US20130328317A1 - Utilizing flux controllable pm electric machines for wind turbine applications - Google Patents
Utilizing flux controllable pm electric machines for wind turbine applications Download PDFInfo
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- US20130328317A1 US20130328317A1 US13/465,400 US201213465400A US2013328317A1 US 20130328317 A1 US20130328317 A1 US 20130328317A1 US 201213465400 A US201213465400 A US 201213465400A US 2013328317 A1 US2013328317 A1 US 2013328317A1
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- wind turbine
- alternating current
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- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 230000001131 transforming effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 claims 3
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 description 16
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000001360 synchronised effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003475 lamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- F03D9/003—
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03D—WIND MOTORS
- F03D9/00—Adaptations of wind motors for special use; Combinations of wind motors with apparatus driven thereby; Wind motors specially adapted for installation in particular locations
- F03D9/20—Wind motors characterised by the driven apparatus
- F03D9/25—Wind motors characterised by the driven apparatus the apparatus being an electrical generator
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03D—WIND MOTORS
- F03D9/00—Adaptations of wind motors for special use; Combinations of wind motors with apparatus driven thereby; Wind motors specially adapted for installation in particular locations
- F03D9/20—Wind motors characterised by the driven apparatus
- F03D9/25—Wind motors characterised by the driven apparatus the apparatus being an electrical generator
- F03D9/255—Wind motors characterised by the driven apparatus the apparatus being an electrical generator connected to electrical distribution networks; Arrangements therefor
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/70—Wind energy
- Y02E10/72—Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Control Of Eletrric Generators (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- The present disclosure relates generally to wind turbines and, more particularly, to wind power generator systems which employ permanent magnet electric machines.
- In recent years, wind turbines have been integrated into electric power generation systems to create electricity to support the needs of both industrial and residential applications. These wind turbines capture the kinetic energy of the wind and convert it into electricity. A typical wind turbine includes a set of two or three large blades mounted to a hub. Together, the blades and hub are referred to as the rotor. The rotor is connected to a main shaft, which in turn, is connected to a generator. When the wind causes the rotor to rotate, the kinetic energy of the wind is captured and converted into rotational energy. The rotational energy of the rotor is translated along the main shaft to the generator, which then converts the rotational energy into electricity.
- Historically, different types of generators have been used in wind turbines, such as a synchronous induction generator, a double wound induction generator, and a wound field synchronous induction generator. Each has its own advantages and drawbacks. Utilizing a synchronous induction generator is simple; however, it is physically large and not very efficient. The double wound induction generator is capable of increased efficiency; however, there are added costs and complexity involved. The wound field synchronous generator is similar to the synchronous induction generator in that it is simple to use but physically large and not very efficient.
- As of late, design engineers have looked to variable speed permanent magnet generator systems. These systems allow the wind turbine to operate at an optimum rotational speed for the prevailing wind conditions, thereby increasing the efficiency of the energy capture. The permanent magnet generator system has been the most efficient means of converting the mechanical shaft power of the wind turbine into electrical energy. However, drawbacks to the conventional permanent magnet generator systems include: added complexity, added expense due to the costs of the supplementary high power rectifier and high power inverter, and reduced reliability due to the full power electronics.
- Thus, there exists a need for a simplified, inexpensive and reliable permanent magnet generator system. This invention is directed to solving this need and provides a way to reduce the cost and complexity of the permanent magnet generator system for wind turbine applications.
- According to one embodiment of the present disclosure, a wind turbine is disclosed. The wind turbine may comprise a tower, a nacelle mounted at a top of the tower, a hub rotatably mounted to the nacelle, a plurality of blades radially extending from the hub, a main shaft rotating with the hub, and at least one generator system operatively connected to the main shaft. The generator system of the wind turbine may comprise a permanent magnet generator. The permanent magnet generator of the generator system may comprise a rotor and a stator for generating a high frequency alternating current (HFAC) power output from the rotation of the main shaft, and a magnetic flux diverter circuit for modulating the output of the permanent magnet generator. The generator system may further comprise a power transformation circuit for transforming the HFAC power output into a low frequency alternating current power output.
