US20150004196A1 - Topical drug delivery using phosphatidylcholine - Google Patents

Topical drug delivery using phosphatidylcholine Download PDF

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Publication number
US20150004196A1
US20150004196A1 US14/296,634 US201414296634A US2015004196A1 US 20150004196 A1 US20150004196 A1 US 20150004196A1 US 201414296634 A US201414296634 A US 201414296634A US 2015004196 A1 US2015004196 A1 US 2015004196A1
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composition
phosphatidylcholine
carrier
polyglycol
drug
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US14/296,634
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Nicholas V. Perricone
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Transdermal Biotechnology Inc
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Transdermal Biotechnology Inc
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Priority to US14/296,634 priority Critical patent/US20150004196A1/en
Assigned to TRANSDERMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY, INC. reassignment TRANSDERMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: PERRICONE, NICHOLAS V.
Publication of US20150004196A1 publication Critical patent/US20150004196A1/en
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
    • A61K47/24—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing atoms other than carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, halogen, nitrogen or sulfur, e.g. cyclomethicone or phospholipids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61J—CONTAINERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR MEDICAL OR PHARMACEUTICAL PURPOSES; DEVICES OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR BRINGING PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS INTO PARTICULAR PHYSICAL OR ADMINISTERING FORMS; DEVICES FOR ADMINISTERING FOOD OR MEDICINES ORALLY; BABY COMFORTERS; DEVICES FOR RECEIVING SPITTLE
    • A61J3/00—Devices or methods specially adapted for bringing pharmaceutical products into particular physical or administering forms
    • A61J3/07—Devices or methods specially adapted for bringing pharmaceutical products into particular physical or administering forms into the form of capsules or similar small containers for oral use
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/56—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
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    • A61K38/04—Peptides having up to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/08—Peptides having 5 to 11 amino acids
    • A61K38/095—Oxytocins; Vasopressins; Related peptides
    • A61K38/11—
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    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
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    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • A61K38/22—Hormones
    • A61K38/23—Calcitonins
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • A61K38/22—Hormones
    • A61K38/24—Follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH]; Chorionic gonadotropins, e.g. HCG; Luteinising hormone [LH]; Thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • A61K38/22—Hormones
    • A61K38/27—Growth hormone [GH], i.e. somatotropin
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    • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
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    • A61K38/28—Insulins
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • A61K38/22—Hormones
    • A61K38/31—Somatostatins
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/55—Protease inhibitors
    • A61K38/56—Protease inhibitors from plants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
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    • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
    • A61K47/08—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing oxygen, e.g. ethers, acetals, ketones, quinones, aldehydes, peroxides
    • A61K47/10—Alcohols; Phenols; Salts thereof, e.g. glycerol; Polyethylene glycols [PEG]; Poloxamers; PEG/POE alkyl ethers
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    • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
    • A61K47/08—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing oxygen, e.g. ethers, acetals, ketones, quinones, aldehydes, peroxides
    • A61K47/14—Esters of carboxylic acids, e.g. fatty acid monoglycerides, medium-chain triglycerides, parabens or PEG fatty acid esters
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    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
    • A61K47/22—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. ascorbic acid, tocopherol or pyrrolidones
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/30—Macromolecular organic or inorganic compounds, e.g. inorganic polyphosphates
    • A61K47/34—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyesters, polyamino acids, polysiloxanes, polyphosphazines, copolymers of polyalkylene glycol or poloxamers
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0014—Skin, i.e. galenical aspects of topical compositions
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/02—Suppositories; Bougies; Bases therefor; Ovules
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/06—Ointments; Bases therefor; Other semi-solid forms, e.g. creams, sticks, gels
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/10—Dispersions; Emulsions
    • A61K9/127—Liposomes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/10—Dispersions; Emulsions
    • A61K9/127—Liposomes
    • A61K9/1277—Processes for preparing; Proliposomes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
    • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P5/00—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system
    • A61P5/06—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system of the anterior pituitary hormones, e.g. TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL, GH
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/575—Hormones
    • C07K14/62—Insulins

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a topical drug delivery composition and method. More specifically, this invention relates to topical drug delivery compositions and methods using phosphatidylcholine,
  • Transdermal drug delivery systems may be designed to act locally at the point of application or to act systemically by entering the body's blood circulation.
  • delivery may be achieved by direct topical application of a substance or drug in the form of an ointment or the like, or by adhesion of a patch with a reservoir that holds the drug and releases it to the skin in a time-controlled fashion.
