US20140342147A1

US20140342147A1 - Covering material for flooring and walls

Info

Publication number: US20140342147A1
Application number: US14/446,832
Authority: US
Inventors: Bernhard Karl HILGENBRINK
Original assignee: Sika Technology AG
Current assignee: Sika Technology AG
Priority date: 2012-02-01
Filing date: 2014-07-30
Publication date: 2014-11-20
Also published as: ES2758454T3; WO2013113667A1; EP2809629B1; EP2809629A1

Abstract

An exemplary hard, inflexible flooring material or wall covering material is disclosed, such as a tile, having a top surface and a bottom surface, wherein the bottom surface is provided with a solid, primer layer having about 60 wt % to 100 wt % of a hydrophobic material, and which layer is present in a thickness between 0.001 to 0.5 mm. A method is disclosed of adhering a tile which has been provided with such a solid, primer layer to a substrate, the method including: applying an adhesive to at least a portion of the substrate; impressing the bottom surface of the tile into the adhesive; and, allowing the adhesive to dry. Alternatively, the substrate can be provided with such primer layer, and an adhesive and tile can be applied on the substrate.

Description

RELATED APPLICATION(S)

This application claims priority as a continuation application under 35 U.S.C. §120 to PCT/EP2013/051610 filed as an International Application on Jan. 29, 2013 designating the U.S., the entire content of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIELD

The present disclosure relates to flooring or wall covering materials. For example, the present disclosure relates to flooring or wall covering materials, such as ceramic tiles and natural and artificial stones, which can be removed or replaced from the substrate they cover without causing substantial damage to that substrate.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Building constructions, such as walls and floors, can be regarded as having a multilayer structure comprising: a) a bottom constructive or static layer; b) an intermediate or functional layer; and, c) an uppermost decorative layer. For example, concrete floors can be manufactured from liquid cement mixtures that are poured into molds or forms that frame floors, wherein they cure and harden (layer a)); to render the concrete floor straight and level, a layer of self-leveling or self-smoothing agent (b)) is then applied over the uneven concrete, for example at an applied thickness to fill any depression in the concrete surface; and, a tile (c)) may then be applied to the leveled floor.
More complex structures can be formed by including further layers, such as additional functional layers (b)) which can act as thermal, sound and/or moisture barriers. The uppermost decorative layer—which for floors can be classified as the flooring material and which for walls can be classified as the wall covering—may be made from materials including wood, laminated wood, ceramic tiles, stone, terrazzo and the like. These decorative layers are conjoined to the underlying intermediate layer using adhesives.
It has been found that such constructs may not be as sturdy and resistant to damage as might be desired. For example, damage may result from impact, settlement and staining. This may necessitate the renovation and/or enhancement of the construct and, in some circumstances, the removal and replacement of the decorative layer and/or the intermediate layer. These layers can be removed by chisels, hammers, hammer-drills and the like but, even where all due care is exercised in the removal, unwanted damage to the constructive or static layer results. Time and energy must then be expended to remedy this damage. Furthermore, the separate removal of the intermediate and decorative layer may not be possible, which can diminish the possibility of recycling those layers, such as decorative layer.
EP 43714 (Ball & Co. Ltd.) describes a method of adhering textile floor coverings to floors in which, after applying adhesive to the floor surface, an intermediate layer is pressed into said adhesive. The intermediate layer is a flexible laminate including: a flexible continuous surfaced layer to which the floor covering is adhered; and, a flexible reticulate material or mesh emplaced in the flooring adhesive to leave the continuous surfaced layer uppermost. The continuous surfaced layer can prevent penetration of the underlying flooring adhesive through the intermediate layer. The mesh can provide physical strength and an adhesion to the flooring adhesive. In removing the floor covering, a portion of the mesh and the floor covering may be grasped at its periphery and pulled to peel off the intermediate layer either from the floor surface together with the flooring adhesive to leave the floor surface substantially clean, or from the flooring adhesive to leave the latter substantially unimpaired.
Irrespective of the benefits of this known method, it is not applicable to hard, inflexible flooring materials (or decorative layers) such as ceramic tiles, stone and terrazzo, which cannot be peeled off in this way. There thus remains a desire to provide for the removal and replacement of such inflexible materials, which can minimize the damage to any underlying areas and which potentially enables the recycling of these materials.
FR 2866375 describes the use of a primer layer on concrete (or the like). The primer is undefined. Further, an adhesive is applied, made from urethane polymers or SBR, with fillers, or based on a mortar. The adhesive is applied on the primer layer.
DE 10 2006 026699 describes the use of a primer layer on tiles. The primer is applied to improve adhesion, and is based for example on polyvinylacetate or polyvinylacetate-copolymer with ethane, acrylic acid and the like. The tiles with the primer are applied with a further adhesive on a substrate.
DE 242472 describes adhering glassy tiles to substrates. In order to preclude breaking of the glass tiles, a shellac, dissolved in alcohol can be applied on the back-side of the tile. DE 242472 describes modified adhesion because of its use of shellac.
JP 9295884 describes powder coating tiles (or chinaware) with a nylon-12 resin on a primer.

SUMMARY

A flooring material or wall covering material is disclosed comprising: a top surface; and a bottom surface, wherein the bottom surface is provided with a solid, hydrophobic primer layer which primer layer contains about 60 wt % to 100 wt % of a hydrophobic material, and wherein the primer layer includes a material selected from the group consisting of: C₂₀to C₇₀linear or cycloalkanes; natural waxes; slack wax; water repellant silicone resins; polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) resins; perfluoroalkoxy (PFA) resins; fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) resins; and, mixtures thereof.
A coated substrate, is disclosed comprising: a flooring material or wall covering material having a top surface and a bottom surface, and a substrate, to which the flooring or covering material is adhered to by an adhesive layer; and a solid, hydrophobic primer layer containing a material selected from the group consisting of: C₂₀to C₇₀linear or cycloalkanes; natural waxes; slack wax; water repellant silicone resins; polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) resins; perfluoroalkoxy (PFA) resins; fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) resins; and, mixtures thereof.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The features and advantages of the disclosure will be appreciated upon reference to the following drawings, in which:

FIGS. 1 a and 1 b are illustrations of a tile prepared in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 2 is an expanded view of a floor construction prepared in accordance with a known process; and

