US20160002545A1 - Improvements in Waste Processing - Google Patents
Improvements in Waste Processing Download PDFInfo
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- US20160002545A1 US20160002545A1 US14/770,072 US201414770072A US2016002545A1 US 20160002545 A1 US20160002545 A1 US 20160002545A1 US 201414770072 A US201414770072 A US 201414770072A US 2016002545 A1 US2016002545 A1 US 2016002545A1
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- oven
- electromagnet
- ferrous elements
- rotational position
- control means
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
- C10J3/005—Rotary drum or kiln gasifiers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
- C10B1/00—Retorts
- C10B1/10—Rotary retorts
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
- C10B49/00—Destructive distillation of solid carbonaceous materials by direct heating with heat-carrying agents including the partial combustion of the solid material to be treated
- C10B49/02—Destructive distillation of solid carbonaceous materials by direct heating with heat-carrying agents including the partial combustion of the solid material to be treated with hot gases or vapours, e.g. hot gases obtained by partial combustion of the charge
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
- C10B53/00—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
- C10B57/00—Other carbonising or coking processes; Features of destructive distillation processes in general
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
- C10J3/02—Fixed-bed gasification of lump fuel
- C10J3/20—Apparatus; Plants
- C10J3/32—Devices for distributing fuel evenly over the bed or for stirring up the fuel bed
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
- C10J3/46—Gasification of granular or pulverulent flues in suspension
- C10J3/463—Gasification of granular or pulverulent flues in suspension in stationary fluidised beds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
- C10J3/46—Gasification of granular or pulverulent flues in suspension
- C10J3/48—Apparatus; Plants
- C10J3/52—Ash-removing devices
- C10J3/523—Ash-removing devices for gasifiers with stationary fluidised bed
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
- C10J3/72—Other features
- C10J3/723—Controlling or regulating the gasification process
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
- F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
- F23G5/20—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor having rotating or oscillating drums
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
- C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
- C10J2300/0913—Carbonaceous raw material
- C10J2300/0946—Waste, e.g. MSW, tires, glass, tar sand, peat, paper, lignite, oil shale
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
- C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
- C10J2300/0953—Gasifying agents
- C10J2300/0959—Oxygen
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
- C10J2300/12—Heating the gasifier
- C10J2300/1253—Heating the gasifier by injecting hot gas
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
- C10J2300/16—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant
- C10J2300/1625—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant with solids treatment
- C10J2300/1628—Ash post-treatment
- C10J2300/1634—Ash vitrification
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
- F23G2203/00—Furnace arrangements
- F23G2203/20—Rotary drum furnace
- F23G2203/208—Rotary drum furnace with interior agitating members
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
- F23G2203/00—Furnace arrangements
- F23G2203/20—Rotary drum furnace
- F23G2203/21—Rotary drum furnace with variable speed of rotation
Definitions
- This invention relates to the processing of organic material, in particular this invention relates to improvements in processing of material having an organic content by gasification and/or pyrolysis.
- this char still contains a large amount of unrecovered energy. This can be recovered by increasing the oxygen content to a level sufficient for gasification of the char to occur without combustion (approximately 3% to 12% by volume oxygen content). However, the gasification can take some time and adds to the overall processing time for the waste which reduces overall efficiency of the processing.
- an apparatus for pyrolysing or gasifying material containing an organic content comprising: an oven mounted for rotation on at least one support, said oven having an inlet for receiving hot gas having a low or zero oxygen content to heat the material therein so as to process it to produce syngas, and an outlet for said syngas; an electromagnet disposed in or adjacent said oven so as to create a magnetic field therein; a plurality of ferrous elements freely disposed within the oven; and control means for controlling the electromagnet and the rotation of the oven; wherein when activated said electromagnet retains said ferrous elements as the oven rotates.
- the oven may further comprise a first portion and a second portion, wherein said first portion is disposed above said second portion in a first rotational position and wherein said second portion is disposed above said first portion in a second rotational position; wherein said control means is configured to control the oven to rotate it between the first position and the second position.
