US20140170755A1 - Method to evaluate the quantity of methane produced by a dairy ruminant and method to reduce and control this quantity - Google Patents
Method to evaluate the quantity of methane produced by a dairy ruminant and method to reduce and control this quantity Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20140170755A1 US20140170755A1 US14/036,178 US201314036178A US2014170755A1 US 20140170755 A1 US20140170755 A1 US 20140170755A1 US 201314036178 A US201314036178 A US 201314036178A US 2014170755 A1 US2014170755 A1 US 2014170755A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- milk
- fatty acids
- total
- produced
- methane
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 130
- 241000282849 Ruminantia Species 0.000 title claims abstract description 33
- 235000013365 dairy product Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 22
- 235000013336 milk Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 94
- 210000004080 milk Anatomy 0.000 claims abstract description 94
- 239000008267 milk Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 91
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 68
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 claims abstract description 68
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 68
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 68
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 56
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 102220207670 rs748889500 Human genes 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- DTOSIQBPPRVQHS-PDBXOOCHSA-N alpha-linolenic acid Chemical compound CC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O DTOSIQBPPRVQHS-PDBXOOCHSA-N 0.000 description 40
- 235000020661 alpha-linolenic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 22
- 229960004488 linolenic acid Drugs 0.000 description 21
- 210000004767 rumen Anatomy 0.000 description 17
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 14
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 241000283690 Bos taurus Species 0.000 description 7
- FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butyric acid Natural products CCCC(O)=O FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 6
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 6
- IUVKMZGDUIUOCP-BTNSXGMBSA-N quinbolone Chemical compound O([C@H]1CC[C@H]2[C@H]3[C@@H]([C@]4(C=CC(=O)C=C4CC3)C)CC[C@@]21C)C1=CCCC1 IUVKMZGDUIUOCP-BTNSXGMBSA-N 0.000 description 6
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 5
- 235000004426 flaxseed Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 230000000696 methanogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-M Butyrate Chemical compound CCCC([O-])=O FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 4
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 235000004431 Linum usitatissimum Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- GQPLMRYTRLFLPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrous Oxide Chemical compound [O-][N+]#N GQPLMRYTRLFLPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M Propionate Chemical compound CCC([O-])=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylselenoniopropionate Natural products CCC(O)=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000000855 fermentation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000004151 fermentation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000005431 greenhouse gas Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000002632 lipids Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 244000025254 Cannabis sativa Species 0.000 description 3
- 241000208202 Linaceae Species 0.000 description 3
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000029087 digestion Effects 0.000 description 3
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000000813 microbial effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 235000020660 omega-3 fatty acid Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 3
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 241000283707 Capra Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000282414 Homo sapiens Species 0.000 description 2
- LCTONWCANYUPML-UHFFFAOYSA-M Pyruvate Chemical compound CC(=O)C([O-])=O LCTONWCANYUPML-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000001272 nitrous oxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000016709 nutrition Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000009304 pastoral farming Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000019260 propionic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000021122 unsaturated fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 150000004670 unsaturated fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- MJYQFWSXKFLTAY-OVEQLNGDSA-N (2r,3r)-2,3-bis[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]butane-1,4-diol;(2r,3r,4s,5s,6r)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O.C1=C(O)C(OC)=CC(C[C@@H](CO)[C@H](CO)CC=2C=C(OC)C(O)=CC=2)=C1 MJYQFWSXKFLTAY-OVEQLNGDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000002791 Brassica napus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000004977 Brassica sinapistrum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000012766 Cannabis sativa ssp. sativa var. sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000012765 Cannabis sativa ssp. sativa var. spontanea Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000195493 Cryptophyta Species 0.000 description 1
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002488 Hemicellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QKKXKWKRSA-N Lactose Natural products OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O[C@H]2[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)O[C@@H]2CO)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QKKXKWKRSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000006240 Linum usitatissimum Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920006926 PFC Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241001494479 Pecora Species 0.000 description 1
- 102100038567 Properdin Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000000218 acetic acid group Chemical group C(C)(=O)* 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006053 animal diet Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003556 assay Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000004251 balanced diet Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 210000000481 breast Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000009120 camo Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000001364 causal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000005607 chanvre indien Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229930002875 chlorophyll Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 235000019804 chlorophyll Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- ATNHDLDRLWWWCB-AENOIHSZSA-M chlorophyll a Chemical compound C1([C@@H](C(=O)OC)C(=O)C2=C3C)=C2N2C3=CC(C(CC)=C3C)=[N+]4C3=CC3=C(C=C)C(C)=C5N3[Mg-2]42[N+]2=C1[C@@H](CCC(=O)OC\C=C(/C)CCC[C@H](C)CCC[C@H](C)CCCC(C)C)[C@H](C)C2=C5 ATNHDLDRLWWWCB-AENOIHSZSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000005911 diet Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000037213 diet Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001079 digestive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000002919 epithelial cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000009313 farming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000019197 fats Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004459 forage Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003087 glucogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004676 glycans Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-ZSJDYOACSA-N heavy water Substances [2H]O[2H] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-ZSJDYOACSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011487 hemp Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000005027 intestinal barrier Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000007358 intestinal barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008101 lactose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009021 linear effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000944 linseed oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 244000144972 livestock Species 0.000 description 1
- 150000004667 medium chain fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 210000004379 membrane Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000021281 monounsaturated fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940012843 omega-3 fatty acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000006014 omega-3 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001814 pectin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001277 pectin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000010987 pectin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000000858 peroxisomal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001282 polysaccharide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005017 polysaccharide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 150000004728 pyruvic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000022676 rumination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000015212 rumination disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 150000004671 saturated fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000003441 saturated fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000004666 short chain fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004460 silage Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241001148471 unidentified anaerobic bacterium Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000010200 validation analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000015112 vegetable and seed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008158 vegetable oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/02—Food
- G01N33/04—Dairy products
- G01N33/06—Determining fat content, e.g. by butyrometer
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/158—Fatty acids; Fats; Products containing oils or fats
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/10—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for ruminants
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/483—Physical analysis of biological material
- G01N33/497—Physical analysis of biological material of gaseous biological material, e.g. breath
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/20—Reduction of greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions in agriculture, e.g. CO2
- Y02P60/22—Methane [CH4], e.g. from rice paddies
Definitions
- the present invention lies in the area of animal feed, and more precisely in the area of feed for milk-producing animals.
- the digestion of organic matter by ruminants comprises a microbial fermentation phase in the rumen.