  • Transdermal delivery systems for agents such as drugs, pain relieving compounds, vitamins, and skin improving compounds have been in use for a number of years. However, these systems have typically only been useful for transdermal delivery of relatively small molecules. The skin's porous structure permits such small molecules to pass from the epidermis to the dermis via diffusion. These transdermal delivery systems such as creams have been developed for use with analgesics and skin refining compounds. Transdermal systems using a patch have been developed for nicotine and estrogen therapies. Estradiol technologies are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,521,250 to Meconi, et al. However, large molecules, such as insulin, are not able to diffuse through the skin. To date there has not been an effective and economical method to transport such molecules through the epidermis to enter the bloodstream via the dermal vasculature.
  • transdermal drug delivery system with the improved skin permeability and ability to transport a wider range of substances or drugs.
  • This problem is particularly apparent in the transdermal delivery of substances composed of large molecules, such as polypeptides or proteins, which do not readily pass through the pores of the skin. Absent such a transdermal drug delivery system, the use of injections to deliver these substances will remain the conventional dosage method, despite the pain, complicated administration and general invasiveness involved therein.
  • the present invention relates to compositions and methods of transdermal drug delivery comprising formulating a composition containing the drug in a crystallized phosphatidylcholine carrier and applying the composition to the skin.
  • Phosphatidylcholine is used as a carrier for the topical drug delivery of macromolecules in the practice of this invention.
  • Phosphatidylcholine is a basic component of cell membrane bilayers and the main phospholipid circulating in the plasma.
  • Phosphatidylcholine is highly absorbable and supplies choline which is needed to facilitate movement of fats and oils across and maintain cell membranes in animals.
  • PC compositions are formulated to contain macromolecules soluble in PC, which are then applied to skin for transdermal delivery of the macromolecule.
  • PC compositions of the invention are efficacious in the delivery of macromolecular drugs that are conventionally administered intramuscularly, intravenously or orally, including, but not limited to polypeptides such as insulin and somatropin, prostaglandins, glucocorticoids, estrogens, androgens, and the like.
  • topical delivery is easier and pleasanter as an administration route than injections, particularly for drugs such as insulin that must be given to patients over a period of time, or for a lifetime. Furthermore, unlike oral administration where a substantial amount of the drug can be destroyed in the digestive process, the drugs in a topical application are not wasted. Topical application allows a steady diffusion of the drug to the desired target area without the cyclic dosages typical of orally or parenterally administered drugs.
  • Typical phosphatidylcholine compositions of the present invention are nonpolar and contain about 85% phosphatidylcholine.
  • phosphatidylcholine is meant a mixture of stearic, palmitic, and oleic acid diglycerides linked to the choline ester of phosphoric acid, commonly called lecithin.
  • lecithin many commercial lecithin products are available, such as, for example, Lecithol®, Vitellin®, Kelecin®, and Granulestin® because lecithin is widely used in the food industry.
  • Compositions of the invention can contain synthetic or natural lecithin, or mixtures thereof. Natural preparations are preferred because they exhibit desirable physical characteristics and are both economical and nontoxic.
  • the macromolecular drugs are mixed with the PC composition under conditions to become entrapped in a phosphatidylcholine bilayer.
  • Phosphatidylcholine forms a bilayer entrapping the macromolecular drug, which may be a polypeptide, contributing to the stability of the active molecule and enhancing penetration.
  • the PC composition therein comprises a carrier-drug combination to he applied topically.
  • PC composition acts to efficiently transport the drug across the epidermis, maximizing penetration of the drug.
  • the PC composition in liquid crystal phase, is loosely arranged in multilamellar fashion, with the drug being bonded and entrapped within the lipid bilayers formed by the PC composition. This forms a loosely arranged, yet stable.
  • PC composition carrier-drug complex When placed on the epidermis, the carrier-drug complex begins to diffuse through the epidermis.
  • the phosphatidylcholine molecular chain remains loosely linked with the drug molecular chain and the diffusing phosphatidylcholine molecules “drag” the drug molecules along as they pass through the skin layers.
  • the phosphatidylcholine molecules may begin to separate from the loosely arranged carrier-drug complex and become integrated into the dermis. As the phosphatidylcholine molecules separate from the crystallized phophoslipid bilayer structure of the carrier-drug complex the drug molecules are released. As these drug molecules are released, they are now within into the dermis and may enter the dermal vasculature so they may act accordingly in the bloodstream.
