US20130281743A1 - Methods of removing impurities from alkyl bromides during distillation and distillate produced therein - Google Patents
Methods of removing impurities from alkyl bromides during distillation and distillate produced therein Download PDFInfo
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- US20130281743A1 US20130281743A1 US13/912,638 US201313912638A US2013281743A1 US 20130281743 A1 US20130281743 A1 US 20130281743A1 US 201313912638 A US201313912638 A US 201313912638A US 2013281743 A1 US2013281743 A1 US 2013281743A1
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- bromopropane
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- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 33
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title abstract description 28
- 150000001347 alkyl bromides Chemical class 0.000 title abstract description 14
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 title abstract description 12
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 64
- 150000002118 epoxides Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- CYNYIHKIEHGYOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-bromopropane Chemical compound CCCBr CYNYIHKIEHGYOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 67
- NAMYKGVDVNBCFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-bromopropane Chemical compound CC(C)Br NAMYKGVDVNBCFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 32
- CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen bromide Chemical compound Br CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 44
- 229910000042 hydrogen bromide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 22
- 238000004817 gas chromatography Methods 0.000 description 20
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 15
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 13
- 229910021576 Iron(III) bromide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- FEONEKOZSGPOFN-UHFFFAOYSA-K tribromoiron Chemical compound Br[Fe](Br)Br FEONEKOZSGPOFN-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 12
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000000306 component Substances 0.000 description 10
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 10
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000004809 Teflon Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229920006362 Teflon® Polymers 0.000 description 8
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 7
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- XUCHXOAWJMEFLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N bisphenol F diglycidyl ether Chemical compound C1OC1COC(C=C1)=CC=C1CC(C=C1)=CC=C1OCC1CO1 XUCHXOAWJMEFLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 5
- AAMHBRRZYSORSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-octyloxirane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCC1CO1 AAMHBRRZYSORSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- VQFAIAKCILWQPZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromoacetone Chemical compound CC(=O)CBr VQFAIAKCILWQPZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- LNEPOXFFQSENCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N haloperidol Chemical compound C1CC(O)(C=2C=CC(Cl)=CC=2)CCN1CCCC(=O)C1=CC=C(F)C=C1 LNEPOXFFQSENCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 4
- DSZTYVZOIUIIGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-Epoxyhexadecane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC1CO1 DSZTYVZOIUIIGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- CYNYIHKIEHGYOZ-ZDOIIHCHSA-N 1-bromopropane Chemical group [13CH3][13CH2]CBr CYNYIHKIEHGYOZ-ZDOIIHCHSA-N 0.000 description 3
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- IISBACLAFKSPIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N bisphenol A Chemical compound C=1C=C(O)C=CC=1C(C)(C)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 IISBACLAFKSPIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012074 organic phase Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000844 transformation Methods 0.000 description 3
- XFNJYAKDBJUJAJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-dibromopropane Chemical compound CC(Br)CBr XFNJYAKDBJUJAJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZPLCXHWYPWVJDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one Chemical compound C1=CC(O)=CC=C1CC1NC(=O)OC1 ZPLCXHWYPWVJDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004593 Epoxy Substances 0.000 description 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- -1 alkyl epoxide Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000012043 crude product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007269 dehydrobromination reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000012429 reaction media Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004448 titration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bromide Chemical compound [Br-] CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical compound [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RBACIKXCRWGCBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N CCC1CO1 Chemical compound CCC1CO1 RBACIKXCRWGCBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BRLQWZUYTZBJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Epichlorohydrin Chemical compound ClCC1CO1 BRLQWZUYTZBJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QMUFUMMZEIFRTD-UHFFFAOYSA-M [Fe]OC1=CC=CC=C1 Chemical class [Fe]OC1=CC=CC=C1 QMUFUMMZEIFRTD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000002730 additional effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001335 aliphatic alkanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000008044 alkali metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- QQQCWVDPMPFUGF-ZDUSSCGKSA-N alpinetin Chemical compound C1([C@H]2OC=3C=C(O)C=C(C=3C(=O)C2)OC)=CC=CC=C1 QQQCWVDPMPFUGF-ZDUSSCGKSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006286 aqueous extract Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007900 aqueous suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001479 atomic absorption spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940106691 bisphenol a Drugs 0.000 description 1
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Substances BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- MOIPGXQKZSZOQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonyl bromide Chemical class BrC(Br)=O MOIPGXQKZSZOQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012159 carrier gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013065 commercial product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001944 continuous distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005237 degreasing agent Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013527 degreasing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001882 dioxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- GKIPXFAANLTWBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N epibromohydrin Chemical compound BrCC1CO1 GKIPXFAANLTWBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006317 isomerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013112 stability test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C17/00—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons
- C07C17/38—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives
- C07C17/383—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives by distillation
- C07C17/386—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives by distillation with auxiliary compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C19/00—Acyclic saturated compounds containing halogen atoms
- C07C19/075—Acyclic saturated compounds containing halogen atoms containing bromine
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C17/00—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons
- C07C17/07—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons by addition of hydrogen halides
- C07C17/08—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons by addition of hydrogen halides to unsaturated hydrocarbons
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C17/00—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons
- C07C17/38—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives
- C07C17/395—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives by treatment giving rise to a chemical modification of at least one compound
Definitions
- n-Propyl bromide also referred to as 1-bromopropane, propyl bromide or NPB
- NPB 1-bromopropane, propyl bromide
- n-propyl bromide Methods for producing n-propyl bromide are known.