FIG. 3 is an expanded view of an exemplary floor construction in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In accordance with a first aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a hard, inflexible flooring material or wall covering material (1) having a top surface (10) and a bottom surface (20), wherein the bottom surface is provided with a solid, primer layer (21), which primer layer can include, for example, about 60 wt % to 100 wt % of a hydrophobic material, and which layer is present in a thickness between, for example, 0.001 to 0.5 mm.
This primer layer allows the strength of the bonding between the flooring material or covering material and the substrate to conform with specifications (i.e., standard requirements) such as EN 12004, at least for dry and wet loading. If used on a standard concrete type of substrate, the strength will be higher than, for example, 0.5 N/mm².
This hard, inflexible flooring material or wall covering material (1) may be formed by an exemplary method which includes: i) providing a floor or wall covering material (1) having a top surface (10) and a bottom surface (20); ii) coating the bottom surface (20) with an emulsion or dispersion of a primer material in a carrier medium; and, drying the applied coating to form a solid primer layer (21) which primer layer can include, for example, about 60 wt % to 100 wt % of a hydrophobic material, and is present in a thickness between, for example, 0.001 to 0.5 mm.
In an exemplary embodiment, this floor or wall covering material is a tile, such as a ceramic tile, having a top surface (10) and a bottom surface (20), wherein the bottom surface is provided with a solid, primer layer (21) which primer layer includes, for example, about 60 wt % to 100 wt % of a hydrophobic material, and is present in a thickness between, for example, 0.001 to 0.5 mm.
The primer layer (21) applied to the tiles can have an exemplary thickness of from 0.001 to 0.5 mm, and preferably, for example, from 0.005 to 0.05 mm. It is also preferred, for example, that primer layer (21) be substantially planer and completely cover the bottom surface (20).
The primer layer (21) of the covering material, tile or ceramic tile can include, for example, about 60 wt % to 100 wt % of a hydrophobic material, and is, for example, a hydrophobic layer. The hydrophobicity can be defined with a contact angle, or critical surface tension. The contact angle of a drop of water on a flat surface of the hydrophobic material, or exemplary preferably the primer layer can, for example, be about 90 degrees or higher. The critical surface tension can, for example, be about 30 mJ/m²or lower.
The primer layer, for example, is hydrophobic, and can include a hydrophobic material, such as a material selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbons, fluorinated hydrocarbons and silicone resins, and more preferably, for example, C₂₀to C₇₀linear or cycloalkanes; natural waxes; slack wax; water repellant silicone resins; water repellant silane resins; polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) resins; perfluoroalkoxy (PFA) resins; fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) resins; and, mixtures thereof.
Thus, in a further exemplary embodiment, there is provided a hard, inflexible flooring material or wall covering material (1) having a top surface (10) and a bottom surface (20), wherein the bottom surface is provided with a solid, primer layer (21) having a thickness of from, for example, 0.001 to 0.5 mm including, for example, a material selected from the group consisting of C₂₀to C₇₀linear or cycloalkanes; natural waxes; slack wax; water repellant silicone resins; water repellant silane resins; polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) resins; perfluoroalkoxy (PFA) resins; fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) resins; and, mixtures thereof.
The solid primer layer can include, for example, from 60 to 100%, preferably, for example, from 60 to 95%, by weight of total solids of the hydrophobic materials such as waxes and/or resinous materials mentioned above, which are hydrocarbons, fluorocarbons, fluoro resins or silicones. Such primer can give a desired strength of bonding if, for example, the thickness of the layer is from 0.001 to 0.5 mm and preferably from 0.005 to 0.05 mm.
In case hydrocarbon wax type of material is used, an exemplary preferred range of thickness is 0.005 to 0.05 mm.
In accordance with a further aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a method of adhering a tile (130, 230) to a substrate, wherein the tile has a top surface and a bottom surface, bottom surface being provided with a layer of primer (150, 250), which primer layer includes, for example, about 60 wt % to 100 wt % of a hydrophobic material, and is present in a thickness between, for example, 0.001 to 0.5 mm, the process including: applying an adhesive to at least a portion of the substrate; impressing the bottom surface of the tile into the adhesive; and, allowing the adhesive to dry. The present disclosure also relates to a coated substrate formed by methods disclosed therein.
It should be acknowledged that such a coated substrate might equally be formed by a method of adhering a tile to a substrate, wherein the tile has a top surface and a bottom surface, wherein the process can include: coating at least a portion of the substrate with an emulsion or dispersion of a primer material in a carrier medium and allowing the applied coating to dry to form a layer of primer (250) which primer layer includes, for example, about 60 wt % to 100 wt % of a hydrophobic material and is present in a thickness between, for example, 0.001 to 0.5 mm; applying an adhesive (240) over the layer of primer (250); impressing the bottom surface of the tile into the adhesive; and, allowing the adhesive to dry. This exemplary alternative method is also included within the scope of the present disclosure.
The present disclosure can provide a coated substrate wherein the adhesive strength of the tile to the substrate meets at least level C1 or D1 or R1 as defined in Standard EN 12004. The, or each, primer layer in the coated substrate can provide a predetermined breaking point, that is a zone of relative weakness in the coated substrate, as compared to the other constituent layers or components thereof, in which a split or fracture occurs upon the application of a removal force.
The primer layer therefore allows the strength of the bonding between the flooring material or covering material and the substrate to be higher than, for example, 0.5 N/mm²(both after dry storage or after wet storage; assuming a sufficient strong substrate). On gypsum substrates, or other substrates with for example a paper layer, the bonding strength can, for example, be about 0.1 N/mm²or higher as measured according to EN 12004 sections EN 1348 part 8.2 and 8.3, preferably, for example, about 0.2 N/mm²or higher.
A skilled practitioner will be aware that for tiles which are provided with a hard glaze and a softer bulk structure, a split between that glaze and the bulk can occur when a significant removal force is applied. Such a split may equally occur for substrates prepared in accordance with the present disclosure, but the additional split at the adhesive and separation layer (250) level enables that bulk tile structure to be recovered substantially intact.
With all substrates, the tiles can be removed from the substrate with only a minimal amount of adhesive or separation layer (250) material attached thereto. Hence, the primer layer according the disclosure allows the removal with hammer and chisel to separate the tiles from any of the common substrates, while the tiled substrate can still be in conformity with the bonding strength specifications/requirements.
In an exemplary embodiment, there is provided a coated substrate, having a hard, inflexible flooring material or wall covering material (230) having a top surface and a bottom surface, and a substrate (210), to which the flooring or covering material is adhered to by an adhesive layer (240), and a solid, primer layer (250 and/or 260) including a material selected from the group consisting of C₂₀to C₇₀linear or cycloalkanes; natural waxes; slack wax; water repellant silicone resins; water repellant silane resins; polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) resins; perfluoroalkoxy (PFA) resins; fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) resins; and, mixtures thereof.
In an exemplary embodiment, a solid primer layer (260) is applied to the substrate (210). The primer layer can be applied in the factory producing the substrates in a pre-set manner, taking into account the surface of the substrate (porosity and the like), in order to apply the correct thickness of the primer layer.

