US20150203885A1 - Process for enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic material and fermentation of sugars - Google Patents

Process for enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic material and fermentation of sugars Download PDF

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US20150203885A1
US20150203885A1 US14/420,765 US201314420765A US2015203885A1 US 20150203885 A1 US20150203885 A1 US 20150203885A1 US 201314420765 A US201314420765 A US 201314420765A US 2015203885 A1 US2015203885 A1 US 2015203885A1
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hydrolysis
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Bertus Noordam
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
    • C12P19/00—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals
    • C12P19/14—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals produced by the action of a carbohydrase (EC 3.2.x), e.g. by alpha-amylase, e.g. by cellulase, hemicellulase
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
    • C12P19/00—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals
    • C12P19/02—Monosaccharides
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a process for the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic material and fermentation of sugars.
  • Ligno-cellulosic plant material herein also called feedstock
  • feedstock is a renewable source of energy in the form of sugars that can be converted into valuable products e.g. sugars or bio-fuel, such as bio-ethanol.
  • sugars or bio-fuel such as bio-ethanol.
  • (ligno or hemi)-cellulose present in the feedstock such as wheat straw, corn stover, rice hulls, etc.
  • (hemi)-cellulolytic enzymes which then are optionally converted into valuable products such as ethanol by microorganisms like yeast, bacteria and fungi.
  • the conversion into reducing sugars is in general slow and incomplete.
  • enzymatic hydrolysis of untreated feedstock yields sugars ⁇ 20% of theoretical quantity.
  • the (hemi)-cellulose is more accessible for the (hemi)-cellulolytic enzymes, and thus conversions go faster and at higher yields.
  • a typical ethanol yield from glucose, derived from pre-treated corn stover, is 40 gallons of ethanol per 1000 kg of dry corn stover (Badger, P, Ethanol from cellulose: a general review, Trends in new crops and new uses, 2002, J. Janick and A. Whipkey (eds.) ASHS Press, Alexandria, Va.) or 0.3 g ethanol per g feedstock.
  • the maximum yield of ethanol on cellulose base is approximately 90%.
  • Cellulolytic enzymes are produced by species like Trichoderma, Humicola and Aspergillus —are commercially used to convert pre-treated feedstock into a mash containing insoluble (hemi)cellulose, reducing sugars made thereof, and lignin.
  • Thermostable cellulolytic enzymes derived from Rasamsonia have been used for degrading ligno-cellulosic feedstock and these enzymes are known for their thermostability, see WO2007091231.
  • the produced mash is used in a fermentation during which the reducing sugars are converted into yeast biomass (cells), carbon dioxide and ethanol.
  • the ethanol produced in this way is called bio-ethanol.
  • the common production of sugars from pre-treated ligno-cellularlosic feedstock typically takes place during a process lasting 6 to 168 hours (Kumar, S. , Chem. Eng. Technol. 32 (2009) 517-526) under elevated temperatures of 45 to 50° C. and non-sterile conditions.
  • the cellulose present is partly (typically 30 to 95%, dependable on enzyme activity and hydrolysis conditions) converted into reducing sugars.
  • this period of elevated temperature is minimized as much as possible.
  • the fermentation following the hydrolysis takes place in a separate preferably anaerobic process step, either in the same or in a different vessel, in which temperature is adjusted to 30 to 33° C. (mesophilic process) to accommodate growth and ethanol production by microbial biomass, commonly yeasts.
  • microbial biomass commonly yeasts.
  • the remaining (hemi) cellulosic material is converted into reducing sugars by the enzymes already present from the hydrolysis step, while microbial biomass and ethanol are produced.
  • the fermentation is finished once (hemi) cellulosic material is converted into fermentable sugars and all fermentable sugars are converted into ethanol, carbon dioxide and microbial cells. This may take up to 6 days. In general the overall process time of hydrolysis and fermentation may amount up to 13 days.
  • the so obtained fermented mash consists of non-fermentable sugars, non-hydrolysable (hemi) cellulosic material, lignin, microbial cells (most common yeast cells), water, ethanol, dissolved carbon dioxide. During the successive steps, ethanol is distilled from the mash and further purified. The remaining solid suspension is dried and used as, for instance, burning fuel, fertilizer or cattle feed.
  • WO2010080407 suggests treating cellulosic material with a cellulase composition under anaerobic conditions. Removal or exclusion of reactive oxygen species may improve the performance of cellulose-hydrolyzing enzyme systems. Hydrolysis of cellulosic material, e.g., lignocellulose, by an enzyme composition can be reduced by oxidative damage to components of the enzyme composition and/or oxidation of the cellulosic material by, for example, molecular oxygen.
  • WO2009046538 discloses a method for treating lignocellulosic feedstock plant materials to release fermentable sugars using an enzymatic hydrolysis process for treating the materials performed under vacuum and producing a sugar rich process stream comprising reduced amounts of volatile sugar/fermentation inhibiting compounds such as furfural and acetic acid.
  • volatile inhibitory compounds include nitrogen, oxygen, argon and carbon dioxide.
  • An object of the invention is therefore to provide a process in which the hydrolysis step is conducted at improved conditions.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a process involving hydrolysis having a reduced process time.
  • Further object of the invention is to provide a process, wherein the dosage of enzyme may be reduced and at the same time output of useful hydrolysis product is maintained at the same level or even increased.
  • Another object is to provide a process involving hydrolysis, wherein the process conditions of the hydrolysis are optimized.
  • a still further object of the invention is to provide a process involving hydrolysis, wherein the output of useful hydrolysis product is increased using the same enzyme dosage.
  • the present invention provides a process for the preparation of a sugar product from ligno-cellulosic material, comprising the following steps:
  • the present invention provides a process for the preparation of a fermentation product from ligno-cellulosic material, comprising the following steps:
  • oxygen is added during the enzymatic hydrolysis step c).
  • oxygen is added in the form of (gaseous) bubbles.
  • the fermentation time is 5 to 120 hours.
  • the stable enzyme composition used retains activity for 30 hours or more.
  • the hydrolysis is preferably conducted at a temperature of 45° C. or more, more preferably at a temperature of 50° C. or more and still more preferably at a temperature of 55° C. or more.
  • the enzyme composition is derived from a fungus, preferably a microorganism of the genus Rasamsonia or the enzyme composition comprises a fungal enzyme, preferably a Rasamsonia enzyme. The process of the invention will be illustrated in more detail below.
  • FIG. 1 The effect of sparging nitrogen or air through a 10% aCS feedstock before hydrolysis, on the total amount of glucose (g/l) released by the TEC-210 mix (1), 4E-GH61 mix (2) and 4E-EG mix (3).
  • FIG. 2 The enzymatic hydrolysis in a 270 liter reactor (pilot plant scale) whereby the glucan conversion (%) is shown in 20% aCS as function of the process time (hours) for 3.75 mg TEC210/g feedstock DM for low DO (— ⁇ —) and high DO (— ⁇ —).
  • DO dissolved oxygen concentration
  • Oxygen can be added in several ways. For example oxygen can be added as oxygen gas, oxygen enriched gas such as oxygen enriched air or air. Oxygen can be added continuously or dis-continuously.
  • oxygen “is added” is meant that oxygen is added to the liquid phase (comprising the lingo-cellulosic material) in the hydrolysis reactor and not that oxygen is present in the headspace in the reactor above the liquid phase whereby the oxygen has to diffuse from the headspace to the liquid phase. So preferably the oxygen is added as bubbles, most preferably as small bubbles.
  • oxygen-containing gas can be introduced, for example blown, into the liquid hydrolysis reactor contents of cellulolytic material.
  • oxygen-containing gas is introduced into the liquid cellulolytic material stream that will enter the hydrolysis reactor.
  • oxygen containing gas is introduced together with the cellulolytic material that enters the hydrolysis reactor or with part of the liquid reactor contents that passes an external loop of the reactor.
  • the addition of oxygen before entering the hydrolysis reactor is not sufficient enough and oxygen addition may be done during the hydrolysis as well.
  • the gaseous phase present in the upper part of the reactor (head space) is continuously or dis-continuously refreshed with the oxygen-containing gas.
  • (vigorous) mixing or stirring is needed to get the oxygen as bubbles and/or by diffusion into the liquid reactor contents preferably in combination with over-pressure in the reactor.
  • flushing the headspace with air in combination with (vigorous) mixing or stirring may introduce sufficient oxygen into the cellulosic material in the hydrolysis reactor for reactors up to a size of 100 liter to 1 m 3 .
  • At larger scale for example in a reactor of 50 m 3 or more, for example 100 m 3 , so much energy is needed for vigorous stirring that from economic point of view this will not be applied in a commercially operating process.
  • the oxygen may be added before the hydrolysis step, during part of the hydrolysis step, during the whole hydrolysis step or a combination of before or during the hydrolysis step.
  • the oxygen is added during the first half in time of the hydrolysis step.
  • the addition of oxygen during only part of the hydrolysis may be done for example in case of oxidation damage of the enzyme(s) occurs.
  • oxygen addition may be done except for the last part of the hydrolysis and thus (most of) the oxygen is consumed before the hydrolysed biomass enters the fermentation reactor.
  • the oxygen concentration in the liquid phase (DO), wherein the ligno-cellulosic material is present during the enzymatic hydrolysis is at least 0.001 mol/m 3 , preferably at least 0.002 mol/m 3 , more preferably at least 0.003 mol/m 3 and even more preferably more than 0.01 mol/m 3 ,for example more than 0.02 mol/m 3 or 0.03 mol/m 3 .
  • DO values of below 0.01 mol/m 3 or 0.02 mol/m 3 will be obtained by slow stirring. Vigorous mixing or stirring at such scale introduces part of the gas phase of the headspace into the reaction liquid.
  • the mixing or stirring may create a whirlpool that draws oxygen into the liquid.
  • flushing the headspace with air in combination with (vigorous) mixing or stirring will introduce sufficient oxygen into the cellulosic material in the hydrolysis reactor for reactors up to a size of 100 liter to 1 m 3 .