- One such method involves free radical hydrobromination of propylene.
- a variant of this method comprises continuously feeding propylene, gaseous hydrogen bromide, and a molecular oxygen-containing gas into a liquid phase reaction medium comprised of aliphatic bromide (preferably n-propyl bromide, corresponding to the product being produced) to cause anti-Markovnikov addition of HBr to propylene.
- the principal product is n-propyl bromide with small amounts of isopropyl bromide (also referred to as 2-bromopropane) also being co-formed.
- WO 2006/113307 describes a process for oxygen-initiated hydrobromination of propylene to form a crude reaction mixture of n-propyl bromide. These and other methods typically produce n-propyl bromide that includes impurities, such as isopropyl bromide and 1,2-dibromopropane, that are undesirable for most applications.
- distillation procedures can be used to remove impurities and thus purify propyl bromide products formed by the hydrobromination of propylene.
- distillations typically require expensive distillation facilities operated under close control of conditions if highly pure n-propyl bromide is to be recovered.
- This invention meets the above-described needs by providing methods of removing impurities from a composition comprising an alkyl bromide, such methods comprising combining the composition with at least one nonvolatile epoxide during distillation of the composition. Also provided are such methods wherein the alkyl bromide is 1-bromopropane (n-propyl bromide), wherein the alkyl bromide is 1-bromopropane (n-propyl bromide) that was derived from propylene, and/or wherein the alkyl bromide is 1-bromopropane that was derived from hydrobromination of propylene.
- the at least one nonvolatile epoxide comprises one or more alkyl epoxide having a chain length ranging from C 10 to C 16 , wherein the at least one nonvolatile epoxide comprises 1,2-epoxydecane or 1,2-epoxyhexadecane, wherein the at least one nonvolatile epoxide comprises a nonvolatile epoxide containing an aromatic ring, and/or wherein the at least one nonvolatile epoxide comprises bis(4-glycidyloxyphenyl)methane or epoxides derived from bisphenol-A, including all epoxy resins thereof.
- This invention provides methods of removing impurities from a composition comprising n-propyl bromide, the method comprising combining the composition with at least one nonvolatile epoxide during distillation of the composition.
- This invention provides methods of removing impurities from a composition comprising 1-bromopropane (n-propyl bromide) that has been derived from hydrobromination of propylene, the method comprising combining the composition with at least one nonvolatile epoxide during distillation of the composition.
- Also provided by these inventions are a continuously produced distillate composition comprising 1-bromopropane with a purity of greater than about 99.8%, and such continuously produced distillates which have been derived by combining a composition comprising 1-bromopropane with at least one nonvolatile epoxide during distillation of the composition. Also provided are continuously produced distillate compositions comprising 1-brompropane having a 2-bromopropane content of less than about 120 ppm (wt/wt), and such continuously produced distillate compositions which have been derived by combining a composition comprising 1-bromopropane with at least one nonvolatile epoxide during distillation of the composition.
- Methods of this invention are applicable to removal of impurities from any alkyl bromide composition derived by any method now known or that may be developed for deriving such alkyl bromide composition from an alkene.
- the following description relates to removing impurities from a propyl bromide composition derived from hydrobromination of propylene.
- Processes for deriving a composition comprising propyl bromide by hydrobromination of propylene are known in the art.
- the thus derived composition contains propyl bromide and impurities such as isopropyl bromide, 1,2-dibromopropane, acetone, bromoacetone, n-propyl alcohol and n-propyl ether, and the like.
- nonvolatile epoxide means any epoxide that has substantially no evaporation at ambient conditions; examples include bis(4-glycidyloxyphenyl)methane, 1,2-epoxydecane, 1,2-epoxyhexadecane, and certain Dow aromatic epoxy resins such as those having the structure shown in FIG. 2 , in which n can be from about 0 to about 0.5, e.g., n can be 0.15. It is desirable for n to be as close to zero as possible to minimize cross-linking and polymerization.
- Other nonlimiting examples include 1,2 epoxy alkanes having the structure:
- p is a value in the range of 10-17; e.g., p can be, for example, 10, 12.5, 15.7, etc.
- FIG. 1 represents a flow diagram of a method conducted according to this invention.
- FIG. 2 shows the chemical structure for exemplary nonvolatile epoxides suitable for use in methods of this invention.
- An exemplary process for separating NPB from a crude mixture comprising NPB and isopropyl bromide (IPB) can comprise first washing at least a portion of the crude mixture one or more times with a wash comprising an aqueous solution or aqueous suspension of at least one alkali metal hydroxide. After separating the phases by conventional means, at least a portion of the organic phase can optionally be washed with water to form an organic phase and an aqueous phase. Whether or not the optional water wash is performed, the phases can be separated and one or more distillations carried out on at least a portion of the organic phase so separated, to form a highly pure propyl bromide product.
