Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D417/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00
  • C07D417/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings
  • C07D417/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
  • A61P11/06—Antiasthmatics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
  • A61P17/06—Antipsoriatics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
  • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
  • A61P35/02—Antineoplastic agents specific for leukemia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
  • A61P9/10—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
  • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D401/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D413/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D413/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
  • C07D413/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D413/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D413/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing three or more hetero rings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D417/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00
  • C07D417/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing three or more hetero rings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
  • C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D471/04—Ortho-condensed systems

Definitions

• picolinamide compounds which act as inhibitors of Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk).
• Pharmaceutical compositions containing these compounds, methods for their use to treat a condition mediated at least in part by syk activity, and methods for their preparation are also provided.
• Protein kinases constitute a large family of structurally related enzymes that are responsible for the control of a variety of signal transduction processes within cells (see, e.g., Hardie and Hanks, The Protein Kinase Facts Book, I and II, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif., 1995). Protein kinases are thought to have evolved from a common ancestral gene due to the conservation of their structure and catalytic function. Almost all kinases contain a similar 250-300 amino acid catalytic domain. The kinases can be categorized into families by the substrates they phosphorylate (e.g., protein-tyrosine, protein-serine/threonine, lipids, etc.).
• ITAM-mediated signaling has emerged as a primary event in signaling pathways responsible for human pathologies.
• ITAM-mediated signaling is responsible for relaying activation signals initiated at classical immune receptors such as T-cell receptors, B-cell receptors, Fc receptors in immune cells and at GPVI and Fc ⁇ RIIa in platelets to downstream intracellular molecules such as Syk and ZAP-70 (Underhill, D. M and Goodridge, H. S., Trends Immunol., 28:66-73, 2007).
• the binding of a ligand to an ITAM-containing receptor triggers signaling events which allows for the recruitment of proteins from a family of nonreceptor tyrosine kinases called the Src family. These kinases phosphorylate tyrosine residues within the ITAM sequence, a region with which the tandem SH2 domains on either Syk or ZAP-70 interact.
• Syk is a member of the Syk family of protein tyrosine kinases.
• the interaction of Syk or ZAP-70 with diphosphorylated ITAM sequences induces a conformation change in the kinases that allows for tyrosine phosphorylation of the kinase itself.
• Phosphorylated Syk family members activate a multitude of downstream signaling pathway proteins which include Src homology 2 (SH2) domain containing leukocyte-specific phosphoprotein of 76 kDa (SLP-76), Linker of Activation of T-cells (LAT) and PLC (phospholipase C) ⁇ 2.
• SH2 Src homology 2
• LAT Linker of Activation of T-cells
• PLC phospholipase C
• autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus, multiple sclerosis, hemolytic anemia, immune-thrombocytopenia purpura, and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and arteriosclerosis.
• many of the above mentioned diseases are thought to occur through crosslinking of Fc receptors by antibodies which, via Syk, activate a signaling cascade in mast, basophil and other immune cells that result in the release of cell mediators responsible for inflammatory reactions.
• Drug-induced thrombocytopenia caused by heparin-platelet factor 4 immune complexes that activate platelet Fc ⁇ RIIa, also involve Syk signaling downstream of receptor engagement (Reilly, M. P., Blood, 98:2442-2447, 2001).
• Platelet agonists induce inside-out integrin signaling resulting in fibrinogen binding and platelet aggregation. This initiates outside-in signaling which produces further stimulation of platelets.
• Syk is activated during both phases of integrin signaling, and inhibition of Syk is shown to inhibit platelet adhesion to immobilized proteins (Law, D. A. et al., Blood, 93:2645-2652, 1999). Release of arachidonic acid and serotonin and platelet aggregation induced by collagen are markedly inhibited in platelets derived from Syk deficient mouse (Poole, A. et al., EMBO J., 16:2333-2341, 1997). Thus Syk inhibitors may also possess anticoagulation action.
• Arteriosclerosis is a class of diseases characterized by the thickening and hardening of the arterial walls of blood vessels. Although all blood vessels are susceptible to this serious degenerative condition, the aorta and the coronary arteries serving the heart are most often affected. Arteriosclerosis is of profound clinical importance since it can increase the risk of heart attacks, myocardial infarctions, strokes, and aneurysms.
• arteriosclerosis The traditional treatment for arteriosclerosis includes vascular recanalization procedures for less-serious blockages and coronary bypass surgery for major blockages.
• a serious shortcoming of intravascular procedures is that, in a significant number of treated individuals, some or all of the treated vessels restenose (i.e., re-narrow).
• restenosis of an atherosclerotic coronary artery after PTCA Percutaeous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty
• PTCA Percutaeous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty
• restenosis of an atherosclerotic coronary artery after stenting occurs in 10-20% of patients undergoing this procedure and subsequently requires repeat treatments to maintain adequate blood flow through the affected artery. Restenosis generally occurs in a relatively brief time period, e.g., roughly less than six months, after treatment.
• restenosis is thought to be due in part to mechanical injury to the walls of the blood vessels caused by the balloon catheter or other intravascular device.
• the process of PTCA in addition to opening the obstructed artery, also injures resident coronary arterial smooth muscle cells (SMCs).
• SMCs resident coronary arterial smooth muscle cells
• adhering platelets, infiltrating macrophages, leukocytes, or the smooth muscle cells themselves release cell-derived growth factors such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), with subsequent proliferation and migration of medial SMCs through the internal elastic lamina to the area of the vessel intima.
• PDGF platelet-derived growth factor
• Syk plays a very important role in collagen-mediated signaling.
• the primary adhesive protein responsible for platelet adhesion and activation is collagen.
• Collagen is a filamentous protein contained within the fibrotic caps of atheromas which becomes exposed to blood during plaque rupture. Collagen functions initially by binding von Willebrand factor which tethers platelets through binding platelet membrane GPIb. Collagen functions secondarily by engaging the two collagen receptors on platelets, GPVI and integrin ⁇ 2 ⁇ 1.
• GPVI exists in platelet membranes as a complex with FcR ⁇ , an interaction required for the expression of GPVI.
• Activation of Fc ⁇ RIIa on platelets results in platelet shape change, secretion and thrombosis.
• Signaling by the GPVI/FcR ⁇ complex is initiated by tyrosine phosphorylation of the ITAM domain of FCR ⁇ followed by the recruitment of Syk.