  • At larger scale for example in a reactor of 50 m 3 or more, for example 100 m 3 , so much energy is needed for vigorous stirring that from economic point of view this will not be applied in a commercially operating process.
  • stirring or mixing without introducing air or oxygen will result in DO values of less than 0.01 mol/m 3 .
  • the oxygen concentration in the liquid phase wherein the ligno-cellulosic material is present during the enzymatic hydrolysis is preferably at most 80% of the saturation concentration of oxygen under the hydrolysis reaction conditions, more preferably at most 0.12 mol/m 3 , still more preferably at most 0.09 mol/m 3 , even more preferably at most 0.06 mol/m 3 , even still more preferably at most 0.045 mol/m 3 and most preferably at most 0.03 mol/m 3 .
  • Temperature and pressure will influence the DO.
  • the preferred and exemplary mol/m 3 values given above relate to normal atmospheric pressure and a temperature of about 62° C. The skilled person in the art will appreciate favourable DO values on basis of the present teachings.
  • the oxygen addition in the form of air or other oxygen-containing gas according to the invention may also be used to at least partially stir or mix the hydrolysis reactor contents.
  • the present process of the invention shows especially on pilot plant and industrial scale advantages.
  • the hydrolysis reactor has a volume of 1 m 3 or more, preferably of more than 10 m 3 and most preferably of 50 m 3 or more.
  • the hydrolysis reactor will be smaller than 3000 m 3 or 5000 m 3 .
  • the inventor poses the theory that especially at large scale insufficient oxygen is available for the hydrolysis which might be due to oxygen transfer limitations in the reactor for example in the cellulolytic biomass. On lab-scale experiments this oxygen insufficiency may play a less important role.
  • the surface area (or oxygen contact area of the reactor content) to reactor volume ratio is more favourable for small scale experiments than in large scale experiments. Moreover mixing in small scale experiments is relatively easier than at large scale. During those small scale experiments also the transport of oxygen from the headspace of the hydrolysis reactor is faster than compared to the situation in large scale experiments.
  • This theory is only given as possible explanation of the effect noticed by the inventors, and the present invention does not fall or stands with the correctness of this theory.
  • the addition of oxygen may be used to control at least partially the hydrolysis process.
  • the process of the invention is advantageously applied in combination with the use of thermostable enzymes.
  • thermostable enzyme means that the enzyme has a temperature optimum 60° C. or higher, for example 70° C. or higher, such as 75° C. or higher, for example 80° C. or higher such as 85° C. or higher. They may for example be isolated from thermophilic microorganisms, or may be designed by the skilled person and artificially synthesized. In one embodiment the polynucleotides may be isolated or obtained from thermophilic or thermotolerant filamentous fungi or isolated from non-thermophilic or non-thermotolerant fungi but are found to be thermostable.
  • thermophilic fungus is meant a fungus that grows at a temperature of 50° C. or above.
  • theotolerant fungus is meant a fungus that grows at a temperature of 45° C. or above, having a maximum near 50° C.
  • thermophilic fungal strains are Rasamsonia emersonii (formerly known as Talaromyces emersoni; Talaromyces emersonii, Penicillium geosmithia emersonii and Rasamsonia emersonii are used interchangeably herein).
  • thermophilic or thermotolerant fungal cells may be a Humicola, Rhizomucor, Myceliophthora, Rasamsonia, Talaromyces, Thermomyces, Thermoascus or Thielavia cell, preferably a Rasamsonia emersonii cell.
  • Preferred thermophilic or thermotolerant fungi are Humicola grisea var.
  • thermoidea Humicola lanuginosa, Myceliophthora thermophila, Papulaspora thermophilia, Rasamsonia byssochlamydoides, Rasamsonia emersonii, Rasamsonia argillacea, Rasamsonia eburnean, Rasamsonia brevistipitata, Rasamsonia cylindrospora, Rhizomucor pusillus, Rhizomucor miehei, Talaromyces bacillisporus, Talaromyces leycettanus, Talaromyces thermophilus, Thermomyces lenuginosus, Thermoascus crustaceus, Thermoascus thermophilus Thermoascus aurantiacus and Thielavia terrestris.
  • Thermophilic fungi are not restricted to a specific taxonomic order and occur all over the fungal tree of life. Examples are Rhizomucor in the Mucorales, Myceliophthora in Sordariales and Talaromyces, Thermomyces and Thermoascus in the Eurotiales (Mouchacca 1997). The majority of Talaromyces species are rnesophiles but exceptions are species within sections Emersorii and Thermophila .
  • Section Emersonii includes Talaromyces emersonii, Talaromyces byssochlamydoides, Talaromyces bacillisporus and Talaromyces leycettanus , all of which grow well at 40° C.
  • Talaromyces bacillisporus is thermotolerant
  • T. leycettanus is thermotolerant to thermophilic
  • T. emersonii and T. byssochlamydoides are truly thermophilic (Stolk and Samson 1972).
  • the sole member of Talaromyces section Thermophila, T. thermophilus grows rapidly at 50° C. (Evans and Stolk 1971; Evans 1971; Stolk and Samson 1972).
  • thermophilic Talaromyces species are mainly based on phenotypic and physiological characters, such as their ability to grow above 40° C., ascospore color, the structure of ascornatal covering and the formation of a certain type of anamorph.
  • Stolk and Samson (1972) stated that the members of the section Emersonii have anamorphs of either Paecilomyces ( T. byssochlamydoides and T. leycettanus ) or Penicillium cylindrosporum series ( T. emersonii and T. bacillisporus ).
  • Rasamsonia is a new genus comprising thermotolerant and thermophilic Talaromyces and Geosmithia species (J. Houbraken et al vida supra). Based on phenotypic, physiological and molecular data, Houbraken et al proposed to transfer the species T. emersonii, T. byssochlamydoides, T. eburneus, G. argillacea and G. cylindrospora to Rasamsonia gen. nov. Talaromyces emersonii, Penicillium geosmithia emersonii and Rasamsonia emersonii are used interchangeably herein.
  • thermophilic fungi are Rasamsonia byssochlamydoides, Rasamsonia emersonii, Thermomyces lenuginosus, Talaromyces thermophilus, Thermoascus crustaceus, Thermoascus thermophilus and Thermoascus aurantiacus.
  • “Filamentous fungi” include all filamentous forms of the subdivision Eumycota and Oomycota (as defined by Hawksworth et al., In, Ainsworth and Bisby's Dictionary of The Fungi, 8th edition, 1995, CAB International, University Press, Cambridge, UK).
  • the filamentous fungi are characterized by a mycelial wall composed of chitin, cellulose, glucan, chitosan, mannan, and other complex polysaccharides. Vegetative growth is by hyphal elongation and carbon catabolism is obligately aerobic.
  • Filamentous fungal strains include, but are not limited to, strains of Acremonium, Agaricus, Aspergillus, Aureobasidium, Chrysosporium, Coprinus, Cryptococcus, Filibasidium, Fusarium, Geosmithia, Humicola, Magnaporthe, Mucor, Myceliophthora, Neocallimastix, Neurospora, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, Piromyces, Panerochaete, Pleurotus, Rasamsonia, Schizophyllum, Talaromyces, Thermoascus, Thermomyces, Thielavia, Tolypocladium , and Trichoderma.
  • strains of filamentous fungi are readily accessible to the public in a number of culture collections, such as the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen and Zellkulturen GmbH (DSM), Centraalbureau Voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), and Agricultural Research Service Patent Culture Collection, Northern Regional Research Center (NRRL).
  • ATCC American Type Culture Collection
  • DSM Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen and Zellkulturen GmbH
  • CBS Centraalbureau Voor Schimmelcultures
  • NRRL Northern Regional Research Center
  • An advantage of expression and production of the enzymes for example at least two, three or four different cellulases
  • a suitable microorganism may be a high enzyme composition yield which can be used in the process of the present invention.
  • the invention provides a process in which the hydrolysis step is conducted at improved conditions.
  • the invention also provides a process involving hydrolysis having a reduced process time.
  • the invention provides a process, wherein the dosage of enzyme may be reduced and at the same time output of useful hydrolysis product is maintained at the same level.
  • Another advantage of the invention is that the present process involving hydrolysis may result in process conditions which are optimized.
  • a still further advantage of the invention is that the output of useful hydrolysis product of the process involving hydrolysis is increased using the same enzyme dosage.
  • Stable enzyme composition herein means that the enzyme composition retains activity after 30 hours of hydrolysis reaction time, preferably at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96% 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% of its initial activity after 30 hours of hydrolysis reaction time.
  • the enzyme composition retains activity after 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500 hours of hydrolysis reaction time.
  • the enzyme composition may be prepared by fermentation of a suitable substrate with a suitable microorganism, e.g. Rasamsonia emersonii or Aspergillus niger wherein the enzyme composition is produced by the microorganism.
  • the microorganism may be altered to improve or to make the cellulase composition.
  • the microorganism may be mutated by classical strain improvement procedures or by recombinant DNA techniques. Therefore the microorganisms mentioned herein can be used as such to produce the cellulase composition or may be altered to increase the production or to produce an altered cellulase composition which might include heterologous cellulases, thus enzymes that are not originally produced by that microorganism.
  • a fungus more preferably a filamentous fungus is used to produce the cellulase composition.
  • a thermophilic or thermotolerant microorganism is used.
  • a substrate is used that induces the expression of the enzymes in the enzyme composition during the production of the enzyme composition.
  • the enzyme composition is used to release sugars from lignocellulose, that comprises polysaccharides.
  • the major polysaccharides are cellulose (glucans), hem icelluloses (xylans, heteroxylans and xyloglucans).
  • hemicellulose may be present as glucomannans, for example in wood-derived feedstocks.
  • sugar product is meant the enzymatic hydrolysis product of the feedstock or ligno-cellulosic material.
  • the sugar product will comprise soluble sugars, including both monomers and multimers, preferably will comprise glucose.
