and tangential planes, respectively.
- Field curvature curves 1365 -S and 1365 -T (long-dashed lines) correspond to field curvature at wavelength ⁇ C in the sagittal and tangential planes, respectively.
- FIG. 14 is a plot of the lateral color error versus field height of TPAAAF lens 900 within imaging system 950 .
- Lateral color is referenced to ⁇ D : the lateral color for ⁇ D is zero for all field heights.
- Lateral color 1448 is computed at wavelength ⁇ F .
- Lateral color 1448 is less than the Airy disk radius for all but the highest one percent of field heights evaluated.
- Lateral color 1465 is computed at wavelength ⁇ C . Lateral color 1465 is less than the Airy disk radius for the full range of field heights evaluated.
- a TPAAAF lens comprising a negative meniscus lens, a biconvex lens, and a biconcave lens positioned between the negative meniscus lens and the biconvex lens.
- the negative meniscus, biconcave, and biconvex lenses are coaxial and arranged with an exit pupil to cooperatively generate an image with a camera lens that has greater field of view than the camera lens alone when the exit pupil is coplanar and coaxial with an entrance pupil of the camera lens.
- the negative meniscus, biconcave, and biconvex lenses each have an aspheric object-side surface and an aspheric image-side surface.
- the camera lens has a first field of view less than 90 degrees.
- the negative meniscus lens, the biconcave lens, the biconvex lens, and the camera lens cooperatively have a second field of view exceeding 170 degrees.
- each lens being formed of a plastic material.
- the negative meniscus lens having a thickness D 1 and a semi-diameter S 1 of its object-side surface, and the ratio S 1 /D 1 satisfying 8.0 ⁇ S 1 /D 1 ⁇ 8.8.
- the negative meniscus lens and biconcave lens each have an Abbe number exceeding 55, and the biconvex lens has an Abbe number less than 35.
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- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Lenses (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- Digital camera modules are used in a variety of consumer, industrial and scientific imaging devices to produce still images and/or video. These devices include mobile telephones, digital still image and video cameras, and webcams. The field of view of a camera module is typically between 60 degrees and 70 degrees. The field of view can be increased by attaching an adapter lens in front of the camera module. The resulting imaging system of the adapter lens and camera module has a wider field of view than the camera module alone. A wide field of view is valuable in applications such as autonomous vehicle navigation, car parking monitor systems, and gesture recognition.
- According to an embodiment, a three-piece all-aspheric adapter fisheye (TPAAAF) lens is provided. The TPAAAF lens includes a negative meniscus lens, a biconvex lens, and a biconcave lens positioned between the negative meniscus lens and the biconvex lens. The negative meniscus, biconcave, and biconvex lenses are coaxial and arranged with an exit pupil to cooperatively generate an image with a camera lens that has greater field of view than the camera lens alone when the exit pupil is coplanar and coaxial with an entrance pupil of the camera lens. The negative meniscus, biconcave, and biconvex lenses each have an aspheric object-side surface and an aspheric image-side surface.
- According to an embodiment, the negative meniscus lens has a thickness D1 and a semi-diameter S1 of its object-side surface, wherein ratio S1/D1 satisfies 8.0<S1/D1<8.8 for enabling a wide field of view. The object-side surface of the negative meniscus lens has a radius of curvature R1 and the image-side surface of the negative meniscus lens has a radius of curvature R2, wherein ratio R2/R1 satisfies 0.11<R2/R1<0.19 for reducing distortion. The object-side surface of the biconcave lens has a radius of curvature R3 and the image-side surface of the biconcave lens has a radius of curvature R4, wherein ratio R4/R3 satisfies −0.22<R4/R3<−0.12 for reducing field curvature. The object-side surface of the biconvex lens has a radius of curvature R5, and the image-side surface of the biconvex lens has a radius of curvature R6, wherein ratio R6/R5 satisfies −0.7<R6/R5<−0.4 for reducing chromatic aberration and longitudinal aberration. The negative meniscus lens and biconcave lens each have an Abbe number exceeding 55, and the biconvex lens has an Abbe number less than 35 for reducing chromatic aberration.