DEFINITIONS

The term “comprising” as used herein will be understood to mean that the list following is non-exhaustive and may or may not include any other additional suitable items, for example one or more further feature(s), component(s), ingredient(s) and/or substituent(s) as appropriate.
The definition, classification, characteristics and marking of ceramic tiles is provided in European Standard EN 14411. Analogously, the definitions and specifications/requirements for natural stone products and modular tiles are provided in European Standard EN 12057.
As used herein, a solid is a material that does not flow under normal gravitational forces without a secondary force acting on the material.
Measurement of the solids content of adhesive or primer materials pursuant shall be conducted in accordance with EPA Test Method 24 (40 CFR 60, Appendix A).
Any determination of the water absorption and/or porosity of ceramic tiles shall be conducted in accordance with ISO 10545-3:1995.
EN 12004 is the European standard setting out the minimum performance requirements for ceramic tile adhesives. The Standard includes the designation and classification system for the different types of adhesives, such as cementitious, dispersion, reaction resign, based on performance in the various tests. To claim conformance to the Standard, a product must possess the fundamental characteristics (mandatory) outlined for each type of adhesive. Where a party classifies a product to a category within the Standard (e.g., CIT), this automatically confirms conformance. With a suitable substrate, the primer is able to pass the dry EN 1348 part 8.2 and wet loading EN 1348 part 8.3 with 0.5 N/mm².
A hydrophobic material is, for example, defined as a material that shows a contact angle of a water drop on a flat surface of about 90 degrees or higher. The contact angle can be measured with commonly known techniques, such as the static (or sessile) drop method using the tangent measurement method of a water drop immediately after drop formation. A critical surface tension is about 30 mJ/m²or lower. The critical surface tension can be measured according to ASTM D-2578. It will be understood by the average skilled person, that some variation in the contact angle or surface tension results is immaterial for the performance of the present disclosure.
The following is a description of certain exemplary embodiments of the disclosure, given by way of example only and with reference to the drawings.
The products and methods of the present disclosure will be described and exemplified herein below with respect to ceramic tiles. However, a skilled practitioner will recognize that the product and methods may readily be adapted for tiles composed of other brittle materials such as marble, slate and glass, which materials are also envisaged as being within the scope of the present disclosure. Also, a skilled practitioner will recognize that the product and methods may readily be adapted for tiles of natural stone or artificial stone tiles bonded by resin and the like.
The hard, inflexible flooring material or wall covering material are, for example, (ceramic) tiles.
There is not intended to be any restriction on the thickness, dimensions or shape of the (ceramic) tiles of the present disclosure. For example, square tiles of surface dimension 12 inches (30.5 cm) by 12 inches (30.5 cm) are suitable, as are tile pieces or bits of 6 inches (15.2 cm) by six inches (15.2 cm), 4×8 inch (10.1×20.3 cm); or stripes, like 2×6 inch (5×15.2 cm), or 2×12 inch (5×30.5 cm). Flooring tiles can, for example, be up to 50×50 cm and the like. Larger tiles, like 2.5×3.5 m can be used with the present disclosure, just like very small 1×1 cm mosaic tiles. The tiles can be square, but can be octagonal, or another shape.
Ceramic tiles can be of clays, silica (milled to a desired particle size) and limestone which are mixed together with water to produce a slurry, or slip. Further compositions which may be useful for the production of such slips are described in the literature, such as in U.S. Pat. No. 6,127,298. The clay slip is spray dried to produce a homogeneous free flowing granulate which is shaped or formed in a press and then dried and fired in a tunnel kiln.
As is known, variations in the firing and glazing procedures to which the tiles are exposed will provide ceramic tiles of different properties. The present disclosure has applicability to, for example, earthenware, stoneware and porcelain ware ceramic tiles or, more technically, to non-vitreous, semi-vitreous, vitreous and impervious ceramic tiles.
Alternatively or additionally, the present disclosure has particular applicability to (ceramic) tiles of which the bottom surface (20)—that surface to which the primer material is to be applied—is characterized by a water absorption in the absence of the primer layer of from, for example, 0.01 to 45%, preferably, for example, from 0.1 to 1 to 15%, more preferably, for example, from 0.5 to 7.5%, by weight of the tile.
FIG. 1 a illustrates an exemplary tile (1), for use as a decorative layer on a floor or a wall for example, which includes a top surface (10) and a bottom surface (20). The top surface (10) is that part of the tile which will be visible in a floor or wall construction and may be provided with glaze or surface structure as is known in the art. The bottom surface (20), is that part of the tile which may be adhered to any underlying substrate. This bottom surface (20) can be generally planar but may be provided with some surface structure: for example, the surface (20) may be divided into panels which are framed by raised perimeters.
As shown in FIG. 1 b, the bottom surface (20) of the tile (2) is covered in its entirety with a primer layer (21).
The primer layer (21) can have an exemplary thickness of from 0.001 to 0.5 mm, preferably from 0.005 to 0.05 mm. An optimal thickness may depend on the specific material used for the primer layer. For example, siloxanes may have a bit larger thickness than wax to achieve an optimal balance between adhesive strength and possibility to remove the tiles from the substrate
The material or formulation which forms the primer layer (21) can be provided in the form of an emulsion or dispersion having a resin (polymer or pre-polymer) and an appropriate carrier medium. The emulsion or dispersion may be applied—in one or more coats or steps—to the bottom surface (20) of the tile (2) by roller, spraying, brushing or the like. There, the applied primer dries via the evaporation of the carrier medium therefrom, which step may of course be facilitated by heat.
Whilst the viscosity of the applied primer formulation can be, for example, between 100 to 100,000 cps as measured by a Brookfield viscometer model RVF, with a #6 spindle, at 20 rpm and 20° C., the rheology and shear stability of the primer formulation can be adapted for the application method employed. For primers that are to be suitable for spray application, the viscosity of the formulation may be in an exemplary range from 100 to 15000 cps, but can be, for example, from 200 cps to 750 cps and preferably, for example, from 400 to 500 cps. For primers that are to be applied by roller, brush or trowel, the viscosity can range from, for example, 10,000 to 50,000 cps and is preferably, for example, from 10,000 to 30,000 cps. The viscosity of the formulation may be adjusted to a desired range by the addition of water, solvents or a thickener. For example, the primer formulation might be diluted in situ with water to a dilution of, for example, 1:10, preferably, for example, from 1:1 to 1:3.
Moreover, as non-vitreous, semi-vitreous, vitreous and impervious ceramic tiles are distinguished inter alia by their porosity and/or liquid absorption, the amount of primer formulation applied to the bottom surface (20) to achieve the desired primer layer (21) thickness should compensate for absorption effects. It has been found that the application of the primer formulation with a spraying can be advantageous in that it ensures the development of a decent film which exhibits no foaming.
In an exemplary advantageous embodiment, the primer formulation may be applied to the bottom surface (20) at a time when said tiles retain some warmth from firing or other heating processes to which they are subjected in their production; the primer, which may be applied to the tiles as they are borne by a conveyor system, will dry more efficiently in such a circumstance.
Suitable materials which may be used either alone or in admixture to form the primer layer (21)—or predetermined fracture zone—of the present disclosure include preferably, for example, hydrophobic organic compounds such as hydrocarbons, fluorinated hydrocarbons, fluorinated resins or silicone resins.
Suitable materials which may be used either alone or in admixture to form the primer layer (21)—or predetermined fracture zone—of the present disclosure include, for example, C₂₀to C₇₀linear and cycloalkanes, such as the solid paraffin waxes icosane (C₂₀H₄₂), triacontane (C₃₀H₆₂), tetracontane (C₄₀H₈₂), pentacontane (C₅₀H₁₀₂) and hexacontane (C₆₀H₁₂₂). Mixtures of such alkanes (paraffins) may be employed and said alkane(s) may be mixed into water and stabilized.