- plant polysaccharides such as cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, and starch
- cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, and starch are broken down by the anaerobic bacteria living in the rumen.
- VFAs volatile fatty acids
- Hydrogen inhibits the activity of most bacteria via different mechanisms. The hydrogen produced must therefore be eliminated by the rumen to promote good microbial digestion.
- Methanogenesis leading to the formation of methane (CH 4 ), is the main route allowing this elimination. It can be symbolized by the following reaction:
- GGs main greenhouse gases
- the European Council has set itself the target of reducing GGs by 20% between now and 2020.
- livestock farming generated 47.7 MMTCDE (million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent) of which 28.3 MMTCDE in the form of methane derived from the digestive fermentation of ruminants (Leseur, 2006; Martin et al., 2006).
- the first consists of limiting the consumption of products derived from ruminants and in particular dairy products, the effect of which would be to reduce the number of these dairy ruminants and hence logically the emissions of methane.
- dairy products have been present in the food of human beings since time began. Man is known to be the only animal species to eat dairy products after weaning. Also, at nutritional level, these dairy products contain calcium, proteins, and lipids with very special nutritional properties which cannot be dissociated from a balanced diet at all stages of life.
- Another solution consists of changing the feed of dairy ruminants (cows, sheep, goats, etc.) by directing the mechanisms of rumination towards decreased methane production.
- the first consists of increasing the quantity of milk produced per cow (intensified livestock farming).
- the second provides for additives in the feed that are toxic for protozoa and/or methanogenic bacteria so that milk can be produced with a reduction in the emitted quantities of methane.
- a third technique consists of adding sources of plant lipids high in unsaturated fatty acids to the feed of dairy ruminants, preferably from the Omega-3 family, or in the form of other unsaturated fatty acids although their effects on methanogenesis are less powerful (than those of Omega-3 fatty acids).
- These fatty acids are toxic for methanogenic bacteria, either directly or via the toxic effects on protozoa which live in association with these methanogenic bacteria.
- the present invention sets out to overcome this shortcoming.
- the present invention concerns a method to evaluate the quantity of methane produced by a dairy ruminant, characterized by the fact that it comprises determination of the ratio between the quantity of fatty acids with 16 carbon atoms or less, called FA ⁇ C16, and the sum of the total fatty acids in the milk, said fatty acids being those present in the milk produced by said ruminant, said quantity of methane being defined by the following equation:
- FIG. 1 is a graph which shows the prediction of production of CH 4 based on the production of Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs).
- the present invention concerns a method to evaluate the quantity of methane produced by a dairy ruminant, characterized by the fact that it comprises determination of the ratio between the quantity of fatty acids with 16 carbon atoms or less, called FA ⁇ C16, and the sum of the total fatty acids in the milk, said fatty acids being those present in the milk produced by said ruminant, said quantity of methane being defined by the following equation:
- a and b are respectively 11.368 and ⁇ 0.4274.
- Another aspect of the invention relates to a method to reduce and control the quantity of methane produced by a dairy ruminant.
- omega-3 alpha-linolenic acid ALA
- ALA omega-3 alpha-linolenic acid
- this lipid source is in the form of grazed fodder or conserved forage (wilted grass, silage, wrapped round bale, dehydrated, etc.) or oil seeds (in the natural state, raw, or cooked) high in ALA and oil-cakes of these same oil seeds.
- said source includes flax (linseed).
- Omega-3-alpha-linolenic acid or C18: 3 n ⁇ 3 or “ALA” is one of the mass constituents of growing plants.
- ALA is a basic constituent of chlorophyll membranes.
- ALA is also found in some oilseeds such as flax seed (45% to 70%), hemp (around 15%), rapeseed or soy (around 10%).
- the ALA content in the ration of dairy ruminants modifies the microbial population present in the rumen.
- ALA directly and indirectly, effectively inhibits methanogenic bacteria and significantly modifies the proportions of VFAs produced, in particular by lowering the quantities of acetate and butyrate produced.
- ALA sources can have different effects depending on the site of ALA digestion.
- raw flax seeds only bring a scarce reduction in the ratio [(C2+C4)/C3)], whereas extruded flax seeds and flax seed oils bring a strong increase.
- VFAs (C2, C3, or C4) produced by the rumen are diffused through its walls, or move on further through the intestinal barrier to enter circulating fluids.
- Propionic acid (C3) is used as “glucogenic” source and contributes towards milk production as lactose precursor.
- acetic (C2) and butyric (C4) acids are used by the de novo synthesis mechanisms to produce the saturated fatty acids of milk with 2 to 16 carbon atoms.
- This synthesis which takes place in the mammary epithelial cells, uses acetyl coA, a compound derived from C2 and/or C4 for these syntheses of C14: 0 and C16: 0.
- These 2 fatty acids are then “shortened” (peroxisomal beta-oxidation) to produce short and medium-chain fatty acids of milk. These fatty acids can then optionally be desaturated into mono-unsaturated fatty acids under mammary desaturase activity.
- This VFA ratio is to be read as having a strong biological causal link with milk composition, in the form of the ratio between:
- the quantity of CH 4 produced per dairy female can therefore be calculated in relation to milk production (kg milk, per year, per animal) and to the FA composition of the milk from this animal.
- This indirect, but accurate, measurement of methane production can be used as a guide for the rationing systems of dairy ruminant animals, so as to reduce their contribution towards the greenhouse effect and to allow rapid measurement of the effects of these changes.
- the sum of saturated FAs with 16 carbon atoms or less is particularly representative of this de novo synthesis from C2. Additionally, reading of the C16 fatty acids or of the sums of FAs with 12, 14, 16 carbon atoms, even the ratio between C16 and the sum of saturated FAs would also be relevant criteria.
- the table below compares the measured values with the values “predicted” from the above-mentioned tables.
- parameters a and b are 11.368 and ⁇ 0.4274 respectively.