- the control means can be configured to activate the electromagnet to retain the ferrous elements as the oven rotates between the second rotational position to the first rotational position.
- the electromagnet can be located in the first portion and the control means is configured deactivate the electromagnet in the first position so that the ferrous elements fall, under the influence of gravity, into the second portion and in another arrangement the electromagnet can be located in the second portion and the control means is configured deactivate the electromagnet in the second position so that the ferrous elements fall, under the influence of gravity, into the first portion.
- the ferrous elements can fall from above onto the char, which will be at the lowest point of the rotating oven due to gravity, and will break the char into smaller pieces. This increases the surface area of the char which increases the speed at which it is processed.
- the apparatus may further comprise at least one gas analyser for analysing the composition of the gas exiting said oven.
- at least one gas analyser for analysing the composition of the gas exiting said oven.
- the control means can receive signals from the gas analysers and when said signals indicate that processing of the material in said oven is substantially complete, the control means can control the electromagnet to release the ferrous elements when they are substantially at the top of the ovens rotation.
- the control means can also increase the oxygen content of the oven at this stage to gasify the char therein.
- the ferrous elements may have a mass of at least 500g.
- the ferrous elements may have a mass of at least 1 kg.
- the ferrous elements comprise steel and/or may be substantially spherical.
- the ferrous elements may have one or more groove on their surface.
- a method of pyrolysing and/or gasifying material containing an organic content comprising:
- an oven mounted for rotation on at least one support said oven having an inlet and an outlet; providing a flow of hot gas having a low or zero oxygen content to the oven via the inlet to heat the material therein to process it to produce syngas; providing an electromagnet disposed in or adjacent said oven so as to create a magnetic field therein; providing a plurality of ferrous elements freely disposed within the oven; and activating said electromagnet to retain said ferrous elements as the oven rotates.
- the oven may comprise a first portion and a second portion, and the method may further comprise: controlling the oven to rotate between a first rotational position in which the first portion is disposed above said second portion and a second rotational position wherein said second portion is disposed above said first portion.
- the electromagnet can be located in the first portion and the method further comprises activating the electromagnet to retain the ferrous elements as the oven rotates from the second rotational position to the first rotational position.
- the method then further comprises deactivating the electromagnet in the first rotational position so that the ferrous elements fall, under the influence of gravity, into the second portion.
- the electromagnet is located in the second portion and the method may comprise activating the electromagnet to retain the ferrous elements as the oven rotates from the first rotational position and the second rotational position. The method then further comprises deactivating the electromagnet in the second position so that the ferrous elements fall, under the influence of gravity, into the first portion.
- the method may comprise analysing the composition of the gas exiting said oven. By analysing the composition of the gas exiting said oven it cab be determined when processing of the material in said oven is substantially complete.
- the method may further comprises, when said process is substantially complete, controlling the electromagnet to release the ferrous elements when they are substantially at the top of the ovens rotation.
- the method may comprise, when processing of the material in said oven is substantially complete, increasing the oxygen content of the oven. Increasing the oxygen content of the oven may comprise increasing the oxygen content of the oven to between 3 and 12% volumetric flow rate
- FGI. 1 shows a schematic diagram of an apparatus of the invention
- FIG. 2 shows a side view of an apparatus of the invention
- FIGS. 3-5 show the operation of the invention.
- FIG. 6 shows an example of a ferrous element for use in the invention.
- an oven 10 comprising a first portion 12 and a second portion 14 .
- the second portion 14 is detachable from the first portion 12 to load and unload material to be treated into the oven 10 .
- the oven is pivotally mounted on two mounts 16 and a drive 18 is provided to rotate the oven between a first rotational position in which the first portion 12 is above the second portion 14 and a second rotational position in which the second portion 14 is above the first portion 12 .
- a supply of hot gas is provided to the oven via a conduit 20 from a hot gas supply 22 , and exits the oven via a further conduit 24 .
- a gas analyser 26 is provided to analyse the composition of the gas exiting the oven.
- the gas analyser may measure one or more of: hydrogen content, carbon monoxide content and carbon dioxide content, of the gas.