• GPVI Activation of GPVI leads to induction of multiple platelet functions including: activation of integrins ⁇ 2 ⁇ 1 to achieve firm platelet adhesion, and GP IIb-IIIa which mediates platelet aggregation and thrombosis growth; platelet secretion, allowing for the delivery of inflammatory proteins such as CD40L, RANTES and TGF ⁇ to the vessel wall; and the expression of P-selectin which allows for the recruitment of leukocytes. Therefore, it is believed that Syk inhibitors can inhibit thrombotic events mediated by platelet adhesion, activation and aggregation.
• Syk is important for the activation of B-cells via a B-cell antigen receptor and is involved in the phosphatidylinositol metabolism and increase in the intracellular calcium concentration caused by the antigen receptor stimulation (Hutchcroft, J E. et al., J. Biol. Chem., 267:8613-8619, 1992; and Takata, M. et al., EMBO J., 13:1341-1349, 1994).
• Syk inhibitors may be used to control the function of B-cells and are, therefore, expected to serve as therapeutic agents for antibody-related diseases.
• Syk binds to a T-cell antigen receptor, quickly undergoes tyrosine phosphorylation through crosslinking of the receptor and synergistically acts upon intracellular signals mediated by Src tyrosine kinases such as Lck (Couture, C. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91:5301-5305, 1994; and Couture, C. et al., Mol. Cell. Biol., 14:5249-5258, 1994).
• Src tyrosine kinases such as Lck (Couture, C. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91:5301-5305, 1994; and Couture, C. et al., Mol. Cell. Biol., 14:5249-5258, 1994).
• Syk is present in mature T-cell populations, such as intraepithelial ⁇ T-cells and na ⁇ ve ⁇ T-cells, and has been reported to be capable of phosphorylation of multiple components of the TCR signaling cascade (Latour, S. et. al., Mol Cell Biol., 17:4434-4441, 1997).
• Syk inhibitors may serve as agents for inhibiting cellular immunity mediated by T-cell antigen receptor.
• MCL Mantle Cell Lymphoma
• BCR signaling induces receptor oligomerization and phosphorylation of Ig ⁇ and ⁇ immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activated motifs by SRC family kinases. ITAM phosphorylation results in the recruitment and activation of Syk that initiates downstream events and amplifies the original BCR signal.
• Syk spleen tyrosine kinase
• Leukemia is induced in mice by adoptively transferring bone marrow cells that express human TEL-Syk (Wossning, T., JEM, 2006; 203:2829-2840). Further, in mouse primary bone marrow cells, over-expression of Syk results in IL-7 independent growth in culture (Wossning, T., et. al, JEM, 2006; 203:2829-2840). Additional recent studies also suggest that Syk-dependant survival signals may play a role in B-cell malignancies, including DLBCL (Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma), mantle cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma (Gururajan, Jennings et al.
• DLBCL Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
• mantle cell lymphoma mantle cell lymphoma
• follicular lymphoma Giburajan, Jennings et al.
• BCR antigen-specific B cell receptor
• the spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) docks with and phosphorylates the ITAM, a process that enhances its kinase activity, resulting in Syk autophosphorylation and tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple downstream substrates (Rolli, Gallwitz et al. Mol Cell 10(5): 1057-69 (2002).
• This signaling pathway is active in B cells beginning at the transition from pro- to pre-B cell stage of development, when the newly formed pre-BCR is expressed. In fact, B cell development arrests at the pro-B cell stage in Syk knockout mice (Cheng, Rowley et al. 1995; Turner, Mee et al. Nature 378(6554): 303-6 (1995).
• R406 (Rigel Pharmaceuticals) was reported to inhibit ITAM signaling in response to various stimuli, including Fc ⁇ R1 and BCR induced Syk activation (Braselmann, Taylor et al. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 319(3): 998-1008 (2006). Interestingly, this ATP-competitive inhibitor of Syk was also active against Flt3, cKit, and JAK kinases, but not against Src kinsase (Braselmann, Taylor et al. 2006).
• Activating mutations to Flt3 are associated with AML (Acute Myeloid Leukemia) and inhibition of this kinase is currently under clinical development (Burnett and Knapper Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2007: 429-34 (2007).
• Over-activation of the tyrosine kinase cKit is also associated with hematologic malignancies, and a target for cancer therapy (Heinrich, Griffith et al. Blood 96(3): 925-32 (2000).
• JAK3 signaling is implicated in leukemias and lymphomas, and is currently exploited as a potential therapeutic target (Heinrich, Griffith et al. 2000).
• the multi-kinase inhibitory activity of R406 attenuates BCR signaling in lymphoma cell lines and primary human lymphoma samples, resulting in apoptosis of the former (Chen, Monti et al. Blood 111(4): 2230-7 (2008). Further, a phase II clinical trial reported favorable results by this compound in refractory NHL and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (Friedberg J W et al, Blood 2010; 115(13)). Although the precise mechanism of action is unclear for R406, the data suggest that inhibition of kinases that mediate survival signaling in lymphocytes is clinically beneficial.
• Syk-dependant survival signals may play a role in B-cell malignancies, including DLBCL, mantle cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma (see e.g., S. Linfengshen et al. Blood , February 2008; 111: 2230-2237; J. M. Irish et al. Blood, 2006; 108: 3135-3142; A. Renaldi et al. Brit J. Haematology, 2006; 132: 303-316; M. Guruoajan et al. J. Immunol, 2006; 176: 5715-5719; L. Laseux et al. Blood, 2006; 108: 4156-4162.
• the present invention provides in one group of embodiments novel compounds having activity as inhibitors of Syk activity (also referred to herein as “Syk inhibitors”).
• Syk inhibitors also referred to herein as “Syk inhibitors”.
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound provided herein, or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or diluent.
• the compounds disclosed herein have utility over a wide range of therapeutic applications, and may be used to treat a variety of conditions, mediated at least in part by Syk activity, in both men and women, as well as a mammal in general (also referred to herein as a “subject”).
• such conditions include, but are not limited to, those associated with cardiovascular disease, inflammatory disease, or autoimmune disease.
• the compounds of the present invention have utility for treating conditions or disorders including, but not limited to: restenosis, inflammation, heparin induced thrombocytopenia, dilated cardiomyopathy, sickle cell disease, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, vascular inflammation, unstable angina, acute coronary syndromes, allergy, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, B-cell mediated diseases such as Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Crohn's disease, anti-phospholipid syndrome, lupus, psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
• methods are disclosed which include the administration of an effective amount of a compound provided herein, typically in the form of a pharmaceutical composition, to a subject in need thereof.
• a method for inhibiting the Syk activity of a blood sample comprising contacting said sample with a compound of the present invention.
• ACN acetonitrile
• AcOH acetic acid
• AIBN azobisisobutyronitrile (also azobisisobutylonitrile)
• aq. aqueous
• Ar argon
• Boc t-butylcarboxy
• Bn benzyl
• BOP benzotriazol-1-yloxytris(dimethylamino)-phosphonium hexafluorophosphate
• BPO benzoyl peroxide
• nBuOH n-butanol
• ° C. degrees celcius
• CBr 4 tetrabromomethane
• Cbz benzyloxycarbonyl
• Cs 2 CO 3 cesium carbonate
• CuCl 2 copper chloride
• DIBAL diisobutyl
• Alkoxy refers to —O(alkyl) where alkyl as defined herein.
• Representative examples of alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, t-butoxy, and the like.
• Alkyl by itself or as part of another substituent, means, unless otherwise stated, a straight or branched chain, fully saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having the number of carbon atoms designated.
• C 1-8 alkyl refers to a hydrocarbon radical straight or branched, containing from 1 to 8 carbon atoms that is derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from a single carbon atom of a parent alkane.