- According to another embodiment, a method for generating regulated low frequency alternating current from wind is disclosed. The method may comprise providing a tower with a nacelle mounted to the tower, a hub being rotatably mounted to the nacelle and including a plurality of blades radially extending therefrom. The method may further comprise using the blades to capture the kinetic energy of wind, converting the kinetic energy of wind into rotational energy with a main shaft which rotates as the wind forces the plurality of blades and hub to rotate, and using at least one generator system operatively connected to the main shaft to generate regulated low frequency alternating current from the rotational energy of the main shaft. The generator system may comprise a permanent magnet generator. The permanent magnet generator of the generator system may comprise a rotor and a stator for generating a high frequency alternating current (HFAC) power output from the rotation of the main shaft, and a magnetic flux diverter circuit for modulating the output of the permanent magnet generator. The generator system may further comprise a power transformation circuit for transforming the HFAC power output into a low frequency alternating current power output.
- According to yet another embodiment, a wind power generating system is disclosed. The wind power generating system may comprise a rotatable hub, a plurality of blades radially extending from the hub, a main shaft rotating with the hub, and three generator systems operatively connected to the main shaft for producing three phase low frequency alternating current power output. Each of the generator systems may comprise a permanent magnet generator. The permanent magnet generator of the generator system may comprise a rotor and a stator for generating a high frequency alternating current (HFAC) power output from the rotation of the main shaft, and a magnetic flux diverter circuit for modulating the output of the permanent magnet generator. Each of the generator systems may further comprise a power transformation circuit for transforming the HFAC power output into a low frequency alternating current power output.
- These and other aspects and features of the disclosure will become more readily apparent upon reading the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
-
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a wind turbine made according to one embodiment of the present disclosure; -
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the power generation structure of the wind turbine inFIG. 1 ; -
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a single generator system of the power generation structure ofFIG. 2 ; -
FIG. 4 is an exemplary flowchart outlining the single generator system ofFIG. 3 ; and -
FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a wind turbine made according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. - While the present disclosure is susceptible to various modifications and alternative constructions, certain illustrative embodiments thereof, will be shown and described below in detail. It should be understood, however, that there is no intention to be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, alternative constructions, and equivalents along within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.
- Referring now to the drawings, and with specific reference to
FIG. 1 , a wind turbine constructed in accordance with the teachings of the disclosure is generally referred to byreference numeral 10. While all components of the wind turbine are not shown or described, for several background purposes, thewind turbine 10 may include a verticallyoriented tower 12, which has astationary base 14 andbody element 16. Thestationary base 14 of thetower 12 is permanently situated on the ground G and therefore, thewind turbine 10 is structurally stable and cannot be moved. Thebody element 16 is attached to thestationary base 14 and extends upwards to a height at which thewind turbine 10 can optimally capture the kinetic energy of the wind. Anacelle 18 may be rotatably mounted on top of thebody element 16 of thetower 12. Ahub 20, with a plurality ofblades 22 radially extending therefrom, may be mounted for rotation to thenacelle 18. Within thenacelle 18, amain shaft 24 may be mounted to thehub 20. Also contained within thenacelle 18 may be apower generation structure 26, which is operatively connected to themain shaft 24. - To start the wind power generation process, the
blades 22 of thewind turbine 10 capture the kinetic energy of the wind. As the wind forces the plurality ofblades 22 andhub 20 to rotate, themain shaft 24 rotates with thehub 20 and converts the kinetic energy of the wind into rotational energy. Operatively connected to themain shaft 24, thepower generation structure 26 subsequently converts the rotational energy from themain shaft 24 into electricity. For example, thepower generation structure 26 may convert the rotational energy into a three phase, low frequency alternating current (AC), such as, including but not limited to, 50 Hz or 60 Hz. This three phase low frequency AC power output may then be delivered to the utility power grid and distributed for industrial and residential use. - For exemplary purposes only, as shown best in the schematic diagram of