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Animal Husbandry (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Birds (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Biophysics (AREA)
- Hematology (AREA)
- Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
- Fodder In General (AREA)
- Feed For Specific Animals (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention relates in particular to a method to evaluate the quantity of methane produced by a dairy ruminant. The method comprises determination of the ratio between the quantity of fatty acids with 16 carbon atoms or less and the sum of the total fatty acids of the milk, said quantity of methane being defined by the following equation:
Quantity CH4=(FA<C16/Total FAs)*a*(milk production)b
in which:
- quantity CH4 (in g/litre of milk)=quantity of methane produced;
- FA<C16=quantity of fatty acids with 16 carbon atoms or less;
- Total FAs =total quantity of fatty acids;
- expression of the ratio (FA<C16)/(Total FAs) as a % of total FAs;
- milk production=quantity of milk produced in kg of milk/animal and per year;
- a and b are numerical parameters in which a lies between 10 and 13, and b lies between −0.40 and −0.45.
Description
- This present application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/452,243, filed Dec. 18, 2009, which is a national phase entry under 35 U.S.C. §371 of International Application No. PCT/EP2009/057919, filed Jun. 24, 2009, which claims benefit of French Application No. 08 54230 filed Jun. 25, 2008. The disclosures of all of said applications are incorporated by reference herein.
- The present invention lies in the area of animal feed, and more precisely in the area of feed for milk-producing animals.
- It more particularly concerns a method to evaluate the quantity of methane produced by a dairy ruminant, and a method to control the quantity of methane produced by a dairy ruminant.
- The digestion of organic matter by ruminants comprises a microbial fermentation phase in the rumen. During this phase, plant polysaccharides (such as cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, and starch) are broken down by the anaerobic bacteria living in the rumen.
- This gives rise to the production of various volatile fatty acids (VFAs) (acetate, propionate, and butyrate [in increasing order of importance], carbon dioxide [CO2] and hydrogen [H2]).
- Since the rumen is an anaerobic medium, the production of energy (ATP) occurs by “hydrogen transfer”.
- Hydrogen inhibits the activity of most bacteria via different mechanisms. The hydrogen produced must therefore be eliminated by the rumen to promote good microbial digestion.
- Methanogenesis, leading to the formation of methane (CH4), is the main route allowing this elimination. It can be symbolized by the following reaction:
-
[CO2+4H2]=CH4+2H2O - This conversion is ensured by methanogenic bacteria which live in association with protozoa (which form the rumen's microfauna).
- Methane (CH4), together with carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), and the three halogen carbons (Chlorofluorocarbons CFCs, hydrofluorocarbons HFCs, and perfluorocarbons PFCs), is one of the main greenhouse gases (GGs).
- Its contribution to the greenhouse effect is very considerable. One molecule of CH4 is effectively equivalent to 21 molecules of CO2, according to official equivalence tables.
- These GGs are believed to have an effect on climate change and in particular on global warming. Since the World Earth Summit in Rio in 1992, the fight against these changes has become an international commitment which, in 1997, translated as quantitative commitments taken under the Kyoto protocol.
- The European Council has set itself the target of reducing GGs by 20% between now and 2020. In 2003, livestock farming generated 47.7 MMTCDE (million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent) of which 28.3 MMTCDE in the form of methane derived from the digestive fermentation of ruminants (Leseur, 2006; Martin et al., 2006).
- These methane emissions represent 26% of emissions by the farming sector and 5% of French GG emissions (Leseur, 2006).
- It therefore appears necessary to reduce the methane emissions of ruminants.
- Different solutions have been put forward to reach this objective.
- The first consists of limiting the consumption of products derived from ruminants and in particular dairy products, the effect of which would be to reduce the number of these dairy ruminants and hence logically the emissions of methane.
- However, dairy products have been present in the food of human beings since time began. Man is known to be the only animal species to eat dairy products after weaning. Also, at nutritional level, these dairy products contain calcium, proteins, and lipids with very special nutritional properties which cannot be dissociated from a balanced diet at all stages of life.
- Additionally, the increase in the planet's population appears scarcely compatible with a reduction in numbers of livestock intended to feed this increasing population.
- Another solution consists of changing the feed of dairy ruminants (cows, sheep, goats, etc.) by directing the mechanisms of rumination towards decreased methane production.
- Different techniques have been suggested to reach this objective.
- The first consists of increasing the quantity of milk produced per cow (intensified livestock farming).
- The second provides for additives in the feed that are toxic for protozoa and/or methanogenic bacteria so that milk can be produced with a reduction in the emitted quantities of methane.
- Finally, a third technique consists of adding sources of plant lipids high in unsaturated fatty acids to the feed of dairy ruminants, preferably from the Omega-3 family, or in the form of other unsaturated fatty acids although their effects on methanogenesis are less powerful (than those of Omega-3 fatty acids). These fatty acids are toxic for methanogenic bacteria, either directly or via the toxic effects on protozoa which live in association with these methanogenic bacteria.
- However, these different techniques can only be of real interest if there is a practical method, that is easy to implement, to evaluate the quantity of methane produced by ruminants.
- Yet, measurement of methane emissions at the present time is only possible at experimental stations, but in cumbersome costly manner.
- The present invention sets out to overcome this shortcoming.
- Therefore, according to a first aspect, the present invention concerns a method to evaluate the quantity of methane produced by a dairy ruminant, characterized by the fact that it comprises determination of the ratio between the quantity of fatty acids with 16 carbon atoms or less, called FA<C16, and the sum of the total fatty acids in the milk, said fatty acids being those present in the milk produced by said ruminant, said quantity of methane being defined by the following equation:
-
Quantity CH4=(FA<C16/total FAs)*a*(milk production)b - in which:
- quantity CH4 (in g/litre of milk)=quantity of methane produced;
- FA<C16=quantity of fatty acids with 16 carbon atoms or less;
- Total FAs=total quantity of fatty acids;
- expression of the ratio (FA<C16)/(Total FAs) as a % of Total FAs;
- milk production=quantity of milk produced in kg milk/per animal/per year;
- a and b are numerical parameters, with a lying between 10 and 13 and b lying between −0.40 and −0.45.
-
FIG. 1 is a graph which shows the prediction of production of CH4 based on the production of Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs). - Therefore, according to a first aspect, the present invention concerns a method to evaluate the quantity of methane produced by a dairy ruminant, characterized by the fact that it comprises determination of the ratio between the quantity of fatty acids with 16 carbon atoms or less, called FA<C16, and the sum of the total fatty acids in the milk, said fatty acids being those present in the milk produced by said ruminant, said quantity of methane being defined by the following equation:
-
Quantity CH4=(FA<C16/total FAs)*a*(milk production)b - in which:
- quantity CH4 (in g/litre of milk)=quantity of methane produced;
- FA<C16=quantity of fatty acids with 16 carbon atoms or less;
- Total FAs=total quantity of fatty acids;
- expression of the ratio (FA<C16)/(Total FAs) as a % of Total FAs;
- milk production=quantity of milk produced in kg milk/per animal/per year;
- a and b are numerical parameters, with a lying between 10 and 13 and b lying between −0.40 and −0.45.
