US20130252950A1 - Targeting mtor substrates in treating proliferative diseases - Google Patents

Targeting mtor substrates in treating proliferative diseases Download PDF

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US20130252950A1
US20130252950A1 US13/825,723 US201113825723A US2013252950A1 US 20130252950 A1 US20130252950 A1 US 20130252950A1 US 201113825723 A US201113825723 A US 201113825723A US 2013252950 A1 US2013252950 A1 US 2013252950A1
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John Blenis
Steven P. Gygi
Yonghao Yu
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Harvard College
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    • C12BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12QMEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/48Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving transferase
    • C12Q1/485Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving transferase involving kinase
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/5005Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells
    • G01N33/5008Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics
    • G01N33/5011Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics for testing antineoplastic activity
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/68Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/74Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving hormones or other non-cytokine intercellular protein regulatory factors such as growth factors, including receptors to hormones and growth factors
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2333/00Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
    • G01N2333/435Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from animals; from humans
    • G01N2333/46Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from animals; from humans from vertebrates
    • G01N2333/47Assays involving proteins of known structure or function as defined in the subgroups
    • G01N2333/4701Details
    • G01N2333/4703Regulators; Modulating activity

Definitions

  • mTOR is an evolutionarily conserved ser/thr protein kinase that controls many critical cellular processes including growth, protein translation, metabolic flux, and cell survival.
  • mTOR functions as the core catalytic component of two structurally and functionally distinct signaling complexes.
  • mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) regulates cell growth and is responsible for the well-characterized role of mTOR in controlling protein translation
  • mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) regulates cell survival and the actin cytoskeleton (1-3).
  • the mechanisms responsible for modulating mTORC1 and mTORC2 activity in response to upstream inputs such as growth factors, energetic status, and amino acid levels have been well studied (1).
  • relatively few direct substrates of mTOR have been identified and in many cases the mechanisms underlying mTOR's ability to regulate important aspects of cell biology are not known.
  • mTORC1 and mTORC2 Functional characterization of the mTOR signaling pathways has been hampered by the paucity of substrates that have been identified to date. Identifying novel substrates of mTORC1 and mTORC2 is important for making progress toward our general understanding how mTOR signals to downstream effectors and to specifically define components of the feedback loops involved in rapamycin resistance.
  • the best-characterized mTORC1 substrates include p70S6K and 4EBP, whereas mTORC2 phosphorylates several members of the AGC kinase family, including Akt, SGK, and PKC.
  • Novel mTORC1 substrates identified herein include, but are not limited to Grb10, FOXK1, ZEB2, NDRG3, LARP1, SRPK2, CDK12, MIB1, and IBTK.
  • Grb10 growth factor receptor-bound protein 10
  • the invention provides methods for determining mTOR kinase activity in a cell, the method comprising obtaining a cancer cell from a subject diagnosed to have a cancer, determining the level of Grb10 phosphorylation in the cell, and comparing the level of Grb10 phosphorylation to a reference level, wherein if the level of Grb10 phosphorylation in the cell is higher than the reference level, then the cell is determined to exhibit an elevated level of mTOR kinase activity.
  • the cell is a normal or healthy cell.
  • the cell is a cell obtained from a subject not diagnosed with a neoplastic disease.
  • the cell is a cell obtained from a subject not diagnosed with a cancer.
  • the cell is a neoplastic cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a cancer cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a cell obtained from a subject diagnosed with a neoplastic disease, for example, with a cancer.
  • the invention provides methods for selecting a treatment of a neoplastic disease, for example, of a cancer, in a subject, the method comprising obtaining a cell from a subject diagnosed to have a neoplastic disease, for example, a cancer, exhibiting an elevated level of mTOR activity; determining the level of Grb10 expression in the cell; and comparing the level of Grb10 expression to a reference level, wherein if the level of Grb10 expression in the cell is higher than the reference level, then the cell is determined to exhibit a high likelihood of expressing an elevated level of PI3K, Akt, and/or MAPK activity upon being contacted with an mTORC1 inhibitor.
  • aspects of this invention provide methods for determining mTOR kinase activity in a cell by determining the level of phosphorylation of a phosphorylation site disclosed in Table 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, or 11 in the cell, and comparing the level of phosphorylation to a reference level, wherein if the level of phosphorylation is higher than the reference level, then the cell is determined to exhibit an elevated level of mTOR kinase activity, or if the level of phosphorylation is equal or lower than the reference level, then the cell is determined to not exhibit an elevated level of mTOR kinase activity.
  • a phosphorylation site determined to exhibit a higher level of phosphorylation in the cell as compared to the reference level is a class I phosphorylation site
  • the cell is determined to exhibit an elevated level of rapamycin-sensitive mTORC1 activity.
  • a phosphorylation site determined to exhibit a higher level of phosphorylation in the cell as compared to the reference level is a class II phosphorylation site
  • the cell is determined to exhibit an elevated level of rapamycin-insensitive mTORC1 and/or mTORC2 activity.
  • a phosphorylation site determined to exhibit a higher level of phosphorylation in the cell as compared to the reference level is a class III phosphorylation site, then the cell is determined to exhibit an elevated level of rapamycin-sensitive mTOR activity, or an elevated level of rapamycin-insensitive mTOR activity, or both.
  • the methods provided herein further comprise selecting a method of treatment of the subject based on the level of phosphorylation of the phosphorylation site. In some embodiments, if the cell is determined to exhibit an elevated level of mTOR kinase activity, then a method of treatment is selected that includes administering an effective amount of an mTOR kinase inhibitor to the subject. In some embodiments, if the cell is determined to not exhibit an elevated level of mTOR kinase activity, then a method of treatment is selected that does not include administering an mTOR kinase inhibitor.
  • a method of treatment is selected that comprises administering an effective amount of an inhibitor of rapamycin-sensitive mTORC1 kinase activity (e.g., rapamycin or a rapamycin analog) to the subject.
  • an inhibitor of rapamycin-sensitive mTORC1 kinase activity e.g., rapamycin or a rapamycin analog
  • a method of treatment is selected that comprises administering an effective amount of an inhibitor of rapamycin-insensitive mTORC1 kinase activity to the subject.
  • a method of treatment comprises administering an effective amount of an inhibitor of rapamycin-sensitive and rapamycin-insensitive mTOR kinase activity or a combination of an inhibitor of rapamycin-sensitive mTOR kinase activity and an inhibitor of rapamycin-insensitive mTOR kinase activity to the subject.
  • the method of treatment further comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound that stabilizes Grb10 or that inhibits the degradation of Grb10. In some embodiments, the method of treatment further comprises administering an effective amount of an inhibitor of PI3K, Akt, or MAPK to the subject.
  • a phosphoproteomics array that includes a plurality of phosphosensitive antibodies or antibody fragments each of which specifically binds to phosphorylation site disclosed in Table 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, or 11.
  • the invention also provides a method of using a phosphoproteomics array to determine mTOR activity in a cell by contacting a proteinaceous sample derived from a cell, for example, from a cancer cell, with a phosphoproteomics array as described herein under conditions suitable for a protein expressed in the cell to bind to an antibody or antibody fragment of the array, determining the level of phosphorylated protein bound to an antibody or antibody fragment of the array, and comparing the level of phosphorylated protein bound to an antibody or antibody fragment of the array to a reference level. If the level phosphorylated protein in the sample derived from the cell is higher than the reference level, then the cell is determined to exhibit an elevated level of mTOR kinase activity.
  • the invention provides methods of identifying an mTOR kinase inhibitor by contacting an mTOR kinase with a polypeptide with a phosphorylation site disclosed in Table 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, or 11 under conditions suitable for the mTOR kinase to phosphorylate the phosphorylation site in the presence of a candidate agent, determining the level of phosphorylation at the phosphorylation site, and comparing the level of phosphorylation to a reference level. If the level of phosphorylation is lower than the reference level, then the candidate agent is identified as an mTOR kinase inhibitor.
  • the phosphorylation site is not a phosphorylation site previously known to be an mTOR target.
  • FIG. 1 Sample preparation and data analysis for quantitative phosphorylation profiling of mTOR signaling.
  • A Schematics of the two quantitative mass spectrometry experiments are shown with a plot highlighting the distribution of phosphopeptides identified in each screen. See data summary in Table 5. Note that most of the phosphopeptides have a ratio of 1:1 between the light and heavy populations and hence have a value close to 0 on a Log 2 axis. Proteins with downregulated phosphorylation in each screen are highlighted in the red box.
  • LS*SLRAS*TSKSESSQK SEQ ID NO: 1 from ribosomal protein S6 (S235 and S240) are identified as a rapamycin-sensitive phosphopeptide. Note the light and heavy peptides differ by 26 Da, corresponding to 2 labeled Lys and 1 labeled Arg in this particular peptide. Sequence in lower panel: SEQ ID NO: 1722.
  • C Quantitative differences between the rapamycin-sensitive and -insensitive mTOR downstream phosphorylation events. Phosphopeptides identified in both screens were extracted and their corresponding Log 2 ratios (fold-changes) were plotted.
  • D The top ten pathways enriched in the down-regulated phospho-proteins identified in the rapamycin (Rapa) screen.
  • FIG. 2 Phosphorylation of Grb10 at S501/S503 is sensitive to rapamycin inhibition.
  • A Identification of a doubly-phosphorylated rapamycin-sensitive Grb10 peptide (MNILSS*QS*PLHPSTLNAVIHR, SEQ ID NO: 2, * indicates phosphorylation sites) corresponding to S501/S503.
  • B Evolutionary conservation of Grb10 S501/S503 among vertebrate species.
  • C Phosphorylation of Grb10 at S501/S503 shows rapamycin sensitivity in vivo. TSC2 ⁇ / ⁇ cells were starved for serum and treated with 20 nM rapamycin for the indicated times.
  • Wild type (WT) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) were starved for serum overnight and then were stimulated with insulin (100 nM) or serum (10%) for 15 min. The cells were preincubated with the indicated compounds for two hours.
  • AktVIII (1 ⁇ M) is a specific inhibitor of Akt whereas AZD (AZD6244, 5 ⁇ M) specifically inhibits MEK.
  • Rapamycin (rapa) was used at 20 nM.
  • G) Grb10 phosphorylation at S501/S503 is sensitive to various mTOR kinase inhibitors.
  • TSC2 ⁇ / ⁇ cells were serum-starved and treated with the indicated compounds for two hours. The concentrations of the compounds were rapamycin 20 nM, LY (LY294002) 20 ⁇ M, BEZ235 (NVP-BEZ235) 500 nM, torin 100 nM, and pp 242 1 ⁇ M.
  • FIG. 3 mTOR-mediated Grb10 phosphorylation is important for Grb10 stability.
  • Grb10 interacts with raptor, but not rictor.
  • HA-tagged Grb10 was co-transfected with Myc-raptor or Myc-rictor in HEK293T cells.
  • Cells were lysed in lysis buffer A, and the lysates were subjected to immunoprecipitation using anti-HA antibody conjugated beads. Raptor and rictor were probed with an antibody against the Myc-tag.
  • Grb10 is phosphorylated by mTOR in vitro.
  • Recombinant Grb10 was prepared from bacteria (the GST-fused Grb10 shows a molecular weight of 80 kDa) and was incubated with recombinant mTOR in vitro. Phosphorylation of Grb10 at S501/S503 was detected by using the phospho-specific antibody against these two sites.
  • C Long-term rapamycin treatment leads to Grb10 degradation in TSC2 ⁇ / ⁇ cells. Note that Grb10 protein expression levels inversely correlated with Akt activity. Grb10 is highly overexpressed in TSC2 ⁇ / ⁇ cells. mRNA level was determined using quantitative RT-PCR based on three biological replicate experiments.
  • D Knockdown of raptor in TSC2 ⁇ / ⁇ cells decreased Grb10 protein level.
  • FIG. 4 Grb10 is involved in the feedback inhibition loop from mTORC1 to PI3K and MAPK and GRB10 mRNA expression is significantly down-regulated in many cancers and is negatively correlated with PTEN expression.
  • A Knockdown of Grb10 in TSC2 ⁇ / ⁇ cells resulted in PI3K and MAPK hyperactivation after insulin or IGF stimulation.
  • B Knockdown of Grb10 in TSC2 ⁇ / ⁇ cells protected cells against apoptosis. Grb10 knockdown and control cells were starved overnight and then treated with 100 nM staurosporine for 5 hrs to induce apoptosis.
  • C Box plots indicating that GRB10 expression is significantly lower in many tumor types compared to their corresponding normal tissues.
  • FIG. 5 Data analysis for the rapamycin screen and Ku-0063794 screen.
  • A Phosphopeptides enrichment in the second biological replicate experiment of the rapamycin screen. Number of phospho- and nonphospho-peptides, in each SCX fraction was plotted.
  • B Number of downregulated proteins in the two biological replicates of the rapamycin screen.
  • C Ku-0063794 inhibits insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation.
  • D Pathways enriched in the downregulated phospho-proteins identified in the Ku-0063794 screen. The top ten overrepresented pathways were shown. Analysis was performed using DAVID. See Huang D W, Sherman B T, Lempicki R A.
  • FIG. 6 Examples of protein phosphorylation changes identified in the rapamycin and Ku-0063794 screens. Note that the light cells were treated with rapamycin and the heavy cells were treated with DMSO in the rapamycin screen (2 nd biological replicate). For the Ku-0063794 screen, light cells were treated with rapamycin whereas the heavy cells were treated with a combination of rapamycin and Ku-0063794.
  • A Phosphorylation changes of different sites on 4EBP in the rapamycin screen and Ku-0063794 screen. Phosphorylation of T36/T45 was partially responsive to rapamycin and was completely abolished as a result of Ku-0063794 treatment.
  • T70 phosphorylation is mTOR-independent
  • B NRDG1 phosphorylation at S330/S333 was sensitive to Ku-0063794 but not rapamycin inhibition.
  • C GSK3 ⁇ phosphorylation at S9 decreased in both rapamycin and Ku-0063794 screen.
  • FIG. 7 Identification of the rapamycin-sensitive phosphorylation sites on mTOR
  • A Intensities of an mTOR peptide 2471 AGTTVPES*HIS*FIGDGLVKPEALNKK 2496 (SEQ ID NO: 3, * indicates phosphorylation sites) from the rapamycin-treated (Light) and control (Heavy) TSC2 ⁇ / ⁇ cells
  • B Domain structure of mTOR and conservation of S2478 and S2481 across different species. Sequences, from top to bottom: SEQ ID NO: 1728 to SEQ ID NO: 1735, respectively.
  • C Immunoblot experiments showing phospho-mTOR at S2481 is inhibited by acute rapamycin treatment.
  • TSC2 ⁇ / ⁇ cells were starved and then treated with 20 nM rapamycin for the indicated times.
  • FIG. 8 Identification of rapamycin-sensitive phosphorylation sites on Grb10.
  • A MS/MS experiments identified that phosphorylation of residues S501/S503 of Grb10 is strongly inhibited by rapamycin.
  • B Phosphorylation at S455/S458 is rapamycin-insensitive. Sequences, from top to bottom: SEQ ID NO: 1736 and SEQ ID NO: 1737, respectively.
  • FIG. 9 Phosphorylation of Grb10 at S501/S503 regulates its stability.
  • A An antibody showed specificity towards Grb10 phosphorylation at S501/S503. Preincubation of the antibody with the blocking antibody completely eliminated the immunoreactivity.
  • B Further validation of the phospho-specific antibody raised against the Grb10 S501/S503 sites.
  • Grb10 WT, S501A/S503A (AA) and S501D/S503D (DD) were transfected into HEK239T cells and were probed with the antibody. Note that this antibody detected wild type (WT) Grb10, but neither of the mutant proteins.
  • FIG. 10 Grb10 is involved in the feedback loop from mTORC1 to PI3K.
  • A Overexpression of Grb10 in HEK293 cells inhibited PI3K activation. W, wild type (WT) Grb10, A, AA mutant and D, DD mutant. Knockdown of Grb10 in TSC2 ⁇ / ⁇ cells led to IRS hyperphosphorylation after insulin stimulation.
  • B Overexpression of Grb10 in HEK239 cells suppressed IRS tyrosine phosphorylation and PI3K recruitment after insulin stimulation. HA-tagged Grb10 was transfected and IRS2 immunoprecipitates were analyzed. Phosphorylation at Y612 of IRS was detected.
  • HA-tagged Grb10 was transfected and p85 immunoprecipitates were analyzed.
  • D Knockdown of Grb10 in TSC2 ⁇ / ⁇ cells led to increased IRS Y612 phosphorylation upon insulin stimulation.
  • E Knockdown of Grb10 in TSC2 ⁇ / ⁇ cells protected these cells against etoposide-induced apoptosis. Cells were starved overnight and were treated with 100 ⁇ M etoposide for the indicated times.
  • IPI International Protein Index
  • antibody refers to an immunoglobulin, whether natural or wholly or partially synthetically produced. All derivatives thereof which maintain specific binding ability are also included in the term.
  • the term also covers any protein having a binding domain which is homologous or largely homologous to an immunoglobulin binding domain. These proteins may be derived from natural sources, or partly or wholly synthetically produced.
  • An antibody may be monoclonal or polyclonal.
  • the antibody may be a member of any immunoglobulin class, including any of the human classes:IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE. Derivatives of the IgG class, however, are preferred in the present invention.
  • antibody fragment refers to any derivative of an antibody which is less than full-length. Preferably, the antibody fragment retains at least a significant portion of the full-length antibody's specific binding ability. Examples of antibody fragments include, but are not limited to, Fab, Fab′, F(ab′) 2 , scFv, Fv, dsFv, diabody, and Fd fragments.
  • the antibody fragment may be produced by any means. For instance, the antibody fragment may be enzymatically or chemically produced by fragmentation of an intact antibody or it may be recombinantly produced from a gene encoding the partial antibody sequence. Alternatively, the antibody fragment may be wholly or partially synthetically produced.