- An electromagnet 28 is provided in the oven.
- the electromagnet may be provided in either the first or the second portion of the oven and is shown in the first portion in FIG. 1 for illustration purposes.
- a plurality of ferrous elements 30 are provided in the oven. The ferrous elements are described in more detail in relation to FIG. 6 below.
- FIGS. 3 to 5 the operation of the oven is shown.
- a batch of material to be processed is loaded into the oven and hot gas, containing substantially no oxygen is passed through the oven as it rotates so as to pyrolyse the material therein.
- the gas analyser 26 monitors the composition of the gas as it exits the oven and sends signals to the controller 32 . Once the controller determines that the signals from the gas analyser indicate that the pyrolysis of the material is nearing completion it increases the amount of oxygen in the gas so that the reaction in the chamber moves from pyrolysis to gasification.
- the controller may respond to, for example, the reduction below a specific threshold value of the hydrogen or carbon monoxide level in the gas exiting the oven.
- the oven then rotates from the second first position to the second position ( FIG. 5 ) and the electromagnet 28 is then activated again to attract and retains the ferrous elements.
- the oven then continues to rotate back towards the first position ( FIG. 3 ) and the process is repeated.
- the gas analysers show that the gasification reaction is substantially complete the process is finished, the oven returned to the first position and the second portion 14 is removed, emptied and recharged with a fresh batch of material.
- Breaking the char into smaller pieces increases its surface area available to react with the oxygen in the hot gas passing through the oven and thereby reduces the time taken to gasify the char.
- Decreasing the overall processing time increases the efficiency of the waste processing as the amount of time the hot gas needs to be provided is reduced.
- the gas released as syngas can be used for energy production and accordingly by reducing the amount of that energy that needs to be used for producing the hot gas (by reducing the amount of time the hot gas is needed for) the overall percentage of the energy recovered that is available for export is increased.
- the element 30 is substantially spherical in shape and is made of ferrous steel. Each element preferably weighs above 500 g and elements having a mass of 1 kg or above may be beneficial in crushing the char. As can be seen the element has a number of grooves 36 around its edge separating the surface into a plurality of raised shapes 38 . These raised features improve the friction as the elements impact on the char and assist in preventing them from glancing off large pieces which is more likely if the elements a have a smooth spherical outer surface. It will be appreciated that any surface that gives this effect may be used and the ferrous elements are not limited to the shapes shown.
Abstract
This invention provides an apparatus for pyrolysing or gasifying material containing an organic content. The apparatus comprising an oven (10) mounted for rotation on at least one support (16). The oven (10) has an inlet (20) for receiving hot gas having a low or zero oxygen content to heat the material therein so as to process it to produce syngas, and an outlet (24) for said syngas. An electromagnet (28) is disposed in or adjacent the oven (10) so as to create a magnetic field therein and a plurality of ferrous elements (30) are freely disposed within the oven (10). A controller (32) is provided for controlling the electromagnet (28) and the rotation of the oven (10). When activated the electromagnet retains said ferrous elements as the oven rotates.
Description
- This invention relates to the processing of organic material, in particular this invention relates to improvements in processing of material having an organic content by gasification and/or pyrolysis.
- Gasification and Pyrolysis of organic matter are known techniques in which the material is heated in the absence of oxygen (pyrolysis) or in a low oxygen environment (gasification) to produce syngas. One example of this is in waste to energy systems wherein waste material, for example municipal solid waste, is pyrolysed/gasified to produce syngas which is then used to create electricity. However when material having a large amount of organic material with a low calorific value, for example wood (in contrast to materials such as plastics which have a high calorific value), is pyrolysed a carbonic residue remains which is a char or coke like substance referred to collectively herein as char.
- After the pyrolysis reaction is complete this char still contains a large amount of unrecovered energy. This can be recovered by increasing the oxygen content to a level sufficient for gasification of the char to occur without combustion (approximately 3% to 12% by volume oxygen content). However, the gasification can take some time and adds to the overall processing time for the waste which reduces overall efficiency of the processing.