• Alkyl includes branched chain isomers of straight chain alkyl groups such as isopropyl, t-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, and the like.
• Representative alkyl groups include straight and branched chain alkyl groups having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 carbon atoms. Further representative alkyl groups include straight and branched chain alkyl groups having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 carbon atoms.
• Alkenyl refers to a linear monovalent hydrocarbon radical or a branched monovalent hydrocarbon radical having the number of carbon atoms indicated in the prefix and containing at least one double bond, but no more than three double bonds.
• C 2-8 alkenyl is meant to include, ethenyl, propenyl, 1,3-butadienyl and the like.
• Alkynyl means a linear monovalent hydrocarbon radical or a branched monovalent hydrocarbon radical containing at least one triple bond and having the number of carbon atoms indicated in the prefix.
• alkynyl is also meant to include those alkyl groups having one triple bond and one double bond.
• C 2-8 alkynyl is meant to include ethynyl, propynyl and the like.
• Amino refers to a monovalent radical NH 2 .
• Aryl by itself or as part of another substituent refers to a polyunsaturated, aromatic, hydrocarbon group containing from 6 to 14 carbon atoms, which can be a single ring or multiple rings (up to three rings) which are fused together or linked covalently.
• Aryl groups include aromatic ring(s) fused to non-aromatic cycloalkyl groups and where the point of attachment to the remainder of the molecule can be through any suitable ring atom of any ring.
• the phrase includes, but is not limited to, groups such as phenyl, biphenyl, anthracenyl, naphthyl by way of example.
• Non-limiting examples of aryl groups include phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl and 4-biphenyl.
• “Bond” when used as an element in a Markush group means that the corresponding group does not exist, and the groups of both sides are directly linked.
• Cycloalkyl refers to a saturated or partially saturated cyclic group of from 3 to 14 carbon atoms and no ring heteroatoms and having a single ring or multiple rings including fused, bridged, and spiro ring systems.
• the term “cycloalkyl” includes cycloalkenyl groups, a partially saturated cycloalkyl ring having at least one site of >C ⁇ C ⁇ ring unsaturation. Examples of cycloalkyl groups include, for instance, adamantyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclooctyl, and cyclohexenyl.
• C u′-v′ cycloalkyl refers to cycloalkyl groups having u′ to v′ carbon atoms as ring members.
• C u′-v′ cycloalkenyl refers to cycloalkenyl groups having u′ to v′ carbon atoms as ring members.
• Heteroaryl refers to a cyclic or polycyclic radical having at least one aromatic ring and from one to five ring heteroatom selected from N, O, and S, and optionally one or more oxo ( ⁇ O) substituents attached to one or more carbon ring atoms, and wherein the nitrogen and sulfur ring atoms are optionally oxidized.
• a heteroaryl group can be attached to the remainder of the molecule through a heteroatom or through a carbon atom and can contain 5 to 10 carbon atoms.
• Heteroaryl groups include polycyclic aromatic ring(s) fused to non-aromatic cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl groups, and where the point of attachment to the remainder of the molecule can be through any suitable ring atom of any ring.
• the ring heteroatom(s) can be in either an aromatic or non-aromatic ring or both.
• aromatic ring include any ring having at least one planar resonance structure where 2n+2 pi electrons are delocalized about the ring.
• heteroaryl groups include xanthine, hypoxanthine, 5-benzothiazolyl, purinyl, 2-benzimidazolyl, benzopyrazolyl, 5-indolyl, azaindole, 1-isoquinolyl, 5-isoquinolyl, 2-quinoxalinyl, 5-quinoxalinyl, 3-quinolyl, 6-quinolyl 1-pyrrolyl, 2-pyrrolyl, 3-pyrrolyl, 1-pyrazolyl, 3-pyrazolyl, 2-imidazolyl, 4-imidazolyl, pyrazinyl, 2-oxazolyl, 4-oxazolyl, 5-oxazolyl, 3-isoxazolyl, 4-isoxazolyl, 5-isoxazolyl, 2-thiazolyl, 4-thiazolyl, 5-thiazolyl, 2-furyl, 3-furyl, 2-thienyl, 3-thienyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyrazolyl,
• heterocycloalkyl or “heterocyclyl” refers to a cycloalkyl group containing at least one ring heteroatom and optionally one or more oxo substituents.
• heteroatom is meant to include oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), and sulfur (S), wherein the heteroatoms are optionally oxidized, and the nitrogen atom(s) are optionally quaternized.
• Each heterocycle can be attached at any available ring carbon or heteroatom.
• Each heterocycle may have one or more rings. When multiple rings are present, they can be fused together.
• Each heterocycle typically contains 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, independently selected heteroatoms.
• these groups contain 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 nitrogen atoms, 0, 1 or 2 sulfur atoms and 0, 1 or 2 oxygen atoms. More preferably, these groups contain 1, 2 or 3 nitrogen atoms, 0-1 sulfur atoms and 0-1 oxygen atoms.
• heterocycle groups include morpholin-3-one, piperazine-2-one, piperazin-1-oxide, piperidine, morpholine, piperazine, isoxazoline, pyrazoline, imidazoline, pyrrolidine, and the like.
• Halo or halogen by themselves or as part of another substituent, mean, unless otherwise stated, a fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine atom. Additionally, terms such as “haloalkyl”, are meant to include alkyl in which one or more hydrogen is substituted with halogen atoms which can be the same or different, in a number ranging from one up to the maximum number of halogens permitted e.g. for alkyl, (2 m′+1), where m′ is the total number of carbon atoms in the alkyl group.
• haloC 1-8 alkyl is meant to include difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 4-chlorobutyl, 3-bromopropyl, and the like.
• haloalkenyl and “haloalkynyl” refers to alkenyl and alkynyl radicals having one or more halogen atoms.
• haloalkoxy refers to an alkoxy radical substituted with one or more halogen atoms.
• the haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, haloalkynyl, and haloalkoxy groups have from one to 5 or from one to 3 halo atoms.
• haloalkoxy groups include difluoromethoxy and trifluoromethoxy.
• the halo atoms of the haloalkenyl and haloalkynyl groups are attached to the aliphatic portions of these groups.
• heteroaryl group optionally substituted with an alkyl group means that the alkyl may but need not be present, and the description includes situations where the heteroaryl group is substituted with an alkyl group and situations where the heteroaryl group is not substituted with the alkyl group.
• oxo includes a mono —O ⁇ or divalent ⁇ O oxygen atom.
• C 1-8 designating a number of atoms e.g. “C 1-8 ” is meant to include all possible embodiments that have one fewer atom.
• Non-limiting examples include C 1-4 , C 1-5 , C 1-6 , C 1-7 , C 2-8 , C 2-7 , C 3-8 , C 3-7 and the like.
• salts are meant to include salts of the active compounds which are prepared with relatively nontoxic acids or bases, depending on the particular substituents found on the compounds described herein.
• base addition salts can be obtained by contacting the neutral form of such compounds with a sufficient amount of the desired base, either neat or in a suitable inert solvent.
• salts derived from pharmaceutically-acceptable inorganic bases include aluminum, ammonium, calcium, copper, ferric, ferrous, lithium, magnesium, manganic, manganous, potassium, sodium, zinc and the like.
• Salts derived from pharmaceutically-acceptable organic bases include salts of primary, secondary and tertiary amines, including substituted amines, cyclic amines, naturally-occurring amines and the like, such as arginine, betaine, caffeine, choline, N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine, diethylamine, 2-diethylaminoethanol, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, ethanolamine, ethylenediamine, N-ethylmorpholine, N-ethylpiperidine, glucamine, glucosamine, histidine, hydrabamine, isopropylamine, lysine, methylglucamine, morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, polyamine resins, procaine, purines, theobromine, triethylamine, trimethylamine, tripropylamine, tromethamine and the like.