  • the antibody fragment may optionally be a single chain antibody fragment. Alternatively, the fragment may comprise multiple chains which are linked together, for instance, by disulfide linkages. The fragment may also optionally be a multimolecular complex.
  • a functional antibody fragment will typically comprise at least about 50 amino acids and more typically will comprise at least about 200 amino acids.
  • Single-chain Fvs are recombinant antibody fragments consisting of only the variable light chain (V L ) and variable heavy chain (V H ) covalently connected to one another by a polypeptide linker.
  • V L or V H may be the NH 2 -terminal domain.
  • the polypeptide linker may be of variable length and composition so long as the two variable domains are bridged without serious steric interference.
  • the linkers are comprised primarily of stretches of glycine and serine residues with some glutamic acid or lysine residues interspersed for solubility.
  • Diabodies are dimeric scFvs.
  • the components of diabodies typically have shorter peptide linkers than most scFvs, and they show a preference for associating as dimers.
  • An Fv fragment is an antibody fragment which consists of one V H and one V L domain held together by noncovalent interactions.
  • the term dsFv is used herein to refer to an Fv with an engineered intermolecular disulfide bond to stabilize the V H -V L pair.
  • a F(ab′) 2 fragment is an antibody fragment essentially equivalent to that obtained from immunoglobulins (typically IgG) by digestion with an enzyme pepsin at pH 4.0-4.5.
  • the fragment may be recombinantly produced.
  • a Fab fragment is an antibody fragment essentially equivalent to that obtained by reduction of the disulfide bridge or bridges joining the two heavy chain pieces in the F(ab′) 2 fragment.
  • the Fab′ fragment may be recombinantly produced.
  • a Fab fragment is an antibody fragment essentially equivalent to that obtained by digestion of immunoglobulins (typically IgG) with the enzyme papain.
  • the Fab fragment may be recombinantly produced.
  • the heavy chain segment of the Fab fragment is the Fd piece.
  • binding agent refers to an agent binding a target molecule, for example, a polypeptide comprising a phosphorylation site provided herein, with high specificity.
  • binding agents are antibodies, antibody fragments, aptamers, and adnectins.
  • phosphosensitive refers to a binding agent that specifically binds to a phosphorylation site, for example, a phosphorylation site provided herein, in either the phosphorylated or non-phosphorylated state.
  • a phosphosensitive binding agent provided herein binds to the phosphorylation site in its phosphorylated state, but does not significantly bind the phosphorylation site in a non-phosphorylated state.
  • Phosphosensitive binding agents for example, phosphosensitive antibodies or antibody fragments, accordingly, allow for the detection of phosphorylation at a specific phosphorylation site.
  • cancer refers to a malignant neoplastic disease. Most cancers are characterized by hyperproliferation of a cell population. In some embodiments, a cancer manifests as a solid tumor. In some embodiments, a cancer manifests as a liquid tumor. Non-limiting examples of cancers include carcinomas (derived from epithelial cells, e.g., some forms of breast, prostate, lung and colon cancer), sarcomas (derived from connective tissue or mesenchymal cells), lymphoma and leukemia (derived from hematopoietic cells) and seminomas (derived from germ cells).
  • carcinomas derived from epithelial cells, e.g., some forms of breast, prostate, lung and colon cancer
  • sarcomas derived from connective tissue or mesenchymal cells
  • lymphoma and leukemia derived from hematopoietic cells
  • seminomas derived from germ cells.
  • cancer cell refers to a malignant neoplastic cell.
  • a cancer cell is part of a neoplastic cell population.
  • a cancer cell is a cell of a solid tumor.
  • a cancer cell is a cell of a liquid tumor.
  • a cancer cell carries a mutation that affects regulation of cell cycle control.
  • a cancer cell is a cell obtained from a tumor in a subject.
  • candidate agent refers to a molecule to be tested for a specific property, for example, for its ability to inhibit mTOR kinase activity.
  • a candidate agent is a small molecule.
  • a candidate agent is a polypeptide or protein.
  • a candidate agent is a binding agent.
  • a candidate agent is a nucleic acid.
  • determining a level of expression refers to performing an assay to determine the level of a gene product expressed in a cell or tissue, for example, in a cancer cell or tumor tissue.
  • the assay includes obtaining a cell from a subject, for example, by biopsy.
  • the gene product is a transcript, for example, an mRNA.
  • the gene product is a protein, for example, an mTOR substrate disclosed herein, or a protein comprising a phosphorylation site disclosed herein.
  • the gene product is a protein that is phosphorylated at a specific phosphorylation site.
  • the gene product is a protein that is not phosphorylated at a specific phosphorylation site.
  • Methods, assays, and reagents to determine the level of a gene product in a cell or tissue are described herein and are well known to those of skill in the art. See, for example, Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning , second edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Plainview, N.Y.; (1989), or Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Current Protocols (1989), and DNA Cloning: A Practical Approach , Volumes I and II (ed. D. N. Glover) IREL Press, Oxford, (1985); each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • Methods to determine transcript levels include, for example, RT-PCR, northern blot, in situ hybridization, microarray assays, and massive parallel sequencing assays.
  • Methods to determine protein levels include, for example, western blot, immunohistochemistry, ELISA, protein array assays, and mass spectrometry.
  • high risk of expressing an elevated level of PI3K, Akt, and/or MAPK activity refers to a condition in a cell that is likely to result in upregulation of PI3K, Akt, and/or MAPK kinase activity, when the cell is contacted with a therapeutic agent, for example, with an mTOR inhibitor.
  • a therapeutic agent for example, with an mTOR inhibitor.
  • risk is used interchangeably with the term “likelihood” in this context. Such risk can be conferred through feedback-relief triggered by the therapeutic target.
  • a cell for example, a cell derived from a tumor in a subject, is determined to have a high likelihood of expressing an elevated level of PI3K, Akt, and/or MAPK, if it is established that the cell highly expresses a feedback-mediator, for example, phosphorylated Grb10, that limits PI3K, Akt, and/or MAPK expression.
  • a feedback-mediator for example, phosphorylated Grb10
  • the feedback-mediator is a known substrate of an oncogenic kinase, for example, if the feedback-mediator is the mTOR kinase substrate Grb10, then the cell is likely to exhibit feedback relief upon administration of an inhibitor of the kinase, for example, an mTOR kinase inhibitor, which, in turn, may increase the cell's proliferation and/or survival capacity.
  • an inhibitor of the kinase for example, an mTOR kinase inhibitor
  • inhibitor refers to a molecule that inhibits the activity of a kinase. In some embodiments, an inhibitor diminishes the catalytic activity of a kinase. In some embodiments, an inhibitor abolishes the catalytic activity of a kinase. In some embodiments, the inhibitor is a small molecule. In some embodiments, the inhibitor is a nucleic acid or a polypeptide. In some embodiments, the inhibitor is a binding agent. In some embodiments, a kinase inhibitor effects inhibition by down-regulating expression of the kinase.
  • a kinase inhibitor effects inhibition by binding the kinase and interfering with the kinase reaction.
  • a kinase inhibitor is an allosteric kinase inhibitor.
  • allosteric kinase inhibitor refers to a kinase inhibitor, for example, a small molecule, that binds its target kinase, wherein the binding of the inhibitor results in an allosteric change in the kinase molecule, leading to diminished kinase activity.
  • Allosteric changes leading to diminished kinase activity can be changes resulting in a reduction of the kinase's ability to bind a substrate molecule, or changes resulting in a reduction of the kinases ability to transfer a phosphate group to a substrate molecule.
  • the kinase inhibitor is a catalytic kinase inhibitor.
  • a catalytic inhibitor which itself cannot partake in a kinase reaction, competes with a kinase substrate for binding.
  • a catalytic kinase inhibitor is an ATP-competitive inhibitor.
  • an effective amount refers to an amount of kinase inhibitor sufficient to achieve a measurable inhibition of kinase activity, or an amount of kinase inhibitor sufficient to achieve a clinically desirable outcome.
  • an effective amount of the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin is, in some embodiments, an amount of rapamycin that, when administered to a cell or tissue, results in a measurable decrease in mTOR kinase activity in the cell or tissue.
  • an effective amount of a kinase inhibitor is an amount that is effective to reduce the activity of the target kinase in a cell or tissue to less than 75%, less than 50%, less than 40%, less than 30%, less than 25%, less than 20%, less than 10%, less than 5%, less than 2.5%, less than 2%, or less than 1% of the activity in the cell or tissue not treated with the inhibitor.
  • Assays for measuring kinase activity are well known in the art and described in more detail elsewhere herein.
  • an effective amount of a kinase inhibitor for example, of rapamycin, is an amount that, when administered to a subject, for example, a subject having a cancer with elevated mTOR activity, results in a clinically desirable outcome.
  • a clinically desirable outcome is reversal of a disease, for example, a decrease in neoplastic or malignant cell number, tumor size, or cell proliferation rate, for example, in a subject having a proliferative disease, e.g., a neoplastic disease or a cancer, or a delay in the progression of a disease, for example a progression from one tumor stage to the next, or from a benign to a malignant neoplastic disease.
  • mTOR kinase inhibitor refers to a molecule inhibiting a kinase activity of the mTOR kinase.
  • mTOR kinase inhibitors are mTORC1 kinase inhibitors and mTORC1/2 inhibitors.
  • mTORC1 kinase inhibitors are rapamycin and rapamycin analogs (e.g., Ridaforolimus, Sirolimus or Everolimus).
  • mTORC1/2 inhibitors are PP242, PP30, AZD8055, OSI-027, WYE354, INK-128, XL388, and torin1.
  • mTOR inhibitors are inhibitors that target mTOR and an additional kinase or additional kinases, for example, dual PI3K/mTOR kinase inhibitors (e.g., NVP-BEZ235, BGT-226, XL-765, GSK2126458, or SF1126).
  • dual PI3K/mTOR kinase inhibitors e.g., NVP-BEZ235, BGT-226, XL-765, GSK2126458, or SF1126.
  • PI3K kinase inhibitor refers to a molecule that inhibits PI3K kinase activity.
  • PI3K inhibitors are ZSTK474, TGX221, GDC0941, LY294002, XL147, PX147, BKM120, GSK 615, CAL101, and PX-866.
  • mutation refers to a change in a gene sequence, for example, a deletion, insertion, inversion, transposition, or substitution. In some embodiments, the mutation results in a change of the expression level of the gene product encoded by the respective gene. In some embodiments, a mutation is a mutation in a gene involved in an mTOR signaling pathway, for example, a gene encoding a protein that regulates, directly or indirectly, mTOR kinase activity.
  • genes involved in an mTOR signaling pathway are Ras, Raf, MAPK, RSK, receptor tyrosine kinases, PI3K (Phosphoinositide 3-kinase), PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog), Akt (Protein Kinase B), TSC1/2 (Tuberous sclerosis protein 1, Tuberous sclerosis protein 2, respectively), MEK (Dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1, MAPK21), LKB (, and NF2 (Neurofibromatosis 2). Methods to determine whether a cell carries a mutation in a gene are well known to those of skill in the related arts.
  • phosphoproteomic profile refers to a dataset comprising information regarding the level of phosphorylation of a plurality of phosphorylation sites in a biological sample, for example, a proteinaceous sample derived from a cell or tissue sample. Phosphoproteomic profiles of multiple samples can be compared and similarities and dissimilarities in such profiles can be detected and quantified by methods well known to those of skill in the art, including, but not limited to, supervised and non-supervised learning, hierarchical clustering, nearest neighbor analysis.
  • a phosphoproteomics profile of a clinical sample for example, of a sample derived from a malignant cell or tissue sample of a subject is compared to a reference sample from healthy cells or tissue, for example, to determine aberrations in protein phosphorylation in the malignant cell or tissue sample.
  • a phosphoproteomics profile of a clinical sample at issue is compared to phosphoproteomics profiles of clinical samples of known character, for example, to classify the clinical sample at issue. Phosphoproteomic profiles can be classified by methods well known in the art, including the building and application of predictors for the classification.
  • phosphorylation level refers to the proportion of phosphorylated polypeptides carrying a certain phosphorylation site in a sample relation to all polypeptides carrying the phosphorylation site in the sample. For example, if the total number of polypeptides carrying a specific phosphorylation site in a sample is 10, and 3 of these proteins are phosphorylated at that site, while 7 are not, then the phosphorylation level of this phosphorylation site in the sample would be 30%. Phosphorylation levels can be detected and quantified by methods known to those in the art, for example, by protein detection using phosphosensitive binding agents, e.g., phosphosensitive antibodies or antibody fragments.
  • phosphosensitive binding agents e.g., phosphosensitive antibodies or antibody fragments.
  • phosphorylation site refers to an amino acid residue within an amino acid sequence, or motif, that can be phosphorylated, for example, by a kinase targeting the respective site.
  • a phosphorylation site is a substrate of a kinase if it can be phosphorylated by that kinase.
  • 5421 and S432 are phosphorylation sites in Grb10 isoform 3 within the motif MSNILSS*QS*PLHPSTLNAVIHR (SEQ ID NO: 4), and are both mTOR substrates, as described elsewhere herein.
  • mTOR phosphorylation sites can further be classified into three classes, as used herein.
  • class I phosphorylation site refers to a phosphorylation site that is targeted by rapamycin-sensitive mTORC1 activity.
  • class II phosphorylation site refers to a phosphorylation site that is targeted by rapamycin-insensitive mTORC1 and/or mTORC2 activity.
  • class III phosphorylation site refers to a phosphorylation site that is targeted by rapamycin-sensitive mTOR activity, rapamycin-insensitive mTOR activity, or both.
  • proliferative disease refers to any disease in which cell or tissue homeostasis is disturbed in that a cell or cell population exhibits an abnormally elevated proliferation rate.
  • Proliferative diseases include hyperproliferative diseases, such as pre-neoplastic hyperplastic conditions and neoplastic diseases.
  • Neoplastic diseases are characterized by an abnormal proliferation of cells and include both benign and malignant neoplasias. Malignant neoplasia is also referred to a s cancer.
  • reference refers to a value, sample, or parameter that serves as a baseline for comparing a value, sample, or parameter of interest to.
  • the use of a reference can be of value in many methods that allow for the detection of absolute levels, for example, of expression, phosphorylation, or protein binding, and is essential in methods that yield semi-quantitative or relative results. Comparing an assay result obtained for a cell or tissue in question, for example, a cell or tissue obtained from a tumor in a subject, to a reference result allows a determination whether the result is abnormal.
  • a reference value is obtained from cells of the same cell type or the same tissue of origin as the cell in question.
  • a diseased and a healthy cell is obtained from a subject, and the cells are assayed by methods provided herein in parallel.
  • the value observed in the healthy cell for example, a level of phosphorylation of a protein then typically serves as the reference level to which the level observed in the cell in question is compared.
  • the reference level is an average level observed or expected in normal cells.
  • the reference level is a range typically observed in healthy cells.
  • a suitable reference depends, of course, on the type of assay and sample involved.
  • a suitable reference for a given assay or sample will readily be apparent to those of skill in the art. The following list of exemplary references is for illustration only, since the invention is not limited in this respect.
  • a suitable reference level for example, a suitable reference phosphorylation or expression level, is a level observed or expected in a healthy cell or tissue of the same type as the cell or tissue in question.
  • a suitable reference level is a level observed or expected in healthy cells or tissue of the same tissue the tumor originated from, or in cells or tissue adjacent to the tumor.
  • a reference cell is a healthy cell that is of the same cell type or tissue of origin as the cell in question.
  • a reference cell is a cell exhibiting normal mTOR kinase activity.
  • a reference cell is a malignant cell of known phenotype, for example, a malignant cell known to exhibit elevated mTOR kinase activity, a cell known to exhibit elevated mTORC1 kinase activity, or a cell known to exhibit elevated mTORC1/2 kinase activity.
  • a reference cell is a malignant cell of known phenotype, for example, a rapamycin-sensitive cancer cell or a rapamycin-sensitive cancer cell.
  • a suitable reference level is an average level calculated or approximated from historic data.
  • a reference level is a level obtained from a reference cell or tissue assayed in parallel to the cell or tissue in question.
  • a level obtained from a cell or tissue sample is determined to be different (higher or lower) than the reference level, if it is statistically significantly different (higher or lower) than the reference level.
  • a level obtained from a cell or tissue sample is determined to be higher than the reference level, if the level is at least about 1.25-fold, at least about 1.5-fold, at least about 2-fold, at least about 3-fold, at least about 5-fold, or at least about 10-fold the reference level.
  • a level obtained from a cell or tissue sample is determined to be lower than the reference level, if it is less than about 0.75-fold, less than about 0.70-fold, less than about 0.60-fold, less than about 0.50-fold, less than about 0.40-fold, less than about 0.30-fold, less than about 0.25-fold, less than about 0.10-fold, less than about 0.05-fold, or less than about 0.01-fold the reference level.
  • a level obtained from a cell or tissue is determined to be substantially similar to the reference level, if it is not statistically significantly different from the reference level.
  • a level obtained from a cell or tissue is determined to be substantially similar to a reference level, if it is within the range of 0.75-fold to 1.25-fold of the reference level.
  • a profile comprising a plurality of levels obtained from a cell or tissue sample is determined to be substantially similar to a reference profile, if the profiles cluster together in a clustering analysis.
  • a multi-value profile obtained from a cell or tissue is determined to be substantially similar to a reference profile, if the correlation coefficient between the profiles is at least 0.75, at least 0.8, at least 0.85, at least 0.9, at least 0.91, at least 0.92, at least 0.93, at least 0.94, at least 0.95, at least 0.96, at least 0.97, at least 0.98, or at least 0.99.
  • sample refers to a biological sample.
  • a biological sample typically comprises a cell or tissue, or biological material derived from a cell or tissue.