- It is the purpose of the present invention to reduce the overall processing time of waste by pyrolysis/gasification.
- According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided an apparatus for pyrolysing or gasifying material containing an organic content; the apparatus comprising: an oven mounted for rotation on at least one support, said oven having an inlet for receiving hot gas having a low or zero oxygen content to heat the material therein so as to process it to produce syngas, and an outlet for said syngas; an electromagnet disposed in or adjacent said oven so as to create a magnetic field therein; a plurality of ferrous elements freely disposed within the oven; and control means for controlling the electromagnet and the rotation of the oven; wherein when activated said electromagnet retains said ferrous elements as the oven rotates.
- The oven may further comprise a first portion and a second portion, wherein said first portion is disposed above said second portion in a first rotational position and wherein said second portion is disposed above said first portion in a second rotational position; wherein said control means is configured to control the oven to rotate it between the first position and the second position.
- The control means can be configured to activate the electromagnet to retain the ferrous elements as the oven rotates between the second rotational position to the first rotational position. In one arrangement the electromagnet can be located in the first portion and the control means is configured deactivate the electromagnet in the first position so that the ferrous elements fall, under the influence of gravity, into the second portion and in another arrangement the electromagnet can be located in the second portion and the control means is configured deactivate the electromagnet in the second position so that the ferrous elements fall, under the influence of gravity, into the first portion.
- In this manner the ferrous elements can fall from above onto the char, which will be at the lowest point of the rotating oven due to gravity, and will break the char into smaller pieces. This increases the surface area of the char which increases the speed at which it is processed.
- The apparatus may further comprise at least one gas analyser for analysing the composition of the gas exiting said oven. As described below, by analysing the gas exiting the oven the extent of the processing of the material in the oven can be determined, and in particular it can be determined when the majority of the material in the oven has been processed. The control means can receive signals from the gas analysers and when said signals indicate that processing of the material in said oven is substantially complete, the control means can control the electromagnet to release the ferrous elements when they are substantially at the top of the ovens rotation. The control means can also increase the oxygen content of the oven at this stage to gasify the char therein.
- The ferrous elements may have a mass of at least 500g. Optionally the ferrous elements may have a mass of at least 1 kg. The ferrous elements comprise steel and/or may be substantially spherical. Optionally the ferrous elements may have one or more groove on their surface.
- According to a second aspect of the invention there is provided a method of pyrolysing and/or gasifying material containing an organic content; the method comprising:
- providing an oven mounted for rotation on at least one support, said oven having an inlet and an outlet; providing a flow of hot gas having a low or zero oxygen content to the oven via the inlet to heat the material therein to process it to produce syngas; providing an electromagnet disposed in or adjacent said oven so as to create a magnetic field therein; providing a plurality of ferrous elements freely disposed within the oven; and activating said electromagnet to retain said ferrous elements as the oven rotates.
- The oven may comprise a first portion and a second portion, and the method may further comprise: controlling the oven to rotate between a first rotational position in which the first portion is disposed above said second portion and a second rotational position wherein said second portion is disposed above said first portion. In one arrangement the electromagnet can be located in the first portion and the method further comprises activating the electromagnet to retain the ferrous elements as the oven rotates from the second rotational position to the first rotational position. The method then further comprises deactivating the electromagnet in the first rotational position so that the ferrous elements fall, under the influence of gravity, into the second portion. In an alternative arrangement the electromagnet is located in the second portion and the method may comprise activating the electromagnet to retain the ferrous elements as the oven rotates from the first rotational position and the second rotational position. The method then further comprises deactivating the electromagnet in the second position so that the ferrous elements fall, under the influence of gravity, into the first portion.