  • Preferred PC compositions comprise phosphatidylcholine in crystal phase to increase fluidity of the lipid bilayer formed.
  • phosphatidylcholine in crystal phase to increase fluidity of the lipid bilayer formed.
  • larger molecules may embed therein and penetration of the carrier-drug composition by the cell membrane is facilitated.
  • the skin is more permeable to the fluid, less structured lipid bilayer of the PC/carrier-drug composition applied thereon than to the drug by itself, or entrapped in an organized, arranged vesicle such as a liposome.
  • the loosely packed lipid bilayer of the crystallized carrier-drug composition integrates into the cell membrane, and as a result, has transported the drug so it can enter the bloodstream to act upon the body,
  • the PC composition may be a multilamellar liquid crystal phase or a liquid crystal phase suspension in water which may be converted to multilamellar liquid lipid vesicles.
  • nonpolar preparations of phosphatidylcholine are formulated to contain adjunct ingredients, e.g., lipoic acid and ascorbyl palmitate, in addition to the macromolecular drug.
  • adjunct ingredients e.g., lipoic acid and ascorbyl palmitate
  • the adjunct ingredients act synergistically to help to minimize degradation and thus preserve the integrity of the insulin polypeptide chains, and to enhance transdermal penetration of active insulin so that it can be absorbed by the dermal vasculature.
  • PPC polyenylphosphatidylcholine
  • PPC polyenylphosphatidylcholine
  • polyenylphosphatidylcholine any phosphatidylcholine bearing two fatty acid substituents, wherein at least one is an unsaturated fatty acid with at least two double bonds such as linoleic acid.
  • Preferred PPCs contain a mixture of substituents such as those found in natural products such as soybean lecithin, which contains 11.7% palmitic, 4.0% stearic, 8.6% palmitoleic, 9.8% oleic, 55.0% linoleic, and 4.0% linolenic acid substituents and is a by-product of soybean oil manufacture.
  • soybean lecithin for example, contain higher levels of polyenylphosphatidylcholine, with dilinoleoylphosphatidylcholine (18:2-18:2 phosphatidylcholine) as the most abundant phosphatidylcholine species, than conventional food grade lecithin, and are useful in formulating phosphatidylcholine insulin compositions of the invention.
  • conventional soybean lecithin is enriched with PPC by adding soybean extracts containing high levels of PPC.
  • this type of phosphatidylcholine is called “PPC-enriched” phosphatidylcholine, even where the term encompasses lecithin obtained from natural sources exhibiting PPC levels higher than ordinary soybean varieties, These products are commercially available from American Lecithin, Rhône-Poulenc and other lecithin vendors.
  • American Lecithin markets its products with a “U” designation, indicating high levels of unsaturation;
  • Rhône-Poulenc's product is a soybean extract containing about 42% dilinoleoylphosphatidylcholine and about 24% palmitoyllinoleylphosphatidylcholine (16:0-18:2 PC) as the major PC components.
  • PC compositions are used for transdermal polypeptide delivery in some preferred embodiments.
  • Polypeptide drugs that are delivered transdermally using formulations can be small, e.g., ocytocin and vasopressin nonapeptides or large, e.g., insulin, gonadotropin, and somatropin.
  • PC compositions of the invention deliver drugs including, but are not limited to, oxytocin, vasopressin, somatotropin, calcitonin, chorionic gonadotropin, menotropins, follitropins, somatostatins, progestins, and combinations of any of these. These drugs are readily available from a variety of commercial sources.
  • Insulin for example, is marketed under the tradenames Humulin®, Novolin®, Humalog®, and Inutral®. Somatotropin is marketed under the tradenames Gentropin®, Humatrope®, Nutropin®, and Serostim®. Some of these products and other polypeptides contain porcine sequences, Preferable compositions of the invention are preferably formulated with recombinant human polypeptides. It is an advantage of the invention that PC insulin compositions are formulated with commercially available ingredients.
  • an insulin topical preparation was formulated by combining 0.75% methyl paraben with a commercial phosphatidylcholine preparation marketed as a solution denoted NAT-8729 (containing PEG-400 at 40% and P.G. at 5%) by mixing for an hour or more to emulsify.
  • a commercial phosphatidylcholine preparation marketed as a solution denoted NAT-8729 (containing PEG-400 at 40% and P.G. at 5%) by mixing for an hour or more to emulsify.