- Distillation conditions are desirably established to inhibit isopropyl bromide formation (due to isomerization) in the columns.
- isopropyl bromide concentrations even absent addition of nonvolatile epoxides according to this invention, would be between about 75 ppm wt and about 300 ppm due to the distillation conditions.
- alkyl bromide compositions purified according to methods of this invention can have an isopropyl bromide concentrations lower than about 100 ppm wt, e.g., lower than about 50 ppm wt.
- At least one nonvolatile epoxide is combined with a composition comprising an alkyl bromide during distillation of the composition.
- Suitable amounts of nonvolatile epoxides can be combined with the composition.
- 100-300 ppm of nonvolatile epoxides in the composition once combined can be suitable in a dry crude storage tank prior to entry into distillation columns, and 150-300 ppm of nonvolatile epoxides in the composition once combined can be suitable as feed to, or inside, the distillation column(s).
- FIG. 1 illustrates a continuous distillation process in accordance with this invention.
- feed 1-bromopropane can be pumped from container 10 via conduit 12 to distillation column 14 .
- Feed 1-bromopropane in container 10 can originate from any suitable source, as will be familiar to those skilled in the art, and fed into container 10 , e.g., via conduit 8 .
- Purified crude product can exit distillation column 14 during distillation within column 14 , via conduit 16 and be pumped into distillation column 18 .
- An overhead stream can exit distillation column 14 via conduit 20 , be cooled in condenser 22 , and thereafter at least a portion can be pumped back into distillation column 14 as reflux via conduit 24 and at least a portion can be removed from the distillation process as impurities via conduit 26 .
- the purified crude product that is pumped into distillation column 18 can be further distilled within column 18 .
- Product purified 1-bromopropane can exit column 18 via conduit 28 ; and bottoms can exit column 18 via conduit 30 and recycled back to container 10 .
- one or more nonvolatile epoxides can be added to feed 1-bromopropane in conduit 12 , e.g., at site A, and/or to reflux in conduit 24 , e.g., at site B, via means known to those skilled in the art, and thus improve the purity of product purified 1-bromopropane in conduit 28 .
- residual nonvolatile epoxides in bottoms in conduit 30 recycled to container 10 for combining with feed 1-bromopropane also assists in improving purity of product 1-bromopropane. Distillations conducted in columns 14 and 18 can be conducted under appropriate conditions, as are familiar to those skilled in the art.
- Methods of this invention can be applied to distillation of alkyl bromides produced from alcohols.
- the nonvolatile epoxide can be added at a point beyond the removal of the alcohol to minimize formation of ether linkages.
- it is especially useful in the secondary distillation steps if the alcohol is removed either by washing or an initial distillation followed by additional distillation.
- This invention is particularly advantageous in that HBr produced from dehydrobromination, and/or from reaction of reactive organics such as bromoacetone in the system, is scavenged by the nonvolatile epoxide.
- This has the additional effect of minimizing the traces of bromine in the system and therefore minimizes the amount of dehydrobromination catalyst (FeBr 3 ) that is made.
- FeBr 3 dehydrobromination catalyst
- 1 mole of HBr can react with one mole of epoxy functional group to produce a bromohydrin.
- Bromohydrins in turn, can be oxidized by traces of halogen to form alpha bromoketones. Oxidation of elemental iron is minimized, which has the potential benefit of decreasing corrosion of the distillation columns, thus minimizing plant downtime while spare parts are ordered.
- GC thermal conditions were as follows: Injector 150° C., detector 250° C., Oven initial: 40° C., held 8 minutes, increased at a rate of 5 C.°/min to 70° C. then increased 15 C.°/min to a final temperature of 250° C., then held at final temperature for 5 minutes. Samples analyzed (1 uL) without dilution in order to quantify the impurities, particularly 2-bromopropane, down to concentrations of ⁇ 25 ppm wt.
- nonvolatile epoxide additives (1,2-epoxydecane, 1,2-epoxyhexadecane, the Dow aromatic epoxy resins having the structure shown in FIG. 2 , and bis(4-glycidyloxyphenyl)methane) were tested for potential for surface stabilization and to minimize solution acidity and corrosion in propyl bromide distillation columns.
- the Dow aromatic epoxy resins comprise the (non-catalyst-containing) resin from the reaction of epichlorohydrin with bisphenol-A. These were spiked to concentrations of 4000-6000 ppm into propyl bromide solutions containing FeBr 3 (590-1026 ppm wt), fourteen samples in all.
- Propyl bromide (137.09 g 1.12 moles) was added along with FeBr 3 (0.12 g 0.4 mmoles, 865 ppm wt) and the epoxy resin sold under the Dow tradename DER 383 (1.46 g 1.05% wt) into a 4 oz glass container, sealed with a teflon lid, and stored for three days at 50° C. Analysis by GC indicated the following initial n-propyl bromide composition: 1-bromopropane (99.92%), 2-bromo-propane (34 ppm).
