US20140325900A1 - Method and an arrangement for efficient torrefaction of biomass - Google Patents

Method and an arrangement for efficient torrefaction of biomass Download PDF

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Publication number
US20140325900A1
US20140325900A1 US14/123,590 US201214123590A US2014325900A1 US 20140325900 A1 US20140325900 A1 US 20140325900A1 US 201214123590 A US201214123590 A US 201214123590A US 2014325900 A1 US2014325900 A1 US 2014325900A1
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Prior art keywords
zone
torrefaction
biomass
heating
oxygen
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US14/123,590
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English (en)
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Ingemar Olofsson
Martin Nordwaeger
Anders Nordin
Katarina Äberg
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Bioendev AB
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Bioendev AB
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Assigned to BIOENDEV AB reassignment BIOENDEV AB ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: HAKANSSON, KATARINA, NORDIN, ANDERS, NORDWAEGER, Martin, OLOFSSON, INGEMAR
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L9/00—Treating solid fuels to improve their combustion
    • C10L9/08—Treating solid fuels to improve their combustion by heat treatments, e.g. calcining
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L9/00—Treating solid fuels to improve their combustion
    • C10L9/08—Treating solid fuels to improve their combustion by heat treatments, e.g. calcining
    • C10L9/083—Torrefaction
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F26—DRYING
    • F26B—DRYING SOLID MATERIALS OR OBJECTS BY REMOVING LIQUID THEREFROM
    • F26B23/00—Heating arrangements
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L2290/00—Fuel preparation or upgrading, processes or apparatus therefore, comprising specific process steps or apparatus units
    • C10L2290/56—Specific details of the apparatus for preparation or upgrading of a fuel
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F26—DRYING
    • F26B—DRYING SOLID MATERIALS OR OBJECTS BY REMOVING LIQUID THEREFROM
    • F26B2200/00—Drying processes and machines for solid materials characterised by the specific requirements of the drying good
    • F26B2200/02—Biomass, e.g. waste vegetative matter, straw
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/30—Fuel from waste, e.g. synthetic alcohol or diesel