  • Dow Corning Fluid 200-5 or 10 cst 1% by weight
  • the formulation is mixed, and then Dow Corning Fluid 190 (1% by weight) is slowly added, and the formulation is further mixed to provide a stock insulin carrier.
  • insulin Prior to topical administration, insulin is added at a level of about 3.8 mg/ml to provide about 100 insulin units per ml.
  • somatotropin pituitary growth hormone

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Abstract

The present invention relates to compositions and methods for transdermal drug delivery comprising formulating a phosphatidylcholine carrier composition containing the drug and applying the composition to the skin.

Description

    PRIOR APPLICATION
  • Applicant claims priority benefits under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/384,597 filed May 31, 2002.
    • FIELD OF THE INVENTION
  • The present invention relates to a topical drug delivery composition and method. More specifically, this invention relates to topical drug delivery compositions and methods using phosphatidylcholine,
    • BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
  • Transdermal drug delivery systems may be designed to act locally at the point of application or to act systemically by entering the body's blood circulation. In these systems, delivery may be achieved by direct topical application of a substance or drug in the form of an ointment or the like, or by adhesion of a patch with a reservoir that holds the drug and releases it to the skin in a time-controlled fashion.
  • Transdermal delivery systems for agents such as drugs, pain relieving compounds, vitamins, and skin improving compounds have been in use for a number of years. However, these systems have typically only been useful for transdermal delivery of relatively small molecules. The skin's porous structure permits such small molecules to pass from the epidermis to the dermis via diffusion. These transdermal delivery systems such as creams have been developed for use with analgesics and skin refining compounds. Transdermal systems using a patch have been developed for nicotine and estrogen therapies. Estradiol technologies are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,521,250 to Meconi, et al. However, large molecules, such as insulin, are not able to diffuse through the skin. To date there has not been an effective and economical method to transport such molecules through the epidermis to enter the bloodstream via the dermal vasculature.
  • It has been proposed that molecules, potentially including larger molecules, can be transported through the skin when such molecules are contained within spherical vesicles, variously called microparticles, microspheres, liposomes, lipid vesicles, transfersomes, formed by hydrating a phospholipid. The resulting vessels are water-insoluble and are dispersed and suspended in a liquid base material which is applied to the skin to deliver the drug. U.S. Pat. No. 6,165,500 to Cevc discloses “transfersomes,” which are vesicles containing both a lipid and surfactant, to achieve transdermal delivery, based on a theory that osmotic pressure will drive the transfersomes through the dermis. Other solutions have been proposed, including the use of ultrasound devices to generating shock waves to enlarge pores, use of electric current to drive substances across skin, and the use of microneedles to pierce skin and deliver drugs into bloodstream. (See More Than the Patch: New Ways to Take Medicine Via Skin, New York Times, Jul. 2, 2002, page F5.
  • There remains a need for a transdermal drug delivery system with the improved skin permeability and ability to transport a wider range of substances or drugs. This problem is particularly apparent in the transdermal delivery of substances composed of large molecules, such as polypeptides or proteins, which do not readily pass through the pores of the skin. Absent such a transdermal drug delivery system, the use of injections to deliver these substances will remain the conventional dosage method, despite the pain, complicated administration and general invasiveness involved therein.
    • SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
  • The present invention relates to compositions and methods of transdermal drug delivery comprising formulating a composition containing the drug in a crystallized phosphatidylcholine carrier and applying the composition to the skin.
    • DETAILED DESCRIPTION
  • Phosphatidylcholine is used as a carrier for the topical drug delivery of macromolecules in the practice of this invention. Phosphatidylcholine is a basic component of cell membrane bilayers and the main phospholipid circulating in the plasma. Phosphatidylcholine is highly absorbable and supplies choline which is needed to facilitate movement of fats and oils across and maintain cell membranes in animals.
  • Phosphatidylcholine compositions (herein abbreviated “PC compositions”) of the present invention are formulated to contain macromolecules soluble in PC, which are then applied to skin for transdermal delivery of the macromolecule. PC compositions of the invention are efficacious in the delivery of macromolecular drugs that are conventionally administered intramuscularly, intravenously or orally, including, but not limited to polypeptides such as insulin and somatropin, prostaglandins, glucocorticoids, estrogens, androgens, and the like.