FIG. 2 , thepower generation structure 26 may comprise threegenerator systems 28 operatively connected to themain shaft 24, which is mounted to thehub 20. Thepower generation structure 26 may comprise threegenerator systems 28 to produce three phases of low frequency AC power output onpower output lines 30. The three generator systempower output lines 30 have outputs shifted one hundred twenty degrees (120°) relative to each other. For each of the threegenerator systems 28, asystem controller 32 generates a current reference signal and a voltage reference signal. More specifically, thesystem controller 32 generates a current reference signal corresponding to the desired frequency of the low frequency AC output power and outputs that signal oncurrent reference lines 34 that are connected to the threegenerator systems 28. The current reference signals will be shifted 120° relative to each other for the three phasepower generation structure 26. Thesystem controller 32 also generates a voltage reference signal and outputs that signal on thevoltage reference lines 36 that are connected to the threegenerator systems 28. Although shown and described as comprising three generator systems to produce three phases of power output, it will be understood that any number of generator systems may be used to comprise the power generation structure and to produce any number of phases of power output within the wind turbine. - As shown best in the schematic diagram of
FIG. 3 , asingle generator system 28 of the power generation structure may comprise apermanent magnet generator 38. Thepermanent magnet generator 38 has apermanent magnet rotor 40 and astator 42 with a magneticflux diverter circuit 44. Depicted asstep 200 at the start of the exemplary flowchart inFIG. 4 , the rotation of themain shaft 24 causes thepermanent magnet rotor 40 to rotate, which then generates a high frequency alternating current (HFAC) in thestator 42. The magneticflux diverter circuit 44 modulates the HFAC power output of thepermanent magnet generator 38. To provide a balanced HFAC power output onstator output lines 46, thestator 42 is center-tapped to ground through the center tap on statorneutral line 48. - The
generator system 28 may further comprise apower transformation circuit 50. Atstep 202, thepower transformation circuit 50, which may comprise a bi-directional switching network, receives the balanced HFAC power output onstator output lines 22 and transforms the HFAC power output into a low frequency AC power output. Coupled to the output of thepower transformation circuit 50, a low-pass filter network 52 filters any HFAC content from the output of thepower transformation circuit 50, atstep 204, and outputs the filtered low frequency AC power output on generator systempower output line 30. The low-pass filter network 52 may comprise twocommutating inductors 54, afilter inductor 56, and afilter capacitor 58. During commutation, the twocommutating inductors 54 of the low-pass filter network 52 limit bi-directional current within thepower transformation circuit 50. - Coupled to the generator
system output line 30, thevoltage sensor 60 monitors the voltage output between the generatorsystem output line 30 and ground. Based on this sensed voltage output, thevoltage sensor 60 generates a voltage output feedback signal on thevoltage feedback line 62, atstep 206 a. Coupled to the output of thefilter capacitor 58, thecurrent sensor 64 monitors current output that passes through thefilter capacitor 58 from generatorsystem output line 30 to ground. Based on this sensed current output, thecurrent sensor 64 then generates a current output feedback signal oncurrent feedback line 66, atstep 206 b. - Coupled to the
voltage feedback line 62, the root-mean-square (RMS)calculation circuit 68 receives the voltage output feedback signal. Based on the voltage output feedback signal, the RMS calculation circuit generates a corresponding RMS voltage output signal on theRMS output line 70, atstep 208 a. Coupled to theRMS output line 70, asummer 72 receives the RMS voltage output signal. Thesummer 72 also receives a RMS voltage output reference signal on a RMS voltageoutput reference line 74. The voltageoutput reference line 74 may be connected to, or the same as,voltage reference line 36 from the system controller 32 (inFIG. 2 ). The RMS voltage output reference signal corresponds to the desired voltage output for the low frequency AC power output on the generatorsystem output line 30. Using the RMS voltage output signal and the RMS voltage output reference signal, the summer generates a voltage error signal on asummer output line 76 that corresponds to the difference between the two signals, atstep 210 a. Coupled to thesummer output line 76, an RMS proportional-plus-integral (PI)controller 78 receives the voltage error signal from thesummer output line 76. Atstep 212 a, the PI controller generates a PI controller output signal on a PIcontroller output line 80 based on the voltage error signal. - Coupled to the PI