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FIG. 1 shows a prior art adapter fisheye lens within an adapter housing and attached to a mobile phone. -
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a three-piece all-aspheric adapter fisheye (TPAAAF) lens, in an embodiment. -
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a TPAAAF lens functioning as an adapter lens for an imaging system, in an embodiment. -
FIG. 4 shows exemplary parameters for the TPAAAF lens ofFIG. 3 . -
FIG. 5 is a plot of the longitudinal aberration of the TPAAAF lens within the imaging system ofFIG. 3 . -
FIG. 6 is a plot of the f-Theta distortion of the TPAAAF lens within the imaging system ofFIG. 3 . -
FIG. 7 is a plot of the Petzval field curvature of the TPAAAF lens within the imaging system ofFIG. 3 . -
FIG. 8 is a plot of the lateral color error of the TPAAAF lens within the imaging system ofFIG. 3 . -
FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of a TPAAAF lens functioning as an adapter lens for an imaging system, in an embodiment. -
FIG. 10 shows exemplary parameters for the fisheye lens ofFIG. 9 . -
FIG. 11 is a plot of the longitudinal aberration of the TPAAAF lens within the imaging system ofFIG. 9 . -
FIG. 12 is a plot of the f-Theta distortion of the TPAAAF lens within the imaging system ofFIG. 9 . -
FIG. 13 is a plot of the Petzval field curvature of the TPAAAF lens within the imaging system ofFIG. 9 . -
FIG. 14 is a plot of the lateral color error of the TPAAAF lens within the imaging system ofFIG. 9 . -
FIG. 1 shows a prior-artadapter fisheye lens 100 within a fisheyelens adapter housing 140 that is attached to amobile phone 150.Mobile phone 150 includes an on-chip camera with a standard field of view. Fisheyelens adapter housing 140 is positioned onmobile phone 150 such that the optic axis ofadapter fisheye lens 100 and the optic axis of the on-chip phone camera are coaxial. - Prior-art
adapter fisheye lens 100 includes optical elements made of optical glass and/or plastic, for example, one spherical glass lens combined with one aspherical plastic lens. The range of Abbe numbers VD of optical glasses exceeds that of optical plastics. Thus, the minimum chromatic aberration achievable in compound fisheye lenses with only spherical glass surfaces is lower than a similar lens formed from plastic. However, compared to an all-plastic lens system, the use of a glass in a fisheye lens incurs increased material costs, fabrication costs, weight, volume, and restrictions on manufacturing lens shape. - An all-plastic compound fisheye lens described herein-below achieves the performance benefits of glass with the size and weight advantages of plastic. Using aspherical surfaces, rather than just spherical surfaces, more degrees of freedom are achieved when optimizing an all-plastic fisheye lens design to meet desired performance specifications. These performance specifications include minimizing aberrations such as longitudinal aberration (longitudinal spherical aberration), image distortion, field curvature, and lateral color. Optimizing a lens design per these performance metrics is constrained by the relatively narrow range of Abbe numbers in optical plastics, and the benefits of minimizing the number of plastic elements.
