US20150171897A1

US20150171897A1 - System and method for tuning an antenna in a wireless communication device

Info

Publication number: US20150171897A1
Application number: US14/575,921
Authority: US
Inventors: Pravin Premakanthan; Bing Xu; Mark A. Kirschenmann; Amit Bavisi; Daniel B. Schwartz; Mahibur Rahman
Original assignee: Intel IP Corp
Current assignee: Intel IP Corp
Priority date: 2011-03-22
Filing date: 2014-12-18
Publication date: 2015-06-18
Also published as: CN104954027A; EP2503701A3; US8938026B2; CN107749768B; JP2015149765A; EP2947781B1; CN104954027B; JP2012199923A; EP2503701A2; EP2503701B1; US20120243579A1; CN102694566B; CN102694566A; EP2947781A1; CN107749768A

Abstract

In accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure, a control path for a wireless communication device may include a radio frequency coupler having a coupled port and a terminated port, the radio frequency coupler configured to couple at least a portion of a transmission power of a transmission line coupled to the antenna tuner such that the coupled port carries a first signal indicative of an incident power transmitted to an antenna coupled to the antenna tuner and the terminated port carries a second signal indicative of a reflected power reflected by the antenna. the control path may also include a control module configured to communicate the one or more control signals to the antenna tuner for controlling the impedance of the antenna tuner based at least on the first signal and the second signal.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates generally to wireless communication and, more particularly, to tuning of an antenna in a wireless communication device.

BACKGROUND

Wireless communications systems are used in a variety of telecommunications systems, television, radio and other media systems, data communication networks, and other systems to convey information between remote points using wireless transmitters and wireless receivers. A transmitter is an electronic device which, usually with the aid of an antenna, propagates an electromagnetic signal such as radio, television, or other telecommunications. Transmitters often include digital signal processing circuits which encode a data signal, upconverts it to a radio frequency signal, and passes it signal amplifiers which receive the radio-frequency, amplify the signal by a predetermined gain, and transmit the amplified signal through an antenna. On the other hand, a receiver is an electronic device which, also usually with the aid of an antenna, receives and processes a wireless electromagnetic signal. In certain instances, a transmitter and receiver may be combined into a single device called a transceiver.
Many wireless transceivers, particularly in those integral to handheld wireless devices (e.g., cellular phones) may suffer from over-the-air performance degradation due to what has been termed in the industry as “hand and head effects.” Hand and head effects may occur as a result of proximity of a user's head, hand, or other body part to an antenna of the transceiver. The proximity of such body parts to an antenna may cause a change in electrical properties of the antenna, for example changes in the effective load resistance, load capacitance, or load inductance. These changes in electrical characteristics can cause variations in the ratio of incident power to reflected power transmitted to an antenna, which may lead to performance degradation in transmitted signals.

SUMMARY

In accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure, a control path for a wireless communication device may include a radio frequency coupler having a coupled port and a terminated port, the radio frequency coupler configured to couple at least a portion of a transmission power of a transmission line coupled to the antenna tuner such that the coupled port carries a first signal indicative of an incident power transmitted to an antenna coupled to the antenna tuner and the terminated port carries a second signal indicative of a reflected power reflected by the antenna. the control path may also include a control module configured to communicate the one or more control signals to the antenna tuner for controlling the impedance of the antenna tuner based at least on the first signal and the second signal.
Technical advantages of one or more embodiments of the present disclosure may include a dynamically tuned antenna that may reduce or eliminate degradation to transmission performance due to the head and hand effect, or other undesired effects.
It will be understood that the various embodiments of the present disclosure may include some, all, or none of the enumerated technical advantages. In addition, other technical advantages of the present disclosure may be readily apparent to one skilled in the art from the figures, description and claims included herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a more complete understanding of the present disclosure and its features and advantages, reference is now made to the following description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of an example wireless communication system, in accordance with certain embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram of selected components of an example transmitting and/or receiving element, in accordance with certain embodiments of the present disclosure; and

