US20150196777A1 - X-ray targeted bond or compound destruction - Google Patents
X-ray targeted bond or compound destruction Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20150196777A1 US20150196777A1 US14/595,431 US201514595431A US2015196777A1 US 20150196777 A1 US20150196777 A1 US 20150196777A1 US 201514595431 A US201514595431 A US 201514595431A US 2015196777 A1 US2015196777 A1 US 2015196777A1
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- rays
- location
- bond
- irradiation energy
- cases
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- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 42
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 title description 7
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 78
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 51
- 239000000383 hazardous chemical Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 231100000765 toxin Toxicity 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 239000003053 toxin Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- LELOWRISYMNNSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen cyanide Chemical compound N#C LELOWRISYMNNSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910001487 potassium perchlorate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrachloromethane Chemical compound ClC(Cl)(Cl)Cl VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910003203 NH3BH3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 241000193738 Bacillus anthracis Species 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- JDFUJAMTCCQARF-UHFFFAOYSA-N tatb Chemical compound NC1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C(N)=C([N+]([O-])=O)C(N)=C1[N+]([O-])=O JDFUJAMTCCQARF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- YGYAWVDWMABLBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosgene Chemical compound ClC(Cl)=O YGYAWVDWMABLBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- XUXNAKZDHHEHPC-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium bromate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]Br(=O)=O XUXNAKZDHHEHPC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011697 sodium iodate Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- BAZAXWOYCMUHIX-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium perchlorate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O BAZAXWOYCMUHIX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910001488 sodium perchlorate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- SGNXVBOIDPPRJJ-PSASIEDQSA-N 1-[(1r,6r)-9-azabicyclo[4.2.1]non-4-en-5-yl]ethanone Chemical compound CC(=O)C1=CCC[C@@H]2CC[C@H]1N2 SGNXVBOIDPPRJJ-PSASIEDQSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- HGMITUYOCPPQLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate Chemical compound C1N(CC2)CCC2C1OC(=O)C(O)(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 HGMITUYOCPPQLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229930195730 Aflatoxin Natural products 0.000 claims description 3
- XWIYFDMXXLINPU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Aflatoxin G Chemical compound O=C1OCCC2=C1C(=O)OC1=C2C(OC)=CC2=C1C1C=COC1O2 XWIYFDMXXLINPU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- ISNYUQWBWALXEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Batrachotoxin Natural products C=1CC2(C3=CCC4C5(C)CCC(C4)(O)OC53C(O)C3)OCCN(C)CC32C=1C(C)OC(=O)C=1C(C)=CNC=1C ISNYUQWBWALXEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 108030001720 Bontoxilysin Proteins 0.000 claims description 3
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- VAYOSLLFUXYJDT-RDTXWAMCSA-N Lysergic acid diethylamide Chemical compound C1=CC(C=2[C@H](N(C)C[C@@H](C=2)C(=O)N(CC)CC)C2)=C3C2=CNC3=C1 VAYOSLLFUXYJDT-RDTXWAMCSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 108010049746 Microcystins Proteins 0.000 claims description 3
- 108010039491 Ricin Proteins 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000191940 Staphylococcus Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 108010055044 Tetanus Toxin Proteins 0.000 claims description 3
- PJVJTCIRVMBVIA-JTQLQIEISA-N [dimethylamino(ethoxy)phosphoryl]formonitrile Chemical compound CCO[P@@](=O)(C#N)N(C)C PJVJTCIRVMBVIA-JTQLQIEISA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000005409 aflatoxin Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003948 anatoxin Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- QKSKPIVNLNLAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide Chemical compound ClCCSCCCl QKSKPIVNLNLAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940053031 botulinum toxin Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 229930188356 brevetoxin Natural products 0.000 claims description 3
- WTXGTTBOKVQBGS-ZOTXBKINSA-N chembl1077122 Chemical compound C(/[C@H]1O[C@H]2C[C@H]3O[C@H](CC(=C)C=O)C[C@H](O)[C@]3(C)O[C@@H]2C[C@@H]1O[C@@H]1C2)=C/C[C@@H]1O[C@H]1[C@@]2(C)O[C@]2(C)CC[C@@H]3O[C@@H]4C[C@]5(C)O[C@@H]6C(C)=CC(=O)O[C@H]6C[C@H]5O[C@H]4C[C@@H](C)[C@H]3O[C@H]2C1 WTXGTTBOKVQBGS-ZOTXBKINSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- NPUACKRELIJTFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N cr gas Chemical compound C1=NC2=CC=CC=C2OC2=CC=CC=C21 NPUACKRELIJTFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- QPJDMGCKMHUXFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyanogen chloride Chemical compound ClC#N QPJDMGCKMHUXFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- HCUYBXPSSCRKRF-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphosgene Chemical compound ClC(=O)OC(Cl)(Cl)Cl HCUYBXPSSCRKRF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000147 enterotoxin Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 231100000655 enterotoxin Toxicity 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- CWODDUGJZSCNGB-HQNRRURTSA-N palytoxin Chemical compound O([C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CCCCC[C@H](C)C[C@@H]2[C@@]3(C)C[C@H](C)C[C@@](O3)(CCCCCCC[C@H](O)C[C@@H]3[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@](O)(C[C@H](O)[C@@H](C)\C=C\[C@@H](O)CC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]4O[C@H](C[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)C[C@@H]5[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](C[C@H](O)\C=C/C=C/C[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)C\C=C/C(=C)CC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](C)C[C@@H]6[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](\C=C/[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)C[C@H]7O[C@H]8C[C@H](O[C@@H]8CC[C@@H]8[C@@H](C[C@@H](CN)O8)O)C7)O6)O)O5)O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)C4)O3)O)O2)[C@H](C[C@H](O)[C@H](O)C(\C)=C\[C@H](O)C[C@@H](C)[C@H](O)C(=O)N\C=C\C(=O)NCCCO)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O CWODDUGJZSCNGB-HQNRRURTSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229960005548 palytoxin Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- IMACFCSSMIZSPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenacyl chloride Chemical compound ClCC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 IMACFCSSMIZSPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- RPQXVSUAYFXFJA-HGRQIUPRSA-N saxitoxin Chemical compound NC(=O)OC[C@@H]1N=C(N)N2CCC(O)(O)[C@@]22N=C(N)N[C@@H]12 RPQXVSUAYFXFJA-HGRQIUPRSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- RPQXVSUAYFXFJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N saxitoxin hydrate Natural products NC(=O)OCC1N=C(N)N2CCC(O)(O)C22NC(N)=NC12 RPQXVSUAYFXFJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003998 snake venom Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940118376 tetanus toxin Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- ISNYUQWBWALXEY-OMIQOYQYSA-N tsg6xhx09r Chemical compound O([C@@H](C)C=1[C@@]23CN(C)CCO[C@]3(C3=CC[C@H]4[C@]5(C)CC[C@@](C4)(O)O[C@@]53[C@H](O)C2)CC=1)C(=O)C=1C(C)=CNC=1C ISNYUQWBWALXEY-OMIQOYQYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 206010028980 Neoplasm Diseases 0.000 abstract description 13