  • sugars examples include cellobiose, xylose, arabinose, galactose, fructose, mannose, rhamnose, ribose, galacturonic acid, glucoronic acid and other hexoses and pentoses.
  • the sugar product may be used as such or may be further processed for example purified.
  • pectins and other pectic substances such as arabinans may make up considerably proportion of the dry mass of typically cell walls from non-woody plant tissues (about a quarter to half of dry mass may be pectins).
  • Cellulose is a linear polysaccharide composed of glucose residues linked by ⁇ -1,4 bonds.
  • the linear nature of the cellulose fibers, as well as the stoichiometry of the ⁇ -linked glucose (relative to a) generates structures more prone to interstrand hydrogen bonding than the highly branched ⁇ -linked structures of starch.
  • cellulose polymers are generally less soluble, and form more tightly bound fibers than the fibers found in starch.
  • GH61, Endoglucanases (EG) and exo-cellobiohydrolases (CBH) catalyze the hydrolysis of insoluble cellulose to products such as cellooligosaccharides (cellobiose as a main product), while ⁇ -glucosidases (BG) convert the oligosaccharides, mainly cellobiose and cellotriose to glucose.
  • EG Endoglucanases
  • CBH exo-cellobiohydrolases
  • BG ⁇ -glucosidases
  • Hemicellulose is a complex polymer, and its composition often varies widely from organism to organism and from one tissue type to another.
  • a main component of hemicellulose is ⁇ -1,4-linked xylose, a five carbon sugar.
  • this xylose is often branched at 0 to 3 and/or 0 to 2 atom of xylose, and can be substituted with linkages to arabinose, galactose, mannose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid or by esterification to acetic acid (and esterification of ferulic acid to arabinose).
  • Hemicellulose can also contain glucan, which is a general term for ⁇ -linked six carbon sugars (such as the ⁇ -(1,3)(1,4) glucans and heteroglucans mentioned previously) and additionally glucomannans (in which both glucose and mannose are present in the linear backbone, linked to each other by ⁇ -linkages).
  • glucan is a general term for ⁇ -linked six carbon sugars (such as the ⁇ -(1,3)(1,4) glucans and heteroglucans mentioned previously) and additionally glucomannans (in which both glucose and mannose are present in the linear backbone, linked to each other by ⁇ -linkages).
  • Xylanases together with other accessory enzymes, for example ⁇ -L-arabinofuranosidases, feruloyl and acetylxylan esterases, glucuronidases, and ⁇ -xylosidases) catalyze the hydrolysis of hemicelluloses.
  • Pectic substances include pectins, arabinans, galactans and arabinogalactans.
  • Pectins are the most complex polysaccharides in the plant cell wall. They are built up around a core chain of ⁇ (1,4)-linked D-galacturonic acid units interspersed to some degree with L-rhamnose. In any one cell wall there are a number of structural units that fit this description and it has generally been considered that in a single pectic molecule, the core chains of different structural units are continuous with one another.
  • galacturonan (homogalacturonan), which may be substituted with methanol on the carboxyl group and acetate on O-2 and O-3; rhamnogalacturonan I (RGI), in which galacturonic acid units alternate with rhamnose units carrying (1,4)-linked galactan and (1,5)-linked arabinan side-chains.
  • rhamnogalacturonan I rhamnogalacturonan I
  • arabinan side-chains may be attached directly to rhamnose or indirectly through the galactan chains; xylogalacturonan, with single xylosyl units on O-3 of galacturonic acid (closely associated with RGI); and rhamnogalacturonan II (RGII), a particularly complex minor unit containing unusual sugars, for example apiose.
  • RGII unit may contain two apiosyl residues which, under suitable ionic conditions, can reversibly form esters with borate.
  • a composition for use in a method of the invention comprises preferably at least two activities, although typically a composition will comprise more than two activities, for example, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine or more.
  • a composition of the invention may comprise at least two different cellularases or one cellulase and at least one hemicellulase.
  • a composition of the invention may comprise cellulases, but no xylanases.
  • a composition of the invention may comprise auxiliary enzyme activity, i.e. additional activity which, either directly or indirectly leads to lignocellulose degradation. Examples of such auxiliary activities are mentioned herein.
  • a composition for use in the invention may comprise GH61, endoglucanase activity and/or cellobiohydrolase activity and/or ⁇ -glucosidase activity.
  • a composition for use in the invention may comprise more than one enzyme activity in one or more of those classes.
  • a composition for use in the invention may comprise two endoglucanase activities, for example, endo-1,3(1,4)- ⁇ glucanase activity and endo- ⁇ -1,4-glucanase activity.
  • Such a composition may also comprise one or more xylanase activities.
  • Such a composition may comprise an auxiliary enzyme activity.
  • a composition for use in the invention may be derived from Rasamsonia emersonii.
  • a core set of (lignocellulose degrading) enzyme activities may be derived from Rasamsonia emersonii.
  • Rasamsonia emersonii can provide a highly effective set of activities as demonstrated herein for the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. That activity can then be supplemented with additional enzyme activities from other sources.
  • additional activities may be derived from classical sources and/or produced by a genetically modified organism.
  • the activities in a composition for use in the invention may be thermostable.
  • Activities in a composition for use in the invention will typically not have the same temperature optima, but preferably will, nevertheless, be thermostable.
  • low pH indicates a pH of about 5.5 or lower, about 5 or lower, about 4.9 or lower, about 4.8 or lower, about 4.7 or lower, about 4,6 or lower, about 4.5 or lower, about 4.4 or lower, about 4.3 or lower, about 4.2 or lower, about 4,1 or lower, about 4.0 or lower about 3.9 or lower, or about 3.8 or lower, about 3.7 or lower, about 3.6 or lower, or about 3.5 or lower.
  • Activities in a composition for use in the invention may be defined by a combination of any of the above temperature optima and pH values.
  • composition used in a method of the invention may comprise, in addition to the activities derived from Rasamsonia, a cellulase (for example one derived from a source other than Rasamsonia ) and/or a hemicellulase (for example one derived from a source other than Rasamsonia ) and/or a pectinase.
  • a cellulase for example one derived from a source other than Rasamsonia
  • hemicellulase for example one derived from a source other than Rasamsonia
  • pectinase for example one derived from a source other than Rasamsonia
  • a composition for use in the invention may comprise one, two, three, four classes or more of cellulase, for example one, two three or four or all of a GH61, an endoglucanase (EG), one or two exo-cellobiohydrolase (CBH) and a ⁇ -glucosidase (BG).
  • a composition for use in the invention may comprise two or more of any of these classes of cellulase.
  • a composition of the invention may comprise an activity which has a different type of cellulase activity and/or hemicellulase activity and/or pectinase activity than that provided by the composition for use in a method of the invention.
  • a composition of the invention may comprise one type of cellulase and/or hemicellulase activity and/or pectinase activity provided by a composition as described herein and a second type of cellulase and/or hemicellulase activity and/or pectinase activity provided by an additional cellulose/hemicellulase/pectinase.
  • a cellulase is any polypeptide which is capable of degrading or modifying cellulose.
  • a polypeptide which is capable of degrading cellulose is one which is capable of catalysing the process of breaking down cellulose into smaller units, either partially, for example into cellodextrins, or completely into glucose monomers.
  • a cellulase according to the invention may give rise to a mixed population of cellodextrins and glucose monomers when contacted with the cellulase. Such degradation will typically take place by way of a hydrolysis reaction.
  • GH61 glycoside hydrolase family 61 or sometimes referred to EGIV proteins are oxygen-dependent polysaccharide monooxygenases (PMO's) according to the latest literature. Often in literature these proteins are mentioned to enhance the action of cellulases on lignocellulose substrates. GH61 was originally classified as endogluconase based on measurement of very weak endo-1,4 ⁇ -d-glucanase activity in one family member. The term “GH61” as used herein, is to be understood as a family of enzymes, which share common conserved sequence portions and foldings to be classified in family of the well-established CAZY GH classification system (http://www.cazy.org/GH61.html). The glycoside hydrolase family 61 is a member of the family of glycoside hydrolases EC 3.2.1. GH61 is used herein as being part of the cellulases.
  • PMO's oxygen-dependent polysaccharide monooxygenases
  • a hemicellulase is any polypeptide which is capable of degrading or modifying hemicellulose. That is to say, a hemicellulase may be capable of degrading or modifying one or more of xylan, glucuronoxylan, arabinoxylan, glucomannan and xyloglucan.
  • a polypeptide which is capable of degrading a hemicellulose is one which is capable of catalysing the process of breaking down the hemicellulose into smaller polysaccharides, either partially, for example into oligosaccharides, or completely into sugar monomers, for example hexose or pentose sugar monomers.
  • a hemicellulase according to the invention may give rise to a mixed population of oligosaccharides and sugar monomers when contacted with the hemicellulase. Such degradation will typically take place by way of a hydrolysis reaction.
  • a pectinase is any polypeptide which is capable of degrading or modifying pectin.
  • a polypeptide which is capable of degrading pectin is one which is capable of catalysing the process of breaking down pectin into smaller units, either partially, for example into oligosaccharides, or completely into sugar monomers.
  • a pectinase according to the invention may give rise to a mixed population of oligosacchardies and sugar monomers when contacted with the pectinase. Such degradation will typically take place by way of a hydrolysis reaction.
  • composition of the invention may comprise any cellulase, for example, a GH61, a cellobiohydrolase, an endo- ⁇ 1,4-glucanase, a ⁇ -glucosidase or a ⁇ -(1,3)(1,4)-glucanase.
  • a cellulase for example, a GH61, a cellobiohydrolase, an endo- ⁇ 1,4-glucanase, a ⁇ -glucosidase or a ⁇ -(1,3)(1,4)-glucanase.
  • a cellobiohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.91) is any polypeptide which is capable of catalysing the hydrolysis of 1,4- ⁇ -D-glucosidic linkages in cellulose or cellotetraose, releasing cellobiose from the ends of the chains.