• acid addition salts can be obtained by contacting the neutral form of such compounds with a sufficient amount of the desired acid, either neat or in a suitable inert solvent.
• pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts include those derived from inorganic acids like hydrochloric, hydrobromic, nitric, carbonic, monohydrogencarbonic, phosphoric, monohydrogenphosphoric, dihydrogenphosphoric, sulfuric, monohydrogensulfuric, hydriodic, or phosphorous acids and the like, as well as the salts derived from relatively nontoxic organic acids like acetic, propionic, isobutyric, malonic, benzoic, succinic, suberic, fumaric, mandelic, phthalic, benzenesulfonic, p-tolylsulfonic, citric, tartaric, methanesulfonic, and the like.
• salts of amino acids such as arginate and the like, and salts of organic acids like glucuronic or galactunoric acids and the like (see, e.g., Berge, S. M. et al., “Pharmaceutical Salts,” Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 66:1-19, 1977).
• Certain specific compounds of the present invention contain both basic and acidic functionalities that allow the compounds to be converted into either base or acid addition salts.
• the neutral forms of the compounds may be regenerated by contacting the salt with a base or acid and isolating the parent compound in the conventional manner.
• the parent form of the compound differs from the various salt forms in certain physical properties, such as solubility in polar solvents, but otherwise the salts are equivalent to the parent form of the compound for the purposes of the present invention.
• pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient means a carrier or excipient that is useful in preparing a pharmaceutical composition that is generally safe, non-toxic and neither biologically nor otherwise undesirable, and includes a carrier or excipient that is acceptable for veterinary use as well as human pharmaceutical use.
• a “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient” as used in the specification and claims includes both one and more than one such carrier or excipient.
• pharmaceutically effective amount refers to the amount of the subject compound that will elicit the biological or medical response of a tissue, system, animal or human that is being sought by the researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician.
• therapeutically effective amount includes that amount of a compound that, when administered, is sufficient to prevent development of, or alleviate to some extent, one or more of the symptoms of the condition or disorder being treated. The therapeutically effective amount will vary depending on the compound, the disorder or condition and its severity and the age, weight, etc., of the mammal to be treated.
• Protecting group refers to a group of atoms that, when attached to a reactive functional group in a molecule, mask, reduce or prevent the reactivity of the functional group. Typically, a protecting group may be selectively removed as desired during the course of a synthesis. Examples of protecting groups can be found in Greene and Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry, 3 rd Ed., 1999, John Wiley & Sons, NY and Harrison et al., Compendium of Synthetic Organic Methods, Vols. 1-8, 1971-1996, John Wiley & Sons, NY.
• Representative amino protecting groups include, but are not limited to, formyl, acetyl, trifluoroacetyl, benzyl, benzyloxycarbonyl (“CBZ”), tert-butoxycarbonyl (“Boc”), trimethylsilyl (“TMS”), 2-trimethylsilyl-ethanesulfonyl (“TES”), trityl and substituted trityl groups, allyloxycarbonyl, 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (“FMOC”), nitro-veratryloxycarbonyl (“NVOC”) and the like.
• hydroxy protecting groups include, but are not limited to, those where the hydroxy group is either acylated or alkylated such as benzyl and trityl ethers, as well as alkyl ethers, tetrahydropyranyl ethers, trialkylsilyl ethers (e.g., TMS or TIPPS groups) and allyl ethers.
• Tautomer refers to alternate forms of a molecule that differ in the position of a proton, such as enol-keto and imine-enamine tautomers, or the tautomeric forms of heteroaryl groups containing a —N ⁇ C(H)—NH— ring atom arrangement, such as pyrazoles, imidazoles, benzimidazoles, triazoles, and tetrazoles.
• a person of ordinary skill in the art would recognize that other tautomeric ring atom arrangements are possible.
• treat includes partially or completely delaying, alleviating, mitigating or reducing the intensity, progression, or worsening of one or more attendant symptoms of a disorder or condition and/or alleviating, mitigating or impeding one or more causes of a disorder or condition.
• Treatments according to the invention may be applied preventively, prophylactically, pallatively or remedially.
• wavy line signifies the point of attachment of the substituent to the remainder of the molecule, such as to the part of the molecule containing the picolinamide core.
• the point of attachment can be to any suitable atom of the substituent.
• Stereomers Compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the nature or sequence of bonding of their atoms or the arrangement of their atoms in space are termed “isomers”. Isomers that differ in the arrangement of their atoms in space are termed “stereoisomers”. “Stereoisomer” and “stereoisomers” refer to compounds that exist in different stereoisomeric forms if they possess one or more asymmetric centers or a double bond with asymmetric substitution and, therefore, can be produced as individual stereoisomers or as mixtures. Stereoisomers include enantiomers and diastereomers.
• stereoisomers that are not mirror images of one another are termed “diastereomers” and those that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other are termed “enantiomers”.
• enantiomers When a compound has an asymmetric center, for example, it is bonded to four different groups, a pair of enantiomers is possible.
• An enantiomer can be characterized by the absolute configuration of its asymmetric center and is described by the R- and S-sequencing rules of Cahn and Prelog, or by the manner in which the molecule rotates the plane of polarized light and designated as dextrorotatory or levorotatory (i.e., as (+) or ( ⁇ )-isomers respectively).
• a chiral compound can exist as either individual enantiomer or as a mixture thereof.
• a mixture containing equal proportions of the enantiomers is called a “racemic mixture”.
• the description is intended to include individual stereoisomers as well as mixtures.
• the methods for the determination of stereochemistry and the separation of stereoisomers are well-known in the art (see discussion in Chapter 4 of A DVANCED O RGANIC C HEMISTRY, 4th edition J. March, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1992) differ in the chirality of one or more stereocenters.
• the compounds of the present invention may also contain unnatural proportions of atomic isotopes at one or more of the atoms that constitute such compounds.
• the compounds may be radiolabeled with isotopes, such as for example deuterium ( 2 H), tritium ( 3 H), iodine-125 ( 125 I) or carbon-14 ( 14 C). All isotopic variations of the compounds of the present invention, whether radioactive or not, are intended to be encompassed within the scope of the present invention.
• substituents that are not explicitly defined herein are arrived at by naming the terminal portion of the functionality followed by the adjacent functionality toward the point of attachment.
• alkoxyalkyl refers to an alkyl group that is substituted with alkoxy
• hydroxyalkyl refers to an alkyl group that is substituted with hydroxyl
• (phenyl)C 1-8 alkyl refers to an alkyl group that is substituted with phenyl.
• the point of attachment is at the alkyl group.
• impermissible substitution patterns e.g., methyl substituted with 5 fluoro groups.
• impermissible substitution patterns are well known to the skilled artisan.
• an “antagonist” or “inhibitor” refers to an agent or molecule that inhibits or binds to, partially or totally blocks stimulation or activity, decreases, closes, prevents, delays activation or enzymatic activity, inactivates, desensitizes, or down regulates the activity of a receptor of the invention.