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of torrefaction of biomass.
  • it relates to a method and an arrangement for efficient torrefaction of biomass.
  • Torrefaction is a thermal pre-treatment method that normally takes place in a substantially inert (oxygen free) atmosphere at a temperature of about 220-600° C. During the process course a combustible gas comprising different organic compounds is produced from the biomass feedstock in addition to the torrefied biomass.
  • the process of producing a torrefied material from lignocellulosic biomass can be said to include four stages:
  • the invention relates to torrefaction of an optionally pre-dried biomass, comprising the steps of:
  • step b) torrefying the heated biomass from step a) in a torrefaction zone by maintaining the temperature within the torrefaction temperature range, wherein the heated biomass from step a) is fed to the torrefaction zone at its top and torrefied material is withdrawn from the torrefaction zone at its bottom, such that the biomass moves downwards through the torrefaction zone by means of gravity.
  • the invention in another aspect relates to a system for torrefaction of biomass, comprising:
  • means for heating are arranged at the first zone, but not at the second zone.
  • FIG. 1 shows a system for torrefaction of biomass
  • FIG. 2 shows a typical temperature variation over time in the torrefaction arrangement disclosed in FIG. 1 .
  • FIG. 3 shows a typical temperature variation over time in the torrefaction arrangement disclosed in FIG. 1 .
  • a pre-treatment wherein a biomass, in a virtually inert (oxygen-reduced or oxygen free) atmosphere is heated to a temperature above 220° C. but below 600° C. to produce a torrefied biomass and torrefaction gases comprising combustible gases.
  • Oxygen supplied to a torrefaction reaction in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention is supplied in such a manner and/or in such an amount that it not, to a substantial degree, reacts with the biomass. Instead, such oxygen reacts with the torrefaction gases.
  • parts of the biomass, in particular hemicellulose decompose and give off different types of organic volatiles.
  • the actual torrefaction stage is preceded by a drying stage wherein free water retained in the biomass is removed and by a heating stage wherein the biomass is heated to the desired torrefaction temperature.
  • a specific region of a compartment in a torrefaction reactor located upstream of a torrefaction zone in relation to a biomass inlet of a torrefaction reactor, comprising means for specifically regulating the temperature in said specific region and wherein the temperature of a biomass is increased to a temperature near the desired torrefaction temperature prior to torrefaction.
  • a specific region of a compartment in a torrefaction reactor located downstream of a heating zone in relation to a biomass inlet of a torrefaction reactor, comprising means for specifically regulating the temperature in said specific region and wherein the temperature of a previously heated biomass is kept virtually constant at the desired torrefaction temperature for a desired torrefaction time wherein a desired torrefaction temperature is in a range between 220° C. to 600° C.
  • a specific region of a compartment in a torrefaction reactor located upstream of a heating zone in relation to a biomass inlet of a torrefaction reactor, comprising means for regulating the temperature in said specific region and wherein a biomass is dried to a water content below 10% prior to heating.
  • the residence time of the material in the torrefaction zone may be referred to as the torrefaction time.
  • a horizontal heating chamber also includes heating chambers which deviate with a small angel (such as 10°) from the horizontal plane.
  • a vertical reactor also includes reactors which deviate with a small angel (such as 10°) from the vertical plane.
  • the invention relates to a method for torrefaction of an optionally pre-dried biomass, comprising the steps of:
  • step b) torrefying the heated biomass from step a) in a torrefaction zone by maintaining the temperature within the torrefaction temperature range
  • step a) wherein the heated biomass from step a) is fed to the torrefaction zone at its top and torrefied material is withdrawn from the torrefaction zone at its bottom, such that the biomass moves downwards through the torrefaction zone by means of gravity.
  • This method has several advantages compared to the methods described in the prior art. Since the dried and heated biomass is fed into the torrefaction zone at its top and the torrefied material is withdrawn from the torrefaction zone at its bottom, no moveable parts are needed in the torrefaction zone. Instead, the material moves through the torrefaction zone by means of gravity. This provides for a simple and thus cheap construction. Further, such a construction provides for an energy-efficient torrefaction process: no heating means are needed at the torrefaction zone. It is sufficient that the torrefaction zone is insulated such that the temperature range reached during the heating step is maintained.
  • the residence time of the material in the torrefaction zone is determined by the height (or volume, if cross-section area not constant) of the bed of material in the torrefaction zone and the rate by which the material is withdrawn from the bottom.
  • the withdrawal rate may for example be controlled by controlling the speed of a transport device, such a transport screw, arranged at the bottom of the torrefaction zone.
  • the height of the bed depends on the initial degree of filling, the withdrawal rate at the bottom and the feeding rate at the top. If the feeding rate at the top is higher than the withdrawal rate at the bottom, the height will increase, and if the withdrawal rate at the bottom is higher than the feeding rate at the top, the height will decrease.
  • the residence time of the material in the torrefaction zone may be controlled in order to control the degree of torrefaction of the material.
  • the initial degree of filling of the torrefaction zone, the feeding rate to the top of the torrefaction zone and/or the withdrawal rate from the bottom of the torrefaction zone may be controlled to control the degree of torrefaction of the material.
  • the torrefied material is withdrawn from the bottom by means of a transport device, such as a transport screw, and the speed of the transport device can for example be controlled in order to control the residence time of the material in the torrefaction zone.
  • a transport device such as a transport screw
  • At least one sensor in the torrefaction zone reads the height of the bed in the torrefation zone. In one embodiment the reading from said sensor is used to control the residence time of the biomass in the torrefaction zone. In one embodiment the reading from the sensor is compared to a reference value and if the reading deviates from the reference value with more than a predetermined error value, the withdrawal rate from the bottom of the torrefaction zone and/or the feeding rate at the top of the torrefaction zone is adjusted.
  • the torrefaction temperature range is within 220-600° C., such as 220-500° C., such as 220-450° C., such as 220-400° C., such as 230-600° C., such as 230-500° C., such as 230-450° C., such as 230-400° C., preferably 240-500° C., preferably 240-400° C., preferably 240-350° C. most preferably 270-350° C.