FIG. 3 illustrates a flow chart of an example method for controlling an antenna tuner, in accordance with certain embodiments of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of an example wireless communication system 100, in accordance with certain embodiments of the present disclosure. For simplicity, only two terminals 110 and two base stations 120 are shown in FIG. 1. A terminal 110 may also be referred to as a remote station, a mobile station, an access terminal, user equipment (UE), a wireless communication device, a cellular phone, or some other terminology. A base station 120 may be a fixed station and may also be referred to as an access point, a Node B, or some other terminology.
A terminal 110 may or may not be capable of receiving signals from satellites 130. Satellites 130 may belong to a satellite positioning system such as the well-known Global Positioning System (GPS). Each GPS satellite may transmit a GPS signal encoded with information that allows GPS receivers on earth to measure the time of arrival of the GPS signal. Measurements for a sufficient number of GPS satellites may be used to accurately estimate a three-dimensional position of a GPS receiver. A terminal 110 may also be capable of receiving signals from other types of transmitting sources such as a Bluetooth transmitter, a Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) transmitter, a wireless local area network (WLAN) transmitter, an IEEE 802.11 transmitter, and any other suitable transmitter.
In FIG. 1, each terminal 110 is shown as receiving signals from multiple transmitting sources simultaneously, where a transmitting source may be a base station 120 or a satellite 130. In certain embodiments, a terminal 110 may also be a transmitting source. In general, a terminal 110 may receive signals from zero, one, or multiple transmitting sources at any given moment.
System 100 may be a Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) system, a Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) system, or some other wireless communication system. A CDMA system may implement one or more CDMA standards such as IS-95, IS-2000 (also commonly known as “1x”), IS-856 (also commonly known as “1xEV-DO”), Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA), and so on. A TDMA system may implement one or more TDMA standards such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). The W-CDMA standard is defined by a consortium known as 3GPP, and the IS-2000 and IS-856 standards are defined by a consortium known as 3GPP2.
FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram of selected components of an example transmitting and/or receiving element 200 (e.g., a terminal 110, a base station 120, or a satellite 130), in accordance with certain embodiments of the present disclosure. Element 200 may include a transmit path 201, a receive path 221, and an antenna tuner control path 241. Depending on the functionality of element 200, element 200 may be considered a transmitter, a receiver, or a transceiver.
As depicted in FIG. 2, element 200 may include digital circuitry 202. Digital circuitry 202 may include any system, device, or apparatus configured to process digital signals and information received via receive path 221, and/or configured to process signals and information for transmission via transmit path 201.
Such digital circuitry 202 may include one or more microprocessors, digital signal processors, and/or other suitable devices. As shown in FIG. 2, digital circuitry 202 may communicate in-phase (I) channel and quadrature (Q) channel components of a digital signal to transmit path 201.
Transmit path 201 may include a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) 204 for each of the I channel and Q channel. Each DAC 204 may be configured to receive its respective I or Q channel component of the digital signal from digital circuitry 202 and convert such digital signal into an analog signal. Such analog signal may then be passed to one or more other components of transmit path 201, including upconverter 208.
Upconverter 208 may be configured to frequency upconvert an analog signal received from DAC 204 to a wireless communication signal at a radio frequency based on an oscillator signal provided by oscillator 210. Oscillator 210 may be any suitable device, system, or apparatus configured to produce an analog waveform of a particular frequency for modulation or upconversion of an analog signal to a wireless communication signal, or for demodulation or downconversion of a wireless communication signal to an analog signal. In some embodiments, oscillator 210 may be a digitally-controlled crystal oscillator.
Transmit path 201 may include a variable-gain amplifier (VGA) 214 to amplify an upconverted signal for transmission, and a power amplifier 220 to further amplify the analog upconverted signal for transmission via antenna 218 _—The output of power amplifier 220 may be communicated to duplexer 223. A duplexer 223 may be interfaced between antenna switch 216 and each transmit path 201 and receive path 221. Accordingly, duplexer 223 may allow bidirectional communication through antenna tuner 217 and antenna 218 (e.g., from transmit path 201 to antenna 218, and from antenna 218 to receive path 221).