  • It is an advantage of the invention that topical delivery is easier and pleasanter as an administration route than injections, particularly for drugs such as insulin that must be given to patients over a period of time, or for a lifetime. Furthermore, unlike oral administration where a substantial amount of the drug can be destroyed in the digestive process, the drugs in a topical application are not wasted. Topical application allows a steady diffusion of the drug to the desired target area without the cyclic dosages typical of orally or parenterally administered drugs.
  • Typical phosphatidylcholine compositions of the present invention are nonpolar and contain about 85% phosphatidylcholine. By “phosphatidylcholine” is meant a mixture of stearic, palmitic, and oleic acid diglycerides linked to the choline ester of phosphoric acid, commonly called lecithin. Many commercial lecithin products are available, such as, for example, Lecithol®, Vitellin®, Kelecin®, and Granulestin® because lecithin is widely used in the food industry. Compositions of the invention can contain synthetic or natural lecithin, or mixtures thereof. Natural preparations are preferred because they exhibit desirable physical characteristics and are both economical and nontoxic.
  • The macromolecular drugs are mixed with the PC composition under conditions to become entrapped in a phosphatidylcholine bilayer. Phosphatidylcholine forms a bilayer entrapping the macromolecular drug, which may be a polypeptide, contributing to the stability of the active molecule and enhancing penetration. The PC composition therein comprises a carrier-drug combination to he applied topically.
  • While not wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is believed that the following mechanism illustrates how the PC composition acts to efficiently transport the drug across the epidermis, maximizing penetration of the drug. The PC composition, in liquid crystal phase, is loosely arranged in multilamellar fashion, with the drug being bonded and entrapped within the lipid bilayers formed by the PC composition. This forms a loosely arranged, yet stable. PC composition carrier-drug complex. When placed on the epidermis, the carrier-drug complex begins to diffuse through the epidermis. The phosphatidylcholine molecular chain remains loosely linked with the drug molecular chain and the diffusing phosphatidylcholine molecules “drag” the drug molecules along as they pass through the skin layers. Moreover, the phosphatidylcholine molecules may begin to separate from the loosely arranged carrier-drug complex and become integrated into the dermis. As the phosphatidylcholine molecules separate from the crystallized phophoslipid bilayer structure of the carrier-drug complex the drug molecules are released. As these drug molecules are released, they are now within into the dermis and may enter the dermal vasculature so they may act accordingly in the bloodstream. Drug molecules which were once too large to diffuse, by themselves, into the pores of the epidermis, have instead been forced through the epidermis by phosphatidylcholine carriers which naturally enter and integrate into lipid bilayer structures within the cells of the epidermis and/or dermis and resultantly are required to release their bonds to the drug molecules and set them free within the dermis.
  • Preferred PC compositions comprise phosphatidylcholine in crystal phase to increase fluidity of the lipid bilayer formed. By reducing rigidity and loosening the phospholipid bilayer of the PC composition, larger molecules may embed therein and penetration of the carrier-drug composition by the cell membrane is facilitated. The skin is more permeable to the fluid, less structured lipid bilayer of the PC/carrier-drug composition applied thereon than to the drug by itself, or entrapped in an organized, arranged vesicle such as a liposome. The loosely packed lipid bilayer of the crystallized carrier-drug composition integrates into the cell membrane, and as a result, has transported the drug so it can enter the bloodstream to act upon the body, The PC composition may be a multilamellar liquid crystal phase or a liquid crystal phase suspension in water which may be converted to multilamellar liquid lipid vesicles.
  • In preferred embodiments, nonpolar preparations of phosphatidylcholine are formulated to contain adjunct ingredients, e.g., lipoic acid and ascorbyl palmitate, in addition to the macromolecular drug. The adjunct ingredients act synergistically to help to minimize degradation and thus preserve the integrity of the insulin polypeptide chains, and to enhance transdermal penetration of active insulin so that it can be absorbed by the dermal vasculature.
  • Preferred PC compositions of the invention contain some polyenylphosphatidylcholine (herein abbreviated “PPC”) to enhance epidermal penetration. By “polyenylphosphatidylcholine” is meant any phosphatidylcholine bearing two fatty acid substituents, wherein at least one is an unsaturated fatty acid with at least two double bonds such as linoleic acid. Preferred PPCs contain a mixture of substituents such as those found in natural products such as soybean lecithin, which contains 11.7% palmitic, 4.0% stearic, 8.6% palmitoleic, 9.8% oleic, 55.0% linoleic, and 4.0% linolenic acid substituents and is a by-product of soybean oil manufacture.