• antagonist also includes a reverse or inverse agonist.
• condition or disorder responsive to modulation of Syk refers to a condition or disorder associated with inappropriate, e.g., less than or greater than normal, activity of Syk and at least partially responsive to or affected by modulation of Syk (e.g., Syk antagonist or agonist results in some improvement in patient well-being in at least some patients).
• Inappropriate functional activity of Syk might arise as the result of expression of Syk in cells which normally do not express the receptor, greater than normal production of Syk, or slower than normal metabolic inactivation or elimination of Syk or its active metabolites, increased expression of Syk or degree of intracellular activation (leading to, e.g., inflammatory and immune-related disorders and conditions) or decreased expression of Syk.
• a condition or disorder associated with Syk may include a “Syk-mediated condition or disorder”.
• a condition or disorder mediated at least in part by Syk kinase activity refers to a condition or disorder characterized by inappropriate, e.g., greater than normal, Syk activity. Inappropriate Syk functional activity might arise as the result of Syk expression in cells which normally do not express Syk or increased Syk expression or degree of intracellular activation (leading to, e.g., inflammatory and immune-related disorders and conditions).
• a condition or disorder mediated at least in part by Syk or JAK kinase activity may be completely or partially mediated by inappropriate Syk functional activity.
• a condition or disorder mediated at least in part by Syk kinase activity is one in which modulation of Syk results in some effect on the underlying condition or disorder (e.g., an Syk antagonist results in some improvement in patient well-being in at least some patients).
• inflammation refers to infiltration of white blood cells (e.g., leukocytes, monocytes, etc.) into the area being treated for restenosis.
• white blood cells e.g., leukocytes, monocytes, etc.
• intervention refers to an action that produces an effect or that is intended to alter the course of a disease process.
• vascular intervention refers to the use of an intravascular procedure such as angioplasty or a stent to open an obstructed blood vessel.
• intravascular device refers to a device useful for a vascular recanalization procedure to restore blood flow through an obstructed blood vessel.
• intravascular devices include, without limitation, stents, balloon catheters, autologous venous/arterial grafts, prosthetic venous/arterial grafts, vascular catheters, and vascular shunts.
• leukocyte refers to any of the various blood cells that have a nucleus and cytoplasm, separate into a thin white layer when whole blood is centrifuged, and help protect the body from infection and disease.
• leukocytes include, without limitation, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes.
• modulate refers to the ability of a compound to increase or decrease the function and/or expression of Syk, where such function may include transcription regulatory activity and/or protein-binding. Modulation may occur in vitro or in vivo. Modulation, as described herein, includes the inhibition, antagonism, partial antagonism, activation, agonism or partial agonism of a function or characteristic associated with Syk, either directly or indirectly, and/or the upregulation or downregulation of the expression of Syk, either directly or indirectly.
• the modulation is direct Inhibitors or antagonists are compounds that, e.g., bind to, partially or totally block stimulation, decrease, prevent, inhibit, delay activation, inactivate, desensitize, or downregulate signal transduction.
• Activators or agonists are compounds that, e.g., bind to, stimulate, increase, open, activate, facilitate, enhance activation, activate, sensitize or upregulate signal transduction.
• the ability of a compound to inhibit the function of Syk can be demonstrated in a biochemical assay, e.g., binding assay, or a cell-based assay, e.g., a transient transfection assay.
• Modulators of activity are used to refer to “ligands”, “antagonists” and “agonists” identified using in vitro and in vivo assays for activity and their homologs and mimetics. Modulators include naturally occurring and synthetic ligands, antagonists, agonists, molecules and the like. Assays to identify antagonists and agonists include, e.g., applying putative modulator compounds to cells, in the presence or absence of a receptor of the invention and then determining the functional effects on a receptor of the invention activity. Samples or assays comprising a receptor of the invention that are treated with a potential activator, inhibitor, or modulator are compared to control samples without the inhibitor, activator, or modulator to examine the extent of effect.
• Control samples (untreated with modulators) are assigned a relative activity value of 100% Inhibition is achieved when the activity value of a receptor of the invention relative to the control is about 80%, optionally 50% or 25-1%. Activation is achieved when the activity value of a receptor of the invention relative to the control is 110%, optionally 150%, optionally 200-500%, or 1000-3000% higher.
• Subject refers to human and non-human animals, especially mammals. Examples of subjects include, but are not limited to, humans, cows, dogs, cats, goats, sheep, pigs and rabbits.
• T is phenyl substituted with 1 to 5 R 1 .
• T is selected from the group consisting of
• T is monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl comprising 1-4 heteroatoms selected from S, O and N, optionally substituted with 1 to 5 R 1 .
• T is selected from the group consisting of
• At least one R 1 is L-W.
• L-W is CO—NR a R b where R a and R b together form a four to six membered ring optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from halo, C 1-8 alkyl, and haloC 1-8 alkyl or L is a bond and W is selected from the group consisting of
• B 1 in Formula (Ia) is monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl comprising 1-4 heteroatoms selected from S, O and N or 3-8 membered heterocyclyl comprising 1-4 heteroatoms selected from S, O and N, each optionally substituted with 1 to 3 R 2
• B 1 in Formula (Ib) is phenyl or 3-8 membered heterocyclyl comprising 1-4 heteroatoms selected from S, O and N, each optionally substituted with 1 to 3 R 2 .
• W or B 1 is substituted with 1 to 3 R 2 .
• R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of halo, C 1-8 alkyl, haloC 1-8 alkyl, cyano, oxo, OH, O(C 1-8 alkyl), and O(haloC 1-8 alkyl).
• X 1 or HET is selected from the group consisting of
• X 1 or HET is selected from the group consisting of
• X 1 or HET is selected from the group consisting of
• X 1 or HET is selected from the group consisting of
• X 1 or HET is selected from the group consisting of
• X 1 or HET is selected from the group consisting of
• X 1 or HET is selected from the group consisting of
• X 1 or HET is selected from the group consisting of
• X 1 or HET is selected from the group consisting of
• X 1 or HET is selected from the group consisting of
• W or B 1 is selected from the group consisting of
• W or B 1 is selected from the group consisting of
• W or B 1 is selected from the group consisting of
• B 1 -Ph- is selected from the group consisting of
• B 1 -HET- is selected from the group consisting of
• Y is
• Y is selected from the group consisting of
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of halo, C 1-8 alkyl, haloC 1-8 alkyl, cyano, oxo, OH, O(C 1-8 alkyl), O(haloC 1-8 alkyl), CO—NR a R b , phenyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl, wherein the phenyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl are each optionally substituted with 1 to 3 R 2 , and R a and R b together form a four to six membered heterocyclic ring optionally substituted with one to three groups independently selected from halo, C 1-8 alkyl, and haloC 1-8 alkyl.
• R 1 is C 1-4 alkyl or haloC 1-4 alkyl.
• R 1 is C 1-4 alkyl.
• R 1 is methyl.