  • Examples of biological samples are cell samples and tissue samples obtained from a subject, for example, from a subject having a cancer, cell or tissue cultures, and extracts or preparations obtained from any such samples, for example, protein extracts, isolated proteins or isolated nucleic acids obtained from such samples.
  • a “proteinaceous” sample is a sample comprising proteins or fragments of proteins.
  • a proteinaceous sample is a sample derived from a cell that includes proteins or fragments of proteins expressed in the cell.
  • the sample includes a lysed cell.
  • the sample includes proteins isolated from a cell.
  • the sample includes an isolated, enriched, or purified protein fraction from a cell, for example, a protein fraction obtained by methods described herein or known to those of skill in the art to separate nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and/or lipids from proteins or fractions of proteins.
  • the sample is prepared under conditions suitable for obtaining native proteins from a cell.
  • the sample is prepared under conditions that do not significantly affect native protein phosphorylation patterns. In some embodiments, the sample is prepared under conditions that do not significantly affect the antigenic structure of a phosphorylation site identified herein, for example, a phosphorylation site identified herein to be a target of mTOR kinase activity. In some embodiments, the sample is prepared under conditions suitable for obtaining denatured or fragmented proteins.
  • the term “subject,” as used herein, refers to an individual mammal. In some embodiments, the subject is a human. In some embodiments, the subject is a non-human mammal. In some embodiments, the subject is a non-human primate. In some embodiments, the subject is a rodent. In some embodiments, the subject is a sheep, a goat, a cattle, a cat, or a dog. In some embodiments, the subject is a subject diagnosed to have a cancer. In some embodiments, the subject is a subject diagnosed to have a cancer that exhibits an elevated level of mTOR kinase activity. In some embodiments, the subject is a subject not diagnosed with a cancer.
  • target refers to a substrate of a kinase.
  • the term can, accordingly, refer to a protein (e.g., Grb10 is a target of mTOR kinase), to an amino acid sequence comprising a phosphorylation site (e.g., MNILSS*QS*PLHPSTLNAVIHR (SEQ ID NO: 5) or MNILGS*QS*PLHPSTLSTVIHR (SEQ ID NO: 6) are target sequences of mTOR), or to an amino acid residue (e.g. S421 and S423 of mouse Grb10, isoform 3, are targets of mTOR).
  • a protein e.g., Grb10 is a target of mTOR kinase
  • an amino acid sequence comprising a phosphorylation site e.g., MNILSS*QS*PLHPSTLNAVIHR (SEQ ID NO: 5) or MNILGS*QS*PLHPSTLSTVIHR (SEQ ID
  • tumor refers to a neoplasm or a solid lesion formed by neoplastic cells.
  • a tumor can be benign, pre-malignant, or malignant. In some embodiments, the tumor is a malignant tumor.
  • treatment refers to a clinical intervention aimed to prevent or to ameliorate a disease or condition in a subject.
  • a treatment is aimed to ameliorate an existing condition, for example, a cancer in a subject.
  • a treatment is aimed to prevent a condition from occurring or from recurring.
  • an mTOR kinase inhibitor is administered to a subject having a cancer exhibiting an elevated level of mTOR activity in order to inhibit cell proliferation in the malignant cells.
  • an mTOR kinase inhibitor is administered to a subject having a cancer exhibiting an elevated level of mTOR activity after a malignant tumor has been removed from the subject, in order to prevent or delay recurrence of the disease.
  • a subject having a cancer exhibiting an elevated level of mTOR activity after a malignant tumor has been removed from the subject, in order to prevent or delay recurrence of the disease.
  • Some embodiments include a choice of treatment, referring to a selection of a clinical intervention from a number of alternatives, or to a design of a clinical intervention to meet the specific needs of an individual subject.
  • a choice of treatment involves the design of a personalized therapeutic approach for a subject having a cancer exhibiting elevated mTOR activity based on the results from diagnostic methods provided herein.
  • a choice of treatment includes administering to a subject having cancer a specific mTOR inhibitor in combination with an additional kinase inhibitor targeting an mTOR feedback-inhibited pathway based on a determination that cancer cells in the subject exhibit high mTOR activity and elevated levels of a feedback-inhibitor targeted by mTOR in order to avoid feedback relief.
  • a choice of treatment includes the determination of an appropriate treatment. Some embodiments further include carrying out the selected treatment.
  • This invention relates to the identification of proteins and sites on those proteins that are phosphorylated by mTOR kinase. Some aspects of this invention relate to the surprising discovery that some proteins that are substrates of mTOR kinase regulate mTOR upstream signaling pathways, thus providing feedback regulatory circuits. Some aspects of this invention relate to methods of classifying cells, for example, neoplastic cells or cancer cells, based on the phosphorylation status of mTOR targets. Some aspects of this invention relate to methods of personalized treatment of subjects having a proliferative disease, for example, a neoplastic disease or a cancer, exhibiting elevated mTOR signaling based on the phosphorylation status of mTOR targets in the diseased cells.
  • a proliferative disease for example, a neoplastic disease or a cancer
  • aspects of this invention relate to methods and materials for the generation of phosphoproteomics profiles that include phosphorylation data for a plurality of mTOR targets. Some aspects of this invention relate to classification of cells or tissues, for example, tumor cells or tissues, based on phosphoproteomic data, for example, based on phosphoproteomic profiles of the cells or tissues. Some aspects of this invention relate to methods of identifying mTOR kinase inhibitors by identifying compounds able to interfere with mTOR kinase activity towards one or more of the mTOR targets provided herein.
  • Some aspects of this invention relate to the identification of Grb10 as a target of mTOR kinase activity, and to methods for determining the level of mTOR activity in a cell based on Grb10 phosphorylation status. Some aspects of this invention relate to the surprising discovery that Grb10 is not only a target of mTOR kinase activity, but also an inhibitor of PI3K kinase activity. Since PI3K is a positive regulator of mTOR kinase activity, Grb10 has been identified as a mediator of mTOR feedback inhibition herein. Other aspects of this invention relate to the surprising discovery that Grb10 and PTEN mutations are mutually exclusive in certain types of tumor cells.
  • some aspects of this invention relate to the surprising discovery that Grb10 is a tumor suppressor and that Grb10 phosphorylation is a useful biomarker for determining mTOR kinase activity in cells, and particularly in tumor cells.
  • Other aspects of this invention relate to methods and reagents useful for determining the phosphorylation status of a protein or phosphorylation site identified to be an mTOR target herein.
  • some aspects of this invention provide phosphosensitive antibodies or antibody fragments specifically binding an mTOR kinase target site identified herein in either the phosphorylated or the non-phosphorylated state, thus allowing for a determination of the phosphorylation state of such a site in a cell.
  • Some aspects of this invention relate to the identification of proteins and phosphorylation sites thereon as downstream targets of mTOR kinase activity.
  • Targets of mTOR kinase activity are provided in Tables 1 and 2.
  • Some aspects of this invention relate to the classification of mTOR target phosphorylation sites provided herein as class I (targets of rapamycin-sensitive mTORC1 kinase signaling), class II (targets of rapamycin-insensitive mTORC1 or mTORC2 signaling), and class III (targets of both rapamycin-sensitive and rapamycin-insensitive mTOR signaling) phosphorylation sites.
  • class I targets of rapamycin-sensitive mTORC1 kinase signaling
  • class II targets of rapamycin-insensitive mTORC1 or mTORC2 signaling
  • class III targets of both rapamycin-sensitive and rapamycin-insensitive mTOR signaling
  • This classification is useful to determine the type(s) of mTOR signaling exhibited by a cell or tissue and can support a classification of cells that are targeted for therapy, for example, of cancer cells.
  • the phosphorylation status of an mTOR target is determined in a cancer cell obtained from a subject with a cancer exhibiting elevated mTOR kinase activity.
  • Classification of the type of mTOR signaling can, in some embodiments, be a basis for the selection of an appropriate therapeutic approach. For example, if it is determined that a class I target of mTOR signaling is phosphorylated, then the elevated mTOR kinase activity is rapamycin-sensitive mTORC1 kinase activity.
  • a method of treatment is then typically selected that includes administration of an inhibitor of rapamycin-sensitive mTORC1 signaling, for example, rapamycin or a rapamycin analog.
  • a method of treatment is then typically selected that includes administration of an mTORC1/2 inhibitor as provided herein.
  • a method of treatment is typically selected that does not include administration of an mTORC1 inhibitor.
  • a method of treatment is selected that includes administration of an mTORC1 inhibitor and an mTORC1/2 inhibitor as provided herein.
  • a method of treatment that includes administering an mTORC1 inhibitor or an mTORC1/2 inhibitor alone may be inappropriate.
  • some aspects of this invention provide methods to analyze gene ontology distributions in sets of mTOR targets, for example, in order to determine whether a specific signaling pathway is targeted by mTOR in a given cell, or a given therapeutic or experimental scenario.
  • the phosphoproteomic screen described herein identified numerous proteins as mTOR targets, for example, as mTORC1 targets.
  • the expression, expression level, phosphorylation, or phosphorylation level of one or more of such mTOR target proteins is employed, in some embodiments, as a biomarker for monitoring or diagnosing disease.
  • the mTOR target proteins disclosed herein, for example, the mTORC1 target proteins described in any of tables 1-3 are used in pharmaceutical screens as drug targets for the development of drugs modulating mTOR pathway downstream effects.
  • Grb10 one of the mTORC1 protein targets identified in the phosphoproteomics screen, is described in more detail elsewhere herein. Briefly, Grb10, also known as growth factor receptor-bound protein 10, is stabilized by mTORC1-mediated phosphorylation, which, in turn, results in feedback inhibition of the PI3K and MAPK pathways. This is consistent with Grb10 expression being frequently downregulated in a variety of cancers.
  • Grb10 is a tumor suppressor with relevance across a broad spectrum of cancer subtypes, and the identification of Grb10 as an mTORC1 substrate links mTORC1 activity to cancers with aberrantly low Grb10 expression or stability. Accordingly, some embodiments provide Grb10 phosphorylation as a biomarker for mTORC1 activity in a cell, tissue, or sample of interest. Methods of using Grb10 expression or phosphorylation assays to monitor mTORC1 activity in a cell, tissue, or sample of interest are also provided. For example, some embodiments provide a method of monitoring the efficacy of a drug on mTORC1 activity in a cell, tissue, or sample, by measuring Grb10 expression or phosphorylation levels.
  • such assessments are used to diagnose or monitor a disease associated with aberrant levels of mTORC1 activity, for example, cancer, or to adjust a drug dosage, for example, to the minimal dosage necessary to achieve a target mTORC1 activity level, or to choose a suitable drug modulating mTORC1 activity from a plurality of drugs, for example, the drug that shows the highest efficacy at a given dose.
  • FOXK1 Formhead box protein K1
  • MNF myocyte nuclear factor
  • MNF myocyte nuclear factor-beta
  • ZEB2 Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 2 belongs to the ZEB family of zinc finger transcription factors, which are essential regulators of gene expression during normal embryonic development.
  • ZEB proteins induce epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process in which epithelial cells become migratory mesenchymal cells.
  • EMT epithelial to mesenchymal transition
  • E-cadherin is a major target gene of ZEB transcriptional repressors
  • e-cadherin downregulation is considered a hallmark of EMT.
  • ZEB proteins play an important role in mediating Ras-induced EMT in breast epithelial cells.
  • ZEB2 is believed to be a critical target in lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) that represents the point of convergence of the mTORC1 and ERK-MAP kinase pathways that are critical to this disease.
  • LAM lymphangioleiomyomatosis
  • NDRG3 is the downstream target of N-Myc. Phosphorylation of NDRG3 links mTOR signaling pathway to Myc activity as an oncogenic transcription factor.
  • some embodiments provide FOXK1, ZEB2, and/or NDRG3 phosphorylation as a biomarker for mTORC1 activity in a cell, tissue, or sample of interest.
  • Methods of using FOXK1, ZEB2, and/or NDRG3 expression or phosphorylation assays and levels useful for monitoring mTORC1 activity in a cell, tissue, or sample of interest are also provided.
  • some embodiments provide a method of monitoring the efficacy of a drug on mTORC1 activity in a cell, tissue, or sample, by measuring FOXK1, ZEB2, and/or NDRG3 expression or phosphorylation levels.
  • such assessments are used to monitor or diagnose a disease associated with aberrant mTORC1 activity, as manifest by aberrant FOXK1, ZEB2, and/or NDRG3 phosphorylation level(s), and/or to adjust a drug dosage, for example, to the minimal dosage necessary to achieve a target mTORC I activity level, or to choose a suitable drug modulating mTORC1 activity from a plurality of drugs, for example, the drug that exhibits the highest efficacy at a given dose.
  • mTORC1 protein targets identified herein are regulators of mRNA synthesis, mRNA processing, and protein synthesis. This is consistent with the role mTORC1 activity plays in the control of cell growth, which, if improperly regulated, can contribute to tumor genesis and/or growth.
  • LARP1 binds mRNA in vitro via both the La motif and the LARP1 domain.
  • LARP-1 also down-regulates the Ras-MAPK pathway. Accordingly, without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, LARP1 phosphorylation represents an mTORC1-dependent regulation of this feedback loop.
  • LARP-1 protein colocalizes with P bodies, which function in RNA degradation, and it is believed that the cluster of LARP-1 homologs functions to control the expression of key developmental regulators. Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, some aspects of this invention provide that LARP-1 functions in P-bodies to attenuate the abundance of Ras-MAPK pathway-regulated mRNAs.
  • EDC3 is associated with an mRNA-decapping complex required for removal of the 5′-cap from mRNA prior to its degradation from the 5′′-end.
  • SRPK2 is involved in SR protein phosphorylation, which influences other aspects of mRNA metabolism, such as splice site selection (alternative splicing), mRNA export, nonsense-mediated decay (NMD), and translation efficiency. Accordingly, some aspects of this disclosure provide that SRPK2 links mTOR/S6K signaling to SR protein activity.
  • CDK12 is involved in the regulation of alternative mRNA splicing.
  • SRPK2 CDK12 is also involved in regulating mRNA splicing by mTOR signaling.
  • a CDK12-binding partner, cyclin-L1 (CCNL1) is also identified as an mTORC1 target protein herein.
  • CCNL1 may contribute to mRNA biogenesis and cell proliferation.
  • some embodiments provide LARP1, SRPK2, and/or CDK12 phosphorylation as a biomarker for mTORC1 activity in a cell, tissue, or sample of interest.
  • Methods of using LARP1, SRPK2, and/or CDK12 expression or phosphorylation levels to monitor mTORC1 activity in a cell, tissue, or sample of interest are also provided.
  • some embodiments provide a method of monitoring the efficacy of a drug on mTORC1 activity in a cell, tissue, or sample, by measuring LARP1, SRPK2, and/or CDK12 expression or phosphorylation levels.
  • such assessments are used to monitor or diagnose a disease associated with aberrant mTORC1 activity, as manifest by aberrant LARP1, SRPK2, and/or CDK12 phosphorylation level(s), and/or to adjust a drug dosage, for example, to the minimal dosage necessary to achieve a target mTORC1 activity level, or to choose a suitable drug modulating mTORC1 activity from a plurality of drugs, for example, the drug that exhibits the highest efficacy at a given dose.
  • an mTORC1 target protein identified herein is MIB1, an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that has been reported to ubiquinate Notch, which leads to the degradation of Notch. Accordingly, some aspects of this disclosure provide that mTORC1 activity is linked to Notch signaling via phosphorylation of MIB1.
  • IBTK Isoform 2 of Inhibitor of Bruton tyrosine kinase
  • IBTK is a protein tyrosine kinase implicated in the primary immunodeficiency disease X-linked agammaglobulinemia (Bruton agammaglobulinemia).
  • IBTK is activated upon binding to PIP3 generated as a result of PI3K activation.
  • phosphorylation of IBTK affects IBTK's ability to inhibit PI3K kinase activity. Accordingly, some embodiments of this invention are based on the recognition that there is a link between the mTORC1 signaling system and the regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation.
  • some embodiments provide MIB1 and/or IBTK phosphorylation as a biomarker for mTORC1 activity in a cell, tissue, or sample of interest.
  • Methods of using MIB1 and/or IBTK expression or phosphorylation assays to monitor mTORC1 activity in a cell, tissue, or sample of interest are also provided.
  • some embodiments provide a method of monitoring the efficacy of a drug on mTORC1 activity in a cell, tissue, or sample, by measuring MIB1 and/or IBTK expression or phosphorylation levels.
  • such assessments are used to monitor or diagnose a disease associated with aberrant mTORC1 activity, as manifested by aberrant MIB1 and/or IBTK phosphorylation level(s), and/or to adjust a drug dosage, for example, to the minimal dosage necessary to achieve a target mTORC1 activity level, or to choose a suitable drug modulating mTORC1 activity from a plurality of drugs, for example, the drug that exhibits the highest efficacy at a given dose.
  • Some aspects of this invention relate to the surprising discovery that some mTOR target proteins are involved in feedback loops of mTOR signaling, for example, by inhibiting upstream modulators of mTOR signaling, such as PI3K, Akt, and MAPK, after being phosphorylated as a result of mTOR kinase activity.
  • Some aspects of this invention relate to the surprising discovery that relief of feedback inhibition of cellular pro-survival, pro-proliferation signaling by mTOR downstream targets, for example, by Grb10, can contribute to rapamycin resistance or even clinically detrimental outcome in the treatment of neoplastic disease (e.g., cancer) with mTOR inhibitors.
  • Grb10 growth factor receptor-bound protein 10
  • growth factor receptor-bound protein 10 is a protein well known to those of skill in the art.
  • Representative protein sequences of Grb10 can be found under the respective database entries provided in the tables and the database provided herein, and, for example, in the NCBI database under accession numbers NP — 001001550.1 (growth factor receptor-bound protein 10 isoform c), NP — 005302.3 (isoform a) and NP — 001001549.1 (isoform b). These database entries are incorporated by reference for disclosure of representative Grb10 sequences.