  • This enzyme may also be referred to as cellulase 1,4- ⁇ -cellobiosidase, 1,4- ⁇ -cellobiohydrolase, 1,4- ⁇ -D-glucan cellobiohydrolase, avicelase, exo-1,4- ⁇ -D-glucanase, exocellobiohydrolase or exoglucanase.
  • an endo- ⁇ -1,4-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.4) is any polypeptide which is capable of catalysing the endohydrolysis of 1,4- ⁇ -D-glucosidic linkages in cellulose, lichenin or cereal ⁇ -D-glucans. Such a polypeptide may also be capable of hydrolyzing 1,4-linkages in ⁇ -D-glucans also containing 1,3-linkages.
  • This enzyme may also be referred to as cellulase, avicelase, ⁇ 1,4-endoglucan hydrolase, ⁇ -1,4-glucanase, carboxymethyl cellulase, celludextrinase, endo-1,4 ⁇ -D-glucanase, endo-1,4- ⁇ -D-glucanohydrolase, endo-1,4- ⁇ -glucanase or endoglucanase.
  • a ⁇ -glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) is any polypeptide which is capable of catalysing the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing ⁇ -D-glucose residues with release of ⁇ -D-glucose.
  • Such a polypeptide may have a wide specificity for ⁇ -D-glucosides and may also hydrolyze one or more of the following: a ⁇ -D-galactoside, an ⁇ -L-arabinoside, a ⁇ -D-xyloside or a ⁇ -D-fucoside.
  • This enzyme may also be referred to as amygdalase, ⁇ -D-glucoside glucohydrolase, cellobiase or gentobiase.
  • a ⁇ -(1,3)(1,4)-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.73) is any polypeptide which is capable of catalyzing the hydrolysis of 1,4- ⁇ -D-glucosidic linkages in ⁇ -D-glucans containing 1,3- and 1,4-bonds.
  • Such a polypeptide may act on lichenin and cereal ⁇ -D-glucans glucans, but not on ⁇ -D-glucans containing only 1,3- or 1,4-bonds.
  • This enzyme may also be referred to as licheninase, 1,3-1,4- ⁇ -D-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase, ⁇ -glucanase, endo- ⁇ -1,3-1,4 glucanase, lichenase or mixed linkage ⁇ -glucanase.
  • An alternative for this type of enzyme is EC 3.2.1.6, which is described as endo-1,3(4)-beta-glucanase.
  • This type of enzyme hydrolyses 1,3- or 1,4-linkages in beta-D-glucanse when the glucose residue whose reducing group is involved in the linkage to be hydrolysed is itself substituted at C-3.
  • Alternative names include endo-1,3-beta-glucanase, laminarinase, 1,3-(1,3;1,4)-beta-D-glucan 3 (4) glucanohydrolase; substrates include laminarin, lichenin and cereal beta-D-glucans.
  • a composition of the invention may comprise any hemicellulase, for example, an endoxylanase, a ⁇ -xylosidase, a ⁇ -L-arabionofuranosidase, an ⁇ -D-glucuronidase, an acetyl xylan esterase, a feruloyl esterase, a coumaroyl esterase, an ⁇ -galactosidase, a ⁇ -galactosidase, a ⁇ -mannanase or a ⁇ -mannosidase.
  • hemicellulase for example, an endoxylanase, a ⁇ -xylosidase, a ⁇ -L-arabionofuranosidase, an ⁇ -D-glucuronidase, an acetyl xylan esterase, a feruloyl esterase, a coumaroyl esterase, an ⁇ -galactos
  • an endoxylanase (EC 3.2.1.8) is any polypeptide which is capable of catalyzing the endohydrolysis of 1,4- ⁇ -D-xylosidic linkages in xylans.
  • This enzyme may also be referred to as endo-1,4- ⁇ -xylanase or 1,4- ⁇ -D-xylan xylanohydrolase.
  • An alternative is EC 3.2.1.136, a glucuronoarabinoxylan endoxylanase, an enzyme that is able to hydrolyse 1,4 xylosidic linkages in glucuronoarabinoxylans.
  • a ⁇ -xylosidase (EC 3.2.1.37) is any polypeptide which is capable of catalyzing the hydrolysis of 1,4- ⁇ -D-xylans, to remove successive D-xylose residues from the non-reducing termini. Such enzymes may also hydrolyze xylobiose. This enzyme may also be referred to as xylan 1,4- ⁇ -xylosidase, 1,4- ⁇ -D-xylan xylohydrolase, exo-1,4- ⁇ -xylosidase or xylobiase.
  • an ⁇ -L-arabinofuranosidase (EC 3.2.1.55) is any polypeptide which is capable of acting on ⁇ -L-arabinofuranosides, ⁇ -L-arabinans containing (1,2) and/or (1,3)- and/or (1,5)-linkages, arabinoxylans and arabinogalactans.
  • This enzyme may also be referred to as ⁇ -N-arabinofuranosidase, arabinofuranosidase or arabinosidase.
  • This enzyme may also be referred to as alpha-glucuronidase or alpha-glucosiduronase.
  • These enzymes may also hydrolyse 4-O-methylated glucoronic acid, which can also be present as a substituent in xylans.
  • Alternative is EC 3.2.1.131: xylan alpha-1,2-glucuronosidase, which catalyses the hydrolysis of alpha-1,2-(4-O-methyl)glucuronosyl links.
  • an acetyl xylan esterase (EC 3.1.1.72) is any polypeptide which is capable of catalyzing the deacetylation of xylans and xylo-oligosaccharides.
  • a polypeptide may catalyze the hydrolysis of acetyl groups from polymeric xylan, acetylated xylose, acetylated glucose, alpha-napthyl acetate or p-nitrophenyl acetate but, typically, not from triacetylglycerol.
  • Such a polypeptide typically does not act on acetylated mannan or pectin.
  • the saccharide may be, for example, an oligosaccharide or a polysaccharide. It may typically catalyze the hydrolysis of the 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamoyl (feruloyl) group from an esterified sugar, which is usually arabinose in ‘natural’ substrates. p-nitrophenol acetate and methyl ferulate are typically poorer substrates.
  • This enzyme may also be referred to as cinnamoyl ester hydrolase, ferulic acid esterase or hydroxycinnamoyl esterase. It may also be referred to as a hemicellulase accessory enzyme, since it may help xylanases and pectinases to break down plant cell wall hemicellulose and pectin.
  • the saccharide may be, for example, an oligosaccharide or a polysaccharide.
  • This enzyme may also be referred to as trans-4-coumaroyl esterase, trans-p-coumaroyl esterase, p-coumaroyl esterase or p-coumaric acid esterase. This enzyme also falls within EC 3.1.1.73 so may also be referred to as a feruloyl esterase.
  • an ⁇ -galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.22) is any polypeptide which is capable of catalyzing the hydrolysis of of terminal, non-reducing ⁇ -D-galactose residues in ⁇ -D-galactosides, including galactose oligosaccharides, galactomannans, galactans and arabinogalactans.
  • Such a polypeptide may also be capable of hydrolyzing ⁇ -D-fucosides.
  • This enzyme may also be referred to as melibiase.
  • a ⁇ -galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) is any polypeptide which is capable of catalyzing the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing ⁇ -D-galactose residues in ⁇ -D-galactosides. Such a polypeptide may also be capable of hydrolyzing ⁇ -L-arabinosides.
  • This enzyme may also be referred to as exo-(1 ⁇ 4)- ⁇ -D-galactanase or lactase.
  • a ⁇ -mannanase (EC 3.2.1.78) is any polypeptide which is capable of catalyzing the random hydrolysis of 1,4 ⁇ -D-mannosidic linkages in mannans, galactomannans and glucomannans.
  • This enzyme may also be referred to as mannan endo-1,4- ⁇ -mannosidase or endo-1,4-mannanase.
  • a ⁇ -mannosidase (EC 3.2.1.25) is any polypeptide which is capable of catalyzing the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing ⁇ -D-mannose residues in ⁇ -D-mannosides.
  • This enzyme may also be referred to as mannanase or mannase.
  • a composition of the invention may comprise any pectinase, for example an endo polygalacturonase, a pectin methyl esterase, an endo-galactanase, a beta galactosidase, a pectin acetyl esterase, an endo-pectin lyase, pectate lyase, alpha rhamnosidase, an exo-galacturonase, an expolygalacturonate lyase, a rhamnogalacturonan hydrolase, a rhamnogalacturonan lyase, a rhamnogalacturonan acetyl esterase, a rhamnogalacturonan galacturonohydrolase, a xylogalacturonase.
  • pectinase for example an endo polygalacturonase, a pectin methyl esterase
  • an endo-polygalacturonase (EC 3.2.1.15) is any polypeptide which is capable of catalyzing the random hydrolysis of 1,4- ⁇ -D-galactosiduronic linkages in pectate and other galacturonans.
  • This enzyme may also be referred to as polygalacturonase pectin depolym erase, pectinase, endopolygalacturonase, pectolase, pectin hydrolase, pectin polygalacturonase, poly- ⁇ -1,4-galacturonide glycanohydrolase, endogalacturonase; endo-D-galacturonase or poly(1,4- ⁇ -D-galacturonide) glycanohydrolase.
  • the enzyme may also been known as pectinesterase, pectin demethoxylase, pectin methoxylase, pectin methylesterase, pectase, pectinoesterase or pectin pectylhydrolase.
  • an endo-galactanase (EC 3.2.1.89) is any enzyme capable of catalyzing the endohydrolysis of 1,4- ⁇ -D-galactosidic linkages in arabinogalactans.
  • the enzyme may also be known as arabinogalactan endo-1,4- ⁇ -galactosidase, endo-1,4- ⁇ -galactanase, galactanase, arabinogalactanase or arabinogalactan 4- ⁇ -D-galactanohydrolase.