  • the temperature is preferably kept relatively constant in the torrefaction zone to facilitate a controlled torrefaction process.
  • the torrefaction temperature range which is reached in step a) and maintained in step b), is preferably a range of 50° C. or less.
  • the torrefaction temperature range may for example be 300-350° C. or 350-400° C. More preferably, the temperature range is a range of 40° C. or less, such as 30° C. or less, such as 20° C. or less, such as 10° C. or less.
  • the heating zone and the torrefaction zone may be separated such that the residence time of the material in the different zones may be controlled separately.
  • the material may be transported through the heating zone by means of a transport device, such as a conveyor belt or a transport screw.
  • a transport device such as a conveyor belt or a transport screw.
  • the speed of such a transport device may be controlled to control the residence time of the material in the heating zone.
  • the biomass is transported through the heating zone in a horizontal direction. The control of the residence time of the material in the torrefaction zone is discussed above.
  • the torrefaction zone is isolated to such an extent that no external energy has to be provided in the torrefaction zone.
  • the temperature may thus be kept substantially constant in the torrefaction zone due to the isolation and due to the exothermal-heat generated by the biomass during the torrefaction reaction.
  • the temperature in the torrefaction zone can be regulated by injection of a controlled amount of air or oxygen into the torrefaction zone.
  • the injected air/oxygen reacts with gases released from the biomass during the torrefaction stage.
  • gases partly oxidize, heat is released to the surrounding gas and the material to be torrefied, thereby boosting the temperature without further supply of external heating.
  • the inventors have surprisingly been able to demonstrate that it is possible to keep a controlled temperature in the torrefaction arrangement despite that oxygen is introduced (data not shown).
  • the temperature in the torrefaction zone can be controlled by controlling the amount of injected oxygen (data not shown), which eliminate the need for supplying external heating to the torrefaction zone.
  • the fact that the temperature in the torrefaction arrangement could be kept stable and controlled in the presence of oxygen and without oxidation of the biomass is surprising, especially in light of the torrefaction processes described in the prior art where efforts have been made to ensure that the torrefaction process is performed in an oxygen depleted manner. Therefore, in one embodiment an oxygen-containing gas is supplied to the torrefaction zone.
  • the present inventors have been able to demonstrate that, compared to supplying the oxygen-containing gas at the bottom of the torrefaction zone, it is easier to control the temperature in the torrefaction zone if the oxygen-containing gas is supplied at the bottom of the torrefaction zone and if torrefaction gases are withdrawn from the torrefaction zone at the top of the torrefaction zone such that gases move upstream through the torrefaction zone, countercurrent to the biomass transport.
  • the oxygen-containing gas is supplied to a first position in the torrefaction zone such that oxygen reacts with components of torrefaction gases under the formation of heat and wherein torrefaction gases are withdrawn from the torrefaction reactor at a second position of the torrefaction reactor and wherein the first position is located downstream of the second position in relation to a biomass transport direction in the torrefaction zone such that the torrefaction gases moves through the torrefaction zone countercurrent to the biomass transport.
  • the oxygen-containing gas is supplied at the bottom of the torrefaction zone such that oxygen reacts with components of the torrefaction gases under the formation of heat and wherein torrefaction gases are withdrawn from the torrefaction zone at the top of the torrefaction zone such that the torrefaction gases moves through the torrefaction reactor countercurrent to the biomass transport.
  • the oxygen-containing gas is supplied in a position located in the lowest 20%, preferably lowest 5%, preferably lowest 1% of the torrefaction zone and the torrefaction gases are withdrawn from a position corresponding to the highest 20% preferably highest 5%, preferably highest 1% of the torrefaction zone.
  • the oxygen-containing gas is supplied to the torrefaction zone and the torrefaction gases are withdrawn from the heating zone such that the torrefaction gases moves through both the torrefaction zone and through the heating zone countercurrent to the biomass transport.
  • the torrefaction gases are withdrawn from a position corresponding to the first 20% preferably first 5%, preferably first 1% of the heating zone. In this sense “first 20%” means the 20% closest to the biomass inlet of the heating zone.
  • the oxygen-containing gas is supplied in a position located in the lowest 20%, preferably lowest 5%, preferably lowest 1% of the torrefaction zone.
  • the heat generated by the reaction between oxygen and torrefaction gases in the torrefaction zone can be used for drying and heating the biomass in the heating zone. Since the torrefaction gases is drawn countercurrent in relation to the biomass transport, the present inventors have realized that it is possible to inject additional oxygen in the top of the torrefaction zone to boost the temperature in the heating zone without getting a too high temperature in the torrefaction zone. Thus, in one embodiment additional oxygen is added at the top of the torrefaction zone or in a region corresponding to the highest 10%, preferably highest 5%, preferably highest 1% of the torrefaction zone.
  • the oxygen-containing gas is supplied to the torrefaction zone at its top, such that oxygen reacts with components of torrefaction gases formed in the torrefaction zone under the formation of heat and wherein an underpressure is provided at the bottom of the torrefaction zone such that gases move downwards through the torrefaction zone.
  • This embodiment is however less preferred since the present inventors have demonstrated that it is harder keep a stable temperature in the torrefaction zone when the oxygen-containing gas is supplied at the top of the reactor and when the gases are moving concurrently with the biomass within the torrefaction zone.
  • the heat generated by the reaction is distributed throughout the biomass bed in the torrefaction zone.
  • the use of oxygen for boosting the temperature in the torrefaction zone is energy efficient and facilitates efficient control of torrefaction temperature without the need of supplying external energy to the torrefaction zone.
  • a fraction of hot gases generated by the reaction between oxygen and torrefaction gases in the torrefaction zone is diverted from the top of the torrefaction zone and routed to the heating zone and/or drying zone, to boost the temperature in the heating zone and/or drying zone.
  • the biomass is lignocellulosic biomass, such as a wood material, e.g. wood chips.