- This method is easy to implement since the present applicant has evidenced that the quantity of methane produced is directly related to the quantity of fatty acids in the milk. Also, the assay of fatty acids in milk is an operation that is currently given very wide application and does not require any sophisticated or costly means.
- In one preferred embodiment, a and b are respectively 11.368 and −0.4274.
- Another aspect of the invention relates to a method to reduce and control the quantity of methane produced by a dairy ruminant.
- This method is noteworthy in that it consists of:
-
- giving the ruminant a food ration which meets at least one of the following criteria:
- a) it excludes all fat of animal origin;
- b) it limits the exogenous intake of vegetable oil containing more than 30% Total FA in the form of saturated FAs, in the natural state, hydrogenated, or saponified, to no more than 15 grams/animal and per 100 kg live weight;
- c) it contains at least one lipid source high in omega-3 alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), i.e. of which more than 30% of the Total FAs are in the form of omega-3 FAs;
- and of controlling said quantity of methane by applying the method according to one of the preceding characteristics.
- Preferably, this lipid source is in the form of grazed fodder or conserved forage (wilted grass, silage, wrapped round bale, dehydrated, etc.) or oil seeds (in the natural state, raw, or cooked) high in ALA and oil-cakes of these same oil seeds.
- Advantageously, said source includes flax (linseed).
- Other characteristics and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description.
- The link between the production of VFAs in the rumen and the production of methane has been known and researched for many years.
- It has been shown for example that the production of acetate and butyrate releases hydrogen, and therefore promotes the production of methane, whereas the production of propionate allows the hydrogen to be used and hence limits methane production (Gworgwor et al., 2006).
- This can be illustrated by the following equations:
- 1 Glucose (C6) gives 2 Pyruvates (C3) [+4H]
- 1 Pyruvate (C3)+H2O=1 Acetate+CO2 [+2H] and:
- 1 Pyruvate=1 propionate (C3) [−4H]
- A predictive equation has therefore been developed to predict the production of CH4 from the production of VFAs, using the graph given in appended
FIG. 1 (Moss et al., 2000). Therefore, the greater the production of C2 and C4 by fermentations in the rumen, the greater the production of CH4. - Conversely, the greater the production of C3 by fermentations in the rumen, the more the production of CH4 is reduced.
- The synthesis equation following therefrom is defined as follows: [CH4]=0.45 [acetate]+0.40 [Butyrate]−0.275 [Propionate]
- where [x]=quantity of x, as a % of Total VFAs.
- Omega-3-alpha-linolenic acid or C18: 3 n−3 or “ALA” is one of the mass constituents of growing plants.
- It is found in abundance for example in young grass and in algae in which it accounts for the vast majority (50 to 75%) of the fatty acids in these plants. ALA is a basic constituent of chlorophyll membranes.
- ALA is also found in some oilseeds such as flax seed (45% to 70%), hemp (around 15%), rapeseed or soy (around 10%).
- The ALA content in the ration of dairy ruminants modifies the microbial population present in the rumen. ALA, directly and indirectly, effectively inhibits methanogenic bacteria and significantly modifies the proportions of VFAs produced, in particular by lowering the quantities of acetate and butyrate produced.
- According to numerous sources in the scientific literature, when an ALA source is added to the ration of a ruminant, the production of propionic acid (C3) increases, and the proportions of acetic acid (C2) and butyric acid (C4) are reduced.
- It therefore appears that:
-
- the ratio [(C2+C4) to C3] is a very good index for the production of methane in the rumen;
- the intake of ALA in the diets of dairy ruminants has a linear effect on the ratio (C2+C4)/C3 which is regularly decreased when, all other things being equivalent, the quantity of ALA ingested by the ruminant is increased.
- It is to be noted, however that ALA sources can have different effects depending on the site of ALA digestion.
- For example, raw flax seeds only bring a scarce reduction in the ratio [(C2+C4)/C3)], whereas extruded flax seeds and flax seed oils bring a strong increase.
- The ability to modify this ratio [(C2+C4)/C3)] is therefore related to the quantity of ALA in animal diet but also to the availability of ALA in the rumen.
- VFAs (C2, C3, or C4) produced by the rumen are diffused through its walls, or move on further through the intestinal barrier to enter circulating fluids.
- Propionic acid (C3) is used as “glucogenic” source and contributes towards milk production as lactose precursor.
- On the contrary, acetic (C2) and butyric (C4) acids are used by the de novo synthesis mechanisms to produce the saturated fatty acids of milk with 2 to 16 carbon atoms.
- This synthesis, which takes place in the mammary epithelial cells, uses acetyl coA, a compound derived from C2 and/or C4 for these syntheses of C14: 0 and C16: 0.
- These 2 fatty acids are then “shortened” (peroxisomal beta-oxidation) to produce short and medium-chain fatty acids of milk. These fatty acids can then optionally be desaturated into mono-unsaturated fatty acids under mammary desaturase activity.
- The quantity of CH4 produced per litre of milk therefore takes into account:
- a) the animal's yearly milk production.
- The more a dairy cow (for example) produces milk, the more the production of methane per litre of milk is decreased. Therefore, some authors propose the following equation:
-
Quantity of methane produced (kg per cow per year)=55.7+0.0098*(milk production, in kg per year and per animal). - b) ration composition, and in particular the quantity of available ALA in the rumen.
- c) the ratio (C2+C4)/C3 in the rumen of these animals.
- This VFA ratio is to be read as having a strong biological causal link with milk composition, in the form of the ratio between:
- i) the sum of milk FAs with 16 or less than 16 carbon atoms,
- and
- ii) the sum of all the milk FAs.
- The quantity of CH4 produced per dairy female can therefore be calculated in relation to milk production (kg milk, per year, per animal) and to the FA composition of the milk from this animal.
- It therefore appears that the person skilled in the art may have at hand a precious tool to evaluate the production of methane by dairy animals, in relation to their production level (easy to measure) and to the composition of the milk (easy to measure).