  • a pectin acetyl esterase is defined herein as any enzyme which has an acetyl esterase activity which catalyzes the deacetylation of the acetyl groups at the hydroxyl groups of GaIUA residues of pectin
  • an endo-pectin lyase (EC 4.2.2.10) is any enzyme capable of catalyzing the eliminative cleavage of (1 ⁇ 4)- ⁇ -D-galacturonan methyl ester to give oligosaccharides with 4-deoxy-6-O-methyl- ⁇ -D-galact-4-enuronosyl groups at their non-reducing ends.
  • the enzyme may also be known as pectin lyase, pectin trans-eliminase; endo-pectin lyase, polymethylgalacturonic transeliminase, pectin methyltranseliminase, pectolyase, PL, PNL or PMGL or (1 ⁇ 4)-6-O-methyl- ⁇ -D-galacturonan lyase.
  • a pectate lyase (EC 4.2.2.2) is any enzyme capable of catalyzing the eliminative cleavage of (1 ⁇ 4)- ⁇ -D-galacturonan to give oligosaccharides with 4-deoxy- ⁇ -D-galact-4-enuronosyl groups at their non-reducing ends.
  • the enzyme may also be known polygalacturonic transeliminase, pectic acid transeliminase, polygalacturonate lyase, endopectin methyltranseliminase, pectate transeliminase, endogalacturonate transeliminase, pectic acid lyase, pectic lyase, ⁇ -1,4-D-endopolygalacturonic acid lyase, PGA lyase, PPase-N, endo- ⁇ -1,4-polygalacturonic acid lyase, polygalacturonic acid lyase, pectin trans-eliminase, polygalacturonic acid trans-eliminase or (1 ⁇ 4)- ⁇ -D-galacturonan lyase.
  • an alpha rhamnosidase (EC 3.2.1.40) is any polypeptide which is capable of catalyzing the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing ⁇ -L-rhamnose residues in ⁇ -L-rhamnosides or alternatively in rhamnogalacturonan.
  • This enzyme may also be known as ⁇ -L-rhamnosidase T, ⁇ -L-rhamnosidase N or ⁇ -L-rhamnoside rhamnohydrolase.
  • exo-galacturonase (EC 3.2.1.82) is any polypeptide capable of hydrolysis of pectic acid from the non-reducing end, releasing digalacturonate.
  • the enzyme may also be known as exo-poly- ⁇ -galacturonosidase, exopolygalacturonosidase or exopolygalacturanosidase.
  • the enzyme may also be known as galacturan 1,4- ⁇ -galacturonidase, exopolygalacturonase, poly(galacturonate) hydrolase, exo-D-galacturonase, exo-D-galacturonanase, exopoly-D-galacturonase or poly(1,4- ⁇ -D-galacturonide) galacturonohydrolase.
  • exopolygalacturonate lyase (EC 4.2.2.9) is any polypeptide capable of catalyzing eliminative cleavage of 4-(4-deoxy- ⁇ -D-galact-4-enuronosyl)-D-galacturonate from the reducing end of pectate, i.e. de-esterified pectin.
  • This enzyme may be known as pectate disaccharide-lyase, pectate exo-lyase, exopectic acid transeliminase, exopectate lyase, exopolygalacturonic acid-trans-eliminase, PATE, exo-PATE, exo-PGL or (1 ⁇ 4)- ⁇ -D-galacturonan reducing-end-disaccharide-lyase.
  • rhamnogalacturonan hydrolase is any polypeptide which is capable of hydrolyzing the linkage between galactosyluronic acid acid and rhamnopyranosyl in an endo-fashion in strictly alternating rhamnogalacturonan structures, consisting of the disaccharide [(1,2-alpha-L-rhamnoyl-(1,4)-alpha-galactosyluronic acid].
  • rhamnogalacturonan lyase is any polypeptide which is any polypeptide which is capable of cleaving ⁇ -L-Rhap-(1 ⁇ 4)- ⁇ -D-GalpA linkages in an endo-fashion in rhamnogalacturonan by beta-elimination.
  • rhamnogalacturonan acetyl esterase is any polypeptide which catalyzes the deacetylation of the backbone of alternating rhamnose and galacturonic acid residues in rhamnogalacturonan.
  • rhamnogalacturonan galacturonohydrolase is any polypeptide which is capable of hydrolyzing galacturonic acid from the non-reducing end of strictly alternating rhamnogalacturonan structures in an exo-fashion.
  • xylogalacturonase is any polypeptide which acts on xylogalacturonan by cleaving the ⁇ -xylose substituted galacturonic acid backbone in an endo-manner.
  • This enzyme may also be known as xylogalacturonan hydrolase.
  • an ⁇ -L-arabinofuranosidase (EC 3.2.1.55) is any polypeptide which is capable of acting on ⁇ -L-arabinofuranosides, ⁇ -L-arabinans containing (1,2) and/or (1,3)- and/or (1,5)-linkages, arabinoxylans and arabinogalactans.
  • This enzyme may also be referred to as ⁇ -N-arabinofuranosidase, arabinofuranosidase or arabinosidase.
  • endo-arabinanase (EC 3.2.1.99) is any polypeptide which is capable of catalyzing endohydrolysis of 1,5- ⁇ -arabinofuranosidic linkages in 1,5-arabinans.
  • the enzyme may also be know as endo-arabinase, arabinan endo-1,5- ⁇ -L-arabinosidase, endo-1,5- ⁇ -L-arabinanase, endo- ⁇ -1,5-arabanase; endo-arabanase or 1,5- ⁇ -L-arabinan 1,5- ⁇ -L-arabinanohydrolase.
  • a composition of the invention will typically comprise at least one cellulase and/or at least one hemicellulase and/or at least one pectinase (one of which is a polypeptide according to the invention).
  • a composition of the invention may comprise a GH61, a cellobiohydrolase, an endoglucanase and/or a ⁇ -glucosidase.
  • Such a composition may also comprise one or more hemicellulases and/or one or more pectinases.
  • one or more (for example two, three, four or all) of an amylase, a protease, a lipase, a ligninase, a hexosyltransferase, a glucuronidase or an expansin or a cellulose induced protein or a cellulose integrating protein or like protein may be present in a composition of the invention (these are referred to as auxiliary activities above).
  • proteases includes enzymes that hydrolyze peptide bonds (peptidases), as well as enzymes that hydrolyze bonds between peptides and other moieties, such as sugars (glycopeptidases). Many proteases are characterized under EC 3.4, and are suitable for use in the invention incorporated herein by reference. Some specific types of proteases include, cysteine proteases including pepsin, papain and serine proteases including chymotrypsins, carboxypeptidases and metalloendopeptidases.
  • Lipase includes enzymes that hydrolyze lipids, fatty acids, and acylglycerides, including phospoglycerides, lipoproteins, diacylglycerols, and the like. In plants, lipids are used as structural components to limit water loss and pathogen infection. These lipids include waxes derived from fatty acids, as well as cutin and suberin.
  • Liganase includes enzymes that can hydrolyze or break down the structure of lignin polymers. Enzymes that can break down lignin include lignin peroxidases, manganese peroxidases, laccases and feruloyl esterases, and other enzymes described in the art known to depolymerize or otherwise break lignin polymers. Also included are enzymes capable of hydrolyzing bonds formed between hemicellulosic sugars (notably arabinose) and lignin.
  • Ligninases include but are not limited to the following group of enzymes: lignin peroxidases (EC 1.11.1.14), manganese peroxidases (EC 1.11.1.13), laccases (EC 1.10.3.2) and feruloyl esterases (EC 3.1.1.73).
  • “Hexosyltransferase” (2.4.1-) includes enzymes which are capable of catalyzing a transferase reaction, but which can also catalyze a hydrolysis reaction, for example of cellulose and/or cellulose degradation products.
  • An example of a hexosyltransferase which may be used in the invention is a ⁇ -glucanosyltransferase.
  • Such an enzyme may be able to catalyze degradation of (1,3)(1,4)glucan and/or cellulose and/or a cellulose degradation product.
  • Glucuronidase includes enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of a glucoronoside, for example ⁇ -glucuronoside to yield an alcohol.
  • Many glucuronidases have been characterized and may be suitable for use in the invention, for example ⁇ -glucuronidase (EC 3.2.1.31), hyalurono-glucuronidase (EC 3.2.1.36), glucuronosyl-disulfoglucosamine glucuronidase (3.2.1.56), glycyrrhizinate ⁇ -glucuronidase (3.2.1.128) or ⁇ -D-glucuronidase (EC 3.2.1.139).
  • a composition for use in the invention may comprise an expansin or expansin-like protein, such as a swollenin (see Salheimo et al., Eur. J. Biohem. 269, 4202-4211, 2002) or a swollenin-like protein.
  • an expansin or expansin-like protein such as a swollenin (see Salheimo et al., Eur. J. Biohem. 269, 4202-4211, 2002) or a swollenin-like protein.
  • Expansins are implicated in loosening of the cell wall structure during plant cell growth. Expansins have been proposed to disrupt hydrogen bonding between cellulose and other cell wall polysaccharides without having hydrolytic activity. In this way, they are thought to allow the sliding of cellulose fibers and enlargement of the cell wall. Swollenin, an expansin-like protein contains an N-terminal Carbohydrate Binding Module Family 1 domain (CBD) and a C-terminal expansin-like domain.
  • CBD Carbohydrate Binding Module Family 1 domain
  • an expansin-like protein or swollenin-like protein may comprise one or both of such domains and/or may disrupt the structure of cell walls (such as disrupting cellulose structure), optionally without producing detectable amounts of reducing sugars.
  • a composition for use in the invention may be a cellulose induced protein, for example the polypeptide product of the cip1 or cip2 gene or similar genes (see Foreman et al., J. Biol. Chem. 278(34), 31988-31997, 2003), a cellulose/cellulosome integrating protein, for example the polypeptide product of the cipA or cipC gene, or a scaffoldin or a scaffoldin-like protein.
  • Scaffoldins and cellulose integrating proteins are multi-functional integrating subunits which may organize cellulolytic subunits into a multi-enzyme complex. This is accomplished by the interaction of two complementary classes of domain, i.e.