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to a system for torrefaction of biomass, comprising:
  • a first zone for heating of an optionally pre-dried biomass
  • an insulated second zone for torrefying the heated biomass, said second zone having an inlet being connected to an outlet of the first zone, means for withdrawing torrefied biomass arranged at the bottom of the second zone, such that the biomass can move downwards through the second zone by means of gravity, wherein means for heating are arranged at the first zone, but not at the second zone.
  • the first zone is arranged in a heating chamber comprising a screw or belt for transporting the biomass through the first zone.
  • the heating chamber is horizontal and the screw or belt extends in a horizontal direction for horizontal transport of the biomass.
  • the heating chamber is parallel to the horizontal plane or deviates from the horizontal plane with an angle smaller than 45°, such as smaller than 40°, such as smaller than 35°, such as smaller than 30°, such as smaller than 25°, such as smaller than 20°, such as smaller than 15°.
  • the insulated second zone is arranged in a vertical reactor. In one embodiment the insulated second zone is arranged in a reactor which is parallel to the vertical plane or deviates from the vertical plane with an angle smaller than 45°, such as smaller than 40° such as smaller than 35° such as smaller than 30°, such as smaller than 25° such as smaller than 20° such as smaller than 15°.
  • the second zone comprises at least one oxygen inlet for injection of an oxygen-containing gas to the second zone.
  • the oxygen inlet is connected to oxygen supply means for a controlled supply of an oxygen-containing gas to the second zone.
  • the second zone comprises an outlet for torrefaction gases.
  • the outlet for torrefaction gases is located upstream of the oxygen inlet in relation to a biomass transport direction within the second zone.
  • the outlet for torrefaction gases is located in the first zone, preferably at a position corresponding to the first 20% preferably first 5%, preferably first 1% of the first zone, in relation to the biomass inlet.
  • the system further is comprising a source of the oxygen-containing gas, which source is connected to the oxygen supply means.
  • the oxygen inlet is arranged at the lowest 20%, preferably lowest 5%, preferably lowest 1% of the second zone.
  • the outlet for torrefaction gases is arranged at the highest 20% preferably highest 5%, preferably highest 1% of the second zone.
  • the outlet for torrefaction gases is arranged in the first zone such that torrefaction gases are draw counter current with the biomass transport through both the first and the second zone.
  • the outlet for torrefaction gases is located in a region corresponding to the first 20% of the first zone, preferably first 5%, preferably first 1% of the first zone.
  • the oxygen inlet is arranged at the top of the second zone and a fan is arranged in connection to the bottom of the second zone such that an underpressure may be provided at the bottom of the second zone.
  • the gases may be drawn through the second zone.
  • the system comprises a source of the oxygen-containing gas, which source is connected to the oxygen supply means
  • the second zone comprises at least one sensor for measuring the level of biomass within the second zone. Said measured value could be used to control the residence time of the biomass in the second zone.
  • FIG. 1 a shows a system for torrefaction of biomass having a biomass inlet ( 1 ) wherein the biomass is introduced in the torrefaction arrangement by means of a feeding screw ( 2 ).
  • the biomass is dried in a drying zone ( 3 ).
  • Heat is supplied to the drying zone ( 3 ) by means of a heating media (e.g. hot gases) through a drying zone heating media inlet ( 4 ).
  • the heating media leaves the drying zone through the drying zone heating media outlet ( 5 ).
  • Dried biomass is transported from drying zone ( 3 ) into a heating zone ( 6 ) where the temperature of the biomass is elevated to the torrefaction temperature range.
  • a heating media e.g. hot gases
  • the heat is supplied to the heating zone ( 6 ) by means of a heating media through a heating zone heating media inlet ( 7 ).
  • the heating media leaves the heating zone ( 6 ) through a heating zone heating media outlet ( 8 ).
  • the drying zone ( 3 ) and heating zone ( 6 ) are both located in a common horizontal reactor and the material transport in the drying zone ( 3 ) and heating zone ( 6 ) is mediated by a common transport screw which also feeds the material to the top of a vertical reactor comprising the torrefaction zone ( 11 ). Torrefied material is withdrawn from the torrefaction zone at its bottom, such that the biomass moves downwards through the torrefaction zone ( 11 ) by means of gravity.
  • No external heat is supplied in the torrefaction zone ( 11 ) and the torrefaction temperature is monitored by measuring the surface temperature of the biomass using a first IR-thermometer ( 10 ) at the top of the torrefaction zone and a second IR-thermometer ( 12 ) at the bottom of the torrefaction zone ( 11 ).
  • the temperature of the biomass in the torrefaction zone ( 11 ) can be adjusted by injection of oxygen-containing gas at the top of the torrefaction zone ( 11 ), such that oxygen reacts with components of torrefaction gases formed in the torrefaction zone under the formation of heat.
  • An underpressure is provided at the bottom of the torrefaction zone such that gases move downwards through the torrefaction zone ( 11 ).
  • a cooling zone transport screw ( 14 ) moves the torrefied material from the bottom of the torreffaction zone ( 11 ) through a cooling zone ( 13 ) where the torrefied material is cooled to a temperature below 100° C. by means for cooling ( 15 ). Cooling could also be supplied via the transport screw ( 14 ).
  • the residence time of the biomass in the torrefaction zone is determined by the speed of the rotation speed of the cooling zone transport screw ( 14 ) and by the height of the bed in the torrefaction zone ( 14 ).
  • the height of the bed in the torrefaction zone ( 11 ) is determined by the rate of material transport into the torrefaction zone, and by the rate at which the material transported out of the torrefaction zone ( 11 ).
  • the rate of material transport into the torrefaction zone ( 11 ) is determined by the rotation speed of the transport screw in the drying zone ( 3 ) and heating zone ( 6 ), and the rate of material transport out of the torrefaction zone is determined by the rotation speed of the cooling zone transport screw ( 14 ).
  • FIG. 1 b shows the same system for torrefaction as in FIG. 1 when biomass is present in the system.
  • FIGS. 2 and 3 show typical temperature variation over time in the torrefaction arrangement disclosed in FIG. 1 . Despite that no external energy is supplied in the torrefaction zone, the temperature in the torrefaction zone is kept constant. If the temperature would decrease, oxygen can be injected at the top of the torrefaction zone to boost the temperature.
US14/123,590 2011-05-18 2012-05-16 Method and an arrangement for efficient torrefaction of biomass Abandoned US20140325900A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