  • Some aspects of this invention relate to the surprising discovery that Grb10 is not only a target of mTOR kinase activity, but also a mediator of mTOR feedback inhibition and, thus, a tumor suppressor gene.
  • mTOR-mediated phosphorylation of Grb10 results in stabilization and/or prevention of degradation of Grb10.
  • Grb10 in turn, inhibits PI3K kinase activity.
  • PI3K kinase activity targets mTOR and activates mTOR signaling. Accordingly, as provided by some aspects of this invention, treatment of a cancer exhibiting an elevated level of Grb10 phosphorylation can lead to relief of the Grb10-mediated feedback inhibition of PI3K.
  • PI3K signaling promotes proliferation and survival, and aberrant PI3K activity is known to contribute to carcinogenesis.
  • mTOR targets identified herein for example, Grb10
  • mediate a feedback inhibition of pro-survival and pro-proliferation signaling e.g. PI3K, Akt, and MAPK signaling
  • mTORC1 inhibitor e.g., rapamycin
  • the mTORC1 inhibitor may cause relief of the feedback inhibition which may, in turn result in sustained survival and proliferation, and even an increase or acceleration in disease progression or recurrence, as observed in some clinical trials of cancer treatment with mTOR inhibitors.
  • the method comprises administering to the subject an mTOR inhibitor and, additionally, an agent that stabilizes Grb10 or that inhibits the degradation of Grb10.
  • the method comprises effecting an inhibition of Grb10 degradation by administering a compound that inhibits Grb10 degradation.
  • the compound that inhibits Grb10 degradation is a ubiquitin ligase inhibitor, for example, a ubiquitin E3 ligase inhibitor.
  • the method comprises administering to the subject an mTOR inhibitor and, additionally, a PI3K inhibitor. PI3K inhibitors are known to those of skill in the art and described in more detail elsewhere herein.
  • a method includes obtaining a neoplastic cell from a subject diagnosed to have a cancer, determining the level of Grb10 phosphorylation in the cell, and comparing the level of Grb10 phosphorylation to a reference level. In some embodiments, if the level of Grb10 phosphorylation in the cell is higher than the reference level, then the cell is determined to exhibit an elevated level of mTOR kinase activity. In some embodiments, the cell is determined to exhibit an elevated level of mTORC1 kinase activity based on an elevated level of Grb10 phosphorylation.
  • Such methods include, for example, detection of phosphorylated protein with a phosphosensitive antibody and comparison of the amount of phosphorylated protein detected to the total amount of the protein in a sample.
  • Other methods for quantitative or semi-quantitative detection of phosphorylated protein will be apparent to those of skill in the art and the invention is not limited in this respect.
  • a method includes selecting a method of treatment of a neoplastic disease, for example, a cancer based on a cell from a subject having the disease exhibiting an elevated level of Grb10 phosphorylation.
  • an elevated level of Grb10 phosphorylation is indicative of an elevated level of rapamycin-sensitive mTORC1 kinase activity in the cell.
  • a method of treatment is chosen based on the cell exhibiting an elevated level of Grb10 phosphorylation that includes administration of an mTORC1 inhibitor, for example, a rapamycin or a rapamycin analog.
  • Some aspects of this invention relate to the discovery that the mTOR target Grb10 is an inhibitor of the mTOR upstream regulators, PI3K, Akt, and MAPK, and, thus, can be characterized as a tumor suppressor gene and an mTOR feedback inhibitor.
  • Some aspects of this invention provide a method for selecting a treatment of a cancer known to exhibit an elevated mTOR kinase activity based on the expression level of the mTORC1 target Grb10.
  • the method comprises obtaining a cancer cell from a subject diagnosed to have a cancer exhibiting an elevated level of mTOR activity, determining the level of Grb10 expression in the cell, and comparing the level of Grb10 expression to a reference level.
  • the cell if the level of Grb10 expression in the cancer cell is higher than the reference level, then the cell is determined to exhibit a high likelihood of expressing an elevated level of PI3K, Akt, and/or MAPK activity upon being contacted with an mTORC1 inhibitor.
  • elevated expression of Grb10 supports the conclusion that upon treatment of the cell or a population of cells of the same type, mTORC1-dependent phosphorylation of Grb10 will be decreased or abolished, resulting in rapid ubiquitination and degradation of Grb10 protein, and, subsequently, in a relief of the Grb10-mediated feedback inhibition of PI3K, as described herein. This relief of feedback inhibition may, in some embodiments, result in elevated PI3K signaling.
  • elevated PI3K in a cancer cell is an undesirable response to treatment of a subject because it can lead to increased cell proliferation and/or survival, thus offsetting or even outweighing the beneficial effect of the administered mTORC1 inhibitor.
  • Measuring the expression level of an mTOR target protein can be achieved by using methods well known to those of skill in the art, including, but not limited to, protein expression assays, for example, immunostaining methods (e.g., western blot, protein microarray, immunohistochemistry, phosphoproteomic assays using phosphosensitive binding agents), ELISA, transcript expression assays, for example, RT-PCR, massive parallel sequencing assays, microarray assays, northern blot, or in situ hybridization. Other suitable methods will be apparent to those of skill in the art and the invention is not limited in this respect.
  • protein expression assays for example, immunostaining methods (e.g., western blot, protein microarray, immunohistochemistry, phosphoproteomic assays using phosphosensitive binding agents), ELISA, transcript expression assays, for example, RT-PCR, massive parallel sequencing assays, microarray assays, northern blot, or in situ hybridization.
  • a method of treatment of the subject from which the cell was obtained is selected based on the cancer cell exhibiting a high likelihood of expressing an elevated level of PI3K, Akt, and/or MAPK activity upon being contacted with an mTORC1 inhibitor.
  • the method of treatment comprises administering an effective amount of an mTOR kinase inhibitor and, additionally, an effective amount of an IGF1R, EGFR, PI3K, Akt, MEK, or RSK inhibitor, or a combination thereof.
  • the method of treatment comprises administering an effective amount of an mTOR kinase inhibitor and, additionally, of a compound stabilizing Grb10 to the subject.
  • the mTOR kinase inhibitor is an mTORC1 inhibitor, for example, rapamycin or a rapamycin analog.
  • the selected method of treatment is communicated to the subject, to a physician or other health care professional treating the subject. In some embodiments, the selected method of treatment is carried out.
  • Some aspects of this invention provide methods for determining the level of mTOR activity in a cell based on analysis of the phosphorylation state of one or more mTOR targeted phosphorylation sites as provided herein. Some aspects of this invention provide methods to determine a class of mTOR signaling, for example, rapamycin-sensitive mTORC1 signaling, rapamycin-insensitive mTORC1 or mTORC2 signaling, or rapamycin-sensitive and/or rapamycin-insensitive mTOR signaling, in a cell based on an analysis of the phosphorylation state of a phosphorylation site as provided herein.
  • rapamycin-sensitive mTORC1 signaling for example, rapamycin-sensitive mTORC1 signaling, rapamycin-insensitive mTORC1 or mTORC2 signaling, or rapamycin-sensitive and/or rapamycin-insensitive mTOR signaling
  • Such methods comprise obtaining a proteinaceous extract from the cell under conditions that allow for protein phosphorylation to be preserved with high fidelity. In some embodiments, such methods comprise contacting the cell extract with a phosphosensitive binding agent or with a plurality of phosphosensitive binding agents, for example, phosphosensitive antibodies or antibody fragments.
  • the invention provides phosphosensitive antibodies and antibody fragments to the phosphorylation sites described in the tables and the database.
  • phosphosensitive mTORC1 downstream effector antibodies including, but not limited to, anti-phospho-NDRG3 (Ser331), anti-phospho-S501/503-Grb10, Anti-CDC2-related Kinase, Arg/Ser-Rich (Ser437),
  • antibodies provided herein are developed in rabbits.
  • Other phosphosensitive antibodies are described elsewhere herein.
  • Phosphosensitive antibodies are useful in some embodiments to determine the phosphorylation level of one or more phosphorylation sites disclosed herein.
  • One non-limiting example of such an embodiment is a phosphosensitive protein microarray assay.
  • the cell extract is contacted with a single phosphosensitive binding agent.
  • the cell extract is contacted with a plurality of binding agents in parallel.
  • the cell is contacted with a microarray comprising a plurality of phosphosensitive binding antibodies or antibody fragments immobilized on a solid surface, for example, a glass surface.
  • Phosphoproteomic assays, arrays, binding agents, and methods for sample preparation and analysis are well known in the art, and exemplary methods are described, for example, in Marjo de Graauw (Editor), Phospho - Proteomics: Methods and Protocols ( Methods in Molecular Biology ), Humana Press; 1 edition (2009), ISBN-10: 1603278338.
  • the foregoing reference is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for disclosure of methods and materials useful for the determination of the phosphorylation state of a phosphorylation site on a protein in a cell, tissue, or biological sample.
  • the method comprises determining the level of phosphorylation of a phosphorylation site of a protein disclosed in Tables 1 or 2, and comparing the level of phosphorylation to a reference level. If the level of phosphorylation in the cell is higher than the reference level, then the cell is determined to exhibit an elevated level of mTOR kinase activity. If the level of phosphorylation in the cell is equal or lower than the reference level, then the cell is determined to not exhibit an elevated level of mTOR kinase activity.
  • Methods of determining a level of phosphorylation are provided herein, and additional suitable methods will be apparent to those of skill in the art. The invention is not limited in this respect.
  • a suitable reference level may be obtained, in some embodiments, from a cell obtained from healthy or non-malignant tissue adjacent to the solid tumor, or a healthy cell of the same tissue of origin as the tumor cells from the same subject or from a different subject. If the cell is obtained from a healthy subject, a suitable reference level may be obtained from a cell of the same cell type obtained from another healthy subject.
  • a suitable reference level may be an average level or a range of levels observed or expected in cells obtained from healthy subjects that are of the same cell type of the same tissue of origin as the cell in question.
  • a reference level is a historical level, based on experience or prior experiments, or a level published or otherwise known in the art. Other suitable reference levels are described elsewhere herein and additional reference levels and methods to obtain such levels will be apparent to those of skill in the art.
  • a plurality of phosphorylation sites are assayed including a Grb10 phosphorylation site, a pNDRG3 phosphorylation site, a CDK12 phosphorylation site, a FOXK1 phosphorylation site, a ZEB2 phosphorylation site, a LARP I phosphorylation site, an MIB1 phosphorylation site, an IBTK phosphorylation site, and/or a SRPK2 phosphorylation site.
  • a group of phosphorylation sites of proteins involved in a specific biological pathway are assayed, for example, of proteins known to those of skill in the art to be involved in a biological pathway disclosed in Table 10.
  • the plurality of phosphorylation sites includes mTOR target sites that were previously known. In some embodiments, the plurality of phosphorylation sites comprises at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90, or at least 100 phosphorylation sites disclosed in Table 1.
  • the plurality of phosphorylation sites comprises at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90, or at least 100 phosphorylation sites disclosed in Table 2.
  • the plurality of phosphorylation sites comprises at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90, or at least 100 phosphorylation sites disclosed in Table 3 or in replicate described therein.
  • the plurality of phosphorylation sites comprises at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90, or at least 100 phosphorylation sites disclosed in Table 7 or in replicate described therein.
  • the plurality of phosphorylation sites comprises at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90, or at least 100 phosphorylation sites disclosed in Table 8.
  • the plurality of phosphorylation sites comprises at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90, or at least 100 phosphorylation sites disclosed in Table 11, or in any Rapa or Ku replicate therein
  • a phosphorylation site determined to exhibit a higher level of phosphorylation in a cell in question for example, a cancer cell obtained from a subject, as compared to a reference level is a class I phosphorylation site
  • the cell is determined to exhibit an elevated level of rapamycin-sensitive mTORC1 activity.
  • a phosphorylation site determined to exhibit a higher level of phosphorylation in the cell as compared to the reference level is a class II phosphorylation site, then the cell is determined to exhibit an elevated level of rapamycin-insensitive mTORC1 and/or mTORC2 activity.
  • a phosphorylation site determined to exhibit a higher level of phosphorylation in the cell as compared to the reference level is a class III phosphorylation site
  • the cell is determined to exhibit an elevated level of rapamycin-sensitive mTOR activity, or an elevated level of rapamycin-insensitive mTOR activity, or both.
  • a cell is determined to exhibit a higher level of phosphorylation at phosphorylation sites of more than one class, then the cell is determined to exhibit a combination of elevated levels of mTOR signaling of the respective type.
  • a method comprising selecting a method of treatment based on the level of phosphorylation of the phosphorylation site(s) assayed. In some embodiments, if the cell is determined to exhibit an elevated level of mTOR kinase activity, then a method of treatment is selected that comprises administering an effective amount of an mTOR kinase inhibitor to the subject. In some embodiments, if the cell is determined to not exhibit an elevated level of mTOR kinase activity, then a method of treatment is selected that does not include administering an mTOR kinase inhibitor.
  • a method comprises selecting a method of treatment based on the classification of mTOR target sites that are determined to exhibit an elevated level of phosphorylation in the cell. For example, in some embodiments, if the cell is determined to exhibit an elevated level of rapamycin-sensitive mTORC1 activity, then a method of treatment is selected that comprises administering an effective amount of an inhibitor of rapamycin-sensitive mTORC1 kinase activity to the subject.
  • a method of treatment comprises administering an effective amount of an inhibitor of rapamycin-insensitive mTORC1 kinase activity to the subject.
  • a method of treatment comprises administering an effective amount of an inhibitor of rapamycin-sensitive and rapamycin-insensitive mTOR kinase activity or a combination of an inhibitor of rapamycin-sensitive mTOR kinase activity and an inhibitor of rapamycin-insensitive mTOR kinase activity to the subject.
  • a method that allows for the classification of a cancer based on Grb10 or PTEN expression levels.
  • the method comprises determining the level of expression of Grb10 in a cancer cell.
  • the method comprises determining the level of expression of PTEN in a cancer cell.
  • the method comprises determining the level of expression of Grb10 and PTEN in a cancer cell.
  • Expression levels of Grb10 and PTEN can be determined by various methods known to those of skill in the art including, for example methods for determining a level of protein, methods for determining a level of mRNA. Since phosphorylation affects protein stability, for example, stability of Grb10, methods for determining a level of protein phosphorylation may also be useful in assessing protein expression levels. Some such methods for expression analysis are provided herein, and additional methods will be apparent to those of skill in the art. The invention is not limited in this respect.
  • the level of expression determined for Grb10 or PTEN is compared to a reference level, for example, to a level observed or expected in a healthy cell of the same cell type or of the same tissue of origin. In some embodiments, if the level of expression of Grb10 or of PTEN in the cell is lower than the reference level, then the cell is likely to exhibit an elevated level of PI3K activity. In some embodiments, if the cell is a neoplastic cell in a subject, a method of treatment with a combination of an mTOR inhibitor and a PI3K inhibitor or with a dual mTOR/PI3K inhibitor is indicated.
  • Phosphosensitive binding agents that specifically bind mTOR targets are also provided by the present invention.
  • some aspects of this invention provide antibodies and antibody fragments to each of the mTOR-targeted phosphorylation site disclosed in any of the Tables provided herein, for example, in any of Tables 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, or 11, and each such antibody is within the scope of the present invention.
  • some aspects of this invention provide aptamers and/or adnectins that specifically bind mTOR-targeted phosphorylation sites disclosed in Table 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, or 11, and each such aptamer or adnectin is within the scope of the present invention.
  • a kit is provided that comprises such phosphosensitive binding agents.
  • a kit may also include a buffer, a container, control samples, or instructions.
  • a phosphoproteomics array that includes a plurality of phosphosensitive binding agents, for example, antibodies or antibody fragments, aptamers or adnectins, each of which specifically bind to a phosphorylation site disclosed in Table 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, or 11.
  • the phosphosensitive binding agents are immobilized on a solid substrate, for example, on the surface of a glass slide, a bead, or a microtiter plate.
  • the plurality of phosphosensitive binding agents comprises binding agents that specifically bind to at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90, or at least 100 phosphorylation sites disclosed in Table 1.
  • the plurality of phosphosensitive binding agents comprises binding agents that specifically bind to at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90, or at least 100 phosphorylation sites disclosed in Table 2.
  • the plurality of phosphosensitive binding agents comprises binding agents that specifically bind to at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90, or at least 100 phosphorylation sites disclosed in Table 3.
  • the plurality of phosphosensitive binding agents comprises binding agents that specifically bind to at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90, or at least 100 phosphorylation sites disclosed in Table 7.
  • the plurality of phosphosensitive binding agents comprises binding agents that specifically bind to at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90, or at least 100 phosphorylation sites disclosed in Table 8.
  • the plurality of phosphosensitive binding agents comprises binding agents that specifically bind to at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90, or at least 100 phosphorylation sites disclosed in Table 11.
  • phosphosensitive antibodies or antibody fragments are provided for mTOR upstream regulators, including, but not limited to anti-phospho-Akt (Ser473), anti-phospho-ERK1/2, anti-phospho-IRS (Y612), anti-p85, and anti-p110 of PI3K.
  • phosphosensitive antibodies or antibody fragments are provided for mTOR downstream effectors including, but not limited to anti-phospho-mTOR(S2481), anti-phospho-Akt (Ser473), anti-phospho-S6K (T389), anti-4EBP (Ser37/46), and anti-phospho-ribosomal protein S6 (Ser235/236).
  • antibodies against mTORC1 downstream effectors identified for the first time herein are provided, including, anti-phospho-NDRG3 (Ser331), anti-phospho-S5011503-Grb10, and anti-CDC2-related kinase, Arg/Ser-Rich (Ser437).