- This disclosure specifically provides three-piece all-aspheric adapter fisheye (TPAAAF) lenses, wherein the Abbe numbers of each optical element in the TPAAAF corresponds to an existing optical plastic. The TPAAAF lens may be designed to fit into fisheye lens adapter housings, such as fisheye
lens adapter housing 140 ofFIG. 1 . -
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of one TPAAAF lens 200. TPAAAF lens 200 includes anegative meniscus lens 210, abiconcave lens 220, and abiconvex lens 230.Negative meniscus lens 210 includes an object-side surface 211 and an image-side surface 212. Biconcavelens 220 includes an object-side surface 221 and an image-side surface 222. Biconvexlens 230 includes an object-side surface 231 and an image-side surface 232. In a first embodiment of TPAAAF lens 200, each of thesurfaces -
Negative meniscus lens 210,biconcave lens 220, andbiconvex lens 230 are each singlet lenses. In an embodiment of TPAAAF lens 200, one or more ofnegative meniscus lens 210,biconcave lens 220, andbiconvex lens 230 may be non-singlet lenses without departing from the scope hereof. TPAAAF lens 200 may be dimensioned so that it replacesadapter fisheye lens 100 in fisheyelens adapter housing 140,FIG. 1 . - Referring to
negative meniscus lens 210, the semi-diameter of object-side surface 211 is S1 and the on-axis thickness ofnegative meniscus lens 210 is D1. Embodiments ofnegative meniscus lens 210 may have a quotient S1/D1 between 8.0 and 8.8. Limiting the quotient S1/D1 to this range enables a wide field of view in imaging systems that include TPAAAF lens 200. For example,imaging systems - Referring to
negative meniscus lens 210, object-side surface 211 has radius of curvature R1 and image-side surface 212 has radius of curvature R2. Embodiments ofnegative meniscus lens 210 may have a quotient R2/R1 between 0.11 and 0.19. Limiting the quotient R2/R1 to this range allows for correcting distortion in imaging systems that include TPAAAF lens 200. For example, at field angles between 0° and 90°,imaging systems - Referring to
biconcave lens 220, object-side surface 221 has radius of curvature R3 and image-side surface 222 has radius of curvature R4. Embodiments ofbiconcave lens 220 may have a quotient R4/R3 between −0.22 and −0.12. Limiting the quotient R4/R3 to this range allows for correcting field curvature in imaging systems that include TPAAAF lens 200. For example, at field angles between 0° and 90°,imaging systems - Referring to
biconvex lens 230, object-side surface 231 has radius of curvature R5 and image-side surface 232 has radius of curvature R6. Embodiments ofbiconvex lens 230 may have a quotient R6/R5 between −0.7 and −0.4. Limiting the quotient R6/R5 to this range allows for correcting chromatic aberration and longitudinal aberration in imaging systems that include TPAAAF lens 200, such asimaging systems imaging systems imaging systems - In TPAAAF lens 200,
negative meniscus lens 210 andbiconcave lens 220 each have Abbe number VD>55.Biconvex lens 230 has an Abbe number VD<35. These constraints on Abbe numbers allow for correcting chromatic aberration in imaging systems that include TPAAAF lens 200, such asimaging systems - The Handbook of Plastic Optics (Wiley-VCH, publisher) lists examples of transparent optical materials with VD>55. These include polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), and cycloolefin polymers, for example, APEL™ 5014 DP, TOPAS® 5013, and ZEONEX® 480R. The lens material with VD>55 may be plastic, glass, or any non-plastic optical material without departing from the scope hereof.
- The Handbook of Plastic Optics lists examples of transparent optical materials with VD<35. These include PANLITE®, a brand-name polycarbonate, Udel® P-1700, a brand-name polysulfone, and OKP-4, a brand-name optical polyester. The lens material with VD<35 may be plastic, glass, or any non-plastic optical material without departing from the scope hereof.
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Lenses lenses -
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of aTPAAAF lens 300 functioning as an adapter lens for an imaging system, e.g., for a standard non-fisheye imaging system included inmobile phone 150,FIG. 1 .TPAAAF lens 300 is an embodiment of TPAAAF lens 200.TPAAAF lens 300 includes anegative meniscus lens 310, abiconcave lens 320, and abiconvex lens 330 that are analogous tonegative meniscus lens 210,biconcave lens 220, andbiconvex lens 230 of TPAAAF lens 200.Negative meniscus lens 310 includes an object-side surface 311 and an image-side surface 312.Biconcave lens 320 includes an object-side surface 321 and an image-side surface 322.Biconvex lens 330 includes an object-side surface 331 and an image-side surface 332. InTPAAAF lens 300, each of thesurfaces - Specifically,