  • Certain types of soybean lecithin, for example, contain higher levels of polyenylphosphatidylcholine, with dilinoleoylphosphatidylcholine (18:2-18:2 phosphatidylcholine) as the most abundant phosphatidylcholine species, than conventional food grade lecithin, and are useful in formulating phosphatidylcholine insulin compositions of the invention. Alternatively, conventional soybean lecithin is enriched with PPC by adding soybean extracts containing high levels of PPC. As used herein, this type of phosphatidylcholine is called “PPC-enriched” phosphatidylcholine, even where the term encompasses lecithin obtained from natural sources exhibiting PPC levels higher than ordinary soybean varieties, These products are commercially available from American Lecithin, Rhône-Poulenc and other lecithin vendors. American Lecithin markets its products with a “U” designation, indicating high levels of unsaturation; Rhône-Poulenc's product is a soybean extract containing about 42% dilinoleoylphosphatidylcholine and about 24% palmitoyllinoleylphosphatidylcholine (16:0-18:2 PC) as the major PC components.
  • PC compositions are used for transdermal polypeptide delivery in some preferred embodiments. Polypeptide drugs that are delivered transdermally using formulations can be small, e.g., ocytocin and vasopressin nonapeptides or large, e.g., insulin, gonadotropin, and somatropin. PC compositions of the invention deliver drugs including, but are not limited to, oxytocin, vasopressin, somatotropin, calcitonin, chorionic gonadotropin, menotropins, follitropins, somatostatins, progestins, and combinations of any of these. These drugs are readily available from a variety of commercial sources. Insulin, for example, is marketed under the tradenames Humulin®, Novolin®, Humalog®, and Inutral®. Somatotropin is marketed under the tradenames Gentropin®, Humatrope®, Nutropin®, and Serostim®. Some of these products and other polypeptides contain porcine sequences, Preferable compositions of the invention are preferably formulated with recombinant human polypeptides. It is an advantage of the invention that PC insulin compositions are formulated with commercially available ingredients.
  • One, non-limiting, example of an insulin topical preparation was formulated by combining 0.75% methyl paraben with a commercial phosphatidylcholine preparation marketed as a solution denoted NAT-8729 (containing PEG-400 at 40% and P.G. at 5%) by mixing for an hour or more to emulsify. To this is slowly added Dow Corning Fluid 200-5 or 10 cst (1% by weight), the formulation is mixed, and then Dow Corning Fluid 190 (1% by weight) is slowly added, and the formulation is further mixed to provide a stock insulin carrier. Prior to topical administration, insulin is added at a level of about 3.8 mg/ml to provide about 100 insulin units per ml.
  • Another, non-limiting, example of a pituitary growth hormone (somatotropin) composition was formulated with 85% phosphatidylcholine to which lipoic acid and ascorbyl palmitate was added as antioxidants. Somatotropin readily dispersed in phosphatidylcholine and remained stable in it. Growth hormone appeared to penetrate the skin well when the composition was topically applied.
  • It is appreciated that the foregoing is illustrative and not limiting of the invention, and that various changes and modifications to the preferred embodiments described above will be apparent to those skilled in the art, Such changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, and it is therefore intended that such changes and modification be covered by the following claims.

Claims (17)

1-18. (canceled)
19. A transdermal therapeutic composition, comprising:
a non-liposomal multilamellar liquid crystal carrier comprising phosphatidylcholine, the non-liposomal multilamellar liquid carrier comprising a polypeptide for transdermal delivery to dermal vasculature, the phosphatidylcholine comprising a higher concentration of polyenylphosphatidylcholine than the concentration of polyenylphosphatidylcholine in food grade soy lecithin.
20. The composition of claim 19, wherein the polypeptide is insulin.
21. The composition of claim 19, wherein the polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of oxytocin, vasopressin, somatotropin, calcitonin, chorionic gonadotropin, menotropins, follitropins, somatostatins, progestins, and combinations of any of these.
22. The composition of claim 19, wherein the carrier comprises about 85% w/w phosphatidylcholine.
23. The composition of claim 19, wherein the carrier further comprises one or more of ascorbyl palmitate and lipoic acid.
24. The composition of claim 19, wherein the carrier further comprises a polyglycol.
25. The composition of claim 24, wherein the phosphatidylcholine forms 45% w/w of the carrier and the polyglycol forms 55% w/w of the carrier.