- 201000011510 cancer Diseases 0.000 abstract description 9
- 230000001225 therapeutic effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 19
- 108700012359 toxins Proteins 0.000 description 19
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 230000003472 neutralizing effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 4
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- JBANFLSTOJPTFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N azane;boron Chemical compound [B].N JBANFLSTOJPTFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229940124597 therapeutic agent Drugs 0.000 description 3
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229940065181 bacillus anthracis Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011203 carbon fibre reinforced carbon Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001882 dioxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 231100000053 low toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003384 small molecules Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 244000052616 bacterial pathogen Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013043 chemical agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002144 chemical decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005474 detonation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- NBVXSUQYWXRMNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoromethane Chemical compound FC NBVXSUQYWXRMNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 231100001261 hazardous Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000001678 irradiating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
- A61N5/00—Radiation therapy
- A61N5/10—X-ray therapy; Gamma-ray therapy; Particle-irradiation therapy
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
- A62D—CHEMICAL MEANS FOR EXTINGUISHING FIRES OR FOR COMBATING OR PROTECTING AGAINST HARMFUL CHEMICAL AGENTS; CHEMICAL MATERIALS FOR USE IN BREATHING APPARATUS
- A62D3/00—Processes for making harmful chemical substances harmless or less harmful, by effecting a chemical change in the substances
- A62D3/10—Processes for making harmful chemical substances harmless or less harmful, by effecting a chemical change in the substances by subjecting to electric or wave energy or particle or ionizing radiation
- A62D3/17—Processes for making harmful chemical substances harmless or less harmful, by effecting a chemical change in the substances by subjecting to electric or wave energy or particle or ionizing radiation to electromagnetic radiation, e.g. emitted by a laser
- A62D3/174—X-rays, i.e. radiation having a wavelength of about 0.03nm to 3nm
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J19/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
- B01J19/12—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electromagnetic waves
- B01J19/122—Incoherent waves
- B01J19/125—X-rays
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21G—CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS; RADIOACTIVE SOURCES
- G21G1/00—Arrangements for converting chemical elements by electromagnetic radiation, corpuscular radiation or particle bombardment, e.g. producing radioactive isotopes
- G21G1/02—Arrangements for converting chemical elements by electromagnetic radiation, corpuscular radiation or particle bombardment, e.g. producing radioactive isotopes in nuclear reactors
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21K—TECHNIQUES FOR HANDLING PARTICLES OR IONISING RADIATION NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; IRRADIATION DEVICES; GAMMA RAY OR X-RAY MICROSCOPES
- G21K5/00—Irradiation devices
- G21K5/08—Holders for targets or for other objects to be irradiated
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
- H01M8/0606—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
- A61N5/00—Radiation therapy
- A61N5/10—X-ray therapy; Gamma-ray therapy; Particle-irradiation therapy
- A61N2005/1092—Details
- A61N2005/1098—Enhancing the effect of the particle by an injected agent or implanted device
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
- A62D—CHEMICAL MEANS FOR EXTINGUISHING FIRES OR FOR COMBATING OR PROTECTING AGAINST HARMFUL CHEMICAL AGENTS; CHEMICAL MATERIALS FOR USE IN BREATHING APPARATUS
- A62D2101/00—Harmful chemical substances made harmless, or less harmful, by effecting chemical change
- A62D2101/02—Chemical warfare substances, e.g. cholinesterase inhibitors
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
- A62D—CHEMICAL MEANS FOR EXTINGUISHING FIRES OR FOR COMBATING OR PROTECTING AGAINST HARMFUL CHEMICAL AGENTS; CHEMICAL MATERIALS FOR USE IN BREATHING APPARATUS
- A62D2101/00—Harmful chemical substances made harmless, or less harmful, by effecting chemical change
- A62D2101/06—Explosives, propellants or pyrotechnics, e.g. rocket fuel or napalm
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
- A62D—CHEMICAL MEANS FOR EXTINGUISHING FIRES OR FOR COMBATING OR PROTECTING AGAINST HARMFUL CHEMICAL AGENTS; CHEMICAL MATERIALS FOR USE IN BREATHING APPARATUS
- A62D2101/00—Harmful chemical substances made harmless, or less harmful, by effecting chemical change
- A62D2101/20—Organic substances
- A62D2101/22—Organic substances containing halogen
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
- A62D—CHEMICAL MEANS FOR EXTINGUISHING FIRES OR FOR COMBATING OR PROTECTING AGAINST HARMFUL CHEMICAL AGENTS; CHEMICAL MATERIALS FOR USE IN BREATHING APPARATUS
- A62D2101/00—Harmful chemical substances made harmless, or less harmful, by effecting chemical change
- A62D2101/20—Organic substances
- A62D2101/26—Organic substances containing nitrogen or phosphorus
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
- B01J2219/12—Processes employing electromagnetic waves
- B01J2219/1203—Incoherent waves
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- This document relates to methods, systems, and devices for using x-rays to promote desired decomposition reactions.
- methods, systems, and devices provided herein can use hard x-rays having an irradiation energy adapted to break a specific bond in a specific molecule to trigger a desired decomposition reaction.
- Hazardous substances such as toxins and explosives
- toxins such as a pathogenic bacteria or chemical agent
- these toxins also are potentially dangerous to workers in the sorting room, as mail sorting equipment can cause the release of certain toxins (e.g., spores of Bacillus anthracis).
- inspecting the mail can be hazardous or damaging to the contents of the packages or letters.
- Explosives also pose a significant threat to public safety.
- a common method of neutralizing the explosive device is to clear the area and explode it with other explosives. Such an explosion, however, can cause significant property damage.
- Another option for neutralizing an explosive device is to disassemble it physically, but that can require specialized personnel to interact closely with the explosive device and can put specialized personnel at considerable risk.
- Methods, systems, and devices provided herein can include using x-rays to promote desired decomposition reactions.
- X-rays can have an irradiation energy adapted to trigger a desired decomposition reaction of a particular compound.
- x-rays can be directed towards a location that possibly includes one or more explosives and/or toxins to trigger decomposition reactions for the explosive(s) and/or toxin(s) to neutralize the explosive(s) and/or toxin(s).
- a desired decomposition reaction can be promoted to produce a desired compound in a desired location.
- x-rays can be used as described herein to promote a desired reaction in a remote or difficult to access location.
- x-rays can be used to release typically gaseous and mobile reactants (e.g., O 2 , H 2 , N 2 , F 2 , or Cl 2 ) via decomposition reactions of particular compounds, which can provide for a more efficient delivery of reactants.