  • Phosphosensitive binding agents, their generation and purification, and their use in assays, arrays, and methods for phosphoproteomics analyses of biological samples are well known in the art, and exemplary methods are described, for example, in Marjo de Graauw (Editor), Phospho - Proteomics: Methods and Protocols ( Methods in Molecular Biology ), Humana Press; 1 edition (2009), ISBN-10: 1603278338, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The foregoing reference is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for disclosure of phosphosensitive binding agents, their generation and purification, and their use in assays, arrays, and methods for phosphoproteomics analyses of biological samples.
  • Methods of using a microarray comprising a plurality of phosphosensitive binding agents that specifically bind mTOR targets are also provided.
  • methods of using a phosphoproteomics array to determine mTOR activity in a cell are provided.
  • the method comprises contacting a proteinaceous sample derived from the cell with the phosphoproteomics array under conditions suitable for a protein expressed in the cell to bind to an antibody or antibody fragment of the array.
  • the method further comprises determining a level of phosphorylated protein bound to a binding agent, for example, an antibody or antibody fragment of the array. In some embodiments, this step includes quantification, absolute or relative to a reference level, of the amount of protein bound to a specific binding agent.
  • the method includes comparing the level of phosphorylated protein bound to an antibody or antibody fragment of the array to a reference level, wherein if the level phosphorylated protein in the sample derived from the cell is higher than the reference level, then the cell is determined to exhibit an elevated level of mTOR kinase activity.
  • methods include generating a phosphoproteomic profile of the cell.
  • the profile includes phosphorylation levels of a plurality of proteins, for example, mTOR targets expressed in the cell.
  • the method further includes comparing the phosphoproteomic profile of the cell with a phosphoproteomic profile of a control cell. In some embodiments, if the phosphoproteomic profile of the cell is similar to that of the control cell, then the cell is determined to exhibit a level of mTOR kinase activity similar to that of the control cell.
  • Methods for comparing phosphoprotein profiles include, for example, hierarchical clustering methods, supervised and unsupervised learning methods, classification methods, for example class predictor building methods based on phosphoproteomics profiles from cells of known character, and calculation of correlation parameters, such as distance analysis or correlation coefficient calculations.
  • Useful similarity ranges are also known to those of skill in the art and the invention is not limited in this respect.
  • control cell is a healthy cell. In some embodiments, the control cell is a cell exhibiting normal mTOR kinase activity. In some embodiments, the control cell is a cancer cell. In some embodiments, the control cell is a rapamycin-sensitive cancer cell. In some embodiments, the control cell is a rapamycin insensitive cancer cell.
  • the invention provides methods of identifying an mTOR kinase inhibitors by analyzing the phosphorylation state of an mTOR target as provided herein after contacting a cell or test sample with a candidate agent.
  • mTOR phosphorylation efficiency directed towards a target disclosed in Table 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, or 11 is measured in the presence of a candidate agent.
  • the method includes contacting an mTOR kinase molecule with a polypeptide comprising a phosphorylation site disclosed in Table 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, or 11 under conditions suitable for the mTOR kinase to phosphorylate the phosphorylation site in the presence of a candidate agent.
  • the level of phosphorylation of the phosphorylation site is then determined and compared to a reference level. In some embodiments, if the level obtained in the presence of the candidate agent is lower than the reference level, then the candidate agent is identified as an mTOR kinase inhibitor.
  • the phosphorylation site is a Grb10 phosphorylation site, a pNDRG3 phosphorylation site, a CDK12 phosphorylation site, a FOXK1 phosphorylation site, a ZEB2 phosphorylation site, a LARP1 phosphorylation site, an MIB1 phosphorylation site, an IBTK phosphorylation site, and/or a SRPK2 phosphorylation site.
  • the candidate agent is a polypeptide, an aptamer, an adnectin, or a small molecule.
  • the reference level is the level of phosphorylation of the phosphorylation site determined in the absence of the candidate agent.
  • the level determined in the presence of the candidate agent is lower than the reference level, if the level determined in the presence of the candidate agent is less than 75%, less than 50%, less than 40%, less than 30%, less than 25%, less than 20%, less than 10%, less than 5%, less than 2.5%, or less than 1% of the reference level.
  • the contacting is performed in vitro. In some embodiments, the contacting is performed in vivo. In some embodiments, the reference level is a level observed or expected in the absence of the candidate agent. In some embodiments, the reference level is a level observed or expected in the absence of any candidate agent. In some embodiments, the reference level is a level observed or expected in the presence of a known agent. In some embodiments, the reference level is a level observed or expected in the presence of a control agent.
  • the subject is an animal. In some embodiments, the subject is a domesticated animal. In some embodiments, the subject is a mammal. In some embodiments, the subject is a non-human mammal. In some embodiments, the subject is a non-human primate. In some embodiments, the subject is a mouse, rat, or rabbit. In some embodiments, the subject is a sheep, goat, cattle, pig, horse, dog, or cat. In some embodiments, the subject is a human.
  • the subject is a healthy subject. In some embodiments, the subject is a subject having a hyperproliferative disease. In some embodiments, the subject is a subject having a neoplastic disease. In some embodiments, the subject is a subject having a cancer. In some embodiments, the subject is a subject having a cancer characterized and/or diagnosed to exhibit an elevated level of mTOR activity. In some embodiments, the subject is a subject who had a tumor removed.
  • the cell is a healthy cell. In some embodiments, the cell is any cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a bacterial cell. In some embodiments, the cell is an animal cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a mammalian cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a human cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a cell of a cell line. In some embodiments, the cell is a transformed or immortalized cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a neoplastic cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a tumor cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a cancer cell. In some embodiments, the cell is obtained from a tumor in a subject, for example, by tumor biopsy. In some embodiments, the cell is a cell obtained from a tumor that has been removed from a subject.
  • the cell is a cell known to exhibit an elevated level of mTOR activity. In some embodiments, the cell is a cell carrying a mutation in a gene involved in an mTOR signaling pathway. In some embodiments, the gene involved in an mTOR signaling pathway is a gene involved in IGF signaling, EGFR signaling, GF signaling, PI3K signaling, AKT signaling, MAPK signaling, Ras signaling, Raf signaling, or Rb signaling. In some embodiments, the gene is TSC1/2, a receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK), PI3K, PTEN, Akt, Ras, Raf, MEK, LKB, or NF2.
  • RTK receptor tyrosine kinases
  • kinase inhibitors useful for some aspects of this invention include, but are not limited to, mTOR inhibitors, PI3K inhibitors, Akt inhibitors, and MAPK inhibitors. Further, inhibitors useful for some methods provided herein include, for example, inhibitors of mTOR target degradation, for example, inhibitors of Grb10 degradation.
  • a kinase inhibitor for example, an mTOR inhibitor, as provided herein, is an allosteric mTOR kinase inhibitor or a catalytic mTOR kinase inhibitor. In some embodiments, the allosteric mTOR kinase inhibitor is rapamycin or a rapamycin analog.
  • the catalytic mTOR kinase inhibitor is an ATP-competitive mTOR kinase inhibitor.
  • Other allosteric and catalytic mTOR kinase inhibitors are well known to those of skill in the art, and the invention is not limited in this respect.
  • an mTOR kinase inhibitor as provided herein is an mTORC1 inhibitor. In some embodiments, an mTOR kinase inhibitor as provided herein is an mTORC1/2 inhibitor. In some embodiments, an mTOR kinase inhibitor as provided herein is rapamycin or a rapamycin analog. In some embodiments, the rapamycin analog is Ridaforolimus, Sirolimus or Everolimus.
  • an mTOR kinase inhibitor as provided herein is PP242, PP30, AZD8055, OSI-027, WYE354, INK-128, XL388, torin1, rapamycin (sirolimus), FK506 (tacrolimus), CCI779 (temsirolimus), RAD001 (everolimus), AP23573 (deforolimus, ridaforolimus), S-trans,trans-farnesyl thiosalicylic acid (FTS), FKBP38, PX-866, Theophylline, Caffeine, LY303511, PI-103, 2-(morpholin-1-yl)pyrimido[2,1-aplpha]isoquinolin-4-one, or BEZ235 (NVP-BEZ235)
  • an mTOR kinase inhibitor as provided herein is a dual PI3K/mTOR kinase inhibitor.
  • the dual PI3K/mTOR kinase inhibitor is NVP-BEZ235, BGT-226, XL-765, GSK2126458 or SF1126.
  • a PI3K inhibitor is provided that is useful in a therapeutic method provided by aspects of this invention.
  • a PI3K inhibitor as provided herein is ZSTK474, TGX221, GDC0941, or LY294002, XL147, PX147, BKM120, GSK 615, CAL101, PX-866, Quercetin, Tetrodotoxin citrate, Thioperamide maleate, IC87114, PI-103, BEZ235 (NVP-BEZ235), TGX-115, ( ⁇ )-Deguelin, NU 7026, Myricetin, Tandutinib, SF1126, XL765, D-87503, D-106669, or GSK615.
  • a PI3K inhibitor provided herein is a dual PI3K/mTOR kinase inhibitor, for example, NVP-BEZ235, BGT-226, XL-765, GSK2126458 or SF1126.
  • an Akt inhibitor is provided that is useful in a therapeutic method provided by aspects of this invention.
  • the Akt inhibitor is perifosine, GSK690693, A443654 or MK2206.
  • a compound that inhibits the degradation of an mTOR target, for example, of Grb10, NDRG3, CDK12, FOXK1, ZEB2, LARP1, MIB1, IBTK, and/or SRPK2.
  • the compound that inhibits the degradation of an mTOR target is a ubiquitin ligase inhibitor.
  • the ubiquitin ligase inhibitor is an E3 ubiquitin ligase inhibitor.
  • compositions that comprise an mTOR kinase inhibitor, a PI3K, Akt, or MAPK inhibitor, and/or an agent that inhibits the degradation of an mTOR target, for example, Grb10, NDRG3, CDK12, FOXK1, ZEB2, LARP1, MIB1, IBTK, and/or SRPK2.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions provided herein preferably are sterile and contain an effective amount of one or more therapeutic agents as described herein for producing the desired response in a unit of weight or volume suitable for administration to a patient.
  • the response can, for example, be measured by determining the proliferation of neoplastic or cancer cells in a subject after treatment by, for example, measuring tumor volume, evaluating regression, relapse, or disease symptoms, or by obtaining a cell sample and perform cell counting, flow cytometry, FACS, and other methods well known in the art to be suitable to determine cell proliferation.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions as described herein may contain suitable buffering agents, for example, acetic acid in a salt form, citric acid in a salt form, boric acid in a salt form, and/or phosphoric acid in a salt form.
  • suitable buffering agents for example, acetic acid in a salt form, citric acid in a salt form, boric acid in a salt form, and/or phosphoric acid in a salt form.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions also may contain, optionally, suitable preservatives, such as ascorbic acid, benzalkonium chloride, benzyl alcohol, m-cresol, chlorobutanol, parabens, EDTA, EGTA, and/or thimerosal.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods well-known in the art of pharmacy.
  • a therapeutic method or a method of formulating a kinase inhibitor into a medicament for therapeutic use may include the step of bringing the active agent, for example, a kinase inhibitor as described herein, into association with a carrier which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients.
  • a carrier which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients.
  • compositions are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing the active compound(s) into association with a liquid carrier, a finely divided solid carrier, or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.
  • compositions as described herein that are suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units, such as capsules, tablets, lozenges, each containing a predetermined amount of the active compound.
  • compositions include suspensions in aqueous liquids or non-aqueous liquids, such as a syrup, elixir, or an emulsion.
  • compositions for parenteral administration include, without being limited to, sterile aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, suspensions, and emulsions.
  • non-aqueous solvents examples include propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate.
  • aqueous carriers are water, alcoholic/aqueous solutions, emulsions or suspensions, for example, saline and buffered media.
  • parenteral vehicles examples include sodium chloride solution, Ringer's dextrose, dextrose and sodium chloride, and lactated Ringer's or fixed oils.
  • intravenous vehicles examples include fluid and nutrient replenishers, electrolyte replenishers (such as those based on Ringer's dextrose), and the like.
  • Preservatives and other additives may also be present such as, for example, antimicrobials, anti-oxidants, chelating agents, and inert gases, and the like.
  • a composition comprising a compound or a combination of compounds, useful in this invention may further comprise an antioxidant to retard oxidation of one or more component.
  • an antioxidant to retard oxidation of one or more component.
  • the prevention of the action of microorganisms can be brought about by a preservative such as an antibacterial and antifungal agent, including but not limited to parabens (e.g., methylparabens, propylparabens), chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, thimerosal or combinations thereof.
  • the compounds useful in the invention may be derivatized in various ways.
  • “derivatives” of the compounds include salts (e.g., pharmaceutically acceptable salts), any complexes (e.g., inclusion complexes or clathrates with compounds such as cyclodextrins, or coordination complexes with metal ions such as Mn 2 + and Zn 2 +), esters such as in vivo hydrolysable esters, free acids or bases, polymorphic forms of the compounds, solvates (e.g., hydrates), prodrugs or lipids, coupling partners and protecting groups.
  • prodrugs is meant for example any compound that is converted in vivo into a biologically active compound.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt refers to the relatively non-toxic, inorganic or organic acid addition salts of agents of the present invention. These salts can be prepared in situ in the administration vehicle or the dosage form manufacturing process, or by separately reacting a purified agent of the invention with a suitable organic or inorganic acid, and isolating the salt thus formed during subsequent purification.
  • Representative salts include the bromide, chloride, sulfate, bisulfate, phosphate, phosphonate, nitrate, acetate, valerate, oleate, palmitate, stearate, laurate, benzoate, lactate, tosylate, citrate, maleate, fumarate, succinate, tartrate, napthylate, mesylate, glucoheptonate, lactobionate, laurylsulphonate salts, and the like. See, for example, Berge et al. (1977) J. Pharm. Sci. 66:1-19.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the subject agents include the conventional nontoxic salts or quaternary ammonium salts of the compounds, e.g., from non-toxic organic or inorganic acids.
  • such conventional nontoxic salts include those derived from inorganic acids such as hydrochloride, hydrobromic, sulfuric, sulfamic, phosphoric, nitric, and the like; and the salts prepared from organic acids such as acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, stearic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, palmitic, maleic, hydroxymaleic, phenylacetic, glutamic, benzoic, salicyclic, sulfanilic, 2-acetoxybenzoic, fumaric, toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, ethane disulfonic, oxalic, isothionic, and the like.
  • certain compounds may contain a basic functional group, such as amino or alkylamino, and are, thus, capable of forming pharmaceutically acceptable salts with pharmaceutically acceptable acids.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts in this respect refers to the relatively non-toxic, inorganic or organic acid addition salts of compounds of the present invention. These salts can be prepared in situ in the administration vehicle or the dosage form manufacturing process, or by separately reacting a purified compound of the invention in its free base form with a suitable organic or inorganic acid, and isolating the salt thus formed during subsequent purification.
  • Representative salts include the hydrobromide, hydrochloride, sulfate, bisulfate, phosphate, phosphonate, nitrate, acetate, valerate, oleate, palmitate, stearate, laurate, benzoate, lactate, tosylate, citrate, maleate, fumarate, succinate, tartrate, napthylate, mesylate, glucoheptonate, lactobionate, and laurylsulphonate salts and the like. See, for example, Berge et al. (1977) J. Pharm. Sci. 66:1-19.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds useful in the present invention include the conventional nontoxic salts or quaternary ammonium salts of the compounds, e.g., from non-toxic organic or inorganic acids.
  • such conventional nontoxic salts include those derived from inorganic acids such as hydrochloride, hydrobromic, sulfuric, sulfamic, phosphoric, nitric, and the like; and the salts prepared from organic acids such as acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, stearic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, palmitic, maleic, hydroxymaleic, phenylacetic, glutamic, benzoic, salicyclic, sulfanilic, 2-acetoxybenzoic, fumaric, toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, ethane disulfonic, oxalic, isothionic, and the like.
  • the compounds may contain one or more acidic functional groups and, thus, are capable of forming pharmaceutically acceptable salts with pharmaceutically acceptable bases.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts refers to the relatively non-toxic, inorganic and organic base addition salts of compounds of the present invention. These salts can likewise be prepared in situ in the administration vehicle or the dosage form manufacturing process, or by separately reacting the purified compound in its free acid form with a suitable base, such as the hydroxide, carbonate or bicarbonate of a pharmaceutically acceptable metal cation, with ammonia, or with a pharmaceutically acceptable organic primary, secondary or tertiary amine.
  • Representative alkali or alkaline earth salts include the lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and aluminum salts and the like.
  • Representative organic amines useful for the formation of base addition salts include ethylamine, diethylamine, ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, piperazine, and the like. See, for example, Berge et al. (1977) J. Pharm. Sci. 66:1-19.
  • a carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium comprising but not limited to, water, ethanol, polyol (e.g., glycerol, propylene glycol, liquid polyethylene glycol, etc.), lipids (e.g., triglycerides, vegetable oils, liposomes), and combinations thereof.
  • the proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating, such as lecithin; by the maintenance of the required particle size by dispersion in carriers such as, for example liquid polyol or lipids; by the use of surfactants such as, for example, hydroxypropylcellulose; or combinations thereof such methods.
  • isotonic agents such as, for example, sugars, sodium chloride, or combinations thereof.
  • a method of treatment is personalized to a specific subject by taking into account the phosphorylation level of at least one an mTOR target site in the subject.
  • therapeutic methods disclosed herein include administration of an mTOR inhibitor, for example, of an mTORC1 or an mTORC1/2 inhibitor.
  • therapeutic methods described herein include administration of an mTOR inhibitor and an additional kinase inhibitor, for example, a PI3K inhibitor, a MAPK inhibitor, MEKIERK inhibitor, or an AKT/PKB inhibitor.
  • therapeutic methods provided herein include administration of a dual mTOR/PI3K inhibitor, or of a combination of an mTOR inhibitor and a PI3K inhibitor.
  • a composition disclosed herein for example, a composition comprising an mTOR inhibitor or a composition comprising an mTOR inhibitor and a PI3K inhibitor is administered to a subject having a cancer in an effective amount.