• R 6 and R 7 are H and R 4 is selected from the group consisting of H, C 1-8 alkyl, halo C 1-8 alkyl, cyclo alkyl, (cycloalkyl)C 1-4 alkyl, (hydroxyl)C 1-4 alkyl, (C 1-4 alkoxy)C 1-4 alkyl, (halo C 1-4 alkoxy)C 1-4 alkyl, (CH 2 ) p NR 4b R 4c , (CH) p SO 2 NR 4b R 4c , (CH 2 ) p SOR 4a , (CH 2 ) p SO 2 R 4a , (CH 2 ) f CONR 4b R 4c , (CH 2 ) p NR 4b COR 4d , phenyl, heteroaryl, (phenyl)C 1-8 alkyl, and (heteroaryl)C 1-8 alkyl wherein the phenyl and heteroaryl are optionally substituted with 1
• R 4 is selected from the group consisting of H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, hydroxymethyl, pyridyl, and phenyl, wherein the pyridyl and phenyl are optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from halo, C 1-4 alkyl, haloC 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 alkoxy, and haloC 1-4 alkoxy.
• R 4 is selected from the group consisting of
• Y is selected from the group consisting of
• Y is (CH 2 ) v (X) wherein v is 0 and X is cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl each optionally substituted with 1 to 3 R 10 .
• Y is
• Y is selected from the group consisting of
• Y is selected from the group consisting of
• Y is selected from the group consisting of
• Y is (CH 2 ) v (X) wherein v is 0 and X is phenyl optionally substituted with 1 to 3 R 10 .
• Y is
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of any of the above embodiments or a tautomer or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the compounds of the present invention may be prepared by known organic synthesis techniques, including the methods described in more detail in the Examples.
• a compound of Formula (I) as provided in the Examples.
• a compound of Formula (Ia) as provided in the Examples.
• a compound of Formula (Ib) as provided in the Examples.
• provided is a compound of Formula (II) as provided in the Examples.
• a compound of Formula (III) as provided in the Examples.
• an intermediate compound used in the preparation of the compounds disclosed herein.
• certain of the compounds disclosed herein may generally be utilized as the free base.
• certain of the compounds may be used in the form of acid addition salts.
• any of the above embodiments may also be combined with other embodiments listed herein, to form other embodiments of the invention.
• listing of groups includes embodiments wherein one or more of the elements of those groups is not included.
• the pharmaceutical compositions may be in the form of solid, semi-solid or liquid dosage forms, preferably in unit dosage form suitable for single administration of a precise dosage.
• the compositions may contain suitable pharmaceutically-acceptable excipients, including adjuvants which facilitate processing of the active compounds into preparations which can be used pharmaceutically.
• suitable pharmaceutically-acceptable excipients include adjuvants which facilitate processing of the active compounds into preparations which can be used pharmaceutically.
• “Pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” refers to an excipient or mixture of excipients which does not interfere with the effectiveness of the biological activity of the active compound(s) and which is not toxic or otherwise undesirable to the subject to which it is administered.
• conventional excipients include, for example, pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharin, talc, cellulose, glucose, sucrose, magnesium carbonate, and the like.
• Liquid pharmacologically administrable compositions can, for example, be prepared by dissolving, dispersing, etc., an active compound as described herein and optional pharmaceutical adjuvants in water or an aqueous excipient, such as, for example, water, saline, aqueous dextrose, and the like, to form a solution or suspension.
• the pharmaceutical composition to be administered may also contain minor amounts of nontoxic auxiliary excipients such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents and the like, for example, sodium acetate, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine sodium acetate, triethanolamine oleate, etc.
• auxiliary excipients such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents and the like, for example, sodium acetate, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine sodium acetate, triethanolamine oleate, etc.
• administering refers to administration by any route, including parenteral and transmucosal (e.g., buccal, sublingual, palatal, gingival, nasal, vaginal, rectal, or transdermal).
• parenteral and transmucosal e.g., buccal, sublingual, palatal, gingival, nasal, vaginal, rectal, or transdermal.
• the composition will generally take the form of a tablet or capsule, or it may be an aqueous or nonaqueous solution, suspension or syrup. Tablets and capsules are preferred oral administration forms. Tablets and capsules for oral use will generally include one or more commonly used excipients such as lactose and corn starch. Lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, are also typically added. When liquid suspensions are used, the active agent may be combined with emulsifying and suspending excipients. If desired, flavoring, coloring and/or sweetening agents may be added as well. Other optional excipients for incorporation into an oral formulation include preservatives, suspending agents, thickening agents, and the like.
• Injectable formulations can be prepared in conventional forms, either as liquid solutions or suspensions, solid forms suitable for solubilization or suspension in liquid prior to injection, or as emulsions or liposomal formulations.
• the sterile injectable formulation may also be a sterile injectable solution or a suspension in a nontoxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent.
• acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
• sterile, fixed oils, fatty esters or polyols are conventionally employed as solvents or suspending media.
• compositions of this invention may also be formulated in lyophilized form for parenteral administration.
• Lyophilized formulations may be reconstituted by addition of water or other aqueous medium and then further diluted with a suitable diluent prior to use.
• the liquid formulation is generally a buffered, isotonic, aqueous solution.
• suitable diluents are isotonic saline solution, 5% dextrose in water, and buffered sodium or ammonium acetate solution.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable solid or liquid excipients may be added to enhance or stabilize the composition, or to facilitate preparation of the composition.
• a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is packaged in a container with a label, or instructions, or both, indicating use of the pharmaceutical composition in the treatment of the indicated disease.
• the pharmaceutical composition may additionally contain one or more other pharmacologically active agents in addition to a compound of this invention.
• a specific dosage and treatment regimen for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors, including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the patient, and the time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, judgment of the treating physician and severity of the particular disease being treated.
• the amount of active ingredient(s) will also depend upon the particular compound and other therapeutic agent, if present, in the composition.
• the starting materials and reagents used in preparing these compounds generally are either available from commercial suppliers, such as Aldrich Chemical Co., or are prepared by methods known to those skilled in the art following procedures set forth in references such as Fieser and Fieser's Reagents for Organic Synthesis ; Wiley & Sons: New York, 1967-2004, Volumes 1-22 ; Rodd's Chemistry of Carbon Compounds , Elsevier Science Publishers, 1989, Volumes 1-5 and Supplementals; and Organic Reactions, Wiley & Sons: New York, 2005, Volumes 1-65.
• the starting materials and the intermediates of the synthetic reaction schemes can be isolated and purified if desired using conventional techniques, including but not limited to, filtration, distillation, crystallization, chromatography, and the like. Such materials can be characterized using conventional means, including physical constants and spectral data.