- This indirect, but accurate, measurement of methane production can be used as a guide for the rationing systems of dairy ruminant animals, so as to reduce their contribution towards the greenhouse effect and to allow rapid measurement of the effects of these changes.
- Numerous tests are available in the general bibliography which describe the effects of an intake of a food ALA source (most often in the form of flax) on the production of methane by cows, goats, and other female dairy ruminants.
- Other tests are available which describe the effects of these same ALA sources, in the form of flax, on the fatty acid (FA) composition of milk.
- Matching and synthesis of these results have been carried out to validate the theoretical model. These results are given in Table 1 below.
- The focus here was to measure the production of CH4 per litre of milk as a function of:
-
- milk production (kg/animal/year);
- the ratio between milk FAs having 16 carbon atoms or less as a % of total FAs.
- Evidently, we could have chosen other FAs or other sums or ratios of FAs to illustrate the effects of de novo synthesis of saturated FAs in the udder, using the C2 produced in the rumen with CH4 emission.
- However, the sum of saturated FAs with 16 carbon atoms or less is particularly representative of this de novo synthesis from C2. Additionally, reading of the C16 fatty acids or of the sums of FAs with 12, 14, 16 carbon atoms, even the ratio between C16 and the sum of saturated FAs would also be relevant criteria.
- This compiling of results was notably made from tests which firstly gave the FA profiles of milk and secondly gave measurements of methane produced per litre of milk, in tests using extruded flax seeds as ALA source and on cows having different production levels.
-
TABLE 1 Production of methane per litre of milk in relation to milk production per animal and to milk FA profile, over a given range of milk FA profile MP FA 4 000 5 000 6 000 7 000 8 000 9 000 10 000 11 000 12 000 13 000 14 000 70 23.7 20.9 19.1 17.8 16.8 16.0 15.4 14.9 14.4 14.1 13.8 68 23.0 20.3 18.5 17.2 16.3 15.5 14.9 14.4 14.0 13.7 13.4 66 22.4 19.7 18.0 16.7 15.8 15.1 14.5 14.0 13.6 13.3 13.0 64 21.7 19.1 17.4 16.2 15.3 14.6 14.1 13.6 13.2 12.9 12.6 62 21.0 18.5 16.9 15.7 14.8 14.2 13.6 13.2 12.8 12.5 12.2 60 20.3 17.9 16.4 15.2 14.4 13.7 13.2 12.7 12.4 12.1 11.8 58 19.7 17.4 15.8 14.7 13.9 13.2 12.7 12.3 12.0 11.7 11.4 56 19.0 16.8 15.3 14.2 13.4 12.8 12.3 11.9 11.6 11.3 11.0 54 18.3 16.2 14.7 13.7 12.9 12.3 11.9 11.5 11.1 10.9 10.6 52 17.6 15.6 14.2 13.2 12.5 11.9 11.4 11.0 10.7 10.5 10.2 50 16.9 15.0 13.6 12.7 12.0 11.4 11.0 10.6 10.3 10.1 9.8 48 16.3 14.4 13.1 12.2 11.5 11.0 10.5 10.2 9.9 9.7 9.4 46 15.6 13.8 12.5 11.7 11.0 10.5 10.1 9.8 9.5 9.3 9.1 44 14.9 13.2 12.0 11.2 10.5 10.1 9.7 9.3 9.1 8.9 8.7 42 14.2 12.6 11.5 10.7 10.1 9.6 9.2 8.9 8.7 8.5 8.3 NB: This range of milk FA profile was deliberately limited to the range in which FAs with 16 carbon atoms or less account for 70 to 42% of the milk FAs. Not because the ensuing biological model or equation is limited to this range, but because beyond the limits of this range the composition of the milks produced can be considered firstly to be nutritionally doubtful and secondly ncompatible with the above-defined means used to obtain these milks. - In this table: MP (horizontally)=milk production (kg/animal/year) and FA=[FA<C16/Total FAs], as a %.
- We have therefore drawn up a predictive table for emitted CH4 values on the basis of milk production data and the FA profiles of these milks so produced:
-
TABLE 2 MP FA 4 000 5 000 6 000 7 000 8 000 9 000 10 000 11 000 12 000 13 000 14 000 70 23.0 20.9 19.3 18.1 17.1 16.2 15.5 14.9 14.4 13.9 13.5 68 22.3 20.3 18.8 17.6 16.6 15.8 15.1 14.5 14.0 13.5 13.1 66 21.7 19.7 18.2 17.1 16.1 15.3 14.6 14.1 13.5 13.1 12.7 64 21.0 19.1 17.7 16.5 15.6 14.9 14.2 13.6 13.1 12.7 12.3 62 20.3 18.5 17.1 16.0 15.1 14.4 13.8 13.2 12.7 12.3 11.9 60 19.7 17.9 16.6 15.5 14.6 13.9 13.3 12.8 12.3 11.9 11.5 58 19.0 17.3 16.0 15.0 14.2 13.5 12.9 12.4 11.9 11.5 11.1 56 18.4 16.7 15.5 14.5 13.7 13.0 12.4 11.9 11.5 11.1 10.8 54 17.7 16.1 14.9 14.0 13.2 12.5 12.0 11.5 11.1 10.7 10.4 52 17.1 15.5 14.4 13.4 12.7 12.1 11.5 11.1 10.7 10.3 10.0 50 16.4 14.9 13.8 12.9 12.2 11.6 11.1 10.7 10.3 9.9 9.6 48 15.8 14.3 13.2 12.4 11.7 11.1 10.6 10.2 9.9 9.5 9.2 46 15.1 13.7 12.7 11.9 11.2 10.7 10.2 9.8 9.4 9.1 8.8 44 14.4 13.1 12.1 11.4 10.7 10.2 9.8 9.4 9.0 8.7 8.5 42 13.8 12.5 11.6 10.9 10.3 9.7 9.3 8.9 8.6 8.3 8.1 - We have the results of several tests which accurately measured:
-
- the quantity of ALA (available in the rumen) in the rations of dairy cows;
- the effects of this ALA on the ratio (C2+C4)/C3;
- the effects of these rations on the milk FA profile;
- and finally tests which compared the production of CH4 per litre of milk with different ALA contents in the rations.
- The table below compares the measured values with the values “predicted” from the above-mentioned tables.