- typically gaseous and mobile reactants e.g., O 2 , H 2 , N 2 , F 2 , or Cl 2
- a method provided herein can be used to destroy a hazardous substance.
- a method of destroying a hazardous substance provided herein can include identifying a location that potentially includes a hazardous substance and directing x-rays towards that location.
- the hazardous substance can include at least one bond having a bond distance and the x-rays can have an irradiation energy that corresponds to said bond distance in order to induce a decomposition of said hazardous substance by breaking said at least one bond.
- the x-rays can have an irradiation energy of at least 7 keV. In some cases, the x-rays can have an irradiation energy of between 7 keV and 80 keV.
- the x-rays can have an irradiation energy of between 5 keV and 40 keV. In some cases, the x-rays can have an irradiation energy that is equal to hc/ ⁇ , wherein h is the Planck constant, c is the speed of light, and 2 ⁇ is the bond distance or some integral multiple thereof. In some cases, x-rays focused at the location are tuned to the irradiation energy used to break the bond. In some cases, directing x-rays towards the location does not heat the location by more than 50° C., by more than 10° C., by more than 5° C., by more than 2° C., or by more than 1° C.
- the hazardous substance can be an explosive substance and said directing of x-rays towards said location can deactivate or weaken the explosive substance.
- a hazardous substance deactivated by a method, device, or system provided herein can include an oxidizer having at least one bond and x-rays provided herein can be used to decompose that oxidizer by breaking that bond.
- KClO 3 , KIO 3 , KBrO 3 , KClO 4 , and combinations thereof are suitable oxidizers.
- said directing of x-rays towards said location induces an acatalytic decomposition reaction of said oxidizer to produce O 2 and KC1.
- the hazardous substance can be TATB and the x-ray irradiation can have an irradiation energy of about 9 keV, or some integer multiple thereof, and used to break a C—C bond in said TATB having a bond distance of about 1.4 ⁇ .
- the hazardous substance is a toxin.
- a suspected location of a toxin can be a package or envelope.
- Possible toxins include botulinum toxin, tetanus toxin, staphylococcus, Enterotoxins B, Tricothecenes, Aflatoxin, Anatoxin, Microcystins, Brevetoxin, Saxitoxin, Anthrax, Phosgene, Diphosgene, Ricin, Abrin, Sarin, Tabun, Soman, VX, Sulphur Mustard, Nitrogen Mustards, Lewisites, Hydrogen Cyanide, Cyanogen Chloride, 2-Chloroacetophenone, 2-Chlorobenzilidenemalononitrile, Dibenz (b, f)-1,4-oxazepine, LSD, 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate, Batrachotoxin, Palytoxin, Snake venoms, and combinations thereof.
- an organism can be treated by identifying a disease state in a location of said organism and directing x-rays towards that location.
- the location can include a chemical compound including at least one bond having a bond distance and the x-rays can have an irradiation energy that corresponds to the bond distance in order to induce a decomposition of chemical compound to produce a reaction product.
- the reaction product can be adapted to kill or weaken cells in said location.
- the x-rays can have an irradiation energy of at least 7 keV. In some cases, the x-rays can have an irradiation energy of between 7 keV and 80 keV.
- the x-rays can have an irradiation energy of between 15 keV and 40 keV. In some cases, the x-rays can have an irradiation energy that is equal to hc/ ⁇ , wherein h is the Planck constant, c is the speed of light, and 2 ⁇ is the bond distance or some integral multiple of energy. In some cases, directing the x-rays towards the location does not heat the location by more than 50° C. In some cases, directing x-rays towards said location does not heat the location by more than 5° C.
- the x-rays focused at the location can be tuned to an irradiation energy adapted to break a particular bond.
- a method provided herein can include delivering a chemical compound to a location in an organism and using x-rays to decompose that chemical compound.
- a delivered chemical compound can be selected from the group consisting of urea, KC1O 3 , KIO 3 , KBrO 3 , KC1O 4 , C 6 F 14 (or other fluorocarbon) and combinations thereof.
- a chemical compound can be urea and the reaction product is hydrogen cyanide.
- Methods provided herein can include delivering a reactant to a chemical reaction by directing x-rays towards a reactor apparatus.
- a chemical compound can be placed in a predetermined location and x-rays used to induce a decomposition of the chemical compound to produce a reactant at that predetermined location.
- the chemical compound can include at least one bond having a bond distance and the x-rays can have an irradiation energy that corresponds to that bond distance.
- the x-rays can have an irradiation energy of at least 7 keV.
- the x-rays can have an irradiation energy of between 7 keV and 80 keV.
- the x-rays can have an irradiation energy of between 15 keV and 40 keV. In some cases, the x-rays can have an irradiation energy that is equal to hc/ ⁇ , wherein h is the Planck constant, c is the speed of light, and 2 ⁇ is the bond distance or some integral multiple thereof. In some cases, directing the x-rays towards a location in a reactor apparatus does not heat the location by more than 50° C. In some cases, directing the x-rays towards a location in a reactor apparatus does not heat the location by more than 5° C. The x-rays focused at the location can be tuned to an irradiation energy adapted to break a particular bond.
- a method provided herein can include delivering a chemical compound to a particular location.
- a chemical compound can be decomposed to produce O 2 or H 2 .
- the chemical compound can be selected from the group consisting of NH 3 BH 3 , KClO 3 , KIO 3 , KBrO 3 , KClO 4 , N 2 H 4 , CCl 4 , ICl 3 , C 6 F 14 , NaClO 3 , NaIO 3 , NaBrO 3 , NaClO 4 and combinations thereof.
- the reaction apparatus can be a hydrogen fuel cell.
- the reaction apparatus can be a semiconductor fabricator.
- a system provided herein can include an x-ray accelerator (adapted to provide x-rays) having an irradiation energy that corresponds to a bond distance (of a bond in a hazardous substance) in order to induce a decomposition of said hazardous substance by breaking said bond and a conveyor adapted to move packages past the x-ray accelerator to expose the contents of said packages to the x-rays.
- the packages can include envelopes.
- Systems provided herein can be adapted to contain a nuclear reactor.
- a substance is included in the nuclear facility and adapted to decompose to produce one or more neutron-moderating gases when exposed to gamma and x-rays from the reactor.
- the substance can be positioned in the nuclear facility so that said one or more neutron-moderating gases flow to the reactor core.
- the substance can be NH 3 BH 3 and it can decompose to release H 2 when exposed to x-rays provided herein.
- the one or more neutron-moderating gases include boron, hydrogen, or a combination thereof.
- Methods, systems, and devices provided herein can include using x-rays to promote desired decomposition reactions.
- penetrating and/or energetic hard x-rays can be used to trigger a decomposition reaction of a hazardous substance.
- penetrating and/or energetic hard x-rays can be used to trigger a decomposition reaction to deliver a desired compound to a desired location.