Natural waxes including but not limited to Beeswax, Montan Wax, Carnauba Wax, Microcrystalline Wax, Petroleum Jelly, Ceresine Wax, Ozokerite Wax, Olive Wax, Sunflower Wax, Rice Bran Wax, Avocado Wax, and Jojoba Wax.
Slack wax, that is the oily, soft and crude wax obtained from the pressing of petroleum paraffin distillate.
Water repellant silicones/silanes which may be based on: modified or unmodified polysiloxanes such as polydimethylsiloxane; silicone resins; potassium alkyl siliconate; silanes and silane resins; and, mixtures thereof. Preferred in this regard are, for example, the Wacker Chemie Silres® BS series resins, based on ethyl silicate.
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), perfluoroalkoxy (PFA) or fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) resins. As suitable commercial products Teflon®, Teflon® PFA, Teflon® FEP (available from DuPont), Neoflon® PFA (available from Daikin), Hyflon® PFA (available from Solvay Solexis) and Dyneon® FEP (available from Dyneon/3M) may be mentioned.
The primer allows the strength of the bonding between the flooring material or covering material and the substrate to be higher than, for example, 0.5 N/mm², but the value can be 0.1 N/mm²or more, in case the substrate is not sufficiently strong to achieve higher values, like in many dry boards. The strength can, for example, be lower than 3 N/mm².
The primer preferably is, for example, a non-reactive hydrophobic compound, such as a hydrocarbon, fluorinated hydrocarbon, fluorinated resin or silicone. The bonding strength of the primer layer can be influenced by changing the thickness of the layer. Thicker layers will cause the strength to become lower; if a thinner layer is applied, the bonding strength will be higher.
Preferably, the primer is, for example, a non-crosslinking material. Yet, very hydrophobic materials may be used that are crosslinking.
The dried, solid primer layer should include from, for example, 60 to 100%, preferably from, for example, 60 to 95%, by weight of total solids of the waxes and/or resinous materials mentioned above, which are hydrocarbons, fluorocarbons, fluoro resins or silicones.
As mentioned, for their application, these waxes and resinous raw materials (hydrocarbons, fluorocarbons, fluoro resins or silicones) can have been dispersed into an appropriate aqueous or non-aqueous carrier medium. The solids content of that applied primer formulation can be selected to ensure sufficient dry add-on levels of the applied materials. The suitability of the selected solids content and of the method of application of the primer layer formulation can be determined by patch tests on the tile surface in order to ensure that the resulting layer is adequate for the purposes of the disclosure. It may also be desirable to adjust the solids level of the primer formulation to improve the regularity and tightness of the solid layer obtained.
Preferably, the primer layer can be applied in a factory, either on the back side of the tiles, and/or on the front side of substrate boards.
The dispersions or emulsions may further be stabilized in, for example, against separation or settlement through the addition of appropriate adjunct ingredients. The ingredients may also include but are not limited to biocides, defoamers, surfactants, thickeners and plasticizers. For example, the adjunct ingredients can be included in amounts of from, for example, 0.1% to 10% by weight of total resin solids, and preferably less than, for example, 5% by weight.
The description of the primer therein, although described with respect to FIG. 1, is applicable to the disclosure as a whole, and therefore also to the description of the following figures.
The tile (2) illustrated in FIG. 1 b may be adhered to a substrate using a suitable adhesive. In an exemplary adhesion process, the adhesive can be applied to the substrate, using a suitable implement, such a notched trowel, the tile (2) is then emplaced within the applied adhesive and the adhesive is allowed to harden and dry. Such a mode of working—or rather the execution of ceramic linings by thin bed mortar technique(s)—is described in DIN 18157 (Deutsches Institut für Normung e. V.).
Herein “adhesive” is used in a broad sense to include all types of adhesives including neat, water-borne, and solvent-borne adhesives, including pressure sensitive adhesive and non-pressure sensitive adhesives.
Suitable polymeric binders for use in water-borne and solvent-borne adhesives are natural and synthetic polymers, including but not limited to: acrylic and/or methacrylic polymers; structural acrylic polymers; cyanoacrylate polymers; polyvinyl acetate; polyvinyl alcohol; styrene-acrylic copolymers; styrene-butadiene copolymers; acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene; vinyl acetate-acrylic copolymers; ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers; vinyl acetate-vinyl versatate copolymers; vinyl acetate-vinyl maleate copolymers; vinyl acetate-vinyl chloride-acrylic terpolymers; ethylene-vinyl acetate-acrylic terpolymers; polyurethane; polyvinyl butyral; polyvinyl chloride; polyvinylidene chloride; polyethylene; ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers; polypropylene; ethylene/acrylic acid copolymer; ethylene/methyl acrylate copolymers; irradiated polyethylene; polyamide; polyester; epoxy; polyimides; natural rubber; neoprene; nitrile rubber; polybutene; ethylene-propylene-diene rubbers; rubber silicone; animal glue; caseins; starch and wheat flours; dextrins; cellulose; bitumen; rosin; lignin; and, the like. The polymers or prepolymers may optionally contain up to 30% by weight of one or more functional monomers—such as carboxylic acid, phosphate, sulphate, sulphonate, and amide monomers and combinations thereof—non-functional monomer(s), and mixtures thereof.
Cement-based adhesives which may find utility in the present disclosure are described in EN 12004.
It can be preferred that, for example, any adhesive used in the present disclosure be water-borne. General guidelines on how to formulate waterborne binders and adhesives may be found inter alia in: R. Jordan, R. Hinterwaldner, “Klebharze—Naturharze—Kohlenwasserstoffharze—Harzdispersionen—Phenolharze”, Hinterwaldner Verlag Muenchen, 1994, section 5.8, especially pages 96-102; D. R. Gehman, “Acrylic Adhesives” in “Handbook of Adhesives”, 3^rdEd., I. Skeist (Ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1990, Chapter 25; and, P. A. Lovell, M. S. El-Aasser (Editors), “Emulsion Polymerization and Emulsion Polymers”, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK, 1997. The disclosures of these documents are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties.
The adhesive formulation can be either pre-prepared (one component), or blended in situ a short time (dry powders, or two component), for example, of the order of 1 to 30 or to 10 minutes, prior to the application step. As is known, the adhesives may be applied to a surface or substrate by a number of methods such as troweling, brushing, dipping, flow coating and spraying. It is also known to employ a notched trowel, for example a trowel having square notches of a dimension of from 2×2 mm to 15×15 m, or from 4×4 mm to 10×10 mm. Notched trowels having triangular or crescent notches may also be useful herein.
As a skilled applicator would be aware, an optimum performance of an adhesive formulation can be obtained when the application surface(s) is clean and free of dust, dirt, mud, oil, standing water and other foreign materials prior to using adhesive.
The waterborne or solvent-borne adhesive formulations should maintain an appropriate viscosity for application onto a substrate. Broadly, the viscosity, as measured by a Brookfield viscometer model RVF, with a #6 spindle, at 20 rpm and 20° C., can range from, for example, 100 to 100,000 cps. However, the rheology and shear stability of the adhesive formulation should be adapted to be suitable for the application method employed. For adhesives that are to be suitable for spray application, the viscosity of the formulation may be in the range from, for example, 100 to 15000 cps, but can be from, for example, 200 cps to 750 cps, and preferably from, for example, 400 to 500 cps. For adhesives that are to be applied by roller, brush or trowel, the viscosity can range from, for example, 10,000 to 50,000 cps, and can be preferably from, for example, 10,000 to 30,000 cps. For floor adhesives, the viscosity can be in the range from, for example, 10,000 to 100,000 cps. The viscosity of the formulation may be adjusted to a desired range by the addition of water, solvents or a thickener, such as an acrylic polymer dispersion.
The adhesive formulation may be applied to the substrate at a consumption of from, for example, 0.5 to 10 kg/m², preferably from, for example, 2.5 to 5.0 kg/m². In any event, the wet film thickness of the adhesive upon the substrate should be sufficient such that, upon drying, the thickness of the adhesive layer is in a range from, for example, 0.1 to 10 mm, preferably from, for example, 0.1 to 5 mm. The optimum thickness of the adhesive layer will depend on the type of adhesive, and on the disposition (wall, floor) and composition of the substrate.