  • scaffoldin subunit also bears a cellulose-binding module (CBM) that mediates attachment of the cellulosome to its substrate.
  • CBM cellulose-binding module
  • a scaffoldin or cellulose integrating protein for the purposes of this invention may comprise one or both of such domains.
  • a composition for use in a method of the invention may be composed of a member of each of the classes of enzymes mentioned above, several members of one enzyme class, or any combination of these enzymes classes or helper proteins (i.e. those proteins mentioned herein which do not have enzymatic activity per se, but do nevertheless assist in lignocellulosic degradation).
  • a composition for use in a method of the invention may be composed of enzymes from (1) commercial suppliers; (2) cloned genes expressing enzymes; (3) complex broth (such as that resulting from growth of a microbial strain in media, wherein the strains secrete proteins and enzymes into the media; (4) cell lysates of strains grown as in (3); and/or (5) plant material expressing enzymes.
  • Different enzymes in a composition of the invention may be obtained from different sources.
  • the enzymes can be produced either exogenously in microorganisms, yeasts, fungi, bacteria or plants, then isolated and added, for example, to lignocellulosic feedstock.
  • the enzymes are produced, but not isolated, and crude cell mass fermentation broth, or plant material (such as corn stover or wheat straw), and the like may be added to, for example, the feedstock.
  • the crude cell mass or enzyme production medium or plant material may be treated to prevent further microbial growth (for example, by heating or addition of antimicrobial agents), then added to, for example, a feedstock.
  • These crude enzyme mixtures may include the organism producing the enzyme.
  • the enzyme may be produced in a fermentation that uses (pre-treated) feedstock (such as corn stover or wheat straw) to provide nutrition to an organism that produces an enzyme(s).
  • feedstock such as corn stover or wheat straw
  • plants that produce the enzymes may themselves serve as a lignocellulosic feedstock and be added into lignocellulosic feedstock.
  • compositions described above may be provided concomitantly (i.e. as a single composition per se) or separately or sequentially.
  • the invention thus relates to methods in which the composition described above are used and to uses of the composition in industrial processes.
  • Lignocellulosic material herein includes any lignocellulosic and/or hemicellulosic material.
  • Lignocellulosic material suitable for use as feedstock in the invention includes biomass, e.g. virgin biomass and/or non-virgin biomass such as agricultural biomass, commercial organics, construction and demolition debris, municipal solid waste, waste paper and yard waste.
  • biomass include trees, shrubs and grasses, wheat, wheat straw, sugar cane bagasse, switch grass, miscanthus, corn, corn stover, corn husks, corn cobs, canola stems, soybean stems, sweet sorghum, corn kernel including fiber from kernels, products and by-products from milling of grains such as corn, wheat and barley (including wet milling and dry milling) often called “bran or fibre” as well as municipal solid waste, waste paper and yard waste.
  • the biomass can also be, but is not limited to, herbaceous material, agricultural residues, forestry residues, municipal solid wastes, waste paper, and pulp and paper mill residues.
  • Agricultural biomass includes branches, bushes, canes, corn and corn husks, energy crops, forests, fruits, flowers, grains, grasses, herbaceous crops, leaves, bark, needles, logs, roots, saplings, short rotation woody crops, shrubs, switch grasses, trees, vegetables, fruit peels, vines, sugar beet pulp, wheat midlings, oat hulls, and hard and soft woods (not including woods with deleterious materials).
  • agricultural biomass includes organic waste materials generated from agricultural processes including farming and forestry activities, specifically including forestry wood waste. Agricultural biomass may be any of the aforementioned singularly or in any combination or mixture thereof.
  • the feedstock may optionally be pre-treated with heat, mechanical and/or chemical modification or any combination of such methods in order to to enhance the accessibility of the substrate to enzymatic hydrolysis and/or hydrolyse the hemicellulose and/or solubilize the hemicellulose and/or cellulose and/or lignin, in any way known in the art.
  • the pre-treatment is conducted treating the lignocellulose with steam explosion, hot water treatment or treatment with dilute acid or dilute base.
  • the process according to the invention comprises a washing step.
  • the optional washing step may be used to remove water soluble compounds that may act as inhibitors for the fermentation step.
  • the washing step may be conducted in known manner.
  • the enzyme composition used in the process of the invention can extremely effectively hydrolyze lignocellulolytic material, for example corn stover or wheat straw, which can then be further converted into a useful product, such as ethanol, biogas, butanol, lactic acid, a plastic, an organic acid, a solvent, an animal feed supplement, a pharmaceutical, a vitamin, an amino acid, an enzyme or a chemical feedstock.
  • a useful product such as ethanol, biogas, butanol, lactic acid, a plastic, an organic acid, a solvent, an animal feed supplement, a pharmaceutical, a vitamin, an amino acid, an enzyme or a chemical feedstock.
  • intermediate products from a process following the hydrolysis for example lactic acid as intermediate in biogas production, can be used as building block for other materials.
  • the present invention is exemplified with the production of ethanol but this is done as exemplification only rather than as limitation, the other mentioned useful products can be produced equally well.
  • the process according to the invention comprises an enzymatic hydrolysis step.
  • the enzymatic hydrolysis includes, but is not limited to, hydrolysis for the purpose of liquification of the feedstock and hydrolysis for the purpose of releasing sugar from the feedstock or both.
  • optionally pre-treated and optionally washed ligno-cellulosic material is brought into contact with the enzyme composition according to the invention.
  • the different reaction conditions e.g. temperature, enzyme dosage, hydrolysis reaction time and dry matter concentration, may be adapted by the skilled person in order to achieve a desired conversion of lignocellulose to sugar.
  • the hydrolysis is conducted at a temperature of 45° C. or more, 50° C. or more, 55° C. or more, 60° C. or more, 65° C. or more, or 70° C. or more.
  • the high temperature during hydrolysis has many advantages, which include working at the optimum temperature of the enzyme composition, the reduction of risk of (bacterial) contamination, reduced viscosity, smaller amount of cooling water required, use of cooling water with a higher temperature, re-use of the enzymes and more.
  • the amount of enzyme composition added (herein also called enzyme dosage or enzyme load) is low.
  • the amount of enzyme is 6 mg protein/g dry matter weight or lower, 5 mg protein/g dry matter or lower, 4 mg protein/g dry matter or lower, 3 mg protein/g dry matter or lower, 2 mg protein/g dry matter or lower, or 1 mg protein/g dry matter or lower (expressed as protein in mg protein/g dry matter).
  • the amount of enzyme is 0.5 mg enzyme/g dry matter weight or lower, 0.4 mg enzyme composition/g dry matter weight or lower, 0.3 mg enzyme/g dry matter weight or lower, 0.25 mg enzyme/g dry matter weight or lower, 0.20 mg enzyme/g dry matter weight or lower, 0.18 mg enzyme /g dry matter weight or lower, 0.15 mg enzyme/g dry matter weight or lower or 0.10 mg enzyme/g dry matter weight or lower (expressed as total of cellulase enzymes in mg enzyme/g dry matter).
  • Low enzyme dosage is possible, since because of the activity and stability of the enzymes, it is possible to increase the hydrolysis reaction time.
  • the hydrolysis reaction time is 5 hours or more, 10 hours or more, 20 hours or more, 40 hours or more, 50 hours or more, 60 hours or more, 70 hours or more, 80 hours or more, 90 hours or more, 100 hours or more, 120 hours or more, 130 h or more.
  • the hydrolysis reaction time is 5 to 150 hours, 40 to 130 hours, 50 to 120 hours, 60 to 120 hours, 60 to 110 hours, 60 to 100 hours, 70 to 100 hours, 70 to 90 hours or 70 to 80 hours. Due to the stability of the enzyme composition longer hydrolysis reaction times are possible with corresponding higher sugar yields.
  • the pH during hydrolysis may be chosen by the skilled person.
  • the pH during the hydrolysis may be 3.0 to 6.4.
  • the stable enzymes of the invention may have a broad pH range of up to 2 pH units, up to 3 pH units, up to 5 pH units.
  • the optimum pH may lie within the limits of pH 2.0 to 8.0, 3.0 to 8.0, 3.5 to 7.0, 3.5 to 6.0, 3.5 to 5.0, 3.5 to 4.5, 4.0 to 4.5 or is about 4.2.
  • the hydrolysis step is conducted until 70% or more, 80% or more, 85% or more, 90% or more, 92% or more, 95% or more of available sugar in lignocellulosic material is released.
  • a process of the invention may be carried out using high levels of dry matter (of the lignocellulosic material) in the hydrolysis reaction.
  • the invention may be carried out with a dry matter content of about 5 wt % or higher, about 8 wt % or higher, about 10 wt % or higher, about 11 wt % or higher, about 12 wt % or higher, about 13 wt % or higher, about 14 wt % or higher, about 15 wt % or higher, about 20 wt % or higher, about 25 wt % or higher, about 30 wt % or higher, about 35 wt % or higher or about 40 wt % or higher.
  • the dry matter content in the hydrolysis step is 14 wt %, 15 wt %, 16 wt %, 17 wt %, 18 wt %, 19 wt %, 20 wt %, 21 wt %, 22 wt %, 23 wt %, 24 wt %, 25 wt %, 26 wt %, 27 wt %, 28 wt %, 29 wt %, 30 wt %, 31 wt %, 32 wt %, 33 wt % or more or 14 to 33 wt %.
  • the process according to the invention comprises a fermentation step.
  • the invention thus includes in step fermentation processes in which a microorganism is used for the fermentation of a carbon source comprising sugar(s), e.g. glucose, L-arabinose and/or xylose.
  • the carbon source may include any carbohydrate oligo- or polymer comprising L-arabinose, xylose or glucose units, such as e.g. lignocellulose, xylans, cellulose, starch, arabinan and the like.