- penetrating and/or energetic hard x-rays can be used to trigger a decomposition reaction of a molecule within an organism to produce a therapeutic agent that treats the organism.
- penetrating and/or energetic hard x-rays can be used to release typically gaseous and mobile reactants (e.g., O 2 , H 2 , N 2 , Cl 2 , F 2 or a combination thereof) via decomposition reactions.
- x-ray induced reactions can be triggered with a minimal input of heat and/or without the presence of catalysts.
- penetrating and/or energetic hard x-rays can initiate decomposition reactions in compounds subjected to high pressures.
- penetrating and/or energetic hard x-rays can initiate decomposition reactions in compounds subject to pressures between 0.1 GPa and 20 GPa.
- penetrating and/or energetic hard x-rays can initiate decomposition reactions in compounds at an ambient pressure.
- the methods, systems, and devices provided herein can include using x-rays to induce reactions in sealed or isolated regions of a sample or device.
- the methods, systems, and devices provided herein can include using x-rays to induce reactions from a distance of greater than 10 cm, 1 meter, or 10 meters, depending on the thickness of air, energy of the incident x-rays, and on the chemical composition (e.g. metal or concrete) and thickness of any confining barriers.
- the methods, systems, and devices provided herein can be used to induce the release of reactant gases and cause crystalline damage, fractures, and/or dislocations that further enhance the molecular diffusion of the gasses, thus improving the diffusion and delivery of reactant gasses throughout a sample or device.
- the methods, systems, and devices provided herein can be used to open channels for small molecules or reactant gasses to diffuse into deep (e.g., greater than 2 microns, greater than 5 microns, greater than 10 microns, or greater than 100 microns) and/or isolated regions of a sample.
- the diffusion of reactant gasses into a deep region of a semiconductor device being manufactured can result in the production of dopant layers or adhesion layers.
- Methods, systems, and devices provided herein can use x-rays adapted to break a specific bond in a specific compound.
- the x-rays can be hard x-rays (i.e., x-rays having an irradiation energy greater than about 7 keV).
- x-rays used in the methods, systems, and devices provided herein can have irradiation energies of between 7 keV and 80 keV.
- x-rays used in the methods, systems, and devices provided herein can have irradiation energies of between 15 keV and 40 keV.
- X-rays used in the methods, systems, and devices provided herein can be produced in any appropriate manner.
- the methods, systems, and devices provided herein can produce x-rays using an accelerator (e.g., from Varian) to produce x-rays which irradiate the samples of interest.
- irradiation energy of the x-rays can be selected or varied to tune the irradiation energy to be resonant with standing waves within the unit cell of the solid that enhance absorption within bonds of the molecule and cause chemical decomposition of the target molecule/compound.
- a decomposition reaction can produce gas and/or other inert or toxic products.
- irradiation energies for x-rays used to trigger a desired decomposition reaction can be empirically determined via experiment. For example, experiments can measure the decomposition rate as a function of irradiation energy to find irradiation energy used in a method, system, or device provided herein.
- the methods, systems, and devices provided herein can enhance the efficiency of the chosen decomposition reaction(s) by choosing energies that maximize the decomposition/absorption-of-energy rate.
- the methods, systems, and devices provided herein can produce a decomposition reaction acatalytically and with little or no introduction of heat.
- the methods provided herein can produce a temperature increase at the location of a decomposition reaction of less than 50° C., less than 25° C., less than 10° C., less than 5° C., or less than 1° C.
- heat can accelerate dangerous reactions that result in undesired chemical reactions, which may even cause an explosion, whereas a method provided herein can break down desired compounds in a controlled fashion with a limited external introduction of heat.
- Methods, systems, and devices provided herein can use x-rays to neutralize safely hazardous substances, such as explosives and toxins.
- methods, systems, and devices provided herein can use x-rays that can penetrate metal, paper, wood, plastic, and/or ceramics to trigger a decomposition reaction that can neutralize one or more hazardous substances.
- methods, systems, and devices provided herein can use x-rays having energies tuned to induce the breaking of a particular bond in a particular compound.
- methods, systems, and devices provided herein can induce decomposition reactions without the presence of a catalyst.
- methods, systems, and devices provided herein can induce decomposition reactions with a limited temperature increase (e.g., an increase that is less than 50° C., less than 25° C., less than 10° C., less than 5° C., or less than 1° C.
- a limited temperature increase e.g., an increase that is less than 50° C., less than 25° C., less than 10° C., less than 5° C., or less than 1° C.
- methods, systems, and devices provided herein can direct x-rays towards packages, envelopes, or other postal items to target specific toxins that may be present in the mail.
- a system provided herein can include a conveyor belt that carries packages or envelopes past an x-ray accelerator to deliver x-rays towards each package or envelop to induce a decomposition reaction of one or more toxins if those toxins are present.
- x-rays can be tuned to trigger a decomposition reaction that can neutralize anthrax and spores of Bacillus anthracis.
- x-rays used in methods, systems, and devices provided herein can be tuned to trigger a decomposition reaction in one or more of the following toxins or hazardous materials: Botulinum toxin, Tetanus toxin, Staphylococcus toxins, Enterotoxins B, Tricothecenes, Aflatoxin, Anatoxin, Microcystins, Brevetoxin, Saxitoxin, Anthrax, Phosgene, Diphosgene, Ricin, Abrin, Sarin, Tabun, Soman, VX, Sulphur Mustard, Nitrogen Mustards, Lewisites, Hydrogen Cyanide, Cyanogen Chloride, 2-Chloroacetophenone, 2-Chlorobenzilidenemalononitrile, Dibenz (b, f)-1,4-oxazepine, LSD, 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate, Batrachotoxin, Palytoxin, and Snake venoms.
- Botulinum toxin
- methods, systems, and devices provided herein can target phosgene, a nerve toxin, by targeting a C-C1 bond having a bond distance of about 1.74 ⁇ by irradiating a location suspected of having phosgene (e.g., a letter or package) with x-rays having an irradiation energy of about 14 keV.
- a location suspected of having phosgene e.g., a letter or package
- x-rays tuned to induce a decomposition reaction can permit the neutralizing of toxins potentially in packages or envelopes without causing significant damage to other desired contents of the package or envelope.
- directing x-rays towards a package or letter does not cause the package or letter to become radioactive.
- methods, systems, and devices provided herein can neutralize toxins without opening the packages or envelopes and/or prior to sorting the packages or envelopes.
- Explosive devices also can pose a threat to public safety.
- Methods, systems, and devices provided herein can neutralize explosive devices from a safe distance without causing the explosive device to explode.
- explosive devices can include TATB, which includes a carbon-carbon bond having a bond distance of about 1.4 ⁇ .
- a method, system, or device provided herein can direct x-rays tuned to an irradiation energy of about 18 keV (to maximize decomposition efficiency) towards such an explosive device to break that carbon-carbon bond and neutralize the TATB explosive.