controller output line 80, amultiplier 82 receives the PI controller output signal. Themultiplier 82 also receives a current reference signal from acurrent reference line 84. A sinewave generator circuit 86 generates the current reference signal on thecurrent reference line 84. The sinewave generator circuit 86 may be part of thesystem controller 32, which may shift the current reference signals for each of the threegenerator systems 28 by 120° relative to each other for three phase power, and thecurrent reference line 84 may be connected to, or the same as, current reference line 34 (inFIG. 2 ). The current reference signal corresponds to the desired frequency of the low frequency AC output power on the generatorsystem output line 30. Using the PI controller output signal and the current reference signal, themultiplier 82 generates a current output reference signal on amultiplier output line 88, atstep 214 a. - Coupled to the
current feedback line 66, alow pass filter 90 receives the current output feedback signal and passes low frequency content of the current output feedback signal. Atstep 208 b, thelow pass filter 90 outputs the filtered current output feedback signal on a low passfilter output line 92. Coupled to both themultiplier output line 88 and the low passfilter output line 92, asummer 94 receives the current output reference signal from themultiplier output line 88 and receives the filtered current output feedback signal from the low passfilter output line 92. Based on these two signals, thesummer 94 generates an error signal on asummer output line 96, atstep 216. - Coupled to the
summer output line 96, an RMS output filter capacitorcurrent regulator 98 receives the error signal from thesummer 94. Atstep 218, the RMScurrent regulator 98 then generates a control current reference signal on controlcurrent reference line 100. Coupled to controlcurrent reference line 100, an absolutevalue output circuit 102 receives the control current reference signal. The absolutevalue output circuit 102 then converts the control current reference signal into an absolute value signal on anabsolute value line 104, atstep 220. Coupled to theabsolute value line 104, a controlcurrent regulator circuit 106 receives the absolute value signal on theabsolute value line 104. The controlcurrent regulator circuit 106 also receives a control current feedback signal on controlcurrent feedback line 108. Using the two received signals, the controlcurrent regulator circuit 106 generates a magnetic flux diverter circuit current drive signal on a magnetic flux diverter circuitcurrent drive line 110, atstep 222. The magnetic flux diverter circuit current drive signal corresponds to the difference between the absolute value signal and the control current feedback signal. - Coupled to the magnetic flux diverter circuit
current drive line 110, an H-bridge 112 receives the magnetic flux diverter circuit current drive signal and produces a magnetic flux diverter circuit current on H-bridge output lines 114, atstep 224. The H-bridge 112 applies the magnetic flux diverter circuit current drive signal to the magneticflux diverter circuit 44 to modulate the output of thepermanent magnet generator 38, atstep 226 which is the end of the flowchart inFIG. 4 . More specifically, the magneticflux diverter circuit 44 receives the magnetic flux diverter circuit current on the H-bridge output lines 114 to control the level of the balanced HFAC output on the stator output lines 46. Coupled to one of the H-bridge output lines 114, a magnetic flux diverter circuitcurrent sensor 116 senses the level of magnetic flux diverter current passing through the H-bridge output lines 116. The magnetic flux diverter circuitcurrent sensor 116 then generates the control current feedback signal on the controlcurrent feedback line 108. The control current feedback signal corresponds to the sensed current level. - By way of the voltage output feedback signal on the
voltage feedback line 62, a zerocrossing detector circuit 118 senses the zero crossings of the desired low frequency AC power output on the generatorsystem output line 30. The zerocrossing detector circuit 118 then generates a zero crossing output signal on the zerocrossing output line 120. The zerocrossing detector circuit 118 also generates an inverted zero crossing output signal on the inverted zerocrossing output line 122. - In the
power transformation circuit 50, a first bi-directionalgate drive circuit 124 receives the zero crossing output signal from the zerocrossing output line 120. The first bi-directionalgate drive circuit 124 then generates a corresponding first gate drive signal to drive a firstbi-directional switch 126 and to control current flow from one correspondingstator output line 46 to the generatorsystem output line 30. A second bi-directionalgate drive circuit 128 in thepower transformation circuit 50 receives the inverted zero crossing output signal from the inverted zerocrossing output line 122. The second bi-directionalgate drive circuit 128 then generates a corresponding second gate drive signal to drive a secondbi-directional switch 130 and to control current flow from the other correspondingstator output line 46 to the generatorsystem output line 30. - The result of the circuitry of the