  • An effective amount in some embodiments, is an amount sufficient to elicit a desired clinical response in the subject.
  • the desired response is a slowing or inhibiting of the progression of a disorder, for example, of a malignant neoplastic disorder. In some embodiments, this involves slowing the progression of the disease temporarily, although, in more preferable embodiments, it involves halting the progression of the disease permanently.
  • the desired response is a permanent reduction of cancer cell proliferation, for example, to a level comparable to a level found in healthy individuals.
  • a desired response is the induction of cell death in a cancer cell, in a population of cancer cells, or in all cancer cells in a subject.
  • the desired response is delaying or preventing the manifestation of clinical symptoms characteristic of the disease or condition.
  • an mTOR inhibitor either alone or in combination with an additional compound, for example, a PI3K inhibitor, as provided herein, can be monitored by routine methods well known to those of skill in the related medical arts, for example, by methods involving assessment of cancer cell proliferation.
  • What constitutes an effective amount will depend on the particular condition being treated, the severity of the condition, the individual patient parameters including age, physical condition, size, and weight, the duration of the treatment, the nature of concurrent therapy (if any), the specific route of administration and like factors within the knowledge and expertise of the health care professional treating the subject. These factors are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art and can be addressed with no more than routine experimentation. It is generally preferred that a maximum dose of the individual components or combinations thereof be used, that is, the highest safe dose according to sound medical judgment. It will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art, however, that a lower dose or tolerable dose may be used for medical reasons.
  • an effective amount of a therapeutic agent for example, an mTOR inhibitor or a combination of an mTOR inhibitor with a PI3K, Akt, or MAPK inhibitor, as provided herein, for the treatment of a cancer exhibiting an elevated level of mTOR kinase activity is a dose that achieves an alleviation of the specific neoplastic disease or disorder being treated, for example, by prevention, inhibition, amelioration, delay, or elimination of a symptom of such a disease or disorder.
  • Some embodiments provide a method of inducing cell death and/or inhibiting proliferation in a neoplastic cell exhibiting elevated mTOR kinase activity by contacting the cell with an mTOR kinase inhibitor or a combination of an mTOR kinase inhibitor and another kinase inhibitor, for example, a PI3K, Akt, or MAPK inhibitor, chosen based on the determination of the type of mTOR kinase signaling active in the cell.
  • the neoplastic cell is contacted in vivo by administering a composition disclosed herein to a subject carrying the cell.
  • the neoplastic cell is contacted ex vivo.
  • the cell is contacted in vitro.
  • a neoplastic cell is contacted in vivo, ex vivo, or in vitro, with an effective amount of an mTOR inhibitor or a combination of an mTOR inhibitor and an additional kinase inhibitor, for example, a PI3K, Akt, or MAPK inhibitor, as provided herein.
  • An effective amount in some embodiments, is an amount sufficient to elicit a desired response in the contacted cell.
  • the desired response is a slowing or inhibiting of the proliferation of the cell. In some embodiments, this decreases the proliferation rate and/or cell viability and/or life span, although, in more preferable embodiments, it involves the induction of cell death in the contacted cell or cells.
  • the therapeutic methods provided herein further involve the administration of an additional antiproliferative agent to a cancer cell or to a subject carrying a cancer cell, for example, as part of a malignant tumor.
  • Additional antiproliferative agents useful in the methods described herein are well known in the art and include, but are not limited to chemotherapeutic agents (e.g., cytostatic, and cytotoxic agents). Cytotoxic and cytostatic drugs are drugs that kill malignant cells, or inhibit their proliferation, respectively.
  • cytotoxic and cytostatic drugs include, for example, alkylating agents, antimetabolites, antitumor antibiotics, vinca alkaloids, taxanes, topoisomerase-I compounds, anthrapyrazoles, and epidophylotoxins.
  • angiogenesis inhibiting drugs including, for example, compounds that block growth promoting receptors (e.g., PDGF-R and VEGF-R) such as sunitinib (Sutent®) may be used as additional antiproliferative agents.
  • Non-limiting examples of additional antiproliferative agents include Cytoxan® (Cyclophosphamide), Methotrexate, 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), Adriamycin® (Doxorubicin), Prednisone, Nolvadex® (Tamoxifen), Taxol® (Paclitaxel), Leucovorin, Oncovin® (Vincristine), Thioplex® (Thiotepa), Arimidex® (Anastrozole), Taxotere® (Docetaxel), Navelbine®, (Vinorelbine), Gemzar® (Gemcitabine), Ifex® (Ifosfamide), Pemetrexed, Topotecan, Melphalan (L-Pam®), Cisplatin (Cisplatinum®, Platinol®), Carboplatin (Paraplatin®), Carmustine (BCNU; BiCNU®), Methotrexate, Edatrexate, Mitomycin C (
  • Administration schedules, formulations, dosages, and administration routes of antiproliferative agents and compositions are well known to those in of skill in the art. Exemplary administration routes, schedules, and dosages of commonly used chemotherapeutic drugs are described in Perry, The Chemotherapy Source Book, 4 th Edition, Lippinkott Williams & Wilkins, 2008, incorporated herein by reference.
  • Such administration schedules may comprise the administration of a single antiproliferative drug or the administration of a combination of such drugs, for example, one of the following, commonly administered combinations: CMF (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil); classic CMF (oral cyclophosphamide plus methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil); CAF or FAC (cyclophosphamide, Adriamycin® (doxorubicin), and 5-fluorouracil); AC (Adriamycin® and cyclophosphamide); ACT (Adriamycin® plus cyclophosphamide and tamoxifen); AC taxol (Adriamycin® plus cyclophosphamide and paclitaxel (Taxol®); FACT (5-fluorouracil plus Adriamycin®, cyclophosphamide, and tamoxifen); A-CMF or Adria/CMF (4 cycles of Adria
  • the therapeutic inhibitors and compositions can be administered in a single dose comprising an effective amount of the individual agents. Multiple doses of the compounds of the invention are also contemplated. When a plurality of inhibitors are used together, they may be administered individually or sequentially, either in a single medicament or in separate units to provide therapeutic doses of the individual compounds. Many mTOR inhibitors, PI3K inhibitors, Akt inhibitors and MAPK inhibitors described herein are in clinical studies or even in clinical use. Therapeutic doses of such compounds are, accordingly, well known in the field of medicine. Dosages of compounds in clinical use are described in references such as Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th ed., 1990; as well as many other medical references relied upon by the medical profession as guidance for the treatment of proliferation disorders.
  • a variety of administration routes are available for the kinase inhibitors and other therapeutic agents described herein.
  • the particular mode selected will depend, of course, upon the particular compound selected, the particular condition being treated and the dosage required for therapeutic efficacy.
  • the methods of this invention may be practiced using any mode of administration that is medically acceptable, meaning any mode that produces effective levels of compounds without causing clinically unacceptable adverse effects.
  • Examples of modes of administration are parenteral routes.
  • parenteral includes subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, and intrasternal injection, or infusion techniques.
  • Other routes include, but are not limited to, oral, nasal, dermal, sublingual, and local.
  • compositions of the invention are administered in pharmaceutically acceptable solutions, which may routinely contain pharmaceutically acceptable concentrations of salts, buffering agents, preservatives, compatible carriers, adjuvants, and optionally other therapeutic ingredients.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprises a compound provided by aspects of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier refers to a non-toxic material that does not interfere with the effectiveness of the biological activity of the active ingredients.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include diluents, fillers, salts, buffers, stabilizers, solubilizers, and other materials which are well known in the art. Such preparations may routinely contain salt, buffering agents, preservatives, compatible carriers, and optionally other therapeutic agents. When used in medicine, the salts should be pharmaceutically acceptable, but non-pharmaceutically acceptable salts may conveniently be used to prepare pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and are not excluded from the scope of the invention.
  • Such pharmacologically and pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, those prepared from the following acids: hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, nitric, phosphoric, maleic, acetic, salicylic, citric, formic, malonic, succinic, and the like.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts can be prepared as alkaline metal or alkaline earth salts, such as sodium, potassium or calcium salts.
  • the compounds used in the invention may be formulated into preparations in solid, semi-solid, liquid or gaseous forms such as tablets, capsules, powders, granules, ointments, solutions, depositories, inhalants and injections, and usual ways for oral, parenteral or surgical administration.
  • Some aspects of the invention also embrace pharmaceutical compositions which are formulated for local administration, such as by implants.
  • compositions suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units, such as capsules, tablets, lozenges, each containing a predetermined amount of the active compound.
  • Other compositions include suspensions in aqueous liquids or non-aqueous liquids such as a syrup, elixir or an emulsion.
  • a desirable route of administration may be by pulmonary aerosol.
  • a compound provided by some aspects of the invention may be administered directly to a tissue.
  • Direct tissue administration may be achieved by direct injection.
  • a compound may be administered once or alternatively may be administered in a plurality of administrations. If administered multiple times, a compound may be administered via different routes. For example, the first (or the first few) administrations may be made directly into the affected tissue while later administrations may be systemic.
  • the compounds can be formulated readily by combining the active compounds with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers well known in the art.
  • Such carriers enable the compounds of the invention to be formulated as tablets, pills, dragees, capsules, liquids, gels, syrups, slurries, suspensions and the like, for oral ingestion by a subject to be treated.
  • Pharmaceutical preparations for oral use can be obtained as solid excipient, optionally grinding a resulting mixture, and processing the mixture of granules, after adding suitable auxiliaries, if desired, to obtain tablets or dragee cores.
  • Suitable excipients are, in particular, fillers such as sugars, including lactose, sucrose, mannitol, or sorbitol; cellulose preparations such as, for example, maize starch, wheat starch, rice starch, potato starch, gelatin, gum tragacanth, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and/or polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP).
  • disintegrating agents may be added, such as the cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, agar, or alginic acid or a salt thereof such as sodium alginate.
  • the oral formulations may also be formulated in saline or buffers for neutralizing internal acid conditions or may be administered without any carriers.
  • Dragee cores are provided with suitable coatings.
  • suitable coatings For this purpose, concentrated sugar solutions may be used, which may optionally contain gum arabic, talc, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, carbopol gel, polyethylene glycol, and/or titanium dioxide, lacquer solutions, and suitable organic solvents or solvent mixtures.
  • Dyestuffs or pigments may be added to the tablets or dragee coatings for identification or to characterize different combinations of active compound doses.
  • compositions which can be used orally include push-fit capsules made of gelatin, as well as soft, sealed capsules made of gelatin and a plasticizer, such as glycerol or sorbitol.
  • the push-fit capsules can contain the active ingredients in admixture with filler such as lactose, binders such as starches, and/or lubricants such as talc or magnesium stearate and, optionally, stabilizers.
  • the active compounds may be dissolved or suspended in suitable liquids, such as fatty oils, liquid paraffin, or liquid polyethylene glycols.
  • stabilizers may be added.
  • Microspheres formulated for oral administration may also be used. Such microspheres have been well defined in the art. All formulations for oral administration should be in dosages suitable for such administration.
  • compositions may take the form of tablets or lozenges formulated in conventional manner.
  • the compounds for use according to the present invention may be conveniently delivered in the form of an aerosol spray presentation from pressurized packs or a nebulizer, with the use of a suitable propellant, e.g., dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas.
  • a suitable propellant e.g., dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas.
  • a suitable propellant e.g., dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas.
  • a suitable propellant e.g., dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide
  • the compounds when it is desirable to deliver them systemically, may be formulated for parenteral administration by injection, e.g., by bolus injection or continuous infusion.
  • Formulations for injection may be presented in unit dosage form, e.g., in ampoules or in multi-dose containers, with an added preservative.
  • the compositions may take such forms as suspensions, solutions, or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing, and/or dispersing agents.
  • Preparations for parenteral administration include sterile aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, suspensions, and emulsions.
  • non-aqueous solvents are propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate.
  • Aqueous carriers include water, alcoholic/aqueous solutions, emulsions or suspensions, including saline and buffered media.
  • Parenteral vehicles include sodium chloride solution, Ringer's dextrose, dextrose and sodium chloride, lactated Ringer's, or fixed oils.
  • Intravenous vehicles include fluid and nutrient replenishers, electrolyte replenishers (such as those based on Ringer's dextrose), and the like. Preservatives and other additives may also be present such as, for example, antimicrobials, anti-oxidants, chelating agents, and inert gases and the like. Lower doses will result from other forms of administration, such as intravenous administration. In the event that a response in a subject is insufficient at the initial doses applied, higher doses (or effectively higher doses by a different, more localized delivery route) may be employed to the extent that patient tolerance permits. Multiple doses per day are contemplated to achieve appropriate systemic levels of compounds.
  • Other delivery systems can include time-release, delayed release or sustained release delivery systems. Such systems can avoid repeated administrations of the compound, increasing convenience to the subject and the physician.
  • Many types of release delivery systems are available and known to those of ordinary skill in the art. They include polymer base systems such as poly(lactide-glycolide), copolyoxalates, polycaprolactones, polyesteramides, polyorthoesters, polyhydroxybutyric acid, and polyanhydrides. Microcapsules of the foregoing polymers containing drugs are described in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,075,109.
  • Delivery systems also include non-polymer systems that are: lipids including sterols such as cholesterol, cholesterol esters and fatty acids or neutral fats such as mono- di- and tri-glycerides; hydrogel release systems; silastic systems; peptide based systems; wax coatings; compressed tablets using conventional binders and excipients; partially fused implants; and the like.
  • Specific examples include, but are not limited to: (a) erosional systems in which the platelet reducing agent is contained in a form within a matrix such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,452,775, 4,675,189, and 5,736,152 and (b) diffusional systems in which an active component permeates at a controlled rate from a polymer such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,854,480, 5,133,974 and 5,407,686.
  • pump-based hardware delivery systems can be used, some of which are adapted for implantation.
  • Therapeutic formulations useful in the invention may be prepared for storage by mixing a kinase inhibitor having the desired degree of purity with optional pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients or stabilizers ( Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences 16th edition, Osol, A. Ed. (1980)), in the form of lyophilized formulations or aqueous solutions.
  • Acceptable carriers, excipients, or stabilizers are nontoxic to recipients at the dosages and concentrations employed, and include buffers such as phosphate, citrate, and other organic acids; antioxidants including ascorbic acid and methionine; preservatives (such as octadecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride; hexamethonium chloride; benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride; phenol, butyl or benzyl alcohol; alkyl parabens such as methyl or propyl paraben; catechol; resorcinol; cyclohexanol; 3-pentanol; and m-cresol); low molecular weight (less than about 10 residues) polypeptides; proteins, such as serum albumin, gelatin, or immunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone; amino acids such as glycine, glutamine, asparagine, histidine,
  • FIG. 1A Two sets of large-scale, quantitative phospho-proteomics experiments were performed to fully define how mTOR-containing complexes signal to downstream effectors ( FIG. 1A ).
  • the first SILAC experiment rapamycin screen
  • TSC2 ⁇ / ⁇ mouse embryonic fibroblasts MEFs
  • Deletion of the TSC2 tumor suppressor gene decouples mTORC1 from many upstream inputs, leading to constitutive hyper-activation of mTORC1 signaling (7).
  • mTORC1 is still potently and specifically inhibited by rapamycin in these cells, which provides a sensitized genetic background for the study of mTORC1 signaling in the absence of other mitogen-regulated phosphorylation cascades.
  • Global Quantitative Phosphoproteomics Defines the Signaling Networks Downstream of both mTORC1 and mTORC2
  • Ku-0063794 is a recently identified compound that competitively inhibits mTOR kinase activity by occupying the ATP-binding pocket ( FIG. 5C ) (4, 11).
  • Table 9 describes the classification of mTOR targets identified in the rapamycin and Ku-0063794 screens.
  • Class I includes downstream effectors of rapamycin-sensitive mTORC1.
  • Class II includes downstream effectors of rapamycin-insensitive mTORC1 or mTORC2.
  • Class II includes the proteins downstream of both mTORC1 and mTORC2. Names of the genes and the sequences of the phosphopeptides are shown.
  • Class I sites represent phosphorylation events that are mediated by rapamycin-sensitive mTORC1/S6K signaling, (e.g. phospho-rpS6 S235/S236 phosphorylation).
  • Class II sites represent phosphorylation events mediated by rapamycin-insensitive mTORC1 or mTORC2 function.
  • 4EBP1 T36/T45 phosphorylation previously characterized as a rapamycin insensitive mTORC1 substrate (12)
  • phosphorylation at these sites decreased dramatically (7.2-fold) in the Ku-0063794 screen ( FIGS. 1C , 5 C and 6 A).
  • NDRG1 was also identified to contain Class II phosphorylation sites at S330/S333 ( FIGS. 1C and 6B ) and was recently shown to be a substrate of SGK (8), whose activation is under the control of mTORC2.
  • Class III represents phosphorylation sites that are both the rapamycin-sensitive and Ku-sensitive mTOR substrates.
  • GSK3 ⁇ S9 phosphorylation is down-regulated by approximately 3.3-fold and 2.2-fold in the rapamycin and Ku-0063794 screens, respectively ( FIGS. 1C and 6C ), consistent with the previous observation that it can be a substrate of both Akt and S6K (9).
  • the abundance of mTOR autophosphorylation at S2478/S2481 decreased 3.6-fold in the rapamycin screen ( FIG. 7A ).
  • ULK1 has also been shown to interact with mTORC1 through binding to raptor (23).
  • raptor 23
  • mTORC1 is known to antagonize macroautophagy, it is believed to speculate that mTORC1 negative regulates ULK1 either directly or indirectly via inhibitory phosphorylation events.
  • knockdown of the related kinase ULK2 had no effect on the autophagic response (22).
  • S2234 could be categorized as a Class II phosphorylation site (rapamycin-insensitive and Ku0063794-sensitive, FIG. 2 and Table 1), suggesting that it is not an S6K substrate but rather the substrate of Akt or SGK.