- explosive devices can include inorganic oxidizers such as KClO 3 , KIO 3 , KBrO 3 , KClO 4 , N 2 H 4 , CCl 4 , NaClO 3 , NaIO 3 , NaBrO 3 , and/or NaClO 4 which can help drive an explosive reaction.
- a method, system, or device provided herein can direct x-rays tuned to an irradiation energy adapted to drive a decomposition reaction of those oxidizers to detonate or slowly decompose (depending on the x-ray flux) and thus, at least partially, disable an explosive device.
- oxygen can be a key component of explosive chemical reactions.
- methods provided herein can use x-ray flux and energy to chemically control a decomposition reaction in an explosive device.
- Methods, systems, and devices provided herein can, in some cases, use x-rays to trigger a decomposition reaction of a molecule within an organism to produce a therapeutic agent that treats the organism.
- cancer can be treated by introducing an inert or low toxicity substance capable of releasing a substance toxic to cancer cells upon irradiation.
- the x-rays and/or the inert or low toxicity substance can be directed towards and/or isolated in cancerous tissue.
- urea can be irradiated with x-rays to decompose the urea into decomposition products that can treat cancer cells.
- Hydrogen cyanide is toxic to cells and can kill cancer cells that have imbibed the urea in a targeted, focused, or controlled fashion.
- the release of a gas under Room Temperature and Pressure (RTP) conditions can help remove peripheral cancer cells.
- RTP Room Temperature and Pressure
- penetrating and energetic hard x-rays can be used to trigger a decomposition reaction of a molecule within an organism to produce a therapeutic agent that treats the organism.
- oxygen producing reactions such as 2KClO 3 +hv (15 keV) ⁇ 2KCl+3O 2 and KClO 4 +hv ⁇ KCl+2O 2
- KCLO 3 or KClO 4 can be introduced in solution up to a safe concentration and will be imbibed by cells.
- irradiation of selected regions/tumors within organisms can release oxygen, which is generally toxic to cancer cells and may kill them.
- oxygen can diffuse outward from a tumor and eradicate tumor cells on the periphery of the tumor, which can be more difficult to kill or remove by conventional methods such as surgery.
- Methods, systems, and devices provided herein can, in some cases, use x-rays to trigger a release of neutron-moderating gases.
- released neutron-moderating gases can include light elements such as boron and/or hydrogen.
- a container containing a powder such as NH 3 BH 3 can be placed in nuclear facility and irradiated with x-rays to decompose the NH 3 BH 3 to release H 2 .
- a large increase in gamma and x-rays from the reactor can cause a release of gas upward into the reactor core, which may reduce the neutron flux and thus reduce (at least temporarily) the chances for meltdown.
- method of neutron mitigation provided herein can be completely passive, without dependence on machines, mechanical or electrical controls.
- Methods, systems, and devices provided herein can provide a rapid release and diffusion of reactant gases, which can be used in further reactions or in reactors.
- methods, systems, and devices provided herein can use x-rays in the 7-30 keV energy range to decompose ammonia borane (NH 3 BH 3 ) to release molecular hydrogen, which can be used in a fuel cell.
- systems and devices provided herein can include fuel cells that include ammonia borane and an x-ray generating accelerator or x-ray tube adapted to provide x-rays towards the ammonia borane to produce hydrogen used by the fuel cell to produce electricity.
- a fuel cell provided herein can include KClO 3 , KIO 3 , KBrO 3 , KClO 4 , N 2 H 4 , CCl 4 , NaClO 3 , NaIO 3 , NaBrO 3 , and/or NaClO 4 and an accelerator adapted to provide x-rays towards the KClO 3 , KIO 3 , KBrO 3 , KClO 4 , N 2 H 4 , CCl 4 , NaClO 3 , NaIO 3 , NaBrO 3 , and/or NaClO 4 to trigger a decomposition reaction to produce molecular oxygen as a reactant gas.
- x-rays in methods, systems, and devices provided herein can produce O 2 and H 2 within a few seconds (e.g., less than 1 0 seconds, less than 5seconds, less than 2 seconds) in order to deliver reactant gases quickly to a fuel cell.
- the x-ray induced release of gases, crystalline damage, fractures, dislocations, or a combination thereof can aid molecular diffusion and, thus, the diffusion and delivery of reactants throughout a sample.
- a reactor device provided herein can be a semiconductor fabricator and x-rays can be used to deliver reactants to select areas of a semiconductor device under production.
- select compounds can be irradiated with x-rays to decompose to yield reactants to drive reactions that enhance adhesion of dissimilar, stressed, and/or sandwiched surfaces (e.g., layers of semiconductors that form p-n junctions).
- Methods, systems, and devices provided herein can open channels for small molecules or reactant gasses to diffuse into deep (e.g., greater than 2 microns, greater than 5 microns, or greater than 10 microns) and/or isolated regions of a semiconductor device being fabricated.
- the diffusion of reactant gasses into a deep region of a semiconductor device being manufactured can result in the production of dopant layers or adhesion layers.
- additional reactions using reactants produced using x-ray decomposition methods provided herein can produce GaN in a semiconductor device. Oxygen or other gases released inside the semiconductor using these methods may be used as a novel means to carry current.
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Abstract
Description
- This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/926,528, filed Jan. 13, 2014. The disclosure of the prior application is considered part of (and is incorporated by reference in) the disclosure of this application.
- This invention was made with the Department of Energy National Nuclear Security Administration under Award Number(s) DE-NA0000979 and DOE Cooperative Agreement No. DE-FC08-01NV14049 with the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. The Government has certain rights in the invention.
- This document relates to methods, systems, and devices for using x-rays to promote desired decomposition reactions. In some cases, methods, systems, and devices provided herein can use hard x-rays having an irradiation energy adapted to break a specific bond in a specific molecule to trigger a desired decomposition reaction.
- Hazardous substances, such as toxins and explosives, can be used by terrorists to inflict harm on an unsuspecting public. For example, toxins, such as a pathogenic bacteria or chemical agent, could be included in a letter or package and sent to an unsuspecting victim. In addition to the mail recipient(s), these toxins also are potentially dangerous to workers in the sorting room, as mail sorting equipment can cause the release of certain toxins (e.g., spores of Bacillus anthracis). In some cases, inspecting the mail can be hazardous or damaging to the contents of the packages or letters.
- Explosives also pose a significant threat to public safety. When an explosive device is identified, a common method of neutralizing the explosive device is to clear the area and explode it with other explosives. Such an explosion, however, can cause significant property damage. Another option for neutralizing an explosive device is to disassemble it physically, but that can require specialized personnel to interact closely with the explosive device and can put specialized personnel at considerable risk.