TPAAAF lens 300 is shown coupled with acamera lens 351 of the standard non-fisheye imaging system such that, collectively,TPAAAF lens 300 andcamera lens 351 cooperatively form an image atimage plane 352. -
TPAAAF lens 300 is variably locatable with respect to acamera lens 351. InFIG. 3 , the entrance pupil ofcamera lens 351 is located at the exit pupil ofTPAAAF lens 300, resulting in animaging system 350. Inimaging system 350, the entrance pupil ofcamera lens 351 and the exit pupil ofTPAAAF lens 300 are coaxial and coplanar. -
Camera lens 351 is, for example, an imaging lens of a reflowable camera module mounted on a printed circuit board (PCB) of an imaging device such as a mobile phone. Butcamera lens 351 may alternatively be an imaging lens of other cameras known in the art without departing from the scope hereof; examples include point-and-shoot cameras, compact system cameras, and single-lens reflex cameras. Such cameras may capture still images, video, or both, and be either digital or analog. - For the purpose of characterizing the aberrations caused by
TPAAAF lens 300,camera lens 351 is modeled as an aberration-free “perfect lens” with a 66° field of view. However,camera lens 351 may include aberrations and have a different field of view without departing from the scope hereof. -
Imaging system 350 is shown with ray traces ofray pencils Ray pencil 370 andray pencil 379 propagate from the center and edge of the scene, respectively, throughTPAAAF lens 300 andcamera lens 351, and focus atimage plane 352.Ray pencil 370 has a ray angle of zero.Ray pencil 379 has aray angle 390 equal to 90°. Being axially symmetric,imaging system 350 has a field of view that is twiceray angle 390, or 180°. -
FIG. 4 shows exemplary parameters of each surface ofTPAAAF lens 300.Surface column 411 denotessurfaces camera lens 351, andimage plane 352 shown inFIG. 3 .Column 414 lists the material's refractive index nD at λ=589.3 nm, andcolumn 415 lists the corresponding Abbe numbers VD.Negative meniscus lens 310 has refractive index nD=1.543, Abbe number VD=57, and includes object-side surface 311 and image-side surface 312.Biconcave lens 320 has refractive index nD=1.543, Abbe number VD=57, and includes object-side surface 321 and image-side surface 322.Biconvex lens 330 has refractive index nD=1.543, Abbe number VD=23, and includes object-side surface 331 and image-side surface 332. - In
TPAAAF lens 300,negative meniscus lens 310 andbiconcave lens 320 each have Abbe number VD=57. This satisfies a condition that two—and only two—of the three lenses ofTPAAAF lens 300 have an Abbe number VD>55. The third lens inTPAAAF lens 300,biconvex lens 330, has Abbe number VD=23, which satisfies a condition that one—and only one—of the three lenses ofTPAAAF lens 300 has an Abbe number VD<35. -
Column 413 includes on-axis thickness values, in millimeters, betweensurfaces Surfaces -
- In Eqn. 1, zsag is a function of radial coordinate r, where directions z and r are shown in coordinate
axes 398,FIG. 3 . In Eqn. 1, the parameter c is the reciprocal of the surface radius of curvature rc: c=1/rc.Column 412 ofFIG. 4 lists rc values forsurfaces column 416.Columns FIG. 3 are consistent with zsag in Eqn. 1 being expressed in millimeters. - Referring to
negative meniscus lens 310,FIG. 3 , the semi-diameter of object-side surface 311 is S1 and the on-axis thickness ofnegative meniscus lens 310 is D1. The ratio S1/D1=8.2. - Object-
side surface 311 has radius of curvature R1 and image-side surface 312 has radius of curvature R2. The ratio R2/R1=0.16. Using R1 and R2 and the thickness D1 of negative meniscus lens 310 (D1=0.641 mm,FIG. 3 ) in the lensmaker's equation to approximate the focal length F1 ofnegative meniscus lens 310 results in F1≈−6.4 mm, which means thatnegative meniscus lens 310 is a negative lens. - Referring to
biconcave lens 320,FIG. 3 , object-side surface 321 has radius of curvature R3 and image-side surface 322 has radius of curvature R4. The ratio R4/R3=−0.20. - Referring to
biconvex lens 330,FIG. 3 , object-side surface 331 has radius of curvature R5 and image-side surface 332 has radius of curvature R6. The ratio R6/R5=−0.50. -
FIGS. 5-8 are plots of longitudinal aberration, f-Theta distortion, field curvature, and lateral color, respectively, ofTPAAAF lens 300 withinimaging system 350 as computed by Zemax®. Sincecamera lens 351 does not contribute to the aberrations shown inFIG. 5-8 , theTPAAAF lens 300 is the source of these aberrations. The Zemax® User's Manual includes detailed definitions of each of these quantities. -
FIG. 5 is a plot of the longitudinal aberration ofTPAAAF lens 300 withinimaging system 350. InFIG. 5 , longitudinal aberration is plotted in units of millimeters as a function of normalized radial coordinate r/rp, where rp=0.2616 mm is the maximum entrance pupil radius. Longitudinal aberration curves 548, 558, and 565 are computed at the blue, green, and red Fraunhofer F-, D- and C-spectral lines: λF=486.1 nm, λD=589.3 nm, and λC=656.3 nm respectively. -
FIG. 6 is a plot of the f-Theta distortion, versus field angle, ofTPAAAF lens 300 withinimaging system 350. The maximum field angle plotted inFIG. 6 is θmax=89.998°.Distortion curve 658 is computed at wavelength λD. For clarity, distortion curves corresponding to wavelength λF and λC are not shown, as they overlapdistortion curve 658 to within its line thickness as plotted inFIG. 6 . -
FIG. 7 is a plot of the Petzval field curvature, as a function of field angle, ofTPAAAF lens 300 withinimaging system 350. The field curvature is plotted for field angles between zero and is θmax=89.998°. Field curvature 748-S and field curvature 748-T (solid lines) are computed at wavelength λF in the sagittal and tangential planes, respectively. Field curvature 758-S and field curvature 758-T (short-dashed lines) are computed at wavelength λD in the sagittal and tangential planes, respectively. Field curvature 765-S and field curvature 765-T (long-dashed lines) correspond to field curvature at wavelength λC in the sagittal and tangential planes, respectively. -
FIG. 8 is a plot of the lateral color error, also known as transverse chromatic aberration, versus field height ofTPAAAF lens 300 withinimaging system 350. Field height ranges from hmin=0 (on-axis) to hmax=1.827 mm inimage plane 352. Lateral color is referenced to λD: the lateral color for λD is zero for all field heights.Lateral color 848 is computed at wavelength λF.Lateral color 865 is computed at wavelength λC. The lateral color error is less than the Airy disk radius for the range of field heights evaluated. -
FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of aTPAAAF lens 900 functioning as an adapter lens for an imaging system, e.g., for a standard non-fisheye imaging system included inmobile phone 150,FIG. 1 .TPAAAF lens 900 is an embodiment of TPAAAF lens 200.TPAAAF lens 900 includes anegative meniscus lens 910, abiconcave lens 920, and abiconvex lens 930 that are analogous tonegative meniscus lens 210,biconcave lens 220, andbiconvex lens 230 of TPAAAF lens 200.Negative meniscus lens 910 includes an object-side surface 911 and an image-side surface 912.Biconcave lens 920 includes an object-side surface 921 and an image-side surface 922.Biconvex lens 930 includes an object-side surface 931 and an image-side surface 932. InTPAAAF lens 900, each of thesurfaces - Specifically,
TPAAAF lens 900 is shown coupled with acamera lens 951 of the standard non-fisheye imaging system such that, collectively,TPAAAF lens 900 andcamera lens 951 cooperatively form an image atimage plane 952. -
TPAAAF lens 900 is variably locatable with respect to acamera lens 951. InFIG. 9 , the entrance pupil ofcamera lens 951 is located at the exit pupil ofTPAAAF lens 900, resulting in animaging system 950. Inimaging system 950, the entrance pupil ofcamera lens 951 and the exit pupil ofTPAAAF lens 900 are coaxial and coplanar. -
Camera lens 951 is, for example, an imaging lens of a reflowable camera module mounted on a PCB of an imaging device. For the purpose of characterizing the aberrations caused byTPAAAF lens 900, inFIG. 9 camera lens 951 is modeled as an aberration-free “perfect lens” with a 66° field of view.Camera lens 951 is similar tocamera lens 351. -
Imaging system 950 is shown with ray traces ofray pencils Ray pencil 970 andray pencil 979 propagate from the center and edge of the scene, respectively, throughTPAAAF lens 900 andcamera lens 951, and focus atimage plane 952.Ray pencil 970 has a ray angle of zero.Ray pencil 979 has aray angle 990 equal to 90°. Being axially symmetric,imaging system 950 has a field of view that is twiceray angle 990, or 180°. -
FIG. 10 shows parameters of each surface ofTPAAAF lens 900.Surface column 1011 denotessurfaces camera lens 951, andimage plane 952 shown inFIG. 9 .Negative meniscus lens 910 has refractive index nD=1.543, Abbe number VD=57, and includessurface 911 andsurface 912.Biconcave lens 920 has refractive index nD=1.543, Abbe number VD=57, and includessurface 921 andsurface 922.Biconvex lens 930 has refractive index nD=1.543, Abbe number VD=30, and includes object-side surface 931 and image-side surface 932. -
Column 1013 contains thickness values, in millimeters, betweensurfaces Surfaces Columns columns FIG. 4 . - Referring to
negative meniscus lens 910,FIG. 9 , the semi-diameter of the object side ofnegative meniscus lens 910 is S1 and the on-axis thickness ofnegative meniscus lens 910 is D1. The ratio S1/D1=8.5. - Object-
side surface 911 has radius of curvature R1 and image-side surface 912 has radius of curvature R2. The ratio R2/R1=0.17. Using R1 and R2 and the thickness D1 of negative meniscus lens 910 (D1=0.584 mm,FIG. 9 ) in the lensmaker's equation to approximate the focal length F1 ofnegative meniscus lens 910 results in F1≈−5.6 mm, which means thatnegative meniscus lens 910 is a negative lens. - Referring to
biconcave lens 920,FIG. 9 , object-side surface 921 has radius of curvature R3 and image-side surface 922 has radius of curvature R4. The ratio R4/R3=−0.14. - Referring to
biconvex lens 930,FIG. 9 , object-side surface 931 has radius of curvature R5 and image-side surface 932 has radius of curvature R6. The ratio R6/R5=−0.66. -
FIGS. 11-14 are plots of longitudinal aberration, f-Theta distortion, field curvature, and lateral color, respectively, ofTPAAAF lens 900 withinimaging system 950 as computed by Zemax®. Sincecamera lens 951 does not contribute to the aberrations shown inFIG. 11-14 ,TPAAAF lens 900 is the source of these aberrations. -
FIG. 11 is a plot of the longitudinal aberration ofTPAAAF lens 900 withinimaging system 950. InFIG. 11 , longitudinal aberration is plotted in units of millimeters as a function of normalized radial coordinate r/rp, where rp=0.2553 mm is the maximum entrance pupil radius. Longitudinal aberration curves 1148, 1158, and 1165 are computed at λF, λD, and λC respectively. -
FIG. 12 is a plot of the f-Theta distortion, versus field angle, ofTPAAAF lens 900 withinimaging system 950. The f-Theta distortion is plotted for field angles between zero and is θmax=89.987°.Distortion curve 1258 is computed at wavelength λD. For clarity, distortion curves corresponding to wavelength λF and λC are not shown, as they overlapdistortion curve 1258 to within its line thickness as plotted inFIG. 12 . -
FIG. 13 is a plot of the Petzval field curvature, as a function of field angle, ofTPAAAF lens 900 withinimaging system 950. The field curvature is plotted for field angles between zero and is θmax=89.987°. Field curvature curves 1348-S and 1348-T (solid lines) are computed at wavelength λF in the sagittal and tangential planes, respectively. Field curvature curves 1358-S and 1358-T (short-dashed lines) are computed at wavelength κλD in the sagittal and tangential planes, respectively. Field curvature curves 1365-S and 1365-T (long-dashed lines) correspond to field curvature at wavelength λC in the sagittal and tangential planes, respectively. -
FIG. 14 is a plot of the lateral color error versus field height ofTPAAAF lens 900 withinimaging system 950. Field height ranges from hmin=0 (on-axis) to hmax=1.828 mm inimage plane 952. Lateral color is referenced to λD: the lateral color for λD is zero for all field heights.Lateral color 1448 is computed at wavelength λF.Lateral color 1448 is less than the Airy disk radius for all but the highest one percent of field heights evaluated.Lateral color 1465 is computed at wavelength λC.Lateral color 1465 is less than the Airy disk radius for the full range of field heights evaluated. - Features described above as well as those claimed below may be combined in various ways without departing from the scope hereof. For example, it will be appreciated that aspects of TPAAAF lens described herein may incorporate or swap features of another TPAAAF lens described herein. The following examples illustrate possible, non-limiting combinations of embodiments described above. It should be clear that many other changes and modifications may be made to the methods and device herein without departing from the spirit and scope of this invention:
- (A1) A TPAAAF lens comprising a negative meniscus lens, a biconvex lens, and a biconcave lens positioned between the negative meniscus lens and the biconvex lens. The negative meniscus, biconcave, and biconvex lenses are coaxial and arranged with an exit pupil to cooperatively generate an image with a camera lens that has greater field of view than the camera lens alone when the exit pupil is coplanar and coaxial with an entrance pupil of the camera lens. The negative meniscus, biconcave, and biconvex lenses each have an aspheric object-side surface and an aspheric image-side surface.
- (A2) The TPAAAF lens denoted as (A1), the negative meniscus lens, the biconcave lens, and the biconvex lens each being singlet lenses.
- (A3) In either of the TPAAAF lenses denoted as (A1) or (A2), the camera lens has a first field of view less than 90 degrees. The negative meniscus lens, the biconcave lens, the biconvex lens, and the camera lens cooperatively have a second field of view exceeding 170 degrees.
- (A4) In any of the TPAAAF lenses denoted as (A1) through (A3), each lens being formed of a plastic material.
- (A5) In any of the TPAAAF lenses denoted as (A1) through (A4), each lens being injection molded.
- (A6) In any of the TPAAAF lenses denoted as (A1) through (A5), the negative meniscus lens having a thickness D1 and a semi-diameter S1 of its object-side surface, and the ratio S1/D1 satisfying 8.0<S1/D1<8.8.
- (A7) In any of the TPAAAF lenses denoted as (A1) through (A6), the object-side surface of the negative meniscus lens having a radius of curvature R1, the image-side surface of the negative meniscus lens having a radius of curvature R2; and the ratio R2/R1 satisfying 0.11<R2/R1<−0.19.
- (A8) In any of the TPAAAF lenses denoted as (A1) through (A7), the object-side surface of the biconcave lens having a radius of curvature R3; the image-side surface of the biconcave lens having a radius of curvature R4; and the ratio R4/R3 satisfying −0.22<R4/R3<−0.12.
- (A9) In any of the TPAAAF lenses denoted as (A1) through (A8), the image-side surface of the biconvex lens having a radius of curvature R6; and the radii R5 and R6 satisfying −0.7<R6/R5<−0.4.
- (A10) In any of the TPAAAF lenses denoted as (A1) through (A9), the negative meniscus lens and biconcave lens each have an Abbe number exceeding 55, and the biconvex lens has an Abbe number less than 35.
- Changes may be made in the above methods and systems without departing from the scope hereof. It should thus be noted that the matter contained in the above description or shown in the accompanying drawings should be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense. The following claims are intended to cover all generic and specific features described herein, as well as all statements of the scope of the present method and system, which, as a matter of language, might be said to fall there between.
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US14/465,013 US9274322B1 (en) | 2014-08-21 | 2014-08-21 | Three-piece all-aspheric adapter fisheye lens |
TW104127406A TWI545344B (en) | 2014-08-21 | 2015-08-21 | Three-piece all-aspheric adapter fisheye lens |
CN201510518923.0A CN105511058B (en) | 2014-08-21 | 2015-08-21 | The complete aspherical adapter fish eye lens of three-chip type |
HK16108459.9A HK1220509A1 (en) | 2014-08-21 | 2016-07-18 | Three-piece all-aspheric adapter fisheye lens |
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2014
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2015
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2016
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CN105511058B (en) | 2017-06-13 |
TWI545344B (en) | 2016-08-11 |
HK1220509A1 (en) | 2017-05-05 |
TW201608273A (en) | 2016-03-01 |
US9274322B1 (en) | 2016-03-01 |
CN105511058A (en) | 2016-04-20 |
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