- the acidity of the initial solution (1 ppm wt, as H Br), was measured by extraction and titration with 0.005N KOH in methanol using bromothymol blue indicator. Upon storage for three days at 50° C., the sample was re-examined and by GC the composition was 1-bromopropane (99.93%), 2-bromopropane (93 ppm) and the HBr concentration was 2 ppm wt.
- Propyl bromide (127.15 g 1.03 moles) was added along with FeBr 3 (0.10 g 0.3 mmoles, 782 ppm wt) and bis(4-glycidyloxyphenyl)methane (0.52 g 1.7 mmoles, 4070 ppm) into a 4 oz glass container, sealed with a teflon lid, and stored for three days at 50° C. Analysis by GC of the initial n-propyl bromide: 1-bromopropane (99.92%), 2-bromopropane (34 ppm). The acidity of the initial propyl bromide was 1 ppm wt (HBr) measured as described in Example 2 above.
- the sample Upon storage for three days at 50° C., the sample was re-examined and by GC the composition was 1-bromopropane (99.94%), 2-bromopropane (112 ppm), with an HBr concentration of 1 ppm.
- a Mixture (I) comprised of 523.50 g 2-bromopropane and 581.42 g 1-bromopropane was premixed.
- a sample (137.51 g) of Mixture (I) was added along with FeBr 3 (0.12 g 0.4 mmoles, 866 ppm wt) along with DER 383 (0.94 g 6783 ppm) into a 4 oz glass container, sealed with a teflon lid, and stored for three days at 50° C.
- GC analysis of the initial mixture of propyl bromide isomers gave: 1-bromopropane (53.13%), 2-bromopropane (46.72%).
- the acidity of the initial Mixture (I) was 4 ppm wt (HBr), measured as described in Example 2 above. Upon storage for three days at 50° C., the sample was re-examined and by GC the composition was 1-bromopropane (53.17%), 2-bromopropane (46.68%), with an HBr concentration of 3 ppm wt.
- the sample Upon storage for three days at 50° C., the sample was re-examined and by GC the composition was 1-bromopropane (53.21%), 2-bromopropane (46.65%), with an HBr concentration of 2 ppm wt.
- Propyl bromide (132.82 g 1.08 moles) was added into a 4 oz glass container, sealed with a teflon lid, and stored for three days at 50° C. Analysis by GC indicated the following initial composition: 1-bromopropane (99.92%), 2-bromopropane (34 ppm).
- the acidity of the initial solution (1 ppm wt, as HBr) was measured by extraction and titration with 0.005N KOH in methanol using bromothymol blue indicator. Iron in the initial sample was 2.3 ppm as measured by extraction of typically 30 mL of organic solution with an equal volume of 5N HCl and analysis of the aqueous extract by atomic absorption spectroscopy.
- the sample Upon storage for three days at 50° C., the sample was re-examined and, by GC analysis, the composition was 1-bromopropane (99.92%), 2-bromopropane (67 ppm), and its HBr concentration was 2 ppm wt.
- Propyl bromide (135.34 g 1.10 moles) was added along with FeBr 3 (0.08 g 0.3 mmoles, 591 ppm wt) into a 4 oz glass container, sealed with a teflon lid, and stored for three days at 50° C. Analysis by GC indicated the following initial purity of n-propyl bromide: 1-bromopropane (99.92%), 2-bromopropane (34 ppm). The acidity of the initial propyl bromide was (1 ppm wt, as HBr), measured as described in Example 6 above.
- the sample Upon storage for three days at 50° C., the sample was re-examined and by GC the composition was 1-bromopropane (99.94%), 2-bromopropane (83 ppm), and the HBr concentration was 14 ppm wt.
- a sample (107.11 g) of Mixture (I) was added along with FeBr3 (0.11 g 0.4 mmoles, 1026 ppm wt) into a 4 oz glass container, sealed with a teflon lid, and stored for three days at 50° C.
- the acidity of the initial Mixture (I) was 4 ppm wt (HBr), measured as described in Example 6 above.
- the sample Upon storage for three days at 50° C., the sample was re-examined and by GC the composition was 1-bromopropane (53.31%), 2-bromopropane (46.50%), with an HBr concentration of 154 ppm wt.
- reactants and components referred to by chemical name or formula anywhere in the specification or claims hereof, whether referred to in the singular or plural, are identified as they exist prior to being combined with or coming into contact with another substance referred to by chemical name or chemical type (e.g., another reactant, a solvent, or etc.). It matters not what chemical changes, transformations and/or reactions, if any, take place in the resulting combination or solution or reaction medium as such changes, transformations and/or reactions are the natural result of bringing the specified reactants and/or components together under the conditions called for pursuant to this disclosure.
- the reactants and components are identified as ingredients to be brought together in connection with performing a desired chemical reaction or in forming a combination to be used in conducting a desired reaction.
Abstract
Methods are provided for removing impurities from compositions comprising alkyl bromide. Such methods comprise combining such composition with at least one nonvolatile epoxide during distillation to purify the alkyl bromide. Ultra pure alkyl bromide compositions are also provided.
Description
- n-Propyl bromide (also referred to as 1-bromopropane, propyl bromide or NPB) is a commercial product. It is particularly useful as a degreasing agent and is used for various applications including cold cleaning of electrical and mechanical parts.