One of more tiles (2) can be emplaced in the layer of wet adhesive and, where appropriate, pressure applied. The carrier medium is removed from the applied adhesive formulation by natural drying or accelerated drying—through applying heat—to form a coating. Alternatively, cement-based or multi-component adhesives may be allowed to harden through the reaction of cement with water or the reaction of a resin and a hardener. The degree of adhesion between the ceramic tiles to the substrate may be investigated as the adhesive drying progresses by, for example, detaching or trying to detach a given tile.
For a ceramic tile as described herein, EN 12004 provides a technical standard for the adhesive strength with which the tile should be adhered, specifically that this meet a minimum of 0.5 N/mm²(level C1), assuming an appropriate background. In order to meet this adhesive standard where both a primer layer (21) and an adhesive are disposed between the substrate and a given ceramic tile, it can be preferable to select an adhesive which by itself and when applied at the same coverage and wet film thickness, would an adhesive strength (without the primer) of at least 1 N/mm²(Level C2).
The adhesive is described in relation to FIG. 1 b, but the description thereof is applicable to the disclosure as a whole, including the other figures and the disclosure as described in the summary of the disclosure.
The above described tiled substrate represents an exemplary preferred embodiment of the present disclosure because the tile (2) provided with the primer layer (21) can be easily produced and transported to its point of use, where standard methods of adhering the tiles may be employed.
It is however also envisaged that a tiled substrate may also be formed—and equally provided with a primer layer within which any fracture can be localized when the removal of the tiles is desired—using the tile (1) depicted in FIG. 1 a). In this embodiment, a layer of primer is first applied to the substrate and allowed to cure or dry thereon; a layer of adhesive is then applied over the dried primer layer, the tile (1) is pressed into the adhesive layer and the adhesive layer is allowed to dry.
Whilst the above described methodology for applying the adhesive and emplacing the tiles applies equally to this embodiment, the properties of the primer may involve some adaptation to compensate for the porosity difference between the substrate and the bottom (20) of the tile.
The present disclosure will now be described with respect to a more complex building constructs.
As shown in FIG. 2, there is provided an illustrative known floor construction (100) having a constructive or static layer (110), an intermediate layer (120) and a ceramic tile (130). A layer of adhesive may be positioned between the static layer (110) and the intermediate layer (120), depending on the construct of these layers. An adhesive layer (140) is between the intermediate layer (120) and the ceramic tile (130).
In FIG. 3, there is provided an exemplary floor construction in accordance with the present disclosure whereby a separation or primer layer (250), functioning as a pre-determined breaking point, is provided between the adhesive layer (240) the ceramic tile (230).
As described, the disposition of an alternative or additional separation or primer layer (260) to that primer layer (250) can be achieved by applying a primer onto the top of the intermediate layer (220). FIG. 3 illustrates that embodiment where a solid, primer layer (260) is provided in addition to that solid, primer layer (250) provided on the back of ceramic tiles (230). However, one primer layer suffices, and the primer layer (260) may be the sole primer layer.
The identities of the constructive layer (210) and the intermediate layer (220) are not intended to be limited. For example either may be drywall, plaster, metal, masonry, concrete, brick, screed, leveling compounds or other cementitious substrates. The intermediate layer (220) may of course have a more a complex structure, such as a multi-layer structure, and may equally be or comprise a thermal, water or acoustic barrier.
In accordance with an exemplary preferred embodiment of the disclosure, the static or constructive layer (210) can include drywall, concrete, or brick and the intermediate layer (220) can include a layer of screed and/or leveling compounds.
As used herein, leveling compounds are free-flowing compounds—commercially available in powder form—which are mixed with water to form a slurry that is then poured or pumped onto a floor, where it levels out and hardens to form a smooth, leveled floor surface.
Leveling compounds can be generally based on inorganic binders—such as calcium sulfate, aluminous cement or Portland cement—as described in inter alia DE 101 59 337 A and EP 0884 291 A1. However, leveling compounds can also include polymeric dispersion powder(s), such as spray-dried dispersion powders of homo- or copolymers of vinyl acetate, vinyl versatate and/or vinyl laurate. Commercially available examples of such dispersion powders are: Vinnapas RE523Z and Vinnapas RE5011L (available from Wacker); FL2201, FL2211, FL3200, LDM2021, and DM 1140P (available from Elotex); and, PAV333 (available from Rhodia).
Leveling compounds may also include fibres, for example multifilic or monofilic fibres, and fillers. Suitable fibres include polyacrylonitrile fibres, polyamide fibres, polyester fibres, polyimide fibres, carbon fibres or glass fibres.
As used herein, a flowing screed is one which can be pumped or poured and includes a mixture of cement(s), aggregate(s) and water or calcium sulphate, aggregate/sand and water which is applied to a concrete slab, insulation board or over underfloor heating to give a smooth surface finish. Known screeds of this type are Isocrete Gyvlon™ (available from Isocrete), Lafarge Gyvlon™ and Agila™ Screed available from Lafarge, Ready-Screed Supaflo™ available from RMC, and Truflow™ supplied by Tarmac. A screed comprising recycled glass is described in WO2004101464 (Transmix Group Ltd.).
The adhesives employed between the constructive (110, 210) and intermediate layer(s) (120, 220) and between the intermediate layer (120, 220) and the ceramic tile (130, 230) may be the same or different as the adhesive formulation should be selected based on the nature, for example the porosity, of substrates to be adhered.
In accordance an exemplary one embodiment of the disclosure, an additional primer layer (not shown) can be disposed between the constructive (110, 210) and intermediate layer (120, 220). Where the constructive layer (10, 110) is concrete or a cementitious substrate, such an additional primer may be an asphaltic compound of approved quality and capable of adhering firmly to the concrete. Oil-tar pitch is also known for use as a concrete additional primer by virtue of its penetrating power, but oils may similarly be used for this function. These additional primers, when provided on the static layer (110, 210) can penetrate the laitance layer, eliminate the need to etch or scabble the concrete and improve the adhesion of the subsequently applied intermediate layer, particularly leveling compounds. Further, the provision of the additional primer on the static layer can reduce air bubbles from rising through the leveling compounds.
A person of skill in the art will be aware of suitable additional primers which may be applied to non-concrete static layers. For example, a cold curing epoxy primer may be applied to ferrous metal substrates. Equally, a solvent based, alkyd type, pigmented primer may be suitable for wood, plaster or other porous substrates as additional primer.
This additional primer layer may be waterproof, resistant to cleaning solutions, steam and water, may be nonflammable, and complies with air-quality standards. Specifically, it is preferred if, for example, the applied primer has a VOC content of less than 200 g/l, preferably less than 50 g/l.
The additional primer can be applied over the static layer to a dry thickness of from, for example, 1 to 10 mm using known techniques such as brush, roll or spray application. The application method and rate of application can be modified where, for example, the additional primer has to fill cracks within the upper part of the static layer.
The rate of additional primer application, or the outer limit of its application time, can depend on the curing rate of the additional primer and thereby upon temperature and moisture level. After application of the additional primer coat, curing should, for example, occur at ambient temperatures in from, for example, 2 to 20 hours, preferably from 3 to 15 hours. After this time has elapsed, a cured additional primer coat adhering to the static layer has been formed.
The disclosure will now be elucidated with the following example, without imparting any limitation to the disclosure as defined in the claims as interpreted by the description and elucidated by the examples.