  • carbohydrases for release of xylose or glucose units from such carbohydrates, appropriate carbohydrases (such as xylanases, glucanases, amylases and the like) may be added to the fermentation medium or may be produced by the modified host cell. In the latter case the modified host cell may be genetically engineered to produce and excrete such carbohydrases.
  • An additional advantage of using oligo- or polymeric sources of glucose is that it enables to maintain a low(er) concentration of free glucose during the fermentation, e.g. by using rate-limiting amounts of the carbohydrases. This, in turn, will prevent repression of systems required for metabolism and transport of non-glucose sugars such as xylose.
  • the modified host cell ferments both the L-arabinose (optionally xylose) and glucose, preferably simultaneously in which case preferably a modified host cell is used which is insensitive to glucose repression to prevent diauxic growth.
  • the fermentation medium will further comprise the appropriate ingredient required for growth of the modified host cell.
  • Compositions of fermentation media for growth of microorganisms such as yeasts or filamentous fungi are well known in the art.
  • the fermentation time may be shorter than in conventional fermentation at the same conditions, wherein part of the enzymatic hydrolysis still has to take part during fermentation.
  • the fermentation time is 100 hours or less, 90 hours or less, 80 hours or less, 70 hours or less, or 60 hours or less, for a sugar composition of 50g/l glucose and corresponding other sugars from the lignocellulosic feedstock (e.g. 50 g/l xylose, 35 g/l L-arabinose and 10 g/l galactose.
  • a sugar composition of 50g/l glucose and corresponding other sugars from the lignocellulosic feedstock (e.g. 50 g/l xylose, 35 g/l L-arabinose and 10 g/l galactose.
  • the fermentation time may correspondingly be reduced.
  • the fermentation process may be an aerobic or an anaerobic fermentation process.
  • An anaerobic fermentation process is herein defined as a fermentation process run in the absence of oxygen or in which substantially no oxygen is consumed, preferably less than 5, 2.5 or 1 mmol/L/h, more preferably 0 mmol/L/h is consumed (i.e. oxygen consumption is not detectable), and wherein organic molecules serve as both electron donor and electron acceptors.
  • NADH produced in glycolysis and biomass formation cannot be oxidised by oxidative phosphorylation.
  • many microorganisms use pyruvate or one of its derivatives as an electron and hydrogen acceptor thereby regenerating NAD + .
  • pyruvate is used as an electron (and hydrogen acceptor) and is reduced to fermentation products such as ethanol, lactic acid, 3-hydroxy-propionic acid, acrylic acid, acetic acid, succinic acid, citric acid, malic acid, fumaric acid, an amino acid, 1,3-propane-diol, ethylene, glycerol, butanol, ⁇ -lactam antibiotics and a cephalosporin.
  • the fermentation process is anaerobic.
  • An anaerobic process is advantageous since it is cheaper than aerobic processes: less special equipment is needed.
  • anaerobic processes are expected to give a higher product yield than aerobic processes. Under aerobic conditions, usually the biomass yield is higher than under anaerobic conditions. As a consequence, usually under aerobic conditions, the expected product yield is lower than under anaerobic conditions.
  • the fermentation process is under oxygen-limited conditions. More preferably, the fermentation process is aerobic and under oxygen-limited conditions.
  • An oxygen-limited fermentation process is a process in which the oxygen consumption is limited by the oxygen transfer from the gas to the liquid. The degree of oxygen limitation is determined by the amount and composition of the ingoing gas flow as well as the actual mixing/mass transfer properties of the fermentation equipment used.
  • the rate of oxygen consumption is at least 5.5, more preferably at least 6 and even more preferably at least 7 mmol/L/h.
  • the fermentation process is preferably run at a temperature that is optimal for the modified cell.
  • the fermentation process is performed at a temperature which is less than 42° C., preferably less than 38° C.
  • the fermentation process is preferably performed at a temperature which is lower than 35, 33, 30 or 28° C. and at a temperature which is higher than 20, 22, or 25° C.
  • the fermentation is conducted with a microorganism that is able to ferment at least one C5 sugar.
  • the process is a process for the production of ethanol whereby the process comprises the step comprises fermenting a medium containing sugar(s) with a microorganism that is able to ferment at least one C5 sugar, whereby the host cell is able to ferment glucose, L-arabinose and xylose to ethanol.
  • the microorganism that is able to ferment at least one C5 sugar is a yeast.
  • the yeast is belongs to the genus Saccharomyces, preferably of the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in which genetic modifications have been made.
  • the fermentation process for the production of ethanol is anaerobic. Anaerobic has already been defined earlier herein.
  • the fermentation process for the production of ethanol is aerobic.
  • the fermentation process for the production of ethanol is under oxygen-limited conditions, more preferably aerobic and under oxygen-limited conditions. Oxygen-limited conditions have already been defined earlier herein.
  • the volumetric ethanol productivity is preferably at least 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 5.0 or 10.0 g ethanol per litre per hour.
  • the ethanol yield on L-arabinose and optionally xylose and/or glucose in the process preferably is at least 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95 or 98%.
  • the ethanol yield is herein defined as a percentage of the theoretical maximum yield, which, for glucose and L-arabinose and optionally xylose is 0.51 g. ethanol per g. glucose or xylose.
  • the fermentation process leading to the production of ethanol has several advantages by comparison to known ethanol fermentations processes:
  • the strain used may be able to use L-arabinose and optionally xylose.
  • this process is a co-fermentation process.
  • All preferred embodiments of the fermentation processes as described above are also preferred embodiments of this co-fermentation process: identity of the fermentation product, identity of source of L-arabinose and source of xylose, conditions of fermentation (aerobical or anaerobical conditions, oxygen-limited conditions, temperature at which the process is being carried out, productivity of ethanol, yield of ethanol).
  • the fermentation process may be carried out without any requirement to adjust the pH during the process. That is to say, the process is one which may be carried out without the addition of any acid(s) or base(s). However, this excludes a pretreatment step, where acid may be added.
  • the composition of the invention is capable of acting at low pH and, therefore, there is no need to adjust the pH of acid of an acid pretreated feedstock in order that saccharification or hydrolysis may take place. Accordingly, a method of the invention may be a zero waste method using only organic products with no requirement for inorganic chemical input.
  • the overall reaction time (or the reaction time of hydrolysis step and fermentation step together) may be reduced.
  • the overall reaction time is 300 hours or less, 200 hours or less, 150 hours or less, 140 hours or less, 130 or less, 120 hours or less, 110 hours or less, 100 hours of less, 90 hours or less, 80 hours or less, 75 hours or less, or about 72 hours at 90% glucose yield.
  • lower overall times may be reached at lower glucose yield.
  • Fermentation products which may be produced according to the invention include amino acids, vitamins, pharmaceuticals, animal feed supplements, specialty chemicals, chemical feedstocks, plastics, solvents, fuels, or other organic polymers, lactic acid, and ethanol, including fuel ethanol (the term “ethanol” being understood to include ethyl alcohol or mixtures of ethyl alcohol and water).
  • Specific value-added products that may be produced by the methods of the invention include, but not limited to, biofuels (including biogas, ethanol and butanol); lactic acid; 3-hydroxy-propionic acid; acrylic acid; acetic acid; 1,3-propane-diol; ethylene; glycerol; a plastic; a specialty chemical; an organic acid, including citric acid, succinic acid and maleic acid; a solvent; an animal feed supplement; a pharmaceutical such as a ⁇ -lactam antibiotic or a cephalosporin; a vitamin; an amino acid, such as lysine, methionine, tryptophan, threonine, and aspartic acid; an enzyme, such as a protease, a cellulase, an amylase, a glucanase, a lactase, a lipase, a lyase, an oxidoreductase, a transferase or a x
  • the process according to the invention optionally comprises recovery of fermentation product.
  • a fermentation product may be separated from the fermentation broth in any known manner.
  • the skilled person will thus be able to select a proper separation technique.
  • ethanol may be separated from a yeast fermentation broth by distillation, for instance steam distillation/vacuum distillation in conventional way.
  • the invention relates to the use of thermostable enzymes such as cellulolytic enzymes of Rasamsonia for the production of reducing sugars from pre-treated ligno-cellulosic feedstock in, but not limiting to, ethanol production.
  • thermostable enzymes such as cellulolytic enzymes of Rasamsonia applied on pre-treated ligno-cellulosic feedstock showed maximal conversion rates at temperature within the range of 50 to 70° C. The enzyme remains active under these circumstances for 14 days and more without complete cessation of activity.
  • the theoretical maximum yield (Yps max in g product per gram glucose) of a fermentation product can be derived from textbook biochemistry.
  • process steps are preferably done under septic conditions to lower the operational costs. Contamination and growth of contaminating microorganisms can therefore occur and result in undesirable side effects, such lactic acid, formic acid and acetic acid production, yield losses of ethanol on substrate, production of toxins and extracellular polysaccharides, which may affect production costs significantly.
  • a high process temperature and/or a short process time will limit the risk on contamination during hydrolysis and fermentation.
  • Thermostable enzymes like those of Rasamsonia, are capable of hydrolysing ligno-cellulosic feedstock at temperatures of higher than 60° C. At these temperatures, the risk that a contaminating microorganism will cause undesired side effects will be little to almost zero.
  • temperatures are typically between 30 to 37° C. and will preferably not be raised because of production losses.
  • temperatures are typically between 30 to 37° C. and will preferably not be raised because of production losses.
  • stable enzymes like those of Rasamsonia a short as possible fermentation times can be applied (see description above), and thus risks on contamination and/or growth of contaminants will be reduced as much as possible.
  • the cost reduction achieved with applying thermostable cellulolytic enzymes of Rasamsonia in this way will result from lower risk of process failures due to contamination.
  • the first step after thermal pretreatment will be to cool the pretreated feedstock to temperatures where the enzymes are optimal active. On large scale, this is typically done by adding (cooled) water, which will, besides decreasing the temperature, reduce the dry-matter content.