- The method may comprise analysing the composition of the gas exiting said oven. By analysing the composition of the gas exiting said oven it cab be determined when processing of the material in said oven is substantially complete. The method may further comprises, when said process is substantially complete, controlling the electromagnet to release the ferrous elements when they are substantially at the top of the ovens rotation. The method may comprise, when processing of the material in said oven is substantially complete, increasing the oxygen content of the oven. Increasing the oxygen content of the oven may comprise increasing the oxygen content of the oven to between 3 and 12% volumetric flow rate
- Specific embodiments of the invention are described below, without limitation, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
- FGI. 1 shows a schematic diagram of an apparatus of the invention;
-
FIG. 2 shows a side view of an apparatus of the invention; -
FIGS. 3-5 show the operation of the invention; and -
FIG. 6 shows an example of a ferrous element for use in the invention. - Referring to
FIGS. 1 and 2 anoven 10 is shown comprising afirst portion 12 and asecond portion 14. Thesecond portion 14 is detachable from thefirst portion 12 to load and unload material to be treated into theoven 10. - The oven is pivotally mounted on two
mounts 16 and adrive 18 is provided to rotate the oven between a first rotational position in which thefirst portion 12 is above thesecond portion 14 and a second rotational position in which thesecond portion 14 is above thefirst portion 12. - A supply of hot gas is provided to the oven via a
conduit 20 from a hot gas supply 22, and exits the oven via afurther conduit 24. Agas analyser 26 is provided to analyse the composition of the gas exiting the oven. The gas analyser may measure one or more of: hydrogen content, carbon monoxide content and carbon dioxide content, of the gas. - An
electromagnet 28 is provided in the oven. The electromagnet may be provided in either the first or the second portion of the oven and is shown in the first portion inFIG. 1 for illustration purposes. A plurality offerrous elements 30 are provided in the oven. The ferrous elements are described in more detail in relation toFIG. 6 below. - Referring to
FIGS. 3 to 5 the operation of the oven is shown. - A batch of material to be processed is loaded into the oven and hot gas, containing substantially no oxygen is passed through the oven as it rotates so as to pyrolyse the material therein. As the material pyrolyses hydrogen and carbon monoxide is released and exits the oven via the
outlet conduit 24. Thegas analyser 26 monitors the composition of the gas as it exits the oven and sends signals to thecontroller 32. Once the controller determines that the signals from the gas analyser indicate that the pyrolysis of the material is nearing completion it increases the amount of oxygen in the gas so that the reaction in the chamber moves from pyrolysis to gasification. The controller may respond to, for example, the reduction below a specific threshold value of the hydrogen or carbon monoxide level in the gas exiting the oven. - At this stage in processing, when the majority of the material in the oven has been pyrolysed a
residue 34 containing inert material and carbonic residue formed from the pyrolysis of low calorific value organic material will remain in the oven. As the oven rotates the electromagnet is activated so that theferrous elements 30 are attracted to and retained as the oven rotates into the first position (FIG. 3 ). When the oven reaches this position theelectromagnet 28 is deactivated and the ferrous elements are therefore released and fall from the top of the oven to the bottom of the oven where they will collide with the char and due to their mass and the more brittle nature of the char will break or crush the char into smaller pieces (FIG. 4 ). - The oven then rotates from the second first position to the second position (
FIG. 5 ) and theelectromagnet 28 is then activated again to attract and retains the ferrous elements. The oven then continues to rotate back towards the first position (FIG. 3 ) and the process is repeated. Once the gas analysers show that the gasification reaction is substantially complete the process is finished, the oven returned to the first position and thesecond portion 14 is removed, emptied and recharged with a fresh batch of material. - Breaking the char into smaller pieces increases its surface area available to react with the oxygen in the hot gas passing through the oven and thereby reduces the time taken to gasify the char.
- Decreasing the overall processing time increases the efficiency of the waste processing as the amount of time the hot gas needs to be provided is reduced. The gas released as syngas can be used for energy production and accordingly by reducing the amount of that energy that needs to be used for producing the hot gas (by reducing the amount of time the hot gas is needed for) the overall percentage of the energy recovered that is available for export is increased.