Example 1

MOSA Art. No. 76750 1515 earthenware ceramic tiles (Koninklijke Mosa BV, produced according European Standard EN 14411) were selected and the backs thereof were coated with 1 layer of primer (as defined) using a short hair roller.
The applied primer formulation consisted of a mixture of the following ingredients: 70 wt. % of a paraffinic wax dispersion; 27 wt. % water; and, 3 wt. % additives (biocides, defoamers, surfactants, thickeners and plasticizers). The total solids content of the liquid primer formulation was 39 wt. % as measured in accordance with EPA Test Method 24 (40 CFR 60, Appendix A).
The tiles were stored under normal laboratory conditions in order to dry the mentioned primer. The dried, solid primer film on the back of the tile consisted of more than 90.5% by weight of the paraffinic wax.
In accordance with EN 12004, a number of test specimens were then prepared. As the background thereof, concrete plates were used (EN 1323). A cement based tile adhesive that fulfills C2 TE S1 (SCHÖNOX PFK) was applied to the plates with a notched trowel (notches: 8×8×8 mm). The coated tiles were then installed into the thin bed mortar (DIN 18157).
One of the prepared specimens was stored dry (28 days, 23±2° C. and 50±5% relative humidity) for hardening. The remaining specimens were stored first for 7 days dry, then for 21 days under water (in accordance with European Standard EN 1348). After storage, the tensile strengths of the specimens were evaluated.
For both dry and wet storage of the specimens, a tensile strength of above 0.5 N/mm²was achieved. A break was seen between the back of the tiles and the surface of the hardened tile adhesive: the backs of the removed tiles were free of tile adhesive. The applied primer on the back of the tiles had functioned as fractural zone or predetermined breaking point. Still the construction fulfils the needed adhesion strength according EN 12004 sections 8.2 and 8.3 of EN1348.