• the reactions described herein preferably are conducted under an inert atmosphere at atmospheric pressure at a reaction temperature range of from about ⁇ 78° C. to about 150° C., more preferably from about 0° C. to about 125° C., and most preferably and conveniently at about room (or ambient) temperature, e.g., about 20° C. to about 75° C.
• the compounds in Table 1 can be synthesized analogously according to procedures described previously for (R)-5-(1-amino-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-ylamino)-3-(3-methylisothiazol-5-ylamino)picolinamide and 5-((1R,2S)-2-aminocyclohexylamino)-3-(3-methylisothiazol-5-ylamino)picolinamide.
• Step 1 To a solution of 3-bromo-5-fluoropicolinonitrile (120 mg, 0.6 mmol) in DMSO (1.2 ml) was added DIPEA (0.118 ml, 0.66 mmol) and tert-butyl (3R,4R)-4-aminotetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-ylcarbamate (143 mg, 0.66 mmol). After heated at 100° C.
• Step 2 To a mixture of tert butyl (3R,4R)-4-(5-bromo-6-cyanopyridin-3-ylamino)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-ylcarbamate in Dioxane (3 ml) was added 3-methylisothiazol-5-amine hydrochloride (108 mg, 0.72 mmol), Pd 2 dba 3 (55 mg, 0.06 mmol), Xantphos (52 mg, 0.09 mmol) and Cs 2 CO 3 (587 mg, 1.8 mmol). After heating at 95° C.
• Step 1 To a solution of 3-bromo-5-fluoropicolinonitrile (100 mg, 0.5 mmol) in DMSO (1.0 ml) was added DIPEA (0.098 ml, 0.55 mmol) and tert-butyl (1S,2R)-2-aminocyclohexylcarbamate (118 mg, 0.55 mmol). After heated at 100° C. for 3 h, it was cooled and diluted with water, the resulting precipitate was collected by filtration to give tert-butyl (1S,2R)-2-(5-bromo-6-cyanopyridin-3-ylamino)cyclohexylcarbamate (200 mg).
• Step 2 To a mixture of tert-butyl (1S,2R)-2-(5-bromo-6-cyanopyridin-3-ylamino)cyclohexylcarbamate (100 mg, 0.25 mmol) in Dioxane (1.5 ml) was added 1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-amine (30 mg, 0.30 mmol), Pd2(dba)3 (23 mg, 0.025 mmol), Xantphos (22 mg, 0.038 mmol) and Cs 2 CO 3 (244 mg, 0.75 mmol). After heating at 95° C.
• Step 3 To a solution of tert-butyl (1S,2R)-2-(6-cyano-5-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-ylamino)pyridin-3-ylamino)cyclohexylcarbamate (40 mg) in DCM (1 ml) was added TFA (1.0 ml). After stirring for 1 h, it was concentrated and purified by preparative HPLC to give 5-((1R,2S)-2-amino cyclohexylamino)-3-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-ylamino)picolinonitrile (50 mg).
• the in vitro and in vivo human Syk activities of the inventive compounds can be determined by various procedures known in the art, such as a test for their ability to inhibit the activity of human plasma Syk.
• the potent affinities for human Syk inhibition exhibited by the inventive compounds can be measured by an IC 50 value (in nM).
• the IC 50 value is the concentration (in nM) of the compound required to provide 50% inhibition of human Syk proteolytic activity. The smaller the IC 50 value, the more active (potent) is a compound for inhibiting Syk activity.
• LANCETM refers to homogeneous time resolved fluorometry applications using techniques such as time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay (TR-FRET) (see generally for procedures in Perkin Elmer Application Note—How to Optimize a Tyrosine Kinase Assay Using Time Resolved Fluorescence-Based LANCE Detection, wwww.perkinelmer.com/lifesciences).
• TR-FRET time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay
• the assay principle involves detection of a phosphorylated substrate using energy transfer from a phosphospecific europium-labeled antibody to streptavidin-allophycocyanin as an acceptor.
• Molecules are reconstituted in 30% DMSO and serially diluted 1:3 with the final dilution containing DMSO in the absence of the candidate molecule.
• the final DMSO concentration in the assay is 3%.
• Kinase assays are performed as a two part reaction.
• the first reaction is a kinase reaction and which comprises of a candidate molecule, full length active recombinant SYK enzyme (Millipore, CA) and biotin-labeled SYK-specific substrate biotin-DEEDYESP-OH.
• the second reaction involves termination of the kinase reaction and the simultaneous addition of the detection reagents-europium-labeled anti-phosphotyrosine reagent (Eu-W1024-PY100, Perkin Elmer, Boston, Mass.) and Streptavidin-Allophycocyanin detection reagent (SA-APC, Prozyme, CA).
• SA-APC Streptavidin-Allophycocyanin detection reagent
• the final reaction volume is 50 ⁇ L and contains a final concentration of 1 nM active SYK enzyme, 550 nM SYK-substrate, and 100 ⁇ M ATP diluted in a buffer containing 50 mM Tris pH 7.5, 5 mM MgCl 2 , and 1 mM DTT.
• the reaction is allowed to proceed for 1 hour at room temperature.
• the quench buffer contains 100 mM Tris pH 7.5, 300 mM NaCl 2 , 20 mM EDTA, 0.02% Brij35, and 0.5% BSA.
• the detection reagents are added to the reaction mixture at the following dilutions-1:500 for Eu-W1024-PY100 and 1:250 for SA-APC.
• the kinase reaction is terminated by the addition of 50 ⁇ L quench buffer containing the detection reagents. The detection is allowed to proceed for 1 hr at room temperature. Detection of the phosphorlated substrate in the absence and presence of inhibitors is measured in the TR-FRET instrument, Analyst HT (Molecular Probes, Sunnyvale, Calif.) and the condition for measurements are set up using CriterionHost Release 2.0 (Molecular Probes, Sunnyvale, Calif.). The settings used are a follows: excitation 360 nm, emission 665-7.5 nm, beam splitter 350 nm 50/50, flash 100 pulses, delay 60 us, integration 400 us, z-height 2 mm. Inhibition of SYK-tyrosine kinase activity is calculated as the maximum response observed in the presence of inhibitor, compared to that in the absence of inhibitor. IC 50 s were derived by non-linear regression analysis.
• Intracellular phospho-flow cytometry can be used to test compound inhibition of Syk activity in the non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cell line Ramos.
• 1 ⁇ 10 6 cells in log phase growth were aliqoted; Syk kinase is activated by incubating cells for 10 minutes with 3 ⁇ g/ml antibody specific to the B cell receptor.
• cells are fixed in 1% paraformaldehyde for 5 minutes at room temperature, washed in phosphate buffered saline, and then permeablized by incubation for 2 hours in ice cold methanol.
• Syk has been implicated experimentally in B cell development, proliferation, and survival. Moreover, Syk is implicated as an oncogene. Expression of constitutively active Syk in adoptively transferred bone marrow cells induces leukemia in mice, and over-activity of Syk is associated with a variety of lymphomas in humans Given the role of Syk in B cell biology, its selective inhibition may be sufficient to provide clinical benefit in B cell proliferative disorders, while reducing toxicities that may arise due to suppression of other off-target kinases.
• SUDHL-4, SUDHL-6, and Toledo The anti-proliferative effects of compounds on non-Hodgkin's lymphoma B cell lines SUDHL-4, SUDHL-6, and Toledo can also assessed.
• SUDHL-4 and SUDHL-6 require B cell receptor signaling for growth and survival, while the Toledo cell line (serving here as a negative control) does not.
• Cells are aliquoted into each well of a 96-well plate and incubated with increasing concentrations of compound for 72 hours, after which cell survival and proliferation is determined using the MTT assay (Chemicon International, Inc., Temecula, Calif.) following protocols supplied by the manufacturer.
• Syk activity is not only required for B cell signaling, proliferation, and survival, as shown, but is also critical for cellular activation upon cross-linking of the B cell receptor.
• B cell activation leads to increased cell surface expression of several proteins involved in cell signaling, antigen presentation, and adhesion. Among these, CD80, CD86, and CD69 are commonly measured to determine B cell activation status.
• Primary mouse B cells isolated from spleen can be aliquoted and incubated with increasing concentrations of compound (0.05 to 2 ⁇ M) in the presence of goat anti-mouse IgD (eBiosciences, Inc., San Diego, Calif.) for 20 hours to cross-link the B cell receptor.
• B cells are washed and incubated for 30 minutes on ice with antibodies specific for the CD80, CD86, and CD69 B cell activation markers.
• B cells are identified from the pooled population by staining with the B cell marker CD45RO. All antibodies are purchased from BD Pharmingen.