Antenna switch 216 may be coupled between duplexer 224 and antenna tuner 217. Antenna switch 216 may configured to multiplex the output of two or more power amplifiers (e.g., similar to power amplifier 220), in which each power amplifier may correspond to a different band or band class. Antenna switch 216 may allow duplexing of signals received by antenna 218 to a plurality of receive paths of different bands or band classes.
An antenna tuner 217 may be coupled between antenna switch 216 and antenna 218. Antenna tuner 217 may include any device, system, or apparatus configured to improve efficiency of power transfer between antenna 218 and transmit path 201 by matching (or attempting to closely match) the impedance of transmit path 201 to antenna 218. Such matching or close matching may reduce the ratio of reflected power to incident power transferred to the antenna from transmit path 201, thus increasing efficiency of power transfer. As shown in FIG. 2, antenna tuner 217 may include one or more variable capacitors 215 and an inductor 219. As discussed in greater detail below, the capacitances of variable capacitors 215 may be varied based on one or more control signals communicated from antenna tuner control path 241. As such capacitances are varied, the effective impedance of the combination of antenna tuner 217 and antenna 218 is varied. Thus, by setting the capacitances appropriately, the effective impedance of the combination of antenna tuner 217 and antenna 218 may be approximately matched to that of the remainder of transmit path 201.
Antenna 218 may receive the amplified signal and transmit such signal (e.g., to one or more of a terminal 110, a base station 120, and/or a satellite 130). As shown in FIG. 2, antenna 218 may be coupled to each of transmit path 201 and receive path 221. Duplexer 223 may be interfaced between antenna 218 and each of receive path and
Receive path 221 may include a low-noise amplifier 234 configured to receive a wireless communication signal (e.g., from a terminal 110, a base station 120, and/or a satellite 130) via antenna 218, antenna tuner 217, and duplexer 223. LNA 224 may be further configured to amplify the received signal.
Receive path 221 may also include a downconverter 228. Downconverter 228 may be configured to frequency downconvert a wireless communication signal received via antenna 218 and amplified by LNA 234 by an oscillator signal provided by oscillator 210 (e.g., downconvert to a baseband signal). Receive path 221 may further include a filter 238, which may be configured to filter a downconverted wireless communication signal in order to pass the signal components within a radio-frequency channel of interest and/or to remove noise and undesired signals that may be generated by the downconversion process. In addition, receive path 221 may include an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) 224 configured to receive an analog signal from filter 238 and convert such analog signal into a digital signal. Such digital signal may then be passed to digital circuitry 202 for processing.
Antenna tuner control path 241 may in general be configured to sense signals representative of the incident power transmitted to antenna 218 and reflected power from antenna 218, and based at least on such sensed signals, communicate a control signal to antenna tuner 217 for tuning the impedance of antenna tuner 217 (e.g., tuning variable capacitors 215 to desired capacitances). As shown in FIG. 2, antenna tuner control path 241 may include a radio frequency (RF) coupler 242. RF coupler 242 may be any system, device or apparatus configured to couple at least a portion of the transmission power in the transmission line coupling antenna switch 216 to antenna tuner 217 to one or more output ports. As known in the art, one of the output ports may be known as a coupled port (e.g., coupled port 246 as shown in FIG. 2) while the other output port may be known as a terminated or isolated port (e.g., terminated port 247 as shown in FIG. 2). In many cases, each of coupled port 246 and terminated port 247 may be terminated with an internal or external resistance of a particular resistance value (e.g., 50 ohms). Due to the physical properties of RF coupler 242, during operation of element 200, coupled port 246 may carry an analog signal (e.g., a voltage) indicative of incident power transmitted to antenna 218 while terminated port 247 may carry an analog signal (e.g., a voltage) indicative of power reflected from antenna 218.
Input terminals of a switch 250 may be coupled to coupled port 246 and terminated port 247. At predefined or desired intervals, switch 250 may switch between closing a path between coupled port 246 and the input terminal of variable gain amplifier (VGA) 254 and closing a path between terminated port 247 and the input terminal of VGA 254. VGA 254 may amplify the signals alternatingly communicated via switch 250, and communicate such amplified signals to downconverter 248.