- Methods, systems, and devices provided herein can include using x-rays to promote desired decomposition reactions. X-rays can have an irradiation energy adapted to trigger a desired decomposition reaction of a particular compound. For example, x-rays can be directed towards a location that possibly includes one or more explosives and/or toxins to trigger decomposition reactions for the explosive(s) and/or toxin(s) to neutralize the explosive(s) and/or toxin(s). In some cases, a desired decomposition reaction can be promoted to produce a desired compound in a desired location. In some cases, x-rays can be used as described herein to promote a desired reaction in a remote or difficult to access location. In some cases, x-rays can be used to release typically gaseous and mobile reactants (e.g., O2, H2, N2, F2, or Cl2) via decomposition reactions of particular compounds, which can provide for a more efficient delivery of reactants.
- In some cases, a method provided herein can be used to destroy a hazardous substance. A method of destroying a hazardous substance provided herein can include identifying a location that potentially includes a hazardous substance and directing x-rays towards that location. The hazardous substance can include at least one bond having a bond distance and the x-rays can have an irradiation energy that corresponds to said bond distance in order to induce a decomposition of said hazardous substance by breaking said at least one bond. In some cases, the x-rays can have an irradiation energy of at least 7 keV. In some cases, the x-rays can have an irradiation energy of between 7 keV and 80 keV. In some cases, the x-rays can have an irradiation energy of between 5 keV and 40 keV. In some cases, the x-rays can have an irradiation energy that is equal to hc/λ, wherein h is the Planck constant, c is the speed of light, and 2λ is the bond distance or some integral multiple thereof. In some cases, x-rays focused at the location are tuned to the irradiation energy used to break the bond. In some cases, directing x-rays towards the location does not heat the location by more than 50° C., by more than 10° C., by more than 5° C., by more than 2° C., or by more than 1° C. In some cases, the hazardous substance can be an explosive substance and said directing of x-rays towards said location can deactivate or weaken the explosive substance. In some cases, a hazardous substance deactivated by a method, device, or system provided herein, can include an oxidizer having at least one bond and x-rays provided herein can be used to decompose that oxidizer by breaking that bond. For example, KClO3, KIO3, KBrO3, KClO4, and combinations thereof, are suitable oxidizers. Wherein said directing of x-rays towards said location induces an acatalytic decomposition reaction of said oxidizer to produce O2 and KC1. In some cases, the hazardous substance can be TATB and the x-ray irradiation can have an irradiation energy of about 9 keV, or some integer multiple thereof, and used to break a C—C bond in said TATB having a bond distance of about 1.4 Å. In some cases, the hazardous substance is a toxin. For example, a suspected location of a toxin can be a package or envelope. Possible toxins include botulinum toxin, tetanus toxin, staphylococcus, Enterotoxins B, Tricothecenes, Aflatoxin, Anatoxin, Microcystins, Brevetoxin, Saxitoxin, Anthrax, Phosgene, Diphosgene, Ricin, Abrin, Sarin, Tabun, Soman, VX, Sulphur Mustard, Nitrogen Mustards, Lewisites, Hydrogen Cyanide, Cyanogen Chloride, 2-Chloroacetophenone, 2-Chlorobenzilidenemalononitrile, Dibenz (b, f)-1,4-oxazepine, LSD, 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate, Batrachotoxin, Palytoxin, Snake venoms, and combinations thereof.
- Methods of treating organisms are also provided herein. In some cases, an organism can be treated by identifying a disease state in a location of said organism and directing x-rays towards that location. The location can include a chemical compound including at least one bond having a bond distance and the x-rays can have an irradiation energy that corresponds to the bond distance in order to induce a decomposition of chemical compound to produce a reaction product. The reaction product can be adapted to kill or weaken cells in said location. In some cases, the x-rays can have an irradiation energy of at least 7 keV. In some cases, the x-rays can have an irradiation energy of between 7 keV and 80 keV. In some cases, the x-rays can have an irradiation energy of between 15 keV and 40 keV. In some cases, the x-rays can have an irradiation energy that is equal to hc/λ, wherein h is the Planck constant, c is the speed of light, and 2λ is the bond distance or some integral multiple of energy. In some cases, directing the x-rays towards the location does not heat the location by more than 50° C. In some cases, directing x-rays towards said location does not heat the location by more than 5° C. The x-rays focused at the location can be tuned to an irradiation energy adapted to break a particular bond. In some cases, a method provided herein can include delivering a chemical compound to a location in an organism and using x-rays to decompose that chemical compound. For example, a delivered chemical compound can be selected from the group consisting of urea, KC1O3, KIO3, KBrO3, KC1O4, C6F14 (or other fluorocarbon) and combinations thereof. In some cases, a chemical compound can be urea and the reaction product is hydrogen cyanide.
- Methods provided herein can include delivering a reactant to a chemical reaction by directing x-rays towards a reactor apparatus. For example, a chemical compound can be placed in a predetermined location and x-rays used to induce a decomposition of the chemical compound to produce a reactant at that predetermined location. The chemical compound can include at least one bond having a bond distance and the x-rays can have an irradiation energy that corresponds to that bond distance. In some cases, the x-rays can have an irradiation energy of at least 7 keV. In some cases, the x-rays can have an irradiation energy of between 7 keV and 80 keV. In some cases, the x-rays can have an irradiation energy of between 15 keV and 40 keV. In some cases, the x-rays can have an irradiation energy that is equal to hc/λ, wherein h is the Planck constant, c is the speed of light, and 2λ is the bond distance or some integral multiple thereof. In some cases, directing the x-rays towards a location in a reactor apparatus does not heat the location by more than 50° C. In some cases, directing the x-rays towards a location in a reactor apparatus does not heat the location by more than 5° C. The x-rays focused at the location can be tuned to an irradiation energy adapted to break a particular bond. In some cases, a method provided herein can include delivering a chemical compound to a particular location. In some cases, a chemical compound can be decomposed to produce O2 or H2. In some cases, the chemical compound can be selected from the group consisting of NH3BH3, KClO3, KIO3, KBrO3, KClO4, N2H4, CCl4, ICl3, C6F14, NaClO3, NaIO3, NaBrO3, NaClO4 and combinations thereof. In some case, the reaction apparatus can be a hydrogen fuel cell. In some cases, the reaction apparatus can be a semiconductor fabricator.
- Systems provided herein can be adapted to neutralize hazardous substances in packages. A system provided herein, can include an x-ray accelerator (adapted to provide x-rays) having an irradiation energy that corresponds to a bond distance (of a bond in a hazardous substance) in order to induce a decomposition of said hazardous substance by breaking said bond and a conveyor adapted to move packages past the x-ray accelerator to expose the contents of said packages to the x-rays. In some cases, the packages can include envelopes.