Landscapes

• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
• Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
• Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
• Public Health (AREA)
• General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
• Diabetes (AREA)
• Pulmonology (AREA)
• Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
• Hematology (AREA)
• Cardiology (AREA)
• Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
• Oncology (AREA)
• Vascular Medicine (AREA)
• Emergency Medicine (AREA)
• Endocrinology (AREA)
• Obesity (AREA)
• Pain & Pain Management (AREA)
• Rheumatology (AREA)
• Immunology (AREA)
• Dermatology (AREA)
• Biomedical Technology (AREA)
• Neurology (AREA)
• Neurosurgery (AREA)
• Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
• Plural Heterocyclic Compounds (AREA)
• Nitrogen Condensed Heterocyclic Rings (AREA)
• Pyridine Compounds (AREA)
• Medicines That Contain Protein Lipid Enzymes And Other Medicines (AREA)

Priority Applications (10)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Publications (1)

Family

ID=49769665

Family Applications (1)

Country Status (10)

Cited By (1)

Families Citing this family (2)

Citations (2)

Family Cites Families (5)

• 2013
  • 2013-03-15 US US13/841,867 patent/US20140113931A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2013-06-14 WO PCT/US2013/045987 patent/WO2013192046A2/fr active Application Filing
  • 2013-06-14 CN CN201380042757.0A patent/CN104602681A/zh active Pending
  • 2013-06-14 EP EP13807089.1A patent/EP2863905A4/fr not_active Withdrawn
  • 2013-06-14 JP JP2015518468A patent/JP2015523996A/ja active Pending
  • 2013-06-14 SG SG11201408074VA patent/SG11201408074VA/en unknown
  • 2013-06-14 AU AU2013277473A patent/AU2013277473A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2013-06-14 CA CA2877469A patent/CA2877469A1/fr not_active Abandoned
• 2014
  • 2014-11-27 IL IL235935A patent/IL235935A0/en unknown
• 2015
  • 2015-10-12 HK HK15109941.4A patent/HK1209316A1/xx unknown

Patent Citations (2)

Also Published As

Similar Documents

Legal Events