- Methods for producing n-propyl bromide are known. One such method involves free radical hydrobromination of propylene. A variant of this method comprises continuously feeding propylene, gaseous hydrogen bromide, and a molecular oxygen-containing gas into a liquid phase reaction medium comprised of aliphatic bromide (preferably n-propyl bromide, corresponding to the product being produced) to cause anti-Markovnikov addition of HBr to propylene. The principal product is n-propyl bromide with small amounts of isopropyl bromide (also referred to as 2-bromopropane) also being co-formed. WO 2006/113307 describes a process for oxygen-initiated hydrobromination of propylene to form a crude reaction mixture of n-propyl bromide. These and other methods typically produce n-propyl bromide that includes impurities, such as isopropyl bromide and 1,2-dibromopropane, that are undesirable for most applications.
- Conventional distillation procedures can be used to remove impurities and thus purify propyl bromide products formed by the hydrobromination of propylene. However, such distillations typically require expensive distillation facilities operated under close control of conditions if highly pure n-propyl bromide is to be recovered.
- Thus, there is a need for improved methods for purification of n-propyl bromide and other alkyl bromides.
- This invention meets the above-described needs by providing methods of removing impurities from a composition comprising an alkyl bromide, such methods comprising combining the composition with at least one nonvolatile epoxide during distillation of the composition. Also provided are such methods wherein the alkyl bromide is 1-bromopropane (n-propyl bromide), wherein the alkyl bromide is 1-bromopropane (n-propyl bromide) that was derived from propylene, and/or wherein the alkyl bromide is 1-bromopropane that was derived from hydrobromination of propylene. Additionally, such methods are provided wherein the at least one nonvolatile epoxide comprises one or more alkyl epoxide having a chain length ranging from C10 to C16, wherein the at least one nonvolatile epoxide comprises 1,2-epoxydecane or 1,2-epoxyhexadecane, wherein the at least one nonvolatile epoxide comprises a nonvolatile epoxide containing an aromatic ring, and/or wherein the at least one nonvolatile epoxide comprises bis(4-glycidyloxyphenyl)methane or epoxides derived from bisphenol-A, including all epoxy resins thereof. This invention provides methods of removing impurities from a composition comprising n-propyl bromide, the method comprising combining the composition with at least one nonvolatile epoxide during distillation of the composition. This invention provides methods of removing impurities from a composition comprising 1-bromopropane (n-propyl bromide) that has been derived from hydrobromination of propylene, the method comprising combining the composition with at least one nonvolatile epoxide during distillation of the composition.
- Also provided by these inventions are a continuously produced distillate composition comprising 1-bromopropane with a purity of greater than about 99.8%, and such continuously produced distillates which have been derived by combining a composition comprising 1-bromopropane with at least one nonvolatile epoxide during distillation of the composition. Also provided are continuously produced distillate compositions comprising 1-brompropane having a 2-bromopropane content of less than about 120 ppm (wt/wt), and such continuously produced distillate compositions which have been derived by combining a composition comprising 1-bromopropane with at least one nonvolatile epoxide during distillation of the composition.
- Methods of this invention are applicable to removal of impurities from any alkyl bromide composition derived by any method now known or that may be developed for deriving such alkyl bromide composition from an alkene. For the sake of illustration, the following description relates to removing impurities from a propyl bromide composition derived from hydrobromination of propylene. Processes for deriving a composition comprising propyl bromide by hydrobromination of propylene are known in the art. The thus derived composition contains propyl bromide and impurities such as isopropyl bromide, 1,2-dibromopropane, acetone, bromoacetone, n-propyl alcohol and n-propyl ether, and the like.
- As used in the description of this invention and in the claims, the term “nonvolatile epoxide” means any epoxide that has substantially no evaporation at ambient conditions; examples include bis(4-glycidyloxyphenyl)methane, 1,2-epoxydecane, 1,2-epoxyhexadecane, and certain Dow aromatic epoxy resins such as those having the structure shown in
FIG. 2 , in which n can be from about 0 to about 0.5, e.g., n can be 0.15. It is desirable for n to be as close to zero as possible to minimize cross-linking and polymerization. Other nonlimiting examples include 1,2 epoxy alkanes having the structure: - where p is a value in the range of 10-17; e.g., p can be, for example, 10, 12.5, 15.7, etc.
- The invention will be better understood by reference to the Figures in which:
-
FIG. 1 represents a flow diagram of a method conducted according to this invention; and -
FIG. 2 shows the chemical structure for exemplary nonvolatile epoxides suitable for use in methods of this invention. - An exemplary process for separating NPB from a crude mixture comprising NPB and isopropyl bromide (IPB) can comprise first washing at least a portion of the crude mixture one or more times with a wash comprising an aqueous solution or aqueous suspension of at least one alkali metal hydroxide. After separating the phases by conventional means, at least a portion of the organic phase can optionally be washed with water to form an organic phase and an aqueous phase. Whether or not the optional water wash is performed, the phases can be separated and one or more distillations carried out on at least a portion of the organic phase so separated, to form a highly pure propyl bromide product.