- Referring to
FIG. 6 an example of a ferrous element for use in the apparatus is shown. Theelement 30 is substantially spherical in shape and is made of ferrous steel. Each element preferably weighs above 500 g and elements having a mass of 1 kg or above may be beneficial in crushing the char. As can be seen the element has a number ofgrooves 36 around its edge separating the surface into a plurality of raised shapes 38. These raised features improve the friction as the elements impact on the char and assist in preventing them from glancing off large pieces which is more likely if the elements a have a smooth spherical outer surface. It will be appreciated that any surface that gives this effect may be used and the ferrous elements are not limited to the shapes shown.
Claims (20)
1. An apparatus for pyrolysing or gasifying material containing an organic content; the apparatus comprising:
an oven mounted for rotation on at least one support, said oven having an inlet for receiving hot gas having a low or zero oxygen content to heat the material therein so as to process it to produce syngas, and an outlet for said syngas;
an electromagnet disposed in or adjacent said oven so as to create a magnetic field therein;
a plurality of ferrous elements freely disposed within the oven; and
control means for controlling the electromagnet and the rotation of the oven such that when activated said electromagnet retains said ferrous elements as the oven rotates.
2. The apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the oven further comprises a first portion and a second portion, wherein said first portion is disposed above said second portion in a first rotational position and wherein said second portion is disposed above said first portion in a second rotational position; wherein said control means is configured to control the oven to rotate it between the first position and the second position.
3. The apparatus according to claim 2 wherein the electromagnet is located in the first portion and the control means is configured to deactivate the electromagnet in the first position so that the ferrous elements fall, under the influence of gravity, into the second portion.
4. The apparatus according to claim 3 wherein the control means is configured to activate the electromagnet to retain the ferrous elements as the oven rotates from the second rotational position to the first rotational position.
5. The apparatus according to claim 2 wherein the electromagnet is located in the second portion and the control means is configured to deactivate the electromagnet in the second rotational position so that the ferrous elements fall, under the influence of gravity, into the first portion.
6. The apparatus according to claim 5 wherein the control means is configured to activate the electromagnet to retain the ferrous elements as the oven rotates from the first rotational position to the second rotational position.
7. The apparatus according to claim 1 further comprising at least one gas analyser for analysing the composition of the gas exiting said oven.
8. The apparatus according to claim 7 wherein the control means receives signals from said gas analysers and when said signals indicate that processing of the material in said oven is substantially complete, controls the electromagnet to release the ferrous elements when they are substantially at the top of the oven's rotation.
9. The apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said ferrous elements have a mass of at least 1 kg.
10. The apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the ferrous elements are substantially spherical.
11. The apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the ferrous elements have one or more groove on their surface.
12. A method of pyrolysing and/or gasifying material containing an organic content; the method comprising:
providing an oven mounted for rotation on at least one support, said oven having an inlet and an outlet;
providing a flow of hot gas having a low or zero oxygen content to the oven via the inlet to heat the material therein to process it to produce syngas;
providing an electromagnet disposed in or adjacent said oven so as to create a magnetic field therein;
providing a plurality of ferrous elements freely disposed within the oven; and
activating said electromagnet to retain said ferrous elements as the oven rotates.
13. The method according to claim 12 wherein the oven comprises a first portion and a second portion, the method further comprising:
controlling the oven to rotate between a first rotational position in which the first portion is disposed above said second portion and a second rotational position wherein said second portion is disposed above said first portion.
14. The method according to claim 13 wherein the electromagnet is located in the first portion and wherein the method further comprises activating the electromagnet to retain the ferrous elements as the oven rotates from the second rotational position to the first rotational position.
15. The method according to claim 14 further comprising:
deactivating the electromagnet in the first rotational position so that the ferrous elements fall, under the influence of gravity, into the second portion.
16. The method according to claim 13 wherein the electromagnet is located in the second portion and wherein the method comprises activating the electromagnet to retain the ferrous elements as the oven rotates from the first rotational position and the second rotational position.
17. The method according to claim 16 further comprising:
deactivating the electromagnet in the second position so that the ferrous elements fall, under the influence of gravity, into the first portion.
18. The method according to claims 12 , the method further comprising:
analysing the composition of the gas exiting said oven.