Example 2

MOSA Art. No. 74050V055015 Vitrified ceramic tiles (Koninklijke Mosa by Netherlands, produced according to EN 14411) were selected.
In accordance with EN 12004 test specimens were prepared. As background, concrete plates were used (EN 1323) and the surfaces thereof were coated with 1 layer of primer (as defined in Example 1 above, to function as predetermined breaking point) using a short hair roller. The concrete plates were stored in normal climate conditions (laboratory) for drying the mentioned primer.
A cement based tile adhesive that fulfills C2 TE 51 according to EN 12004 (SCHÖNOX PFK) was applied with a notched trowel (notches: 8×8×8 mm). The tiles were installed into the thin bed mortar, as previously described.
One of the prepared specimens was stored dry (28 days, 23±2° C. and 50±5% relative humidity) for hardening. Other specimens were stored at first for 7 days dry and then for 21 days under water (according to EN 1348).
After storage the tensile strength was tested. In both cases (dry and wet storage) a tensile strength of above 0.5 N/mm²was achieved. A break was seen between the surface of the concrete plate and the back of the harden tile adhesive. The surface of the concrete plate was free of tile adhesive. The applied primer on the surface of the concrete plate had functioned as the fractural zone (or breaking point) but the construction had still fulfilled the required adhesion strength according to EN 12004, EN1348 section 8.2 and 8.3.

Example 3

MOSA Art. No. 76750 1515 earthenware ceramic tiles (Koninklijke Mosa by Netherlands, produced according to EN 14411) were selected and the backs thereof were coated with 1 layer of primer (as defined in Example 1 above, to function as predetermined breaking point) using a short hair roller. The tiles were stored under normal laboratory conditions for drying the mentioned primer.
As background, a multilayer system was built up. A concrete plate was covered/plastered with a 1.5 cm layer of gypsum based plaster (according to EN 998/1). This sample was stored under normal laboratory conditions to allow the plaster to dry. A dispersion based tile adhesive that fulfills D2 TE according to EN 12004 (SCHÖNOX HTL) was then applied thereto with a notched trowel (notches: 8×8×8 mm). And the prepared tiles were then installed into the adhesive as described before. The prepared specimens were then stored dry (28 days, 23±2° C. and 50±5% relative humidity) for hardening and drying.
The removal of the tiles was done with a hammer and chisel to simulate the renovation of tiled surfaces at a building site. A break was seen between the back of the tiles and the surface of the hardened tile adhesive. The backs of the removed tiles were free of tile adhesive. The applied primer on the back of the tiles had functioned as a fractural zone.

Example 4

MOSA Art. No. 76750 1515 earthenware ceramic tiles (Koninklijke Mosa by Netherlands, produced according to EN 14411) were used for the following example
As background, a commercial water tight gypsum panel system was used. The panels were covered with the primer composition of example 1. The panel was stored under normal laboratory conditions to allow the primer to dry. A dispersion based tile adhesive that fulfills D2 TE according to EN 12004 (SCHÖNOX HTL) was then applied thereto with a notched trowel (notches: 8×8×8 mm). And the tiles were then installed into the adhesive as described before. The prepared specimens were then stored dry (28 days, 23±2° C. and 50±5% relative humidity) for hardening and drying.
The bonding strength was about 0.2 N/mm², and the failure in the bonding strength was observed at the paper layer covering the gypsum panel.
The removal of the tiles was done with a hammer and chisel to simulate the renovation of tiled surfaces at a building site. A break was seen between the back of the tiles with the hardened tile adhesive and the building panel. The backs of the removed tiles contained all of the adhesive. The applied primer on the panel had functioned as a fractural zone, and the building panels still were in full function after removal of the tiles.

Example 5

MOSA Art. No. 76750 1515 earthenware ceramic tiles (Koninklijke Mosa BV, produced according European Standard EN 14411) were selected and the backs thereof were coated with 1 layer of primer (as defined) using a short hair roller.
The applied primer formulation consisted of a mixture of the following ingredients: 65 wt. % of a silicone dispersion; 32 wt. % water; and, 3 wt. % additives (biocides, defoamers, surfactants, thickeners and plasticizers). The total solids content of the liquid primer formulation was 41 wt. % as measured in accordance with EPA Test Method 24 (40 CFR 60).
The tiles were stored under normal laboratory conditions in order to dry the mentioned primer. The dried, solid primer film on the back of the tile consisted of more than 90% by weight of the silicone resin.
In accordance with EN 12004, a number of test specimens were then prepared. As the background thereof, concrete plates were used (EN 1323). A cement based tile adhesive that fulfills C2 TE S1 (SCHÖNOX PFK) was applied to the plates with a notched trowel (notches: 8×8×8 mm). The coated tiles were then installed into the thin bed mortar (DIN 18157).
One of the prepared specimens was stored dry (28 days, 23±2° C. and 50±5% relative humidity) for hardening. The remaining specimens were stored first for 7 days dry, then for 21 days under water (in accordance with European Standard EN 1348 sections 8.2 and 8.3). After storage, the tensile strengths of the specimens were evaluated.
For both dry and wet storage of the specimens, a tensile strength of above 0.5 N/mm²was achieved. A break was seen between the back of the tiles and the surface of the hardened tile adhesive: the backs of the removed tiles were free of tile adhesive. The applied primer on the back of the tiles had functioned as fractural zone or predetermined breaking point. Still the construction fulfills the needed adhesion strength under dry or wet loading according EN 12004.

Example 6

A background as descript in ASTM Designation: C 627-93 6.1.2 was prepared. On this background prepared tiles (MOSA Art. No. 74050V055015 Vitrified ceramic tiles (Koninklijke Mosa by Netherlands, produced according to EN 14411 with interfering primer on the back) were fixed with a tile adhesive C2 according EN 12004. The testing procedure was done according ASTM Designation: C 627-93 7. The recording of damaged was done according ASTM Designation: C 627-93 8.