- Distillation conditions are desirably established to inhibit isopropyl bromide formation (due to isomerization) in the columns. Desirably, isopropyl bromide concentrations, even absent addition of nonvolatile epoxides according to this invention, would be between about 75 ppm wt and about 300 ppm due to the distillation conditions. However, alkyl bromide compositions purified according to methods of this invention can have an isopropyl bromide concentrations lower than about 100 ppm wt, e.g., lower than about 50 ppm wt.
- According to this invention, at least one nonvolatile epoxide is combined with a composition comprising an alkyl bromide during distillation of the composition. Suitable amounts of nonvolatile epoxides can be combined with the composition. For example, without thereby limiting this invention, 100-300 ppm of nonvolatile epoxides in the composition once combined can be suitable in a dry crude storage tank prior to entry into distillation columns, and 150-300 ppm of nonvolatile epoxides in the composition once combined can be suitable as feed to, or inside, the distillation column(s).
- Methods of this invention can be better understood by referring to
FIG. 1 , which illustrates a continuous distillation process in accordance with this invention. For example, feed 1-bromopropane can be pumped fromcontainer 10 viaconduit 12 todistillation column 14. Feed 1-bromopropane incontainer 10 can originate from any suitable source, as will be familiar to those skilled in the art, and fed intocontainer 10, e.g., viaconduit 8. Purified crude product can exitdistillation column 14 during distillation withincolumn 14, viaconduit 16 and be pumped intodistillation column 18. An overhead stream can exitdistillation column 14 viaconduit 20, be cooled incondenser 22, and thereafter at least a portion can be pumped back intodistillation column 14 as reflux viaconduit 24 and at least a portion can be removed from the distillation process as impurities viaconduit 26. The purified crude product that is pumped intodistillation column 18 can be further distilled withincolumn 18. Product purified 1-bromopropane can exitcolumn 18 viaconduit 28; and bottoms can exitcolumn 18 viaconduit 30 and recycled back tocontainer 10. In accordance with this invention, one or more nonvolatile epoxides can be added to feed 1-bromopropane inconduit 12, e.g., at site A, and/or to reflux inconduit 24, e.g., at site B, via means known to those skilled in the art, and thus improve the purity of product purified 1-bromopropane inconduit 28. Additionally, residual nonvolatile epoxides in bottoms inconduit 30 recycled tocontainer 10 for combining with feed 1-bromopropane also assists in improving purity of product 1-bromopropane. Distillations conducted incolumns - Methods of this invention can be applied to distillation of alkyl bromides produced from alcohols. The nonvolatile epoxide can be added at a point beyond the removal of the alcohol to minimize formation of ether linkages. Thus, it is especially useful in the secondary distillation steps if the alcohol is removed either by washing or an initial distillation followed by additional distillation.
- This invention is particularly advantageous in that HBr produced from dehydrobromination, and/or from reaction of reactive organics such as bromoacetone in the system, is scavenged by the nonvolatile epoxide. This has the additional effect of minimizing the traces of bromine in the system and therefore minimizes the amount of dehydrobromination catalyst (FeBr3) that is made. For example, 1 mole of HBr can react with one mole of epoxy functional group to produce a bromohydrin. Bromohydrins, in turn, can be oxidized by traces of halogen to form alpha bromoketones. Oxidation of elemental iron is minimized, which has the potential benefit of decreasing corrosion of the distillation columns, thus minimizing plant downtime while spare parts are ordered.
- The following examples are illustrative of the principles of this invention. It is understood that this invention is not limited to any one specific embodiment exemplified herein, whether in the examples or the remainder of this patent application.
- Gas chromatography (GC) analyses were performed using an Agilent Technologies Model 6890N Series GC with a flame ionization detector and He carrier gas with a split injector and 9.4 psig column head pressure and He flow velocity 33 mL/min, using a 30 m×0.32 mm DB-624 column with a film thickness of 1.8 um. GC thermal conditions were as follows: Injector 150° C., detector 250° C., Oven initial: 40° C., held 8 minutes, increased at a rate of 5 C.°/min to 70° C. then increased 15 C.°/min to a final temperature of 250° C., then held at final temperature for 5 minutes. Samples analyzed (1 uL) without dilution in order to quantify the impurities, particularly 2-bromopropane, down to concentrations of <25 ppm wt.