generator system 28 described herein is a modulated low frequency AC power output, including but not limited to, 50 Hz or 60 Hz AC power. More specifically, by way of the magneticflux diverter circuit 44, the low power control current reference signal on the controlcurrent reference line 100 modulates the HFAC output from thepermanent magnet generator 38 on stator output lines 46. The control current reference signal on the controlcurrent reference line 100 is a rectified fundamental frequency that is equivalent to the desired frequency of the variably low frequency AC output of thegenerator system 28 on the generatorsystem output line 30, such as for example, 50 Hz or 60 Hz AC. The control current reference signal on the controlcurrent reference line 100 may be of low power to control the high power of the desired low frequency output on the generatorsystem output line 30. Thepower transformation circuit 50 then transforms the HFAC output on thestator output lines 46 to produce the high power low frequency AC output on the generatorsystem output line 30. This results in the generatorsystem output line 30 having the same frequency as its respective control current reference signal on the controlcurrent reference line 100. - Through modulation of the control current reference signal on the control
current reference line 100, thegenerator system 28 maintains a sinusoidal current at the frequency of the desired low frequency AC power output on the generatorsystem output line 30. This is a result of thefilter capacitor 58 current reference signal on thesummer output line 96 being responsive to the current output feedback signal on thecurrent feedback line 66. In this way, a good waveform is ensured for the desired low frequency AC power output on the generatorsystem output line 30. - Although shown and described with the certain specific embodiment above for the magnetic flux diverter circuit in
FIGS. 1-4 , it will be understood that other magnetic flux diverter circuits can be implemented as part of thepower generation structure 26 of thewind turbine 10 without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. The magnetic flux diverter circuits may utilize at least one extra winding to saturate the magnetic steel of the permanent magnet generator. For exemplary purposes only, some embodiments for the flux diverter circuit may comprise a flux short circuit path between the stator teeth. When the controller applies current to the control winding wrapped around the flux short circuit bar, the steel flux short circuit bar is saturated, thereby forcing the flux from the generator rotor to travel through the main stator laminations. In so doing, power is provided to the main generator output windings. - In yet another embodiment of the present disclosure, the magnetic flux diverter circuit may comprise an additional coil wrapped around the main stator teeth. When the control coil is powered, the main stator teeth saturate, thereby prohibiting the flux from entering the generator stator. While the control coil may force the rotor flux into the main windings in this embodiment, it will be understood that the control coil may also be used to force the flux out of the main windings without departing from the spirit and scope of this disclosure. This results in the permanent magnet generator systems being designed to either produce no main output power without the control coil being powered up or to produce full main output power until the control coil is activated to reduce the output power of the main field.
- From the foregoing, it is apparent that the disclosure described is an inexpensive, simple, efficient, and reliable permanent magnet generator system for wind turbine applications. By utilizing the flux controllable permanent magnet generation structure within a wind turbine, the three phase low frequency AC power of, including but not limited to, 50 Hz or 60 Hz can be generated within the wind turbine without the added cost of the high power DC to AC inverter, thereby reducing operating costs, as well as the initial cost of construction, all in a simplified and efficient manner. Although described and shown in
FIG. 1 as being contained in thenacelle 18 of thewind turbine 10, it will be understood that thepower generation structure 26 may only be partially contained in thenacelle 18 or may not be contained in thenacelle 18 at all. According to another embodiment shown inFIG. 5 , thepower generation structure 326 may be contained within both thenacelle 318 and thetower 312 with different components of thepower generation structure 326 being distributed throughout thewind turbine 310. - While the foregoing detailed description has been given and provided with respect to certain specific embodiments, it is to be understood that the scope of the disclosure should not be limited to such embodiments, but that the same are provided simply for enablement and best mode purposes. The breadth and spirit of the present disclosure is broader than the embodiments specifically disclosed and encompassed within the claims appended hereto.
Claims (20)
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US13/465,400 US8598725B1 (en) | 2012-06-11 | 2012-06-11 | Utilizing flux controllable PM electric machines for wind turbine applications |
PCT/US2013/039676 WO2013188017A1 (en) | 2012-06-11 | 2013-05-06 | Utilizing flux controllable pm electric machines for wind turbine applications |
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US13/465,400 US8598725B1 (en) | 2012-06-11 | 2012-06-11 | Utilizing flux controllable PM electric machines for wind turbine applications |
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US8598725B1 US8598725B1 (en) | 2013-12-03 |
US20130328317A1 true US20130328317A1 (en) | 2013-12-12 |
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