Downconverter 248 may be configured to frequency downconvert the alternating incident power signal and reflected power signal by an oscillator signal provided by oscillator 210 (e.g., downconvert to a baseband signal) and output an in-phase (I) channel and quadrature (Q) channel components of for each of the baseband incident power signal and baseband reflected power signal. In addition, control path 214 may include an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) 244 for each of the I channel and Q channel, each ADC 244 configured to receive the appropriate component of the. baseband incident power signal and reflected power signal and convert such components from analog signals into a digital signals.
Control path 241 may also include a filter 258 for each of the I channel and Q channel components of the digital incident power signal and digital reflected power signal. In some embodiments, each filter 258 may comprise a moving-average filter (e.g., a cascaded integrator-comb filter) configured to produce at its output a moving average of signals received at its input. As a result, filters 258 may output I channel and Q channel components of the averaged digital incident power signal and I channel and Q channel components of the averaged digital reflected power signal.
As depicted in FIG. 2, control path 241 may also include a power measurement module 262. Power measurement module 262 may include any system, device, or apparatus configured to, based on the I channel and Q channel components of the averaged digital incident power signal and the I channel and the Q channel components of the averaged digital reflected power signal, calculate and output signals indicative of the magnitude of the incident power |P_i| transmitted to antenna 218 and the magnitude of the reflected power |P_r| reflected from antenna 218. For example, power measurement module 262 may calculate incident power in accordance with the equation |P_i|=√(|P_iI|²+|P_iQ|²) and reflected power in accordance with the equation |P_r|=√(|P_rI|²+|P_rQ|²), where |P_iI| is the magnitude of the I channel component of the average digital incident power signal, |P_iQ| is the magnitude of the Q channel component of the average digital incident power signal, |P_rI| is the magnitude of the I channel component of the average digital reflected power signal, and |P_rQ| is the magnitude of the Q channel component of the average digital reflected power signal.
Control path 241 may further include phase measurement module 264. Power measurement module 262 may include any system, device, or apparatus configured to, based on the I channel and Q channel components of the averaged digital incident power signal and the I channel and the Q channel components of the averaged digital reflected power signal, calculate and output signals indicative of the phase φ_iof the incident power transmitted to antenna 218 and the phase φ_rof the reflected power reflected from antenna 218. For example, phase measurement module 264 may calculate incident power phase in accordance with the equation φ_i=tan⁻¹(P_iQ/P_iI) and reflected power phase in accordance with the equation φ_i=tan⁻¹(P_rQ/P_rI), where P_iIis the I channel component of the average digital incident power signal, P_iQis the Q channel component of the average digital incident power signal, P_rIis the I channel component of the average digital reflected power signal, and P_rQis the Q channel component of the average digital reflected power signal.
Control path 241 may additionally include a control module 266 configured to receive signals indicative of the incident power |P_i| the magnitude of the reflected power |P_r| the phase φ_iof the incident power, and the phase φ_rof the reflected power, and based at least on such received signals, output one or more control signals to antenna tuner 217 to control the impedance of antenna tuner 217 (e.g., by controlling the capacitances of variable capacitors 215). For example, to reduce reflected power relative to incident power (and thus improve power transmission), control module 266 may communicate control signals to antenna tuner 217 in order control the effective impedance of antenna tuner 217 such that the ratio of reflected power to incident power is minimized. As a specific example, the complex reflection coefficient for antenna 218 may be given by the equation Γ=A+jB=V_r
φ_r/V_i
_φi, where A and B are the real and imaginary components of the complex reflection coefficient, and V_rand V_iare the reflected voltage and incident voltage. The reflection coefficient describes the return loss and, as shown above, may be given as the ratio between the reflected and incident power. The voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) may be given as (1+|Γ|)/(1−|Γ|). Given that Γ=(Z_L−Z₀)/(Z_L+Z₀), where Z_L, is the present complex impedance of the antenna tuner and Z₀represents known characteristic impedance of the transmission line coupled to antenna 218 (e.g., often equal to 50 ohms for many applications), control module 266 may solve for the impedance Z_L, and modify such impedance accordingly to reduce the complex reflection coefficient Γ. To further illustrate, the magnitude of the reflection coefficient may be given by |Γ|=√(|P_r|/|P_i|) and the percentage of power delivered to antenna load Z_Lmay be given as 1−|Γ|².
Thus, to reduce reflected power relative to incident power (and thus improve power transmission), control module 266 may communicate control signals to antenna tuner 217 in order to reduce the complex reflection coefficient Γ.