-
TABLE 3 Tests 1 2 3 4 5 6 Milk 6 000 6 000 7 000 7 000 7 000 6 000 production FA >=C16 61 42 66 64 56 42 CH4 in g/l 16.8 11.8 17.2 16.2 13.8 10.9 milk “Prediction” in g/l As per Table 1 16.4 11.5 17.2 16.2 14.2 11.5 As per Table 2 16.4 11.5 17.2 15.7 14.2 11.5 - The present applicant has inferred from these tests that the quantity of methane can be defined by the following equation:
-
Quantity CH4=(FA<C16/Total FAs)*a*(milk production)b - in which:
-
- quantity CH4 (in g/litre of milk)=quantity of methane produced;
- FA<C16=quantity of fatty acids with 16 carbon atoms or less;
- Total FAs=total quantity of fatty acids;
- milk production=quantity of milk produced in kg per animal per year
- a and b=numerical parameters in which a lies between 10 and 13, and b lies between −0.40 and −0.45.
- Preferably, parameters a and b are 11.368 and −0.4274 respectively.
Claims (7)
1. A method to evaluate the quantity of methane produced by a dairy ruminant, comprising:
determining the ratio between the quantity of fatty acids with 16 carbon atoms or less, called FA<C16 and the sum of the total fatty acids in the milk, said fatty acids being those found in the milk produced by said ruminant, said quantity of methane being defined by the following equation:
Quantity CH4=(FA<C16/Total FAs)*a*(milk production)b
Quantity CH4=(FA<C16/Total FAs)*a*(milk production)b
in which:
quantity CH4 (in g/litre of milk)=quantity of methane produced;
FA<C16=quantity of fatty acids with 16 carbon atoms or less;
Total FAs=total quantity of fatty acids;
expression of the ratio (FA<C16)/(Total FAs) as a % of total FAs;
milk production=quantity of milk produced in kg of milk/animal and per year;
a and b are numerical parameters, with a lying between 10 and 13, and b lying between −0.40 and −0.45.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein a and b are respectively 11.368 and −0.4274.
3.-6. (canceled)
7. A method to evaluate the quantity of methane produced by a dairy ruminant, comprising:
(a) assaying fatty acids of milk produced by a dairy ruminant;
(b) determining the ratio between the quantity of fatty acids with 16 carbon atoms or less, called FA<C16, and the sum of the total fatty acids in the milk, said fatty acids being those found in the milk produced by said ruminant;
(c) calculating said quantity of methane which is defined by the following equation:
Quantity CH4=(FA<C16/Total FAs)*a*(milk production)b
Quantity CH4=(FA<C16/Total FAs)*a*(milk production)b
in which:
quantity CH4 (in g/litre of milk)=quantity of methane produced;
FA<C16=quantity of fatty acids with 16 carbon atoms or less;
Total FAs=total quantity of fatty acids;
expression of the ratio (FA<C16)/(Total FAs) as a % of total FAs;
milk production=quantity of milk produced in kg of milk/animal and per year;
a and b are numerical parameters, with a lying between 10 and 13, and b lying between −0.40 and −0.45.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein a and b are respectively 11.368 and −0.4274.
9. A method to evaluate the quantity of methane produced by a dairy ruminant for use in reducing or controlling the quantity of methane produced by the ruminant, comprising:
(a) assaying fatty acids of milk produced by a dairy ruminant by:
(i) determining the total content of fatty acids in the milk; and
(ii) determining the content of fatty acids with 16 carbons or less in the milk;
(b) determining the ratio between the content of fatty acids with 16 carbon atoms or less and the total content of fatty acids in the milk;
(c) determining the milk production of said ruminant, wherein said milk production is the quantity of milk produced in kg of milk per animal per year; and
(d) calculating said quantity of methane which is defined by the following equation:
Quantity CH4=(FA<C16/Total FAs)*a*(milk production)b
Quantity CH4=(FA<C16/Total FAs)*a*(milk production)b
in which:
quantity CH4 (in g/litre of milk)=quantity of methane produced;
FA<C16=content of fatty acids with 16 carbon atoms or less;
Total FAs=total content of fatty acids;
expression of the ratio (FA<C16)/(Total FAs) as a % of total FAs;
milk production=quantity of milk produced in kg of milk/animal and per year;
a and b are numerical parameters, with a lying between 10 and 13, and b lying between −0.40 and −0.45.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein a and b are respectively 11.368 and −0.4274.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US14/036,178 US20140170755A1 (en) | 2008-06-25 | 2013-09-25 | Method to evaluate the quantity of methane produced by a dairy ruminant and method to reduce and control this quantity |
Applications Claiming Priority (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR0854230A FR2933191B1 (en) | 2008-06-25 | 2008-06-25 | METHOD FOR EVALUATING THE QUANTITY OF METHANE PRODUCED BY A DAIRY RUMINANT AND METHOD FOR DECREASING AND CONTROLLING SUCH QUANTITY |
FR0854230 | 2008-06-25 | ||
PCT/EP2009/057919 WO2009156453A1 (en) | 2008-06-25 | 2009-06-24 | Method for evaluating the amount of methane produced by a dairy ruminant and method for decreasing and controlling this amount |
US12/452,243 US8642100B2 (en) | 2008-06-25 | 2009-06-24 | Method to evaluate the quantity of methane produced by a dairy ruminant and method to reduce and control this quantity |
US14/036,178 US20140170755A1 (en) | 2008-06-25 | 2013-09-25 | Method to evaluate the quantity of methane produced by a dairy ruminant and method to reduce and control this quantity |
Related Parent Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP2009/057919 Continuation WO2009156453A1 (en) | 2008-06-25 | 2009-06-24 | Method for evaluating the amount of methane produced by a dairy ruminant and method for decreasing and controlling this amount |
US12/452,243 Continuation US8642100B2 (en) | 2008-06-25 | 2009-06-24 | Method to evaluate the quantity of methane produced by a dairy ruminant and method to reduce and control this quantity |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20140170755A1 true US20140170755A1 (en) | 2014-06-19 |