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SE1150458-6 2011-05-18
SE1150458 2011-05-18
PCT/SE2012/050531 WO2012158116A1 (fr) 2011-05-18 2012-05-16 Procédé et agencement pour la torréfaction efficace d'une biomasse

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US (1) US20140325900A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP2710096B1 (fr)
CN (1) CN103608436B (fr)
BR (1) BR112013029479A2 (fr)
CA (1) CA2834322C (fr)
RU (1) RU2605416C2 (fr)
WO (1) WO2012158116A1 (fr)

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US20100083530A1 (en) * 2008-10-03 2010-04-08 Wyssmont Co. Inc. System and method for drying and torrefaction
US20110173888A1 (en) * 2010-01-15 2011-07-21 Jacqueline Hitchingham Pretreatment of biomass feed for gasification
WO2011123025A1 (fr) * 2010-03-29 2011-10-06 Torkapparater-Termisk Processutrustning Ab Procédé et appareil de torréfaction d'un produit de la biomasse
WO2012074374A1 (fr) * 2010-12-01 2012-06-07 Biolake B.V. Appareil et procédé pour le traitement thermique de biomasse

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WO2018213474A1 (fr) * 2017-05-16 2018-11-22 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Réacteurs de conversion de biomasse et systèmes et procédés associés
US11339342B2 (en) * 2017-05-16 2022-05-24 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Biomass conversion reactors and associated systems and methods
US20230146469A1 (en) * 2017-05-16 2023-05-11 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Biomass conversion reactors and associated systems and methods
US11866670B2 (en) * 2017-05-16 2024-01-09 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Biomass conversion reactors and associated systems and methods
CN112210413A (zh) * 2020-09-14 2021-01-12 哈尔滨工业大学 一种秸秆氧化焙烧炭燃料的制备方法

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CN103608436A (zh) 2014-02-26
RU2605416C2 (ru) 2016-12-20
CA2834322C (fr) 2019-04-02
CN103608436B (zh) 2016-01-13
WO2012158116A1 (fr) 2012-11-22
EP2710096A1 (fr) 2014-03-26
EP2710096A4 (fr) 2015-03-04
RU2013156234A (ru) 2015-06-27
CA2834322A1 (fr) 2012-11-22
EP2710096B1 (fr) 2020-01-08

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