  • thermos stable enzymes like those of Rasamsonia
  • cost reduction can be achieved by the fact that (i) less cooling of the pretreated feedstock is required since higher temperatures are allowed during hydrolysis, and (ii) less water will be added, which will increase the dry-matter content during hydrolysis and fermentation and thus increase the ethanol production capacity (amount produced per time unit per volume) of an ethanol plant.
  • cost reduction may also be achieved by using cooling water having higher temperature that the water that is used in a process with non-thermostable enzyme.
  • the enzyme in solution can be separated from the solution containing reducing sugars and other hydrolysis products from the enzymatic actions.
  • This separation can be done by, but not limiting to, (ultra and micro)filtration, centrifugation, sedicantation, sedimentation, with or without first adsorption of the enzyme to a carrier of any kind.
  • the process including enzyme recycling after hydrolysis, as described above, can be combined with recycling of the ethanol producing microorganism after fermentation and with the use of the reducing sugars containing filtrate as a substrate (purified and/or concentrated or diluted) in enzyme-production fermentation and as substrate for the cultivation of the ethanol-producing microorganism.
  • thermo stability of enzymes causes remaining cellulolytic activity after hydrolysis, fermentation and vacuum distillation in the thin stillage.
  • the total activity of the enzyme is reduced during the three successive process steps.
  • the thin stillage obtained after vacuum distillation can thus be re-used as a source of enzyme for a newly started hydrolysis-fermentation-distillation process cycle of pre-treated wheat straw conversion into ethanol.
  • the thin stillage can be used either in concentrated or (un)diluted form and/or purified and with or without additional enzyme supplementation.
  • an amount of enzyme is supplemented into the thin stillage, before its re-use in a new process cycle, equal to the amount of activity lost during the three successive process steps of the previous process cycle. In this way over-dosage of enzyme is avoided and thus most efficient use of enzyme is obtained.
  • Rasamsonia ( Talaromyces ) emersonii strain was deposited at CENTRAAL BUREAU VOOR SCHIMMELCULTURES, Uppsalalaan 8, P.O. Box 85167, NL-3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands in December 1964 having the Accession Number CBS 393.64.
  • Other suitable strains can be equally used in the present examples to show the effect and advantages of the invention.
  • TEC-101, TEC-147, TEC-192, TEC-201 or TEC-210 are suitable Rasamsonia strains which are described in WO2011/000949.
  • Dilute-acid pre-treated corn stover (aCS) was obtained as described in Schell, D. J., Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology (2003), vol. 105-108, pp 69-85.
  • a pilot scale pretreatment reactor was used operating at steady state conditions of 190° C., 1 min residence time and an effective H2SO4 acid concentration of 1.45% (w/w) in the liquid phase.
  • the method was a combination of precipitation of protein using trichloro acetic acid (TCA) to remove disturbing substances and allow determination of the protein concentration with the colorimetric Biuret reaction.
  • TCA trichloro acetic acid
  • a copper (II) ion is reduced to copper (I), which forms a complex with the nitrogens and carbons of the peptide bonds in an alkaline solution.
  • a violet color indicates the presence of proteins.
  • the intensity of the color, and hence the absorption at 546 nm, is directly proportional to the protein concentration, according to the Beer-Lambert law.
  • the standardisation was performed using BSA (Bovine Serum Albumine) and the protein content was expressed in g protein as BSA equivalent/L or mg protein as BSA equivalent /ml.
  • the protein content was calculated using standard calculation protocols known in the art, by plotting the OD 546 versus the concentration of samples with known concentration, followed by the calculation of the concentration of the unknown samples using the equation generated from the calibration line.
  • the pellet was dissolved in 65 ⁇ l of the MilliQ water, 25 ⁇ l NuPAGETM LDS sample buffer (4 ⁇ ) Invitrogen and 10 ⁇ l NuPAGETM Sample Reducing agent (10 ⁇ ) Invitrogen. Prior to the the deanuarion step the sample was diluted 5 timnes using a mix of MilliQ; NuPAGETM LDS sample buffer and 10 ⁇ l NuPAGETM Sample Reducing in the ratio of 65:25:10. After mixing, the samples were incubated in a thermo mixer for 10 minutes at 70° C. The sample solutions were applied on a 4-12% Bis-Tris gel (NuPAGETM BisTris, Invitrogen). A sample (10 ⁇ l ) of marker M12 (Invitrogen) was also applied on the gel.
  • the gel was run at 200 V for 50 minutes, using the XCELL Surelock, with 600 ml 20 ⁇ diluted SDS buffer in the outer buffer chamber and 200 ml 20 ⁇ diluted SDS buffer, containing 0.5 ml of antioxidant (NuPAGETM Invitrogen) in the inner buffer chamber. After running, the gel was rinsed twice with demineralised water the gels were fixed with 50% methanol/7% acetic acid solution for one hour and stained with Sypro Ruby (50 ml per gel) overnight. An image was made using the Typhoon 9200 (610 BP 30, Green (532 nm), PMT 600V, 100 micron) after washing the gel with MilliQ water.
  • the ratio between protein bands within a lane was determined using standard methods known in the art. The sample was applied in triplicate and the gray values were determined using the program Image quant. Values are expressed as relative % protein to the total protein, calculated using the gray value of the selected protein band relative to the total gray value all the protein bands.
  • glucan conversion(%) (glucose(g/l) ⁇ 100%)/(glucan(fraction on DM ) ⁇ dm (g/kg) ⁇ 1.1)
  • the effect of oxygen absence during hydrolysis on the cellulolytic activity of three different enzyme cocktails was evaluated according to the procedures described below.
  • the hydrolysis reactions were performed with acid pretreated cornstover (aCS) feedstock at a final concentration of 10 w/w % DM.
  • This feedstock solution was prepared via the dilution of a concentrated feedstock solution with water.
  • the pH was adjusted to pH 4.5 with a 4M NaOH solution.
  • the elimination of oxygen from the feedstock was accomplished in two steps. First, the feedstock solution was degassed via sonication under vacuum in a sonication bath (Bransonic 5510E-DTH, setting; Degas) for 15 minutes.
  • aCS acid pretreated cornstover
  • the oxygen was further removed by continuous sparging of a nitrogen flow through a 500 ml solution of the 10% DM feedstock for a period of 3 hours.
  • the nitrogen flow Prior to being sparged through the feedstock solution, the nitrogen flow was sparged through water in order to saturate it with water vapour and prevent evaporation of the water from the feedstock solution.
  • 500 ml of the same batch 10 w/w % DM aCS was sparged with air as an oxygen-containing control sample in a similar set-up and according to the same protocol.
  • the hydrolysis of the oxygen-depleted (nitrogen sparged) and the oxygen-saturated (air-sparged) 10 w/w % aCS feedstock solutions were conducted in air-tight, 30-ml centrifuge bottles (Nalgene Oakridge) in a total reaction volume of 10 ml.
  • the bottles, already containing the cellulase solution, used for the oxygen-depleted experiment were sparged with nitrogen prior to- and during filling them with feedstock.
  • Each hydrolysis was performed in duplicate with 7.5 mg/g DM cellulase enzyme cocktail added in a total volume not larger than 375 ⁇ l.
  • TEC-210 was fermented according to the inoculation and fermentation procedures described in WO2011/000949.
  • the 4E mix (as described in WO2011/098577) was used.
  • the centrifuge bottles containing the feedstock and enzyme solution were placed in an oven incubator (Techne HB-1 D hybridization oven) and incubated for 72 hours at 65° C. while rotating at set-point 3 (12 rpm per minute). Following hydrolysis, the samples were cooled on ice and immediately 50 ⁇ l of each supernatant was diluted in 1450 ⁇ l grade I water. The diluted supernatant was subsequently filtered (0.45 ⁇ m filter, Pall PN 454) and the filtrates were analysed for sugar content as described below.
  • the sugar concentrations of the diluted samples were measured using an HPLC equipped with an Aminex HPX-87P column (Biorad #1250098) by elution with water at 85° C. at a flow rate of 0.6 ml per minute and quantified by integration of the glucose signals from refractive index detection (R.I.) calibrated with glucose standard solutions.
  • the effect of the dissolved oxygen concentration on the cellulolytic activity of the enzyme composition or enzyme cocktail during the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic feedstock on pilot scale (270 liter) is shown in this example.
  • the hydrolysis reactions were performed with acid pretreated cornstover (aCS) feedstock at a (final) concentration of 20 w/w % DM.
  • the feedstock solution was prepared by the dilution of concentrated feedstock slurry with water.
  • the pH was adjusted to pH 4.5 with a 25% (w/w) NH 4 OH solution.
  • the enzymatic hydrolysis was done in a 270 liter pilot reactor which was pH and temperature controlled with a working volume of 150 liter. The dissolved oxygen during the process was controlled by adjusting impeller speed at a given airflow and overpressure. The enzymatic hydrolysis was performed with a dosage of 3.75 mg TCA protein/g DM of TEC-210 cellulase enzyme composition. TEC-210 was produced according to the inoculation and fermentation procedures described in WO2011/000949.
  • composition analysis of the acid pretreated Corn Stover was done by chemical hydrolysis of the sample and determination of the mono saccharides by NMR.
  • the effect of oxygen on the cellulolytic activity of the enzyme composition using a low enzyme dosage during the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic feedstock is shown in this example.
  • the hydrolysis reactions are performed with acid pretreated cornstover (aCS) feedstock at a final concentration of 20 w/w % DM.
  • This feedstock solution is prepared via the dilution of a concentrated feedstock solution with water.
  • the pH is adjusted to pH 4.5 with a 10% (w/w) NH 4 OH solution.
  • the glucan content of the applied corn stover was 37% on dry matter.
  • TEC-210 was produced according to the inoculation and fermentation procedures described in WO2011/000949.
  • the sugar concentrations of the diluted samples are measured using an HPLC equipped with an Aminex HPX-87P column (Biorad #1250098) by elution with water at 85° C. at a flow rate of 0.6 ml per minute and quantified by integration of the glucose signals from refractive index detection (R.I.) calibrated with glucose standard solutions.

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