Family
ID=40158605
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US12/452,243 Active 2031-05-09 US8642100B2 (en) | 2008-06-25 | 2009-06-24 | Method to evaluate the quantity of methane produced by a dairy ruminant and method to reduce and control this quantity |
US14/036,178 Abandoned US20140170755A1 (en) | 2008-06-25 | 2013-09-25 | Method to evaluate the quantity of methane produced by a dairy ruminant and method to reduce and control this quantity |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US12/452,243 Active 2031-05-09 US8642100B2 (en) | 2008-06-25 | 2009-06-24 | Method to evaluate the quantity of methane produced by a dairy ruminant and method to reduce and control this quantity |
Country Status (18)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US8642100B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2158484B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP5363568B2 (en) |
KR (1) | KR101617373B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN102077089B (en) |
AT (1) | ATE532062T1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2009264211B2 (en) |
BR (1) | BRPI0914321B1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2728307C (en) |
DK (1) | DK2158484T3 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2376622T3 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2933191B1 (en) |
IL (1) | IL210250A (en) |
MX (1) | MX2010013827A (en) |
NZ (1) | NZ590284A (en) |
PL (1) | PL2158484T3 (en) |
PT (1) | PT2158484E (en) |
WO (1) | WO2009156453A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (26)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US8784871B2 (en) | 2009-12-11 | 2014-07-22 | Dsm Ip Assets B.V. | Nitrooxy alkanoic acids and derivatives thereof in feed for reducing methane emission in ruminants, and/or to improve ruminant performance |
FR2961907B1 (en) * | 2010-06-29 | 2012-07-27 | Valorex Sa | METHOD FOR EVALUATING THE QUANTITY OF METHANE PRODUCED BY A RUMINANT SAID "A MEAT" |
NL2005543C2 (en) | 2010-10-18 | 2012-04-19 | Friesland Brands Bv | Method to produce milk with increased unsaturated fatty acids content. |
FR2966603B1 (en) | 2010-10-21 | 2012-11-16 | Valorex Sa | METHOD FOR EVALUATING THE QUANTITY OF METHANE PRODUCED BY A DAIRY RUMINANT |
EP2654455B1 (en) | 2010-12-20 | 2018-10-24 | DSM IP Assets B.V. | Use of nitrooxy organic molecules in feed for reducing methane emission in ruminants |
EP2644038A1 (en) | 2012-03-26 | 2013-10-02 | DSM IP Assets B.V. | Use of para nitro amino derivatives in feed for reducing meth-ane emission in ruminants |
FI124101B (en) | 2012-05-14 | 2014-03-14 | Hankkija Maatalous Oy | Modified tall oil fatty acid |
CN102652541B (en) * | 2012-05-24 | 2013-06-12 | 山东新希望六和集团有限公司 | Compound goat feed containing linolenic acid and preparation method thereof |
FI124918B (en) | 2013-05-14 | 2015-03-31 | Hankkija Maatalous Oy | tall oil fatty acids |
FI125051B (en) | 2013-10-24 | 2015-05-15 | Hankkija Oy | Tall oil fatty acid |
WO2015071534A1 (en) | 2013-11-13 | 2015-05-21 | Hankkija Oy | A feed supplement and a feed composition comprising resin acid based composition |
CA2839027A1 (en) * | 2014-01-02 | 2015-07-02 | Alltech, Inc. | Systems and methods for estimating feed efficiency and carbon footprint for milk producing animal |
WO2016193309A1 (en) | 2015-06-01 | 2016-12-08 | Dsm Ip Assets B.V. | New bis esters of ivy sapogenins for ruminants |
FR3059103B1 (en) * | 2016-11-18 | 2018-11-09 | Valorex | METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE QUANTITY OF A CONTENT CONTAINED IN A FOOD RATIONUM CONSUMED BY A RUMINANT, PROGRAM, MEMORY AND CORRESPONDING DEVICE. |
KR101911465B1 (en) | 2016-11-25 | 2018-10-24 | 전북대학교 산학협력단 | Nitrate coating composition for reducing the methane gas produced by the rumen of ruminant Animals and method for producing the same |
WO2018153702A1 (en) | 2017-02-21 | 2018-08-30 | Dsm Ip Assets B.V. | Use of a feed composition for reducing methane emission in rumi-nants, and/or to improve ruminant performance |
EP3628169A1 (en) | 2018-09-25 | 2020-04-01 | DSM IP Assets B.V. | 3h-1,2-dithiol-derivatives for reducing methane emission in ruminants |
WO2020106929A1 (en) * | 2018-11-21 | 2020-05-28 | Stucker Dennis R | Method for increasing rate and extent of fiber digestion in ruminants |
WO2021131486A1 (en) * | 2019-12-23 | 2021-07-01 | 国立研究開発法人農業・食品産業技術総合研究機構 | Evaluation system and evaluation method |
CN112420161A (en) * | 2020-10-28 | 2021-02-26 | 西北农林科技大学 | Rumen volatile fatty acid prediction method, system, equipment and medium |
EP4037666B1 (en) | 2020-12-08 | 2024-05-01 | Ruminant Biotech Corp Limited | Improvements to devices and methods for delivery of substances to animals |
CN117119897A (en) | 2021-04-15 | 2023-11-24 | 帝斯曼知识产权资产管理有限公司 | Use of gossypol and methane inhibitors for reducing the formation of methane resulting from digestive activities of ruminants |
BR112023021280A2 (en) | 2021-04-15 | 2023-12-19 | Dsm Ip Assets Bv | NEW USE |
EP4322927A1 (en) | 2021-04-15 | 2024-02-21 | DSM IP Assets B.V. | Novel use |
US20240207203A1 (en) | 2021-04-15 | 2024-06-27 | Dsm Ip Assets B.V. | Novel use |
WO2023031166A1 (en) | 2021-08-31 | 2023-03-09 | Dsm Ip Assets B.V. | System and method for classifying animal food products |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN1059542C (en) * | 1997-09-05 | 2000-12-20 | 中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所 | Preparation of microbial fermented stalk feed for reducing methane discharge of ruminant |
WO2006040537A1 (en) * | 2004-10-12 | 2006-04-20 | Rowett Research Institute | Improved ruminant feeding |
CN100556560C (en) * | 2004-11-09 | 2009-11-04 | 中国科学技术大学 | Utilize the method for rumen microbe in degrading waste plant matter effectively |
EP2032966B1 (en) * | 2006-06-07 | 2012-12-19 | Valorex | Method for determining the nutritional quality of milk lipids |
-
2008
- 2008-06-25 FR FR0854230A patent/FR2933191B1/en active Active
-
2009
- 2009-06-24 ES ES09756121T patent/ES2376622T3/en active Active
- 2009-06-24 JP JP2011515378A patent/JP5363568B2/en active Active