- Four nonvolatile epoxide additives (1,2-epoxydecane, 1,2-epoxyhexadecane, the Dow aromatic epoxy resins having the structure shown in
FIG. 2 , and bis(4-glycidyloxyphenyl)methane) were tested for potential for surface stabilization and to minimize solution acidity and corrosion in propyl bromide distillation columns. The Dow aromatic epoxy resins comprise the (non-catalyst-containing) resin from the reaction of epichlorohydrin with bisphenol-A. These were spiked to concentrations of 4000-6000 ppm into propyl bromide solutions containing FeBr3 (590-1026 ppm wt), fourteen samples in all. The tests were conducted as thermal stability tests for three days at 50° C. Baseline showed acidity increasing to 154 ppm HBr and 124 ppm Fe for isopropyl bromide substrate solutions. The initial values were 5 ppm HBr and <0.1 ppm Fe at the beginning of the test. 1,2-Epoxydecane had 12 ppm HBr and 7 ppm Fe in solution. Significantly lower solution acidity (1-3 ppm) and very low solution iron content (0.6-2 ppm) was seen for the aromatic epoxides, potentially due to formation of phenoxy-iron complexes. - Propyl bromide (137.09 g 1.12 moles) was added along with FeBr3 (0.12 g 0.4 mmoles, 865 ppm wt) and the epoxy resin sold under the Dow tradename DER 383 (1.46 g 1.05% wt) into a 4 oz glass container, sealed with a teflon lid, and stored for three days at 50° C. Analysis by GC indicated the following initial n-propyl bromide composition: 1-bromopropane (99.92%), 2-bromo-propane (34 ppm). The acidity of the initial solution (1 ppm wt, as H Br), was measured by extraction and titration with 0.005N KOH in methanol using bromothymol blue indicator. Upon storage for three days at 50° C., the sample was re-examined and by GC the composition was 1-bromopropane (99.93%), 2-bromopropane (93 ppm) and the HBr concentration was 2 ppm wt.
- Propyl bromide (127.15 g 1.03 moles) was added along with FeBr3 (0.10 g 0.3 mmoles, 782 ppm wt) and bis(4-glycidyloxyphenyl)methane (0.52 g 1.7 mmoles, 4070 ppm) into a 4 oz glass container, sealed with a teflon lid, and stored for three days at 50° C. Analysis by GC of the initial n-propyl bromide: 1-bromopropane (99.92%), 2-bromopropane (34 ppm). The acidity of the initial propyl bromide was 1 ppm wt (HBr) measured as described in Example 2 above. Upon storage for three days at 50° C., the sample was re-examined and by GC the composition was 1-bromopropane (99.94%), 2-bromopropane (112 ppm), with an HBr concentration of 1 ppm.
- A Mixture (I) comprised of 523.50 g 2-bromopropane and 581.42 g 1-bromopropane was premixed. A sample (137.51 g) of Mixture (I) was added along with FeBr3 (0.12 g 0.4 mmoles, 866 ppm wt) along with DER 383 (0.94 g 6783 ppm) into a 4 oz glass container, sealed with a teflon lid, and stored for three days at 50° C. GC analysis of the initial mixture of propyl bromide isomers gave: 1-bromopropane (53.13%), 2-bromopropane (46.72%). The acidity of the initial Mixture (I) was 4 ppm wt (HBr), measured as described in Example 2 above. Upon storage for three days at 50° C., the sample was re-examined and by GC the composition was 1-bromopropane (53.17%), 2-bromopropane (46.68%), with an HBr concentration of 3 ppm wt.
- A sample (136.50 g) of Mixture (I) was added along with FeBr3 (0.09 g 0.3 mmoles, 655 ppm wt) along with bis(4-glycidyloxyphenyl)methane (0.82 g 2.6 mmoles, 5968 ppm) into a 4 oz glass container, sealed with a teflon lid, and stored for three days at 50° C. GC analysis of the initial mixture of propyl bromide isomers gave: 1-bromopropane (53.13%), 2-bromopropane (46.72%). The acidity of the initial Mixture (I) was 4 ppm wt, (HBr), measured as described in Example 2 above. Upon storage for three days at 50° C., the sample was re-examined and by GC the composition was 1-bromopropane (53.21%), 2-bromopropane (46.65%), with an HBr concentration of 2 ppm wt.
- Propyl bromide (132.82 g 1.08 moles) was added into a 4 oz glass container, sealed with a teflon lid, and stored for three days at 50° C. Analysis by GC indicated the following initial composition: 1-bromopropane (99.92%), 2-bromopropane (34 ppm). The acidity of the initial solution (1 ppm wt, as HBr) was measured by extraction and titration with 0.005N KOH in methanol using bromothymol blue indicator. Iron in the initial sample was 2.3 ppm as measured by extraction of typically 30 mL of organic solution with an equal volume of 5N HCl and analysis of the aqueous extract by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Upon storage for three days at 50° C., the sample was re-examined and, by GC analysis, the composition was 1-bromopropane (99.92%), 2-bromopropane (67 ppm), and its HBr concentration was 2 ppm wt.
- A sample (135.32 g) of Mixture (I) was added into a 4 oz glass container, sealed with a teflon lid, and stored for three days at 50° C. Analysis by GC indicated the following initial composition: 1-bromopropane (53.13%), 2-bromopropane (46.72%). The acidity of the initial solution was 4 ppm wt (HBr), measured as described in Example 6 above. Iron in the initial sample was <1 ppm, measured as described in Example 6 above. Upon storage for three days at 50° C., the sample was re-examined and by GC the composition was 1-bromopropane (53.23%), 2-bromopropane (46.61%), and its HBr concentration was 5 ppm wt.
- Propyl bromide (135.34 g 1.10 moles) was added along with FeBr3 (0.08 g 0.3 mmoles, 591 ppm wt) into a 4 oz glass container, sealed with a teflon lid, and stored for three days at 50° C. Analysis by GC indicated the following initial purity of n-propyl bromide: 1-bromopropane (99.92%), 2-bromopropane (34 ppm). The acidity of the initial propyl bromide was (1 ppm wt, as HBr), measured as described in Example 6 above. Upon storage for three days at 50° C., the sample was re-examined and by GC the composition was 1-bromopropane (99.94%), 2-bromopropane (83 ppm), and the HBr concentration was 14 ppm wt.