- Systems provided herein can be adapted to contain a nuclear reactor. In some cases, a substance is included in the nuclear facility and adapted to decompose to produce one or more neutron-moderating gases when exposed to gamma and x-rays from the reactor. The substance can be positioned in the nuclear facility so that said one or more neutron-moderating gases flow to the reactor core. For example, the substance can be NH3BH3 and it can decompose to release H2 when exposed to x-rays provided herein. In some cases, the one or more neutron-moderating gases include boron, hydrogen, or a combination thereof. The details of one or more embodiments are set forth in the accompanying description below. Other features and advantages will be apparent from the description, drawings, and the claims.
- Methods, systems, and devices provided herein can include using x-rays to promote desired decomposition reactions. In some cases, penetrating and/or energetic hard x-rays can be used to trigger a decomposition reaction of a hazardous substance. In some cases, penetrating and/or energetic hard x-rays can be used to trigger a decomposition reaction to deliver a desired compound to a desired location. For example, penetrating and/or energetic hard x-rays can be used to trigger a decomposition reaction of a molecule within an organism to produce a therapeutic agent that treats the organism. In some cases, penetrating and/or energetic hard x-rays can be used to release typically gaseous and mobile reactants (e.g., O2, H2, N2, Cl2, F2 or a combination thereof) via decomposition reactions. In some cases, x-ray induced reactions can be triggered with a minimal input of heat and/or without the presence of catalysts. In some cases, penetrating and/or energetic hard x-rays can initiate decomposition reactions in compounds subjected to high pressures. In some cases, penetrating and/or energetic hard x-rays can initiate decomposition reactions in compounds subject to pressures between 0.1 GPa and 20 GPa. In some cases, penetrating and/or energetic hard x-rays can initiate decomposition reactions in compounds at an ambient pressure. In some cases, the methods, systems, and devices provided herein can include using x-rays to induce reactions in sealed or isolated regions of a sample or device. In some cases, the methods, systems, and devices provided herein can include using x-rays to induce reactions from a distance of greater than 10 cm, 1 meter, or 10 meters, depending on the thickness of air, energy of the incident x-rays, and on the chemical composition (e.g. metal or concrete) and thickness of any confining barriers.
- In some cases, the methods, systems, and devices provided herein can be used to induce the release of reactant gases and cause crystalline damage, fractures, and/or dislocations that further enhance the molecular diffusion of the gasses, thus improving the diffusion and delivery of reactant gasses throughout a sample or device. For example, the methods, systems, and devices provided herein can be used to open channels for small molecules or reactant gasses to diffuse into deep (e.g., greater than 2 microns, greater than 5 microns, greater than 10 microns, or greater than 100 microns) and/or isolated regions of a sample. In another example, the diffusion of reactant gasses into a deep region of a semiconductor device being manufactured can result in the production of dopant layers or adhesion layers.
- X-Rays:
- Methods, systems, and devices provided herein can use x-rays adapted to break a specific bond in a specific compound. In some cases, the x-rays can be hard x-rays (i.e., x-rays having an irradiation energy greater than about 7 keV). In some cases, x-rays used in the methods, systems, and devices provided herein can have irradiation energies of between 7 keV and 80 keV. In some cases, x-rays used in the methods, systems, and devices provided herein can have irradiation energies of between 15 keV and 40 keV.
- X-rays used in the methods, systems, and devices provided herein can be produced in any appropriate manner. In some cases, the methods, systems, and devices provided herein can produce x-rays using an accelerator (e.g., from Varian) to produce x-rays which irradiate the samples of interest. In some cases, irradiation energy of the x-rays can be selected or varied to tune the irradiation energy to be resonant with standing waves within the unit cell of the solid that enhance absorption within bonds of the molecule and cause chemical decomposition of the target molecule/compound. In some cases, a decomposition reaction can produce gas and/or other inert or toxic products.
- In some cases, x-rays used in the methods, systems, and devices provided herein can have an irradiation energy near E=hc/λ, where h is the Planck constant, c is the speed of light, and 2λ is any characteristic, repeated distance to create standing waves within the unit cell such as a bond distance of a selected bond that the decomposition reaction seeks to break. In some cases, irradiation energies for x-rays used to trigger a desired decomposition reaction can be empirically determined via experiment. For example, experiments can measure the decomposition rate as a function of irradiation energy to find irradiation energy used in a method, system, or device provided herein. Using tuned irradiation energies for x-rays used in methods, systems, and devices provided herein can enhance the efficiency of the chosen decomposition reaction(s) by choosing energies that maximize the decomposition/absorption-of-energy rate. In some cases, the methods, systems, and devices provided herein can produce a decomposition reaction acatalytically and with little or no introduction of heat. In some cases, the methods provided herein can produce a temperature increase at the location of a decomposition reaction of less than 50° C., less than 25° C., less than 10° C., less than 5° C., or less than 1° C. In some cases, heat can accelerate dangerous reactions that result in undesired chemical reactions, which may even cause an explosion, whereas a method provided herein can break down desired compounds in a controlled fashion with a limited external introduction of heat.
- Applications:
- Neutralizing Hazardous Substances
- Methods, systems, and devices provided herein can use x-rays to neutralize safely hazardous substances, such as explosives and toxins. In some cases, methods, systems, and devices provided herein can use x-rays that can penetrate metal, paper, wood, plastic, and/or ceramics to trigger a decomposition reaction that can neutralize one or more hazardous substances. As discussed above, methods, systems, and devices provided herein can use x-rays having energies tuned to induce the breaking of a particular bond in a particular compound. As discussed above, methods, systems, and devices provided herein can induce decomposition reactions without the presence of a catalyst. As discussed above, methods, systems, and devices provided herein can induce decomposition reactions with a limited temperature increase (e.g., an increase that is less than 50° C., less than 25° C., less than 10° C., less than 5° C., or less than 1° C.
- In some cases, methods, systems, and devices provided herein can direct x-rays towards packages, envelopes, or other postal items to target specific toxins that may be present in the mail. In some cases, a system provided herein can include a conveyor belt that carries packages or envelopes past an x-ray accelerator to deliver x-rays towards each package or envelop to induce a decomposition reaction of one or more toxins if those toxins are present. For example, x-rays can be tuned to trigger a decomposition reaction that can neutralize anthrax and spores of Bacillus anthracis. In some cases, x-rays used in methods, systems, and devices provided herein can be tuned to trigger a decomposition reaction in one or more of the following toxins or hazardous materials: Botulinum toxin, Tetanus toxin, Staphylococcus toxins, Enterotoxins B, Tricothecenes, Aflatoxin, Anatoxin, Microcystins, Brevetoxin, Saxitoxin, Anthrax, Phosgene, Diphosgene, Ricin, Abrin, Sarin, Tabun, Soman, VX, Sulphur Mustard, Nitrogen Mustards, Lewisites, Hydrogen Cyanide, Cyanogen Chloride, 2-Chloroacetophenone, 2-Chlorobenzilidenemalononitrile, Dibenz (b, f)-1,4-oxazepine, LSD, 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate, Batrachotoxin, Palytoxin, and Snake venoms. In some cases, methods, systems, and devices provided herein can target phosgene, a nerve toxin, by targeting a C-C1 bond having a bond distance of about 1.74 Å by irradiating a location suspected of having phosgene (e.g., a letter or package) with x-rays having an irradiation energy of about 14 keV. The use of x-rays tuned to induce a decomposition reaction can permit the neutralizing of toxins potentially in packages or envelopes without causing significant damage to other desired contents of the package or envelope. Unlike neutron irradiation methods, directing x-rays towards a package or letter does not cause the package or letter to become radioactive. Additionally, methods, systems, and devices provided herein can neutralize toxins without opening the packages or envelopes and/or prior to sorting the packages or envelopes.