  • FLNC crosslinks actin filaments into a three-dimensional network and is involved in assembling signaling complexes near the cell membrane (25).
  • filamin-A (FLNA) has been shown to be phosphorylated at a similar site (S2152, RRRAPS*V, SEQ ID NO: 23) by RSK and Pak protein kinases which regulates FLNA function in cell migration (26).
  • Rapamycin is an allosteric inhibitor that only partially inhibits mTORC1 signaling and has no effect on the activity of mTORC2 under short-term treatment conditions (3).
  • newly discovered ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitors block the activity of both mTORC1 and mTORC2 (2).
  • To identify rapamycin-insensitive mTORC1, and mTORC2 substrates we used the mTOR kinase inhibitor Ku-0063794 and performed a second SILAC experiment (Ku-0063794 screen) ( FIG. 1A ).
  • the light cells were treated with 20 nM rapamycin for 2 hrs, while the heavy cells were treated in parallel with a combination of 20 nM rapamycin and 2 ⁇ M of Ku-0063794 for 2 hrs. Both the light and heavy cells were subsequently stimulated with insulin for 15 minutes and samples were pooled and analyzed by quantitative mass spectrometry.
  • the combination of insulin stimulation and treatment with the mTOR kinase inhibitor leads to the identification of proteins specficially phosphorylated by rapamycin-insensitive mTOR signaling and kinases activated downstream of mTORC2 such as Akt and SGK.
  • Class I sites include rapamycin-sensitive events that are not further decreased by Ku-0063794 treatment, and represent canonical mTORC1 downstream effectors, such as rpS6 S235/236 phosphorylation ( FIG. 1C ).
  • Class II sites include Ku-0063794-sensitive events that are not affected by rapamycin treatment and represent either rapamycin-resistant mTORC1 downstream effectors, such as 4EBP1 T36/T45 ( FIGS. 1C , 5 C and 6 A), or sites downstream of the mTORC2 signaling, such as the recently described SGK-mediated NDRG1 S330/S333 phosphorylation events ( FIGS. 1C and 6B ) (8).
  • Class III sites are sensitive to both compounds.
  • GSK3 ⁇ S9 phosphorylation is downregulated in both the rapamycin and Ku-0063794 screens ( FIGS. 1C and 6C ), consistent with the previous observation that GSK313 can be a substrate of both Akt and S6K (9).
  • mTOR autophosphorylation at S2481 as a Class III site that is regulated in both a rapamycin sensitive- and insensitive-manner ( FIG. 7 ) (these target classes are discussed in more detail elsewhere herein).
  • RTK transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase
  • the level of phosphorylation decreased by more than 27-fold after a 2 h rapamycin treatment (Table 6).
  • the intensity of a triply phosphorylated Grb10 peptide (T76/S96/S104, insufficient MS/MS fragment ions to localize T76) also decreased by about five-fold after rapamycin treatment (Table 6).
  • phosphorylation of two other Grb10 sites, 5455 and 5458 did not change after a 2-hr rapamycin treatment ( FIG. 8B ), suggesting that decreased S501/S503 phosphorylation was not the result of a change in Grb10 protein abundance.
  • Grb10 belongs to the growth factor receptor-bound (Grb) protein family, which contains Grb7, Grb10 and Grb14. Members of this protein family serve as cellular adaptor proteins that bind to activated receptor tyrosine kinases (11).
  • Grb10 has an N-terminal Ras-associating (RA) domain, a PH domain, a C-terminal SH2 domain and a BPS (between PH and SH2) domain, in which the two rapamycin-sensitive phosphorylation sites reside ( FIG. 2B ).
  • RA Ras-associating
  • PH domain PH domain
  • SH2 domain a C-terminal SH2 domain
  • BPS between PH and SH2 domain
  • FIGS. 9A and 9B We developed a phosphospecific antibody ( FIGS. 9A and 9B ) to further characterize these two Grb10 phosphorylation sites.
  • Treatment of TSC2 ⁇ / ⁇ MEFs with 20 nM rapamycin induced rapid dephosphorylation of Grb10, within 15 min, and remained completely inhibited for the remainder of the time course examined ( FIG. 2C ).
  • the dephosphorylation kinetics correlated well with that of S6K.
  • Grb10 phosphorylation at S501/S503 is sensitive to amino acid availability in TSC2 ⁇ / ⁇ MEFs ( FIG. 2D ).
  • Grb10 has been suggested to function as a negative regulator of the insulin signaling pathway.
  • overgrowth of both the embryo and placenta was observed, and these mice are approximately 30% larger than normal at birth (15).
  • enhanced activity of the insulin-stimulated PI3K/Akt pathway was observed in insulin target tissues, including skeletal muscle and adipose tissue (16).
  • rapamycin analogues are currently approved, or being assessed in various clinical trials, as targeted therapeutics against several cancer subtypes.
  • the current results have been disappointing, as the clinical outcome of rapamycin treatment is unpredictable and rapamycin is largely ineffective as a monotherapy (3).
  • post-surgical, maintenance rapamycin treatment led to PI3K/Akt activation in glioblastoma patients, and this activation was associated with shorter time-to-progression (4).
  • HEK Human embryonic kidney
  • MEF immortalized wild-type mouse embryonic fibroblast
  • TSC2 ⁇ / ⁇ MEFs were maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum.
  • DMEM Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium
  • Anti-phospho-ERK1/2 antibody, insulin, Phorbol Myristate Acetate (PMA), Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) and polybrene were purchased from Sigma.
  • Anti-Grb10 (mouse), anti-phospho-IRS (Y612), anti-p85 and anti-p110 of PI3K antibodies were purchased from Santa Cruz, Invitrogen, Millipore and BD, respectively.
  • ERK1/2 antibody and anti-HA antibody were prepared in the lab.
  • LY294002 and AktVIII inhibitor were purchased from Calbiochem.
  • Lipofectamine 2000 was purchased from Invitrogen. Torin was kindly provided by Nathanael Gray (Dana Farber Cancer Institute).
  • TSC2 ⁇ / ⁇ MEFs were used in the rapamycin screen due to constitutive hyperactivation of mTORC1 signaling in this cell line.
  • Cells were grown in light ([ 12 C 6 14 N 2 ]Lys, [ 12 C 6 14 N 4 ]Arg) and heavy ([ 13 C 6 15 N 2 ]Lys, [ 13 C 6 15 N 4 ]Arg) DMEM (Cambridge Isotope Labs), respectively. Both light and heavy DMEM were supplemented with 10% dialyzed FBS (Invitrogen). Cells were serum-deprived for 17 hours and cells were cultured inheavy media were treated with 20 nM rapamycin for two hours. We performed two biological replicates of this experimental design with cross-labeling (swapping the labeled state of the rapamycin-treated cells). For the purposes of illustration, the data for biological replicate #2 is presented in FIGS. 1A and 1D .
  • the Ku-0063794 screen was performed using wild-type (WT) MEFs.
  • Cells were grown in the aforementioned SILAC media. Both the light and heavy cells were starved of serum for 17 hrs. The light cells were treated with 20 nM rapamycin for 2 hrs, while the heavy cells were treated with a combination of 20 nM rapamycin and 2 ⁇ M Ku-0063794 for 2 hrs. Both the light and heavy cells were then stimulated with 100 nM insulin for 15 min.
  • the heavy and light cells were lysed in urea buffer (8 M urea, 20 mM HEPES pH 7.0, 75 mM ⁇ -glycerolphosphate, 1 mM sodium vanadate, 1 mM DTT and 1.5 mM EGTA) and the lysates were combined at a 1:1 ratio. Lysates were reduced by adding DTT to a final concentration of 3 mM, followed by incubation at room temperature for 20 min. Cysteines were alkylated by adding iodoacetamide to a final concentration of 50 mM, followed by incubation in the dark for 20 min.
  • the lysates were diluted to a final concentration of 2 M urea by addition of 100 mM NH 4 OAC and were digested overnight with sequencing-grade trypsin (Promega) at a 1:100 (enzyme:substrate) ratio. Digestion was quenched by addition of trifluoroacetic acid to a final concentration of 0.1% and precipitates were removed by centrifugation at 4,000 rpm for 30 min. Peptides were desalted on SepPak C18 columns (Waters) according to manufacturer's instructions.
  • Phosphopeptides were enriched by SCX-IMAC (27). Briefly, lyophilized peptides were resuspended in 500 ⁇ l SCX buffer A (5 mM KH 2 PO 4 , pH 2.65, 30% acetonitrile) and injected onto a SCX column (Polysulfoethyl aspartamide, 9.4 mm ⁇ 200 mm, 5 ⁇ M particle size, 200 ⁇ pore size, PolyLC). Gradient was developed over 35 min ranging from 0% to 21% buffer B (5 mM KH 2 PO 4 , pH 2.65, 30% acetonitrile, 350 mM KCl) at a flow rate of 2 ml/min. Twelve fractions were collected and lyophilized. Peptides were then desalted using SepPak C18 columns and were subjected to IMAC (Sigma) for phosphopeptide enrichment. The eluate was further desalted using STAGE tips (28) and lyophilized.
  • SCX buffer A 5
  • the rapamycin screen samples were analyzed by LC-MS/MS on an LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometer (Thermo, San Jose, Calif.) using the top ten method.
  • the Ku-0063794 screen samples were analyzed on an LTQ-Velos mass spectrometer (Thermo Fischer Scientific, San Jose, Calif.) using the top twenty method.
  • MS/MS spectra were searched against a composite database of the mouse IPI protein database (Version 3.60) and its reversed complement using the Sequest algorithm.
  • Search parameters allowed for a static modification of 57.02146 Da for Cys and a dynamic modification of phosphorylation (79.96633 Da) on Ser, Thr and Tyr, oxidation (15.99491 Da) on Met, stable isotope (10.00827 Da) and (8.01420 Da) on Arg and Lys, respectively. Search results were filtered to include ⁇ 1% matches to the reverse data base by the linear discriminator function (Huttlin et al., manuscript in preparation) using parameters including Xcorr, dCN, missed cleavage, charge state (exclude 1+ peptides), mass accuracy, peptide length and fraction of ions matched to MS/MS spectra. Phosphorylation site localization was assessed by the Ascore algorithm (29) based on the observation of phosphorylation-specific fragment ions and peptide quantification was performed by using the Vista algorithm (30, 31).
  • the cDNA for human Grb10 (NCBI gene symbol GRB10; Gene ID: 2887) was obtained from Invitrogen and amplified by PCR. The product was subcloned into (1) the BamH I and EcoR I sites of pKH3, (2) the BamH I and EcoR I sites of pGEX-4T-3 or (3) the Hind III and EcoR I sites of pLPCX.
  • the Grb10 point mutant constructs were generated using the QuickChange site-directed mutagenesis kit (Stratagene). pRK5-Myc-raptor andpRK5-Myc-Rictor were kindly provided by David Sabatini (MIT). Lentiviral plasmids ( ⁇ 8.9 and VSVG) were kind gifts from Andrew Kung (Dana Farber Cancer Institute) and David Baltimore (California Institute of Technology).
  • lysis buffer A 40 mM HEPES, pH 7.5, 120 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM ⁇ -glycerophosphate, 50 mM NaF, 2 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 2 mg/ml aprotinin, 2 mg/ml leupeptin, and 1 mg/ml pepstatin, 1 mM DTT
  • lysis buffer A 40 mM HEPES, pH 7.5, 120 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM ⁇ -glycerophosphate, 50 mM NaF, 2 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 2 mg/ml aprotinin, 2 mg/ml leupeptin, and 1 mg/ml pepstatin, 1 mM DTT
  • shRNA expression vectors were a kind gift from William Hahn (Dana Farber Cancer Institute).
  • shRNA plasmids were co-transfected into HEK293TD cells along with packaging ( ⁇ 8.9) and envelope (VSVG) expression plasmids using lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen). Two days after transfection, viral supernatants were harvested and filtered. Recipient cells were infected in the presence of a serum-containing medium supplemented with 8 ⁇ g/ml polybrene. Following infection for 36 h, cells were treated with 2.0 ⁇ g/ml puromycin (Sigma) and cell lines that stably expressed the shRNAs were selected. Knockdown efficiencies were examined by immunoblot assay using antibodies against the target protein.
  • the cells were extracted in lysis buffer (20 mM HEPES (pH 7.5), 1% Triton X-100, 150 mM NaCl, 10 mM EDTA, 1 mM EGTA, 1 mM sodium orthovanadate, 1 mM NaF, 2 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 2 mg/ml aprotinin, 2 mg/ml leupeptin, and 1 mg/ml pepstatin), and extracts were mixed with the 5 ⁇ reducing buffer (60 mM Tris-HCl, pH 6.8, 25% glycerol, 2% SDS, 14.4 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, 0.1% bromophenol blue).
  • lysis buffer 20 mM HEPES (pH 7.5), 1% Triton X-100, 150 mM NaCl, 10 mM EDTA, 1 mM EGTA, 1 mM sodium orthovanadate, 1 mM NaF, 2 mM
  • plasmids were transformed into Escherichia coli strain BL21 (DE3), and purified to homogeneity from crude lysates using glutathione-sepharose beads (GE Healthcare) according to the manufacture's protocol. Briefly, protein production was initiated by adding isopropyl-D-thiogalactopyranoside (Sigma) to the cultures. Bacteria were collected by centrifugation, resuspended in PBS and lysed by sonication. After centrifugation at 13,000 rpm for 15 min, the supernatant was incubated with glutathione-sepharose beads for 1 h. The beads were washed with PBS three times and the recombinant protein was eluted with PBS containing 20 mM reduced glutathione. Proteins were dialyzed against PBS and stored at ⁇ 80° C. until use.
  • qRT-PCR quantitative real-time PCR
  • a QuantiTect Primer Assay for mouse Grb10 was used to amplify the target gene, while the ⁇ -acting primers ( ⁇ -actin forward, ACCCAGATCATGTTTGAGACCT (SEQ ID NO: 25); and ⁇ -actin reverse, GCAGTAATCTCCTTCTGCATCC (SEQ ID NO: 26)) were used as a normalization control. All reactions were run on an ABI 7900HT Fast Real-Time PCR instrument with a 15 min hot start at 95° C. followed by 40 cycles of a 3-step thermocycling program: denaturation: 15 s at 94° C., annealing: 30 s at 55° C. and extension: 30 s at 70° C.
  • Microarray expression data from six independent data sets corresponding to patient samples from bladder (GSE3167), glioblastoma (GSE4536), breast (GSE5764), myeloma (GSE5900), pancreatic (GSE1542) carcinoma and matching normal tissues were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (www.nebi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/) and for prostate carcinoma from the Broad Institute cancer program datasets (www.broadinstitute.org/cgi-bin/cancer/datasets.cgi).
  • the correlation in the gene expression between GRB10 and PTEN was performed using Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis and the samples were clustered using the Euclidean distance metric and Ward's linkage algorithm.
  • IPI International Protein Index
  • the invention encompasses all variations, combinations, and permutations in which one or more limitations, elements, clauses, descriptive terms, etc., from one or more of the claims or from relevant portions of the description is introduced into another claim.
  • any claim that is dependent on another claim can be modified to include one or more limitations found in any other claim that is dependent on the same base claim.
  • the claims recite a composition, it is to be understood that methods of using the composition for any of the purposes disclosed herein are included, and methods of making the composition according to any of the methods of making disclosed herein or other methods known in the art are included, unless otherwise indicated or unless it would be evident to one of ordinary skill in the art that a contradiction or inconsistency would arise.
  • compositions of the invention can be used for vocal cord repair or other soft tissue repair or augmentation. It is also to be understood that any of the compositions made according to the methods for preparing compositions disclosed herein can be used for vocal cord repair or other soft tissue repair or augmentation. In addition, the invention encompasses compositions made according to any of the methods for preparing compositions disclosed herein.
  • any particular embodiment of the present invention may be explicitly excluded from any one or more of the claims. Any embodiment, element, feature, application, or aspect of the compositions and/or methods of the invention, can be excluded from any one or more claims. For purposes of brevity, all of the embodiments in which one or more element, feature, purpose, or aspect is excluded are not set forth explicitly herein.
  • rapamycin screen Names and annotations of proteins identified to harbor phosphopeptides whose intensities decrease after rapamycin treatment (rapamycin screen). Note that the rapamycin screen included two biological replicates. For the first replicate, the light cells were controls whereas the heavy cells were treated with rapamycin. For the second replicate experiment, the light cells were treated with rapamycin, and the heavy cells were controls. Table 1 includes all unique proteins identified in both replicates. Protein sequences and phosphorylation sites can be identified from the identifiers provided in the tables and database provided herein.
  • Class 1 includes downstream effectors of rapamycin-sensitive mTORC1.
  • Class 2 includes downstream effectors of rapamycin-insensitive mTORC1 or mTORC2.
  • Class 3 includes the proteins downstream of both mTORC1 and mTORC2. Name of exemplary genes and sequences of respective phosphopeptides are shown. *represents the site of phosphorylation (Ser, Thr and Tyr); ⁇ circumflex over ( ) ⁇ and @ represent heavy Arg and Lys, respectively.
  • Phosphorylation of Grb10 in MNILSS*QS*PLHPSTLNAVIHR corresponds to S421/S423 in isoform 3 and S501/S503 in isoform 1, respectively.
  • the site designation in the text corresponds to the sites in isoform 1 (mouse sequence).
  • Classification of mTOR targets identified in the Rapamycin and Ku-0063794 screens Class 1 represents downstream effectors of rapamycin-sensitive mTORC1.
  • Class 2 represents downstream effectors of rapamycin-insensitive mTORC1 or mTORC2.
  • Class 3 represents the proteins downstream of both mTORC1 and mTORC2. Name of the genes and the sequences of the phosphopeptides are shown.
  • Table 9 is provided in two parts because the colums span more than a single page.