- A sample (107.11 g) of Mixture (I) was added along with FeBr3 (0.11 g 0.4 mmoles, 1026 ppm wt) into a 4 oz glass container, sealed with a teflon lid, and stored for three days at 50° C. Analysis of the Mixture (I) by GC indicated the following initial composition: 1-bromopropane (53.13%), 2-bromopropane (46.72%). The acidity of the initial Mixture (I) was 4 ppm wt (HBr), measured as described in Example 6 above. Upon storage for three days at 50° C., the sample was re-examined and by GC the composition was 1-bromopropane (53.31%), 2-bromopropane (46.50%), with an HBr concentration of 154 ppm wt.
- It is to be understood that the reactants and components referred to by chemical name or formula anywhere in the specification or claims hereof, whether referred to in the singular or plural, are identified as they exist prior to being combined with or coming into contact with another substance referred to by chemical name or chemical type (e.g., another reactant, a solvent, or etc.). It matters not what chemical changes, transformations and/or reactions, if any, take place in the resulting combination or solution or reaction medium as such changes, transformations and/or reactions are the natural result of bringing the specified reactants and/or components together under the conditions called for pursuant to this disclosure. Thus the reactants and components are identified as ingredients to be brought together in connection with performing a desired chemical reaction or in forming a combination to be used in conducting a desired reaction. Accordingly, even though the claims hereinafter may refer to substances, components and/or ingredients in the present tense (“comprises”, “is”, etc.), the reference is to the substance, component or ingredient as it existed at the time just before it was first contacted, combined, blended or mixed with one or more other substances, components and/or ingredients in accordance with the present disclosure. Whatever transformations, if any, which occur in situ as a reaction is conducted is what the claim is intended to cover. Thus the fact that a substance, component or ingredient may have lost its original identity through a chemical reaction or transformation during the course of contacting, combining, blending or mixing operations, if conducted in accordance with this disclosure and with the application of common sense and the ordinary skill of a chemist, is thus wholly immaterial for an accurate understanding and appreciation of the true meaning and substance of this disclosure and the claims thereof. As will be familiar to those skilled in the art, the terms “combined”, “combining”, and the like as used herein mean that the components that are “combined” or that one is “combining” are put into a container with each other. Likewise a “combination” of components means the components having been put together in a container.
- While the present invention has been described in terms of one or more preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that other modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the invention, which is set forth in the claims below.
Claims (4)
1. A continuously produced distillate composition comprising 1-bromopropane with a purity of greater than about 99.8%.
2. The continuously produced distillate of claim 1 which has been derived by combining a composition comprising 1-bromopropane with at least one nonvolatile epoxide during distillation of the composition.
3. A continuously produced distillate composition comprising 1-bromopropane having a 2-bromopropane content of less than about 120 ppm (wt/wt).
4. The continuously produced distillate composition of claim 3 which has been derived by combining a composition comprising 1-bromopropane with at least one nonvolatile epoxide during distillation of the composition.
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US67425710A | 2010-02-19 | 2010-02-19 | |
US13/912,638 US20130281743A1 (en) | 2007-09-25 | 2013-06-07 | Methods of removing impurities from alkyl bromides during distillation and distillate produced therein |
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US3876509A (en) * | 1971-08-04 | 1975-04-08 | Dow Chemical Co | Azeotropically removing hbr from brominated pentaerythritols and reacting with an epoxy |
FR2689503B1 (en) * | 1992-04-03 | 1994-06-10 | Solvay | PROCESS FOR PURIFYING A HYDROFLUOROALKANE. |
FR2689885B1 (en) * | 1992-04-14 | 1994-10-21 | Atochem North America Elf | Process for inhibiting the decomposition of 1,1-dichloro-1-fluorethane. |
JP2576933B2 (en) * | 1993-01-25 | 1997-01-29 | ディップソール株式会社 | Cleaning solvent composition |
DE69826473T2 (en) * | 1997-07-09 | 2006-02-23 | Great Lakes Chemical Corp., West Lafayette | AZEOTROPE AND AZEOTROPÄHNLICHE COMPOSITIONS OF 1-BROMPROPAN ANDHOCHFLUORATED HYDROCARBONS |
CN1556081A (en) * | 2003-12-31 | 2004-12-22 | 无锡奥灵特清洗剂科技有限公司 | Preparation method of bromo-nor-propance for cleaning agent and rectification device |
US20050159614A1 (en) * | 2004-01-19 | 2005-07-21 | Allgeier Alan M. | Norbornane based cycloaliphatic compounds containing nitrile groups |
US8193398B2 (en) | 2005-04-18 | 2012-06-05 | Albemarle Corporation | Processes for production and purification of normal propyl bromide |
US20080177116A1 (en) | 2005-05-03 | 2008-07-24 | Albemarle Corporation | 1-Bromopropane Having Low Acidity |
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