- 2009-06-24 PL PL09756121T patent/PL2158484T3/en unknown
- 2009-06-24 CA CA2728307A patent/CA2728307C/en active Active
- 2009-06-24 PT PT09756121T patent/PT2158484E/en unknown
- 2009-06-24 WO PCT/EP2009/057919 patent/WO2009156453A1/en active Application Filing
- 2009-06-24 DK DK09756121.1T patent/DK2158484T3/en active
- 2009-06-24 US US12/452,243 patent/US8642100B2/en active Active
- 2009-06-24 CN CN200980124064XA patent/CN102077089B/en active Active
- 2009-06-24 AT AT09756121T patent/ATE532062T1/en active
- 2009-06-24 KR KR1020117001935A patent/KR101617373B1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2009-06-24 MX MX2010013827A patent/MX2010013827A/en active IP Right Grant
- 2009-06-24 NZ NZ590284A patent/NZ590284A/en unknown
- 2009-06-24 EP EP09756121A patent/EP2158484B1/en active Active
- 2009-06-24 BR BRPI0914321-1A patent/BRPI0914321B1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2009-06-24 AU AU2009264211A patent/AU2009264211B2/en active Active
-
2010
- 2010-12-23 IL IL210250A patent/IL210250A/en active IP Right Grant
-
2013
- 2013-09-25 US US14/036,178 patent/US20140170755A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN102077089A (en) | 2011-05-25 |
JP5363568B2 (en) | 2013-12-11 |
NZ590284A (en) | 2012-05-25 |
WO2009156453A1 (en) | 2009-12-30 |
IL210250A0 (en) | 2011-03-31 |
CA2728307C (en) | 2017-11-07 |
PT2158484E (en) | 2012-02-03 |
AU2009264211B2 (en) | 2014-05-29 |
IL210250A (en) | 2015-08-31 |
US20110081442A1 (en) | 2011-04-07 |
MX2010013827A (en) | 2011-04-27 |
FR2933191A1 (en) | 2010-01-01 |
EP2158484A1 (en) | 2010-03-03 |
ES2376622T3 (en) | 2012-03-15 |
CN102077089B (en) | 2013-10-23 |
DK2158484T3 (en) | 2012-01-30 |
KR20110039540A (en) | 2011-04-19 |
FR2933191B1 (en) | 2010-06-25 |
JP2011525974A (en) | 2011-09-29 |
US8642100B2 (en) | 2014-02-04 |
BRPI0914321A2 (en) | 2015-10-13 |
KR101617373B1 (en) | 2016-05-02 |
EP2158484B1 (en) | 2011-11-02 |
CA2728307A1 (en) | 2009-12-30 |
PL2158484T3 (en) | 2012-03-30 |
BRPI0914321B1 (en) | 2018-02-06 |
ATE532062T1 (en) | 2011-11-15 |
AU2009264211A1 (en) | 2009-12-30 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US8642100B2 (en) | Method to evaluate the quantity of methane produced by a dairy ruminant and method to reduce and control this quantity | |
Fievez et al. | Milk odd-and branched-chain fatty acids as biomarkers of rumen function—An update | |
Arco-Pérez et al. | Nutritive evaluation and milk quality of including of tomato or olive by-products silages with sunflower oil in the diet of dairy goats | |
Guyader et al. | Additive methane-mitigating effect between linseed oil and nitrate fed to cattle | |
Jentsch et al. | Methane production in cattle calculated by the nutrient composition of the diet | |
Van Zijderveld et al. | Effects of a combination of feed additives on methane production, diet digestibility, and animal performance in lactating dairy cows | |
Bhatt et al. | Change in body condition and carcass characteristics of cull ewes fed diets supplemented with rumen bypass fat | |
Rahman et al. | Estimation of total volatile fatty acid (VFA) from total organic carbons (TOCs) assessment through in vitro fermentation of livestock feeds | |
Gutiérrez-Peña et al. | Fatty acid profile and vitamins A and E contents of milk in goat farms under Mediterranean wood pastures as affected by grazing conditions and seasons | |
Elghandour et al. | Biogas production from prickly pear cactus containing diets supplemented with Moringa oleifera leaf extract for a cleaner environmental livestock production | |
Zhao et al. | Enteric methane emissions and nitrogen utilisation efficiency for two genotype of hill hoggets offered fresh, ensiled and pelleted ryegrass | |
Dijkstra et al. | Relationships between milk fatty acid profiles and enteric methane production in dairy cattle fed grass-or grass silage-based diets | |
Martin et al. | Diets supplemented with corn oil and wheat starch, marine algae, or hydrogenated palm oil modulate methane emissions similarly in dairy goats and cows, but not feeding behavior | |
De Souza et al. | Between-cow variation in milk fatty acids associated with methane production | |
Van Gastelen et al. | The relationship between milk metabolome and methane emission of Holstein Friesian dairy cows: Metabolic interpretation and prediction potential | |
US20130167617A1 (en) | Method for evaluating the quantity of methane produced by a ruminant used for meat production | |
Patel | Effects of increasing the proportion of high-quality grass silage in the diet of dairy cows | |
Dereje et al. | Effect of concentrate supplementation to free ranging dromedary camels on yield, physicochemical quality and fatty acid profile of milk | |
Rugoho et al. | Analysis of major fatty acids in milk produced from high-quality grazed pasture | |
Wattiaux et al. | Milk urea nitrogen as a tool to assess efficiency of nitrogen utilization in dairy cows | |
Phuoc Thanh et al. | Polyunsaturated fatty acids and rumen undegradable protein alter ruminal fermentation and milk fatty acid profiles in dairy cows | |
Renes et al. | Effect of feeding regimen on the fatty acid profile of sheep bulk tank milk | |
McKay et al. | Impact of a total mixed ration or pasture/pasture silage-based feeding strategy in the initial stages of lactation of spring-calving dairy cows on milk production, composition and selected milk processability parameters | |
Li et al. | Paths for improvements of smallholder dairies: case-study on local food security in arid regions of China | |
Guinguina et al. | Postpartum responses of dairy cows supplemented with cereal grain or fibrous by-product concentrate |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: VALOREX, FRANCE Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:WEILL, PIERRE;CHESNEAU, GUILLAUME;CHILLIARD, YVES;AND OTHERS;SIGNING DATES FROM 20101220 TO 20110110;REEL/FRAME:031611/0246 |
|
STCB | Information on status: application discontinuation |
Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION |