US20160024873A1 - Method and structure for protecting a crushable plug in a pipe section for hydrocarbon production, and use thereof - Google Patents

Method and structure for protecting a crushable plug in a pipe section for hydrocarbon production, and use thereof Download PDF

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Publication number
US20160024873A1
US20160024873A1 US14/765,775 US201414765775A US2016024873A1 US 20160024873 A1 US20160024873 A1 US 20160024873A1 US 201414765775 A US201414765775 A US 201414765775A US 2016024873 A1 US2016024873 A1 US 2016024873A1
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Prior art keywords
plug
layer
viscous liquid
crushable
thick
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Abandoned
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US14/765,775
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English (en)
Inventor
Viggo Brandsdal
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TCO AS
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TCO AS
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Assigned to TCO AS reassignment TCO AS ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BRANDSDAL, VIGGO
Publication of US20160024873A1 publication Critical patent/US20160024873A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B33/00—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells
    • E21B33/10—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells in the borehole
    • E21B33/12—Packers; Plugs
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B34/00—Valve arrangements for boreholes or wells
    • E21B34/06—Valve arrangements for boreholes or wells in wells
    • E21B34/063—Valve or closure with destructible element, e.g. frangible disc
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B41/00—Equipment or details not covered by groups E21B15/00 - E21B40/00
    • E21B41/0021—Safety devices, e.g. for preventing small objects from falling into the borehole

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method to protect a crushable plug in a pipe section for hydrocarbon production against impacts from falling objects.
  • the invention also relates to a construction of a crushable plug unit for testing of a production pipe for oil and/or gas production.
  • the invention can also be used to test how leakproof the casing tube is against the bore hole.
  • the invention also relates to a particularly preferred application for test plugs for production pipes and casing tubes.
  • the drill hole that runs into and through the formation is designated as a well.
  • casing tubes are inserted out against the walls in the well hole, before an independent production pipe is lowered down in sections and is fitted together and cemented to the casing/formation walls outside.
  • Wells for oil and gas production are subjected to very high pressures, due to a combination of atmospheric pressure (because of the depth of the wells) and the pressure from the hydrocarbon-carrying layers in the formation.
  • the production pipes must be able to withstand such pressure conditions and they are therefore tested thoroughly for their ability to tolerate pressures both before they are used in the production and during production or when changes are to be implemented.
  • the tests relate to placing a plug down in the well hole, where the plug blocks for passage of fluids. Pressure is exerted from the surface with the help of a suitable fluid such as drilling fluid, and one checks for leaks by, for example, measuring the pressure loss over time.
  • a suitable fluid such as drilling fluid
  • Plugs that are used for such well testing are well known in this field. They must be strong enough to be able to seal and close the well completely and at the same time it must be possible to remove them—preferably quickly and of course without damaging the well.
  • Most of the known solutions are plugs made of glass, but other materials that can easily be dissolved, such as rubber, or be crushed, are also known. Glass and ceramic materials are suitable in plugs as they are resistant to such gases and liquids one finds in the well, even at high pressures and high temperatures. Furthermore, they can be manufactured so that they tolerate a specific pressure load and can thereby be adapted to the specific conditions that are in any given well. At the same time, glass and ceramic materials are easy to crush at predetermined conditions, such that the plug is removed.
  • a glass or ceramic plug can be manufactured as a solid plug or it can be made up in several layers of glass/ceramics, possibly with other materials between the layers. Such materials can be solid materials, such as ceramic materials, plastics, felts or cardboard materials, but they can also be fluids in liquid or gas form between each glass layer. Areas or pockets can be incorporated in the plug at lower pressures or vacuum.
  • the plug is normally placed in a seat in a holder in a dedicated pipe section that is inserted in the production pipe, pre-calculated to be placed at a correct depth in the well.
  • the section also comprises a device to crush the plug.
  • Glass is normally pre-treated/refined to make it harder so that it can withstand higher pressures on the one side of the glass where the treatment is carried out, but which also makes the glass more brittle on the opposite side.
  • the glass that is used is relatively strong, as it is recommended that material for such plugs has a safety factor of 3.
  • Devices to crush glass plugs can be partially built into the plug itself and in the carrying pipe section.
  • the plug can be removed by crushing by detonating explosive charges placed inside the plug or on top of the plug.
  • This is a well-known technology from NO B1 321976.
  • mechanical crushing methods are also used. This is described in the Norwegian patent applications NO20081229 and NO20081192 which show a peg that is moved radially and penetrates into the plug by leading a release element in the axial direction.
  • a crushing tool is led down into the well instead and crushes the plug mechanically, by a blow or drilling.
  • the plug When the plug is made from crushable materials it can be subjected to blows from objects that drop into the well itself. The plug can then be damaged as it does not withstand a higher mechanical load, although it can withstand high pressures. When it sits deep down in a production well, such as in its horizontally running part, it is relatively safe as falling objects will not reach it.
  • the first mentioned US patent application no. 2011/0277988 describes a crushable plug for use in a well and comprises two crushable discs/plates 5 , 6 .
  • a layer or stratum 21 of a soft material is arranged to prevent falling objects from damaging the plug.
  • US application no. 2011/0168152 describes that the topside of a water soluble glass plug is covered with a layer of oil that shall prevent the plug coming into contact with water before it is required.
  • the present invention provides a solution to the problem this danger implies, safeguarding plugs manufactured from crushable materials against unintended destruction due to objects that fall down through the tube.
  • the method according to the invention is characterised in that one or more layers of a thick, viscous liquid is placed on the topside of the crushable plug, where the topside of the thick, viscous liquid is supplied with a completely covering protective layer to cover and seal the liquid layer on top of the plug, as can be seen in the subsequent claim 1 .
  • the construction of a crushable plug unit for testing of a pipe section for oil and/or gas production according to the invention is characterised in that the topside of the crushable plug comprises one or more layers of a thick, (dilatant) viscous liquid and the topside of the viscous liquid layer comprises a completely covering protective layer to cover and seal the thick, viscous liquid layer on top of the plug.
  • the thick, viscous liquid is based on clay, different forms of gels with a paste-form, such as polymer-based gels, gel-formed lubricating means such as silicone lubricating means, glycerol, different forms of oil such as Castor oil, a thick oil corresponding to gear oil with the designation W90, as the layer has a higher viscosity than normal well fluids so that when completely fitted, the layer remains lying on top of the glass plug as a protective layer.
  • a paste-form such as polymer-based gels, gel-formed lubricating means such as silicone lubricating means, glycerol, different forms of oil such as Castor oil, a thick oil corresponding to gear oil with the designation W90
  • the protective layer is an elastic membrane of rubber or synthetic plastic materials such as polymers, such as polyethylene or polypropylene, and which are leakproof and impermeable to viscous liquids, or the protective layer is a disc/plug of an inelastic material of metal, ceramic materials, stiffer plastic materials and glass, and the disc is prefabricated and can be placed on top of the viscous protective layer by moving in the axial direction of the pipe.
  • the uppermost protective layer that is exposed to the well fluids is preferably leakproof and impermeable to well fluids and the applied viscous protective layer.
  • the crushable plug and one or more of the layers of viscous liquid and the in-between lying protective layer are fitted in advance in a separate pipe section for insertion in a production pipe in a suitable location with respect to its actual position down in the well.
  • the invention mentioned above can be used for protection of test plug units fitted in a section of casing tubes for carrying out pressure and leak tests.
  • the other side of the plug refers here to the side of the plug that faces upwards toward any falling objects that are dropped into the well.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 The invention shall be illustrated with reference to the enclosed FIGS. 1 and 2 .
  • FIG. 1 shows a first variant of the invention where a number of viscous liquid layers are mutually separated by respective layers of membranes.
  • FIG. 2 shows a second variant of the invention where the liquid layers are mutually separated by respective stiff discs.
  • a well 11 is shown schematically that is bored down in an underground rock formation 10 that encompasses hydrocarbon-containing fluids that shall be extracted.
  • a casing tube 14 is inserted in the well 11 .
  • a production pipe is inserted inside the casing tube/well, where a section 30 of this comprises a plug unit with glass plugs 22 (two pieces shown in the figure) fitted in a seat 22 of the pipe section so that it seals.
  • a liquid in the production pipe 30 is shown at 12 .
  • a layer 18 a of a thick, viscous liquid is placed on the top surface 21 of the glass plug 20 . Furthermore, a flexible membrane 16 that seals the liquid layer 18 is fitted on top of the liquid layer, and prevents its contact with pipe fluids from above the pipe. This is one of the versions of the invention with only one liquid layer 18 a with an above-lying membrane 16 a.
  • this pipe section unit When this pipe section unit is completely assembled, it can be inserted in the production pipe string at a suitable location in the well.
  • FIG. 2 shows a second embodiment of the invention where the reference numbers for the formation 10 , drilling 11 , liquid layer 18 , glass plugs 20 , mounting seat 22 and pipe fluid 12 over the plug 20 are the same as in FIG. 1 .
  • the elastic layers 16 in FIG. 1 are replaced by inelastic lower 17 a and upper 17 b discs or plates each of which separates the respective layers of the thick, viscous liquid.
  • The, at least, one layer of viscous liquid and the, at least, one elastic membrane or disc are placed on the crushable plug before the plug is installed in the production well. This can be carried out after the plug itself is manufactured as a post-installation of the, at least, one layer of viscous liquid and the, at least, one elastic membrane to safeguard the plug against crushing due to falling objects.
  • the, at least, one layer of viscous liquid and the, at least, one elastic membrane are placed on the crushable plug as a part of the production of the plug.
  • the, at least, one layer of viscous liquid and the, at least, one elastic membrane or disc will be placed on the crushable plug as a part of the production of a piece of production pipe, that is as an integrated part of a section with tubing (the inner pipe in the production well), with the plug and the, at least, one layer of viscous liquid and the, at least, one disc or elastic membrane placed therein.
  • crushable plug is meant a plug that can be crushed by mechanical influence, such as in that it is subjected to blows from objects.
  • this relates, in particular, to plugs for use in the oil and gas production wells that are made of hard and porous materials such as glass and ceramics, that can be crushed when they are subjected to stresses from objects that are hard (with respect to the plug) and/or have sharp points or edges (which then can hit the plug with a large point load) and/or hit the plug with a large moment of movement (great speed and/or weight).
  • Objects that drop down into oil wells will normally meet these criteria and will thereby be able to crush such “crushable plugs”.
  • Such objects are typically tools or parts that are used in connection with said testing of production wells.
  • Viscous, Thick Liquid Layer Viscosity describes the inherent flow characteristics of fluids and depends on the friction between parts of the fluid that move at different speeds. A force is required to overcome this friction and the fluid is therefore moving slower and can absorb and distribute the force from, for example, blows from falling objects, and is applied for dampening purposes. The higher the force, the more viscous is the fluid/liquid.
  • viscosity is a wide concept, but the concept of “being viscous” is more limited both in common use and with regard to the present patent application, where “viscous liquids” are defined as thick liquids that have a thick, sticky consistency between solid and liquid forms.
  • a viscous fluid can be a thick liquid, or a gel-like or a cream-like mass or a paste.
  • a viscous liquid appears to be more solid and slow-flowing than water, but is not completely solid.
  • Viscous liquids in connection to the present invention will have a viscosity of 0.01-1000 Pa ⁇ s, preferably 0.1-500 Pa ⁇ s, and most preferred 1-100 Pa ⁇ s at the temperature and pressure conditions in the well where the plug shall be used.
  • viscous liquids examples include fat clay, different forms of gels with a paste-form, such as, for example, polymer-based gels, different forms of lubricating means, such as, for example, silicon lubricating means, glycerol, different forms of oil such as Castor oil, an oil corresponding to gear oil with the designation W90.
  • viscous liquids also can be a mixture of different materials, either liquids or liquids with fluids or solid matter mixed in and which are viscous at the conditions in which they are used.
  • the viscosity normally falls with increasing temperature, i.e. it gets less viscous, while it is independent of the pressure apart from at very high temperatures or in cases of non-Newtonian fluids (when the fluid can be compressed, the viscosity is naturally pressure dependent). Most viscous liquids are Newtonian fluids and the viscosity is thereby constant for a wide range of shear rates. As the viscosity of viscous liquids is temperature dependent one must take into consideration the temperatures one can expect in the production well, the plug in accordance with the present invention shall be used when one chooses the viscous liquid. The temperature will normally increase the deeper in the well one gets. Production wells are normally at a temperature of 40-200° C.
  • a dilatant liquid is used, also called a shear thickening fluid, as the viscous liquid.
  • Dilatant fluids do not have a constant viscosity for different shear rates; the viscosity increases with increased supply of shear force. In other words, the harder and faster that blows are given, the more the dilatant fluid will harden (become more viscous) and distribute the forces of the blow onto the whole of the fluid.
  • Such fluids are used, among other things, for bullet-proof clothing that comprises layers of such fluids and make normal body movements possible, but hardens completely under the great shear force that arises when a projectile or a bullet hits the clothing.
  • dilatant fluids are, according to the invention, especially suited to protect glass plugs against falling objects that come at a great speed and hit the plug with a small part (a sharp corner of an object and the like) and thereby exhibits a large shear force.
  • the layer of the viscous liquid depends on the liquid that is used and what kind of elastic membrane or disc is applied and must be adapted so that they together can protect the plug sufficiently.
  • the membrane or the disc is thin compared to the liquid layer, as it is the viscous liquid that is intended to be able to distribute most of the force of the blow that comes from falling objects, while the main aim of the membrane/disc is to seal and hold in place the fluid on top of the plug and protect or defend the liquid against fluids present in the well, even if the membrane in itself can take some of the force from the blow.
  • the thickness of the viscous liquid can be 1-1000 mm, more preferred 10-100 mm.
  • the thickness of the elastic membrane/disc with respect to the thickness of the layer of the viscous liquid will therefore be of the order 1: 1-10000, more preferred 1: 10-100.
  • Both the membrane/disc and the viscous liquid layer are normally evenly thick layers, but if the plug has an uneven surface the viscous liquid layer will adjust accordingly, so that this layer will have a somewhat uneven thickness, while the elastic membrane or disc on top of the liquid will remain evenly thick and relatively flat with respect to the cross-section of the well the plug is installed in.
  • the membrane in accordance with the present invention must be elastic. If it is not elastic, but rather of a hard material that seals in the viscous liquid, it will not be able to work as intended with respect to the present invention as, if it is not very thick, it will easily be crushed when it is subjected to blows from falling objects (one risks that the viscous liquid leaks out and the plug becomes unprotected). If it is too thick so that it does not crush, the power from the blow will easily transmit through the membrane via the casing/holder and all the way up to the plug which is then exposed to be crushed.
  • the membrane must be elastic and be able to be squeezed together so that the force from blows can be distributed in it, but not damage it, so that the force is transmitted to the viscous liquid, which will then dampen/distribute this before it reaches the plug.
  • the thickness of the membrane is therefore dependent on the material from which the membrane is manufactured so that the membrane appears as elastic.
  • the membrane is relatively thin, of the order 0.01-100 mm, more preferred 1-10 mm.
  • the choice of material for the elastic membrane for the present invention is considered to be a technical issue. These materials must, of course, be able to withstand the pressure and temperature stresses in a well and must not be broken down by the fluids that exist in a well, such as oil, gas and different test fluids that are used during said testing of the well.
  • the membrane As the purpose of the membrane is to hold the viscous liquid in place, it is, of course, necessary that the membrane is not permeable with regard to the viscous liquid so that this cannot penetrate through and out of the membrane and also that the membrane is not permeable with respect to the fluids that exist in the well above the plug, such as oil, gas and the fluids that are used during the well testing itself and with which it can come into contact.
  • the permeability is, of course, then only relevant for the uppermost disc/membrane that comes into contact with the well fluids.
  • the inside lying layers of membranes/discs down towards the plug itself do not need to be impermeable with respect to the fluids in the well.
  • Such materials are known for different types of use in wells, such as in seals and also for rubber-based plugs which, as mentioned above, can be used instead of glass plugs in said testing of the wells.
  • suitable elastic materials are natural materials such as rubber and synthetic plastic materials such as polymers, such as polyethylene (in particular with a medium or low density) or polypropylene (in particular with a high density).
  • the disc will cover the topside of the viscous liquid corresponding to the elastic membrane.
  • the disc is free to move in the axial direction of the pipe, while it seals against the pipe wall (the inside wall of the production pipe or alternatively the holder if the plug is placed in a holder).
  • the disc forms a seal against the wall, but can be moved axially so that it can be pressed against and lifted up from the layer of viscous liquid, similar to the membrane, and can therefore move with blows to the disc.
  • disc is meant a mainly circular disc-formed inelastic disc with, in the main, flat surfaces (on top and under).
  • the choice of materials for the disc is a technical issue, but one can use the same materials which are used for other components in equipment for production wells, for example, metals, ceramic materials, different artificial materials such as plastic materials and glass.
  • the disc can also be flexible and thus be manufactured from the same materials as the membrane according to the present invention.
  • the membrane the disc ought to be impermeable to the viscous liquid or fluids in the production pipe it comes into contact with. It is preferred that the material is strong, or hard enough so that it is not crushed/damaged by a falling object, but this is not a prerequisite. If the material can be crushed/damaged by a falling object, the protective effect of the layers of viscous liquid and the disc will be reduced or lost so that further falling objects can damage the plug. The same goes for the elastic membrane according to the invention.
  • the invention can also be applied to testing of casing tubing as shown by 14 in the FIGS. 1 and 2 .
  • a glass plug set is fitted in connection to a casing tubing section that is inserted in a separate section of casing tubing sections.
  • the construction of a protective layer of thick, viscous liquid and the in-between lying membranes is then the same as in the examples above.

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  • Geology (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Fluid-Damping Devices (AREA)
  • Pens And Brushes (AREA)
  • Insulating Bodies (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Closures For Containers (AREA)
  • Combined Devices Of Dampers And Springs (AREA)
US14/765,775 2013-02-05 2014-02-05 Method and structure for protecting a crushable plug in a pipe section for hydrocarbon production, and use thereof Abandoned US20160024873A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NO20130184 2013-02-05
NO20130184A NO334014B1 (no) 2013-02-05 2013-02-05 Anordning og fremgangsmåte for å beskytte knuselige produksjonsbrønnplugger mot fallende objekter med ett lag viskøs væske
PCT/NO2014/000014 WO2014133396A1 (en) 2013-02-05 2014-02-05 Method and structure for protecting a crushable plug in a pipe section for hydrocarbon production, and use thereof

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US20160024873A1 true US20160024873A1 (en) 2016-01-28

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US14/765,775 Abandoned US20160024873A1 (en) 2013-02-05 2014-02-05 Method and structure for protecting a crushable plug in a pipe section for hydrocarbon production, and use thereof

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US (1) US20160024873A1 (https=)
EP (1) EP2954149A1 (https=)
BR (1) BR112015018535B1 (https=)
CA (1) CA2899841A1 (https=)
NO (1) NO334014B1 (https=)
RU (1) RU2015134779A (https=)
WO (1) WO2014133396A1 (https=)

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WO2020123147A1 (en) * 2018-12-11 2020-06-18 Baker Hughes, A Ge Company, Llc Water and gas barrier for hydraulic systems
US10808489B2 (en) * 2016-01-04 2020-10-20 Interwell Norway As Well tool device with a frangible glass body
CN115628312A (zh) * 2022-10-19 2023-01-20 西南石油大学 一种适用于多种压力工况的多模式超高精度回压阀
EP4172461A4 (en) * 2020-06-29 2024-07-24 Baker Hughes Oilfield Operations, LLC MARKING ARRANGEMENT WITH A VICTIM STOP COMPONENT
WO2025202685A1 (en) * 2024-03-27 2025-10-02 Abu Dhabi Company for Onshore Petroleum Operations Limited Glass plugged tie back stem

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CN104948128A (zh) * 2014-03-28 2015-09-30 中国石油化工股份有限公司 一种稠油测试仪器下入设计深度的方法及其专用连接器
CN108973120A (zh) * 2018-08-31 2018-12-11 清华大学 3d打印特种车
CN109016494B (zh) * 2018-10-17 2024-04-02 云南三帝科技有限公司 悬挂式3d打印机传动机构

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Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US10808489B2 (en) * 2016-01-04 2020-10-20 Interwell Norway As Well tool device with a frangible glass body
WO2020123147A1 (en) * 2018-12-11 2020-06-18 Baker Hughes, A Ge Company, Llc Water and gas barrier for hydraulic systems
US11111752B2 (en) 2018-12-11 2021-09-07 Baker Hughes, A Ge Company, Llc Water and gas barrier for hydraulic systems
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GB2594635B (en) * 2018-12-11 2022-08-10 Baker Hughes Holdings Llc Water and gas barrier for hydraulic systems
EP4172461A4 (en) * 2020-06-29 2024-07-24 Baker Hughes Oilfield Operations, LLC MARKING ARRANGEMENT WITH A VICTIM STOP COMPONENT
CN115628312A (zh) * 2022-10-19 2023-01-20 西南石油大学 一种适用于多种压力工况的多模式超高精度回压阀
WO2025202685A1 (en) * 2024-03-27 2025-10-02 Abu Dhabi Company for Onshore Petroleum Operations Limited Glass plugged tie back stem

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BR112015018535B1 (pt) 2021-11-03
CA2899841A1 (en) 2014-09-04
NO20130184A1 (no) 2013-11-18
WO2014133396A1 (en) 2014-09-04
RU2015134779A (ru) 2017-03-13
EP2954149A1 (en) 2015-12-16
BR112015018535A2 (https=) 2017-08-22
NO334014B1 (no) 2013-11-18

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