Portions of control path 241 (e.g., filters 258, power measurement module 262, phase measurement module 264, and/or control module 266) may be implemented as one or more microprocessors, digital signal processors, and/or other suitable devices.
FIG. 3 illustrates a flow chart of an example method 300 for controlling an antenna tuner, in accordance with certain embodiments of the present disclosure. According to one embodiment, method 300 preferably begins at step 302. As noted above, teachings of the present disclosure may be implemented in a variety of configurations of system 100. As such, the preferred initialization point for method 300 and the order of the steps 302-322 comprising method 300 may depend on the implementation chosen.
At step 302, control path 241 may set a tuner step size for antenna tuner 217 (e.g., based on the minimum amount of change in capacitance available by varying capacitance of varactors 215).
At step 304, switch 250 may switch to couple coupled port 246 to other elements of control path 241. At step 306, power management module 262, phase management module 264, and/or other components of control path 241 may sense a signal indicative of the coupled port power, convert the measurement to decibels referenced to one milliwatt (dBm), and calculate incident power P_i(e.g., as described above in reference to FIG. 2).
At step 308, switch 250 may switch to couple terminated port 247 to other elements of control path 241. At step 310, power management module 262, phase management module 264, and/or other components of control path 241 may sense a signal indicative of the terminated port power, convert the measurement to decibels referenced to one milliwatt (dBm), and calculate reflected power P,. (e.g., as described above in reference to FIG. 2).
At step 312, control module 266 may estimate the square of the reflection coefficient Γ²(e.g., by control module 266) based on the calculated incident power P_iand calculated reflected power P_r(e.g., Γ²=|P_i−P_r|, after all quantities have been converted into dBm).
At step 314, control module 266 may estimate ε_n=Directivity−Γ², where directivity is an ideal ratio of incident and reflected power, which may be a characteristic of RF coupler 242 that measures the coupler's effectiveness in isolating two opposite-traveling (incident and reflected) signals. In a system with no transmission line mismatch, Directivity=Γ². Accordingly, ε_nmay represent an error value indicative of a estimated return loss of an for an antenna load, where n corresponds to a current step setting of an antenna tuner 217.
At step 316, control module 266 may determine whether ε_nis greater or equal to a particular threshold (e.g., 3 decibels). If ε_nis greater or equal to the particular threshold, method 300 may proceed to step 318. Otherwise, method 300 may return to step 304.
At step 318, in response to a determination that ε_nis greater or equal to the particular threshold, control module 266 may determine if ε_nis greater or equal to ε_n−1where n−1 corresponds to the next lower step setting of antenna tuner 217. If ε_nis greater or equal to ε_n−1, method 300 may proceed to step 320. Otherwise, method 300 may proceed to step 322.
At step 320, in response to a determination that ε_nis greater or equal to ε_n−1, control module 266 may communicate control signals to antenna tuner 217 such that antenna tuner 217 is stepped to its next higher setting (e.g., capacitances of varactors 215 increases by the smallest amount possible). After completion of step 320, method 300 may proceed again to step 304.
At step 322, in response to a determination that ε_nis not greater or equal to ε_n−1, control module 266 may communicate control signals to antenna tuner 217 such that antenna tuner 217 is stepped to its next lower setting (e.g., capacitances of varactors 215 decreases by the smallest amount possible). After completion of step 322, method 300 may proceed again to step 304.
Although FIG. 3 discloses a particular number of steps to be taken with respect to method 300, it is understood that method 300 may be executed with greater or lesser steps than those depicted in FIG. 3. In addition, although FIG. 3 discloses a certain order of steps to be taken with respect to method 300, the steps comprising method 300 may be completed in any suitable order.
Method 300 may be implemented using system 100 or any other system operable to implement method 300. In certain embodiments, method 300 may be implemented partially or fully in software embodied in computer-readable media.
Modifications, additions, or omissions may be made to system 100 from the scope of the disclosure. The components of system 100 may be integrated or separated. Moreover, the operations of system 100 may be performed by more, fewer, or other components. As used in this document, “each” refers to each member of a set or each member of a subset of a set.
Although the present disclosure has been described with several embodiments, various changes and modifications may be suggested to one skilled in the art. It is intended that the present disclosure encompass such changes and modifications as fall within the scope of the appended claims.