TABLE 1

TABLE 1 Loading Schedule for Testing

		Total weight	Duration of	Total number
Cycle	Type of wheels	Per wheel (kg)	test (hr)	of revolutions

1	Soft rubber	45	1	900
2	Soft rubber	91	1	900
3	Soft rubber	136	1	900
4	Soft rubber	136	1	900
5	Hard rubber	45	1	900
6	Hard rubber	91	1	900
7	Hard rubber	136	1	900
8	Hard rubber	136	1	900
9	Steel	23	½	450
10	Steel	45	½	450
11	Steel	68	½	450
12	Steel	91	½	450
13	Steel	114	½	450
14	Steel	136	½	450

Passed cycle 1 - 3 is seen as private loaded area
Passed cycle 1 - 6 is seen as low loaded commercial area
Passed cycle 1 - 10 is seen as medium loaded commercial area
Passed cycle 1 - 12 is seen as high loaded commercial area
Passed cycle 1 - 14 is seen as heavy duty area.

The result of the testing was that no damage was seen. This shows that a floor that is build up while including the primer as fractural zone/predetermined breaking point can fulfil the highest grade of loading “heavy duty area” according ASTM Designation: C 627-93.
After loading it was possible to remove the ceramic tiles with hammer and chisel with minimal amount of adhesive, and no damage of the substrate, nor to the tiles.
Various changes and modifications to the presently preferred embodiments described herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the present disclosure and without diminishing its attendant advantages. It is therefore intended that such changes and modifications are covered by the appended claims.
Thus, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the present invention can be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The presently disclosed embodiments are therefore considered in all respects to be illustrative and not restricted. The scope of the invention is indicated by the appended claims rather than the foregoing description and all changes that come within the meaning and range and equivalence thereof are intended to be embraced therein.

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. A flooring material or wall covering material comprising:

a top surface; and

a bottom surface, wherein the bottom surface is provided with a solid, hydrophobic primer layer which primer layer contains about 60 wt % to 100 wt % of a hydrophobic material, and wherein the primer layer includes a material selected from the group consisting of: C₂₀to C₇₀linear or cycloalkanes; natural waxes; slack wax; water repellant silicone resins; polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) resins; perfluoroalkoxy (PFA) resins; fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) resins; and, mixtures thereof.

2. A flooring or covering material according to claim 1, which is a ceramic tile.

3. A flooring material according to claim 1, wherein the primer layer is present in thickness between 0.001 to 0.5 mm.

4. A flooring or covering material according to claim 1, wherein said primer layer comprises:

at least one C₂₀to C₇₀linear or cycloalkane.

5. A flooring or covering material according to claim 1, wherein said primer layer has a thickness of from 0.005 to 0.05 mm.

6. A flooring or covering material according to claim 1, wherein the primer layer is substantially planer and completely covers said bottom surface.

7. A method of forming a flooring material or wall covering material according to claim 1, said method comprising:

providing a floor or wall covering material having a top surface and a bottom surface;

applying a coating to the bottom surface as an emulsion or dispersion of a primer material in a carrier medium; and

drying said applied coating to form a solid primer layer.

8. A method according to claim 7, wherein:

the emulsion or dispersion of the primer material has a viscosity of from 100 to 100,000 cps as measured by a Brookfield Viscometer model RVF, with a 6# spindle, at 20 rpm and 20° C.; and

at least one layer of said emulsion or dispersion is coated at a coverage which ensures that when dried, the layer will completely cover the bottom surface.

9. A method of adhering a flooring or covering material to a substrate, wherein the flooring or covering material is a flooring or covering material according to claim 1, the method comprising:

applying an adhesive to at least a portion of the substrate;

impressing the bottom surface of the flooring or covering material into the substrate, wherein the adhesive is on the substrate; and

allowing said adhesive to dry.

10. A method of adhering a flooring or covering material to a substrate, wherein the flooring or covering material is a flooring or covering material according to claim 1, the method comprising:

applying an adhesive to at least a portion of the flooring or covering material;

impressing the bottom surface of the flooring or covering material into the substrate, wherein the adhesive is on the flooring or covering material; and

allowing said adhesive to dry.

11. A coated substrate as formed by a method according to claim 9.

12. A coated substrate, comprising:

a flooring material or wall covering material having a top surface and a bottom surface, and a substrate, to which the flooring or covering material is adhered to by an adhesive layer; and

a solid, hydrophobic primer layer containing a material selected from the group consisting of: C₂₀to C₇₀linear or cycloalkanes; natural waxes; slack wax; water repellant silicone resins; polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) resins; perfluoroalkoxy (PFA) resins; fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) resins; and, mixtures thereof.

13. A coated substrate according to claim 12, wherein the flooring material or wall covering material is a ceramic tile, and an adhesive strength of the tile to the substrate meets at least level C1 or D1 or R1 as defined in Standard EN 12004.

14. A flooring or covering material according to claim 1, wherein said primer layer comprises:

at least one alkane selected from the group consisting of icosane (C₂₀H₄₂), triacontane (C₃₀H₆₂), tetracontane (C₄₀H₈₂), pentacontane (C₅₀H₁₀₂), and hexacontane (C₆₀H₁₂₂).

15. A flooring material according to claim 2, wherein the primer layer is present in thickness between 0.001 to 0.5 mm.

16. A flooring or covering material according to claim 15, wherein said primer layer comprises:

at least one C₂₀to C₇₀linear or cycloalkane.

17. A flooring or covering material according to claim 16, wherein said primer layer has a thickness of from 0.005 to 0.05 mm.

18. A flooring or covering material according to claim 17, wherein the primer layer is substantially planer and completely covers said bottom surface.

19. A method of forming a flooring material or wall covering material according to claim 18, said method comprising:

drying said applied coating to form a solid primer layer

20. A coated substrate as formed by a method according to claim 10.

21. A hard, inflexible flooring material or wall covering material comprising:

a top surface, and

a bottom surface, wherein the bottom surface is provided with a solid, hydrophobic primer layer, which primer layer contains about 60 wt % to 100 wt % of a material having water repellant silane resins, and which primer layer has a thickness between 0.001 to 0.5 mm.