26. The composition of claim 25, wherein the 55% w/w polyglycol is 50% w/w polyglycol having a molecular weight of 200 and 5% w/w polyglycol having a molecular weight of 400.
27. The composition of claim 19, wherein the phosphatidylcholine within the carrier consists essentially of polyenylphosphatidylcholine.
28. The composition of claim 19, the carrier further comprising a surfactant.
29. The composition of claim 28, wherein the surfactant comprises a siloxylated polyether.
30. The composition of claim 29, wherein the siloxylated polyether comprises dimethyl, methyl(propylpolyethylene oxide propylene oxide, acetate) siloxane.
31. The composition of claim 19, the carrier further comprising a lubricant.
32. The composition of claim 31, wherein the lubricant comprises a silicone fluid.
33. The composition of claim 32, wherein the silicone fluid comprises polydimethylsiloxane.
34. The composition of claim 19, the carrier further comprising methyl paraben.
US14/296,634 2002-05-31 2014-06-05 Topical drug delivery using phosphatidylcholine Abandoned US20150004196A1 (en)

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US11/334,206 Abandoned US20060105955A1 (en) 2002-05-31 2006-01-18 Topical drug delivery using phosphatidylcholine
US11/344,442 Abandoned US20060127469A1 (en) 2002-05-31 2006-01-31 Methods of delivering stable topical drug compositions
US11/506,137 Abandoned US20060275353A1 (en) 2002-05-31 2006-08-17 Stable topical drug delivery compositions
US12/830,857 Abandoned US20100292139A1 (en) 2002-05-31 2010-07-06 Topical drug delivery using phosphatidylcholine
US13/019,101 Abandoned US20110123577A1 (en) 2002-05-31 2011-02-01 Method Of Delivering Stable Topical Drug Compositions
US13/024,689 Expired - Lifetime US8273711B2 (en) 2002-05-31 2011-02-10 Topical drug delivery using phosphatidylcholine
US13/926,688 Abandoned US20130330380A1 (en) 2002-05-31 2013-06-25 Topical drug delivery using phosphatidylcholine
US13/947,329 Expired - Fee Related US9060925B2 (en) 2002-05-31 2013-07-22 Methods of delivering stable topical drug compositions
US13/947,389 Abandoned US20130330381A1 (en) 2002-05-31 2013-07-22 Methods of delivering stable topical drug compositions
US13/947,353 Expired - Fee Related US9050248B2 (en) 2002-05-31 2013-07-22 Methods of delivering stable topical drug compositions
US14/296,634 Abandoned US20150004196A1 (en) 2002-05-31 2014-06-05 Topical drug delivery using phosphatidylcholine
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US11/334,206 Abandoned US20060105955A1 (en) 2002-05-31 2006-01-18 Topical drug delivery using phosphatidylcholine
US11/344,442 Abandoned US20060127469A1 (en) 2002-05-31 2006-01-31 Methods of delivering stable topical drug compositions
US11/506,137 Abandoned US20060275353A1 (en) 2002-05-31 2006-08-17 Stable topical drug delivery compositions
US12/830,857 Abandoned US20100292139A1 (en) 2002-05-31 2010-07-06 Topical drug delivery using phosphatidylcholine
US13/019,101 Abandoned US20110123577A1 (en) 2002-05-31 2011-02-01 Method Of Delivering Stable Topical Drug Compositions
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US20060275353A1 (en) 2006-12-07
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US20130331319A1 (en) 2013-12-12
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US20150238608A1 (en) 2015-08-27
US20130330381A1 (en) 2013-12-12
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IL165480A (en) 2012-10-31
EP1509243A1 (en) 2005-03-02
US20040197391A1 (en) 2004-10-07
US9050248B2 (en) 2015-06-09
US20100292139A1 (en) 2010-11-18
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US20130330380A1 (en) 2013-12-12
US7182956B2 (en) 2007-02-27
US9060925B2 (en) 2015-06-23
JP2005531595A (en) 2005-10-20
US20060127469A1 (en) 2006-06-15
AU2003231943A1 (en) 2003-12-19
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US20110123577A1 (en) 2011-05-26
US20130331318A1 (en) 2013-12-12
EP1509243B1 (en) 2017-03-22
WO2003101480A1 (en) 2003-12-11
US20110130330A1 (en) 2011-06-02
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CA2487305A1 (en) 2003-12-11
CN100509054C (en) 2009-07-08

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