Claims

1-21. (canceled)

22. A wireless communication apparatus, comprising:

a transmit path configured to convert a first signal into a wireless communication signal;

an antenna tuner coupled to the transmit path; and

a control path coupled to the antenna tuner, the control path configured to:

sense a power transmitted from the transmit path;

sense a phase of the power transmitted from the transmit path; and

based on the sensed power and the sensed phase, communicate a control signal to the antenna tuner to control an impedance of the antenna tuner.

23. The wireless communication apparatus of claim 22, further comprising an antenna coupled to the antenna tuner.

24. The wireless communication apparatus of claim 23, wherein the transmit path is further configured to transmit the wireless communication signal via the antenna.

25. The wireless communication apparatus of claim 23, wherein the antenna tuner is configured to match an impedance of the transmit path to the antenna.

26. The wireless communication apparatus of claim 22, further comprising an oscillator configured to generate an oscillator signal.

27. The wireless communication apparatus of claim 26, wherein the transmit path is configured to convert the first signal into the wireless communication signal based on the oscillator signal.

28. The wireless communication apparatus of claim 22, further comprising at least one switch coupled to the transmit path.

29. The wireless communication apparatus of claim 28, wherein the at least one switch is configured to multiplex a plurality of outputs from a plurality of power amplifiers, each of the plurality of power amplifiers corresponding to a different band.

30. The wireless communication apparatus of claim 22, the antenna tuner comprising a variable capacitance configured to be varied based on the control signal.

31. A wireless communication apparatus, comprising:

a transmit path configured to convert a first signal into a first wireless communication signal;

a receive path configured to receive a second wireless communication signal and convert the second wireless communication signal into a second signal;

an antenna tuner coupled to the receive path and the transmit path; and

a control path coupled to the antenna tuner, the control path configured to:

sense a power transmitted from the transmit path;

sense a phase of the power transmitted from the transmit path; and

32. The wireless communication apparatus of claim 31, further comprising an antenna coupled to the antenna tuner.

33. The wireless communication apparatus of claim 32, wherein the transmit path is further configured to transmit the first wireless communication signal via the antenna.

34. The wireless communication apparatus of claim 32, wherein the antenna tuner is configured to match an impedance of the transmit path to the antenna.

35. The wireless communication apparatus of claim 31, further comprising an oscillator configured to generate an oscillator signal.

36. The wireless communication apparatus of claim 35, wherein:

the transmit path is configured to convert the first signal into the first wireless communication signal based on the oscillator signal; and

the receive path is configured to convert the second wireless communication signal into the second signal based on the oscillator signal.

37. The wireless communication apparatus of claim 31, further comprising at least one switch coupled to the transmit path.

38. The wireless communication apparatus of claim 37, wherein the at least one switch is configured to multiplex a plurality of outputs from a plurality of power amplifiers, each of the plurality of power amplifiers corresponding to a different band.

39. The wireless communication apparatus of claim 31, the antenna tuner comprising a variable capacitance configured to be varied based on the control signal.

40. A method, comprising:

converting a first signal into a wireless communication signal;

sensing a power transmitted from a transmit path;

sensing a phase of the power transmitted from the transmit path; and

controlling an impedance of an antenna tuner based on the sensed power and the sensed phase.

41. The method of claim 40, further comprising transmitting the wireless communication signal from the transmit path via an antenna.

42. The method of claim 40, further comprising:

receiving an oscillator signal from an oscillator; and

converting the first signal into the wireless communication signal based on the oscillator signal.

43. The method of claim 40, further comprising matching an impedance of the transmit path to an antenna.

44. The method of claim 40, further comprising multiplexing a plurality of outputs from a plurality of power amplifiers wherein each of the plurality of power amplifiers corresponds to a different band.

45. The method of claim 40, wherein controlling the impedance of the antenna tuner comprises setting a capacitance of a variable capacitance in the antenna tuner.