- Explosive devices also can pose a threat to public safety. Methods, systems, and devices provided herein can neutralize explosive devices from a safe distance without causing the explosive device to explode. In some cases, explosive devices can include TATB, which includes a carbon-carbon bond having a bond distance of about 1.4 Å. In this case, a method, system, or device provided herein can direct x-rays tuned to an irradiation energy of about 18 keV (to maximize decomposition efficiency) towards such an explosive device to break that carbon-carbon bond and neutralize the TATB explosive. In some cases, explosive devices can include inorganic oxidizers such as KClO3, KIO3, KBrO3, KClO4, N2H4, CCl4, NaClO3, NaIO3, NaBrO3, and/or NaClO4 which can help drive an explosive reaction. In these cases, a method, system, or device provided herein can direct x-rays tuned to an irradiation energy adapted to drive a decomposition reaction of those oxidizers to detonate or slowly decompose (depending on the x-ray flux) and thus, at least partially, disable an explosive device. In some cases, oxygen can be a key component of explosive chemical reactions. While a rapid release of oxygen may cause detonation in some explosive devices, a slower release of oxygen in some explosive devices can deflagrate or just decompose the explosive device. Accordingly, in some cases, methods provided herein can use x-ray flux and energy to chemically control a decomposition reaction in an explosive device.
- Therapeutic Applications
- Methods, systems, and devices provided herein can, in some cases, use x-rays to trigger a decomposition reaction of a molecule within an organism to produce a therapeutic agent that treats the organism. In some cases, cancer can be treated by introducing an inert or low toxicity substance capable of releasing a substance toxic to cancer cells upon irradiation. In some cases, the x-rays and/or the inert or low toxicity substance can be directed towards and/or isolated in cancerous tissue. For example, urea can be irradiated with x-rays to decompose the urea into decomposition products that can treat cancer cells. In some cases, it may be possible to decompose urea to form hydrogen cyanide and other residues. Hydrogen cyanide is toxic to cells and can kill cancer cells that have imbibed the urea in a targeted, focused, or controlled fashion. The release of a gas under Room Temperature and Pressure (RTP) conditions can help remove peripheral cancer cells. For example, penetrating and energetic hard x-rays can be used to trigger a decomposition reaction of a molecule within an organism to produce a therapeutic agent that treats the organism. In some cases, oxygen producing reactions, such as 2KClO3+hv (15 keV)→2KCl+3O2 and KClO4+hv→KCl+2O2, can be used to release oxygen within cancer cells, which can kill cancer cells and cells on the periphery of tumors due to diffusion of molecular oxygen once produced reducing damage to healthy tissue. Thus, KCLO3 or KClO4 can be introduced in solution up to a safe concentration and will be imbibed by cells. In some cases, irradiation of selected regions/tumors within organisms can release oxygen, which is generally toxic to cancer cells and may kill them. In some cases, oxygen can diffuse outward from a tumor and eradicate tumor cells on the periphery of the tumor, which can be more difficult to kill or remove by conventional methods such as surgery.
- Nuclear Applications
- Methods, systems, and devices provided herein can, in some cases, use x-rays to trigger a release of neutron-moderating gases. In some cases, released neutron-moderating gases can include light elements such as boron and/or hydrogen. In some cases, a container containing a powder such as NH3BH3 can be placed in nuclear facility and irradiated with x-rays to decompose the NH3BH3 to release H2. In some cases, if a reactor core begins to meltdown, a large increase in gamma and x-rays from the reactor can cause a release of gas upward into the reactor core, which may reduce the neutron flux and thus reduce (at least temporarily) the chances for meltdown. In some cases, method of neutron mitigation provided herein can be completely passive, without dependence on machines, mechanical or electrical controls.
- Delivering Reactants
- Methods, systems, and devices provided herein can provide a rapid release and diffusion of reactant gases, which can be used in further reactions or in reactors. For example, methods, systems, and devices provided herein can use x-rays in the 7-30 keV energy range to decompose ammonia borane (NH3BH3) to release molecular hydrogen, which can be used in a fuel cell. In some cases, systems and devices provided herein can include fuel cells that include ammonia borane and an x-ray generating accelerator or x-ray tube adapted to provide x-rays towards the ammonia borane to produce hydrogen used by the fuel cell to produce electricity. In some cases, a fuel cell provided herein can include KClO3, KIO3, KBrO3, KClO4, N2H4, CCl4, NaClO3, NaIO3, NaBrO3, and/or NaClO4 and an accelerator adapted to provide x-rays towards the KClO3, KIO3, KBrO3, KClO4, N2H4, CCl4, NaClO3, NaIO3, NaBrO3, and/or NaClO4 to trigger a decomposition reaction to produce molecular oxygen as a reactant gas. The use of x-rays in methods, systems, and devices provided herein can produce O2 and H2 within a few seconds (e.g., less than 10 seconds, less than 5seconds, less than 2 seconds) in order to deliver reactant gases quickly to a fuel cell. The x-ray induced release of gases, crystalline damage, fractures, dislocations, or a combination thereof can aid molecular diffusion and, thus, the diffusion and delivery of reactants throughout a sample.
- In some cases, a reactor device provided herein can be a semiconductor fabricator and x-rays can be used to deliver reactants to select areas of a semiconductor device under production. For example, select compounds can be irradiated with x-rays to decompose to yield reactants to drive reactions that enhance adhesion of dissimilar, stressed, and/or sandwiched surfaces (e.g., layers of semiconductors that form p-n junctions). Methods, systems, and devices provided herein can open channels for small molecules or reactant gasses to diffuse into deep (e.g., greater than 2 microns, greater than 5 microns, or greater than 10 microns) and/or isolated regions of a semiconductor device being fabricated. For example, the diffusion of reactant gasses into a deep region of a semiconductor device being manufactured can result in the production of dopant layers or adhesion layers. In some cases, additional reactions using reactants produced using x-ray decomposition methods provided herein can produce GaN in a semiconductor device. Oxygen or other gases released inside the semiconductor using these methods may be used as a novel means to carry current.
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