19. The method according to claim 18 further comprising:
analysing the composition of the gas exiting said oven to determine when processing of the material in said oven is substantially complete, and
when said process is substantially complete, controlling the electromagnet to release the ferrous elements when they are substantially at the top of the ovens rotation.
20. The method according to claim 18 wherein the method further comprises:
analysing the composition of the gas exiting said oven to determine when processing of the material in said oven by pyrolysis is substantially complete; and
when said pyrolysis process is substantially complete, increasing the oxygen content of the oven.
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GB1303273.5A GB2511111B (en) | 2013-02-25 | 2013-02-25 | Improvements in Waste Processing |
GB1303273.5 | 2013-02-25 | ||
PCT/GB2014/050493 WO2014128467A1 (en) | 2013-02-25 | 2014-02-20 | Improvements in waste processing |
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US (1) | US20160002545A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2959226B1 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2754363T3 (en) |
GB (1) | GB2511111B (en) |
TW (1) | TW201439306A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2014128467A1 (en) |
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GB2612221A (en) | 2020-12-03 | 2023-04-26 | Velocys Tech Ltd | Process |
GB2601570B (en) * | 2020-12-03 | 2023-03-08 | Velocys Tech Ltd | Process |
Citations (2)
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US4706894A (en) * | 1985-07-13 | 1987-11-17 | Metallgesellschaft Aktiengesellschaft | Process of producing a mechanically alloyed composite powder |
US20120270162A1 (en) * | 2009-09-21 | 2012-10-25 | Kailash & Stefan Pty Ltd | Combustion control system |
Family Cites Families (8)
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GB268613A (en) * | 1926-07-15 | 1927-04-07 | Charles Pamart | Apparatus for the carbonisation of combustibles at low temperatures |
DE3407608A1 (en) * | 1983-03-01 | 1984-09-06 | Misaki Shipbuilding & Engineering Co., Ltd., Tokio/Tokyo | DEVICE FOR POWDERING, ESPECIALLY BALL MILL, AND FOR CLASSIFYING PARTICLE SIZES |
JPS61107011A (en) * | 1984-10-30 | 1986-05-24 | Akio Harita | Method and apparatus for incinerating plastic waste material |
JPH1096507A (en) * | 1996-08-02 | 1998-04-14 | Yamaichi Kinzoku Kk | Waste resin-processing burner |
CN101407723B (en) * | 2008-11-23 | 2012-04-18 | 张英华 | Clean gas generator |
DE102009057769B4 (en) * | 2009-12-10 | 2020-07-23 | Rolf Goldschmidt | Device for generating a gas |
KR101137028B1 (en) * | 2010-01-19 | 2012-04-19 | 한국표준과학연구원 | Detecting apparatus and method for carburization of cracking tube |
GB2489226C (en) * | 2011-03-19 | 2019-02-13 | Chinook End Stage Recycling Ltd | Improvements in waste processing |
-
2013
- 2013-02-25 GB GB1303273.5A patent/GB2511111B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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2014
- 2014-02-20 WO PCT/GB2014/050493 patent/WO2014128467A1/en active Application Filing
- 2014-02-20 EP EP14706677.3A patent/EP2959226B1/en active Active
- 2014-02-20 ES ES14706677T patent/ES2754363T3/en active Active
- 2014-02-20 US US14/770,072 patent/US20160002545A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2014-02-25 TW TW103106334A patent/TW201439306A/en unknown
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4706894A (en) * | 1985-07-13 | 1987-11-17 | Metallgesellschaft Aktiengesellschaft | Process of producing a mechanically alloyed composite powder |
US20120270162A1 (en) * | 2009-09-21 | 2012-10-25 | Kailash & Stefan Pty Ltd | Combustion control system |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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GB2511111A (en) | 2014-08-27 |
WO2014128467A1 (en) | 2014-08-28 |
EP2959226A1 (en) | 2015-12-30 |
TW201439306A (en) | 2014-10-16 |
EP2959226B1 (en) | 2019-08-21 |
GB2511111B (en) | 2015-08-19 |
GB201303273D0 (en) | 2013-04-10 |
ES2754363T3 (en) | 2020-04-17 |
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