  • Table 9(a) contains colums 1-6 of Table 9 and Table 9(b) contains columns 7-10, wherein corresponding entries are identified in an ID column in each section.
  • Information provided in (a) for ID 1 relates to the information provided in (b) for ID 1 and vice versa
  • information provided in (a) for ID 2 relates to the information provided in (b) for ID 2 and vice versa, and so on.
  • entries under ID number 1 in Rapa BP GO (a), (b), and (c) refer to the same entry
  • entries under ID number 2 in Rapa BP GO (a), (b), and (c) refer to the same entry
  • entries under ID number 1 in Rapa KEGG pathways (a), (b), and (c) refer to the same entry, and so forth.
  • Rapa BP GO pathways (a): ID Term Count % PValue 1 GO:0010605 ⁇ negative regulation of macromolecule 20 10.41666667 4.18E ⁇ 07 metabolic process 2 GO:0031327 ⁇ negative regulation of cellular 17 8.854166667 4.17E ⁇ 06 biosynthetic process 3 GO:0010558 ⁇ negative regulation of macromolecule 16 8.333333333 1.31E ⁇ 05 biosynthetic process 4 GO:0045934 ⁇ negative regulation of nucleobase, 15 7.8125 0.0000314 nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process 5 GO:0032868 ⁇ response to insulin stimulus 6 3.125 0.000264 6 GO:0016481 ⁇ negative regulation of transcription 13 6.770833333 0.000271 7 GO:0016192 ⁇ vesicle-mediated transport 14 7.291666667 0.000603 8 GO:0032869 ⁇ cellular response to insulin stimulus 5 2.604166667 0.000783 9 GO:0051253 ⁇ negative regulation

Abstract

Provided are over 300 mTOR kinase targets identified by a comprehensive phosphoproteomics assay. Methods of targeting mTOR kinase targets, methods to determine the level of mTOR activity by measuring the level of phosphorylation of an mTOR targeted phosphorylation site, methods for distinguishing different classes of mTOR activity in a cell based on phosphoproteomic analysis of mTOR-targeted proteins are also provided. Also provided is the classification of a hyperproliferative disease based on phosphoproteomic analysis of mTOR-targeted proteins, as well as the personalization of therapeutic methods for the treatment of hyperproliferative disease based on phosphoproteomics. Also provided are therapeutic methods including administering to a subject an mTOR inhibitor, an mTOR inhibitor and an additional kinase inhibitor, or a dual inhibitor of mTOR and an additional kinase based on the phosphorylation levels of mTOR targets determined in the subject. Some aspects of this invention relate to the discovery that GrblO is an mTOR-targeted tumor suppressor gene.

Description

    RELATED APPLICATIONS
  • This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. provisional patent application, U.S. Ser. No. 61/403,932, filed Sep. 23, 2010, which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • GOVERNMENT SUPPORT
  • This invention was made with U.S. Government support under grant numbers GM051405 and HG3456 awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The U.S. Government has certain rights in the invention.
  • BACKGROUND
  • mTOR is an evolutionarily conserved ser/thr protein kinase that controls many critical cellular processes including growth, protein translation, metabolic flux, and cell survival. mTOR functions as the core catalytic component of two structurally and functionally distinct signaling complexes. mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) regulates cell growth and is responsible for the well-characterized role of mTOR in controlling protein translation whereas mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) regulates cell survival and the actin cytoskeleton (1-3). The mechanisms responsible for modulating mTORC1 and mTORC2 activity in response to upstream inputs such as growth factors, energetic status, and amino acid levels have been well studied (1). In contrast, relatively few direct substrates of mTOR have been identified and in many cases the mechanisms underlying mTOR's ability to regulate important aspects of cell biology are not known.
  • Misregulated mTOR activity is a common feature of most cancers (2). Despite great interest, clinical trials for evaluating the selective mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin as an anti-cancer agent have met with limited success (3). Rapamycin resistance has emerged as a major challenge to its clinical use (4) and is caused in part by feedback loops that activate the PI3K and MAPK signaling pathways in rapamycin-treated cells through poorly understood mechanisms (5, 6).
  • SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
  • Functional characterization of the mTOR signaling pathways has been hampered by the paucity of substrates that have been identified to date. Identifying novel substrates of mTORC1 and mTORC2 is important for making progress toward our general understanding how mTOR signals to downstream effectors and to specifically define components of the feedback loops involved in rapamycin resistance. The best-characterized mTORC1 substrates include p70S6K and 4EBP, whereas mTORC2 phosphorylates several members of the AGC kinase family, including Akt, SGK, and PKC.
  • The present invention is based in part on large-scale quantitative phospho-proteomics experiments that were performed to define the entire signaling networks downstream of both mTORC1 and mTORC2. Novel mTORC1 substrates identified herein include, but are not limited to Grb10, FOXK1, ZEB2, NDRG3, LARP1, SRPK2, CDK12, MIB1, and IBTK.
  • Extensive characterization of a novel mTORC1 substrate, the growth factor receptor-bound protein 10 (Grb10), shows that mTORC1-mediated phosphorylation stabilizes Grb10, leading to feedback inhibition of the PI3K and MAPK pathways. In addition, Grb10 expression was shown to be frequently downregulated in a variety of cancers. Interestingly, loss of Grb10 and the well-established tumor suppressor PTEN are mutually exclusive events. Grb10 has been found to be both a novel mTORC1 substrate and a tumor suppressor with relevance across a broad spectrum of cancer subtypes.
  • In some aspects, the invention provides methods for determining mTOR kinase activity in a cell, the method comprising obtaining a cancer cell from a subject diagnosed to have a cancer, determining the level of Grb10 phosphorylation in the cell, and comparing the level of Grb10 phosphorylation to a reference level, wherein if the level of Grb10 phosphorylation in the cell is higher than the reference level, then the cell is determined to exhibit an elevated level of mTOR kinase activity. In some embodiments, the cell is a normal or healthy cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a cell obtained from a subject not diagnosed with a neoplastic disease. In some embodiments, the cell is a cell obtained from a subject not diagnosed with a cancer. In some embodiments, the cell is a neoplastic cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a cancer cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a cell obtained from a subject diagnosed with a neoplastic disease, for example, with a cancer.
  • In some aspects, the invention provides methods for selecting a treatment of a neoplastic disease, for example, of a cancer, in a subject, the method comprising obtaining a cell from a subject diagnosed to have a neoplastic disease, for example, a cancer, exhibiting an elevated level of mTOR activity; determining the level of Grb10 expression in the cell; and comparing the level of Grb10 expression to a reference level, wherein if the level of Grb10 expression in the cell is higher than the reference level, then the cell is determined to exhibit a high likelihood of expressing an elevated level of PI3K, Akt, and/or MAPK activity upon being contacted with an mTORC1 inhibitor.
  • Other aspects of this invention provide methods for determining mTOR kinase activity in a cell by determining the level of phosphorylation of a phosphorylation site disclosed in Table 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, or 11 in the cell, and comparing the level of phosphorylation to a reference level, wherein if the level of phosphorylation is higher than the reference level, then the cell is determined to exhibit an elevated level of mTOR kinase activity, or if the level of phosphorylation is equal or lower than the reference level, then the cell is determined to not exhibit an elevated level of mTOR kinase activity. In certain embodiments, if a phosphorylation site determined to exhibit a higher level of phosphorylation in the cell as compared to the reference level is a class I phosphorylation site, then the cell is determined to exhibit an elevated level of rapamycin-sensitive mTORC1 activity. In certain embodiments, if a phosphorylation site determined to exhibit a higher level of phosphorylation in the cell as compared to the reference level is a class II phosphorylation site, then the cell is determined to exhibit an elevated level of rapamycin-insensitive mTORC1 and/or mTORC2 activity. In some embodiments, if a phosphorylation site determined to exhibit a higher level of phosphorylation in the cell as compared to the reference level is a class III phosphorylation site, then the cell is determined to exhibit an elevated level of rapamycin-sensitive mTOR activity, or an elevated level of rapamycin-insensitive mTOR activity, or both.
  • In some embodiments, the methods provided herein further comprise selecting a method of treatment of the subject based on the level of phosphorylation of the phosphorylation site. In some embodiments, if the cell is determined to exhibit an elevated level of mTOR kinase activity, then a method of treatment is selected that includes administering an effective amount of an mTOR kinase inhibitor to the subject. In some embodiments, if the cell is determined to not exhibit an elevated level of mTOR kinase activity, then a method of treatment is selected that does not include administering an mTOR kinase inhibitor. In some embodiments, if the cell is determined to exhibit an elevated level of rapamycin-sensitive mTORC1 activity, then a method of treatment is selected that comprises administering an effective amount of an inhibitor of rapamycin-sensitive mTORC1 kinase activity (e.g., rapamycin or a rapamycin analog) to the subject. In some embodiments, if the cell is determined to exhibit an elevated level of rapamycin-insensitive mTORC1 and/or mTORC2 activity, then a method of treatment is selected that comprises administering an effective amount of an inhibitor of rapamycin-insensitive mTORC1 kinase activity to the subject. In some embodiments, if the cell is determined to exhibit an elevated level of rapamycin-sensitive mTOR kinase activity, or an elevated level of rapamycin-insensitive mTOR kinase activity, or both, then a method of treatment is selected that comprises administering an effective amount of an inhibitor of rapamycin-sensitive and rapamycin-insensitive mTOR kinase activity or a combination of an inhibitor of rapamycin-sensitive mTOR kinase activity and an inhibitor of rapamycin-insensitive mTOR kinase activity to the subject.
  • In some embodiments, the method of treatment further comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound that stabilizes Grb10 or that inhibits the degradation of Grb10. In some embodiments, the method of treatment further comprises administering an effective amount of an inhibitor of PI3K, Akt, or MAPK to the subject.
  • Some aspects of this invention provide a phosphoproteomics array that includes a plurality of phosphosensitive antibodies or antibody fragments each of which specifically binds to phosphorylation site disclosed in Table 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, or 11. In some aspects, the invention also provides a method of using a phosphoproteomics array to determine mTOR activity in a cell by contacting a proteinaceous sample derived from a cell, for example, from a cancer cell, with a phosphoproteomics array as described herein under conditions suitable for a protein expressed in the cell to bind to an antibody or antibody fragment of the array, determining the level of phosphorylated protein bound to an antibody or antibody fragment of the array, and comparing the level of phosphorylated protein bound to an antibody or antibody fragment of the array to a reference level. If the level phosphorylated protein in the sample derived from the cell is higher than the reference level, then the cell is determined to exhibit an elevated level of mTOR kinase activity.
  • In other aspects, the invention provides methods of identifying an mTOR kinase inhibitor by contacting an mTOR kinase with a polypeptide with a phosphorylation site disclosed in Table 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, or 11 under conditions suitable for the mTOR kinase to phosphorylate the phosphorylation site in the presence of a candidate agent, determining the level of phosphorylation at the phosphorylation site, and comparing the level of phosphorylation to a reference level. If the level of phosphorylation is lower than the reference level, then the candidate agent is identified as an mTOR kinase inhibitor.
  • In some embodiments involving a phosphorylation site disclosed in Table 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, or 11, the phosphorylation site is not a phosphorylation site previously known to be an mTOR target.
  • The subject matter of this application may involve, in some cases, interrelated products, alternative solutions to a particular problem, and/or a plurality of different uses of a single method or agent. Other advantages, features, and uses of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of non-limiting embodiments of the invention when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
  • BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
  • FIG. 1. Sample preparation and data analysis for quantitative phosphorylation profiling of mTOR signaling. (A) Schematics of the two quantitative mass spectrometry experiments are shown with a plot highlighting the distribution of phosphopeptides identified in each screen. See data summary in Table 5. Note that most of the phosphopeptides have a ratio of 1:1 between the light and heavy populations and hence have a value close to 0 on a Log2 axis. Proteins with downregulated phosphorylation in each screen are highlighted in the red box. (B) Typical quantitative MS and MS/MS spectra in which LS*SLRAS*TSKSESSQK (SEQ ID NO: 1) from ribosomal protein S6 (S235 and S240) are identified as a rapamycin-sensitive phosphopeptide. Note the light and heavy peptides differ by 26 Da, corresponding to 2 labeled Lys and 1 labeled Arg in this particular peptide. Sequence in lower panel: SEQ ID NO: 1722. (C) Quantitative differences between the rapamycin-sensitive and -insensitive mTOR downstream phosphorylation events. Phosphopeptides identified in both screens were extracted and their corresponding Log2 ratios (fold-changes) were plotted. (D) The top ten pathways enriched in the down-regulated phospho-proteins identified in the rapamycin (Rapa) screen.
  • FIG. 2. Phosphorylation of Grb10 at S501/S503 is sensitive to rapamycin inhibition. (A) Identification of a doubly-phosphorylated rapamycin-sensitive Grb10 peptide (MNILSS*QS*PLHPSTLNAVIHR, SEQ ID NO: 2, * indicates phosphorylation sites) corresponding to S501/S503. (B) Evolutionary conservation of Grb10 S501/S503 among vertebrate species. (C) Phosphorylation of Grb10 at S501/S503 shows rapamycin sensitivity in vivo. TSC2−/− cells were starved for serum and treated with 20 nM rapamycin for the indicated times. Sequences, from top to bottom: SEQ ID NO: 1723 to SEQ ID NO: 1727, respectively. (D) Phosphorylation of Grb10 at S501/501 is sensitive to amino acids withdrawal. TSC2−/− cells were starved in DMEM overnight and then transferred to D-PBS for the indicated times. (E) Phosphorylation of Grb10 at S501/S503 is not affected by the pan-kinase inhibitor, staurosporine. TSC2−/− cells were starved for serum and treated with either 100 nM staurosporine or Ku-0063794 at the indicated concentrations for two hours. (F) Grb10 phosphorylation is increased upon growth factor stimulation. Wild type (WT) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) were starved for serum overnight and then were stimulated with insulin (100 nM) or serum (10%) for 15 min. The cells were preincubated with the indicated compounds for two hours. AktVIII (1 μM) is a specific inhibitor of Akt whereas AZD (AZD6244, 5 μM) specifically inhibits MEK. Rapamycin (rapa) was used at 20 nM. (G) Grb10 phosphorylation at S501/S503 is sensitive to various mTOR kinase inhibitors. TSC2−/− cells were serum-starved and treated with the indicated compounds for two hours. The concentrations of the compounds were rapamycin 20 nM, LY (LY294002) 20 μM, BEZ235 (NVP-BEZ235) 500 nM, torin 100 nM, and pp 242 1 μM.
  • FIG. 3. mTOR-mediated Grb10 phosphorylation is important for Grb10 stability. (A) Grb10 interacts with raptor, but not rictor. HA-tagged Grb10 was co-transfected with Myc-raptor or Myc-rictor in HEK293T cells. Cells were lysed in lysis buffer A, and the lysates were subjected to immunoprecipitation using anti-HA antibody conjugated beads. Raptor and rictor were probed with an antibody against the Myc-tag. (B) Grb10 is phosphorylated by mTOR in vitro. Recombinant Grb10 was prepared from bacteria (the GST-fused Grb10 shows a molecular weight of 80 kDa) and was incubated with recombinant mTOR in vitro. Phosphorylation of Grb10 at S501/S503 was detected by using the phospho-specific antibody against these two sites. (C) Long-term rapamycin treatment leads to Grb10 degradation in TSC2−/− cells. Note that Grb10 protein expression levels inversely correlated with Akt activity. Grb10 is highly overexpressed in TSC2−/− cells. mRNA level was determined using quantitative RT-PCR based on three biological replicate experiments. (D) Knockdown of raptor in TSC2−/− cells decreased Grb10 protein level. Cells were starved overnight and the lysates were probed with the antibodies indicated. (E) Grb10 is highly overexpressed in TSC2−/− cells. (F) S501A/S503A mutant is unstable compared with the wild-type or the S501D/S503D mutant. The same amount of DNA was transfected into HEK293T cells. (G) Rapamycin failed to induce degradation of the S501D/S503D mutant. S501D/S503D mutant (DD) was stably expressed in TSC2−/− cells and cells were treated with 20 nM rapamycin for the indicated times. Endogenous Grb10 was detected using an antibody that preferentially recognizes mouse Grb10 whereas the Grb10 DD mutant (of human origin) was detected using an anti-HA antibody.
  • FIG. 4. Grb10 is involved in the feedback inhibition loop from mTORC1 to PI3K and MAPK and GRB10 mRNA expression is significantly down-regulated in many cancers and is negatively correlated with PTEN expression. (A) Knockdown of Grb10 in TSC2−/− cells resulted in PI3K and MAPK hyperactivation after insulin or IGF stimulation. (B) Knockdown of Grb10 in TSC2−/− cells protected cells against apoptosis. Grb10 knockdown and control cells were starved overnight and then treated with 100 nM staurosporine for 5 hrs to induce apoptosis. (C) Box plots indicating that GRB10 expression is significantly lower in many tumor types compared to their corresponding normal tissues. (Only the tumor types that showed significantly lower GRB10 expression in cancer vs. normal in at least three independent microarray datasets are included). (D) Heat maps indicating a strong negative correlation between GRB10 and PTEN expression in breast carcinomas and myelomas. Low levels of GRB10 expression rarely occurred in tumors that also showed low levels of PTEN expression. (E) Scatter plots comparing the expression levels of GRB10 and PTEN levels in the normal and tumor samples, collected overall from 6 different tissue types, where GRB10 was shown to be significantly down-regulated in cancer vs. normal. The negative correlation between GRB10 and PTEN expression is evident in the tumor (P<0.001) but not in the corresponding normal samples.
  • FIG. 5. Data analysis for the rapamycin screen and Ku-0063794 screen. (A) Phosphopeptides enrichment in the second biological replicate experiment of the rapamycin screen. Number of phospho- and nonphospho-peptides, in each SCX fraction was plotted. (B) Number of downregulated proteins in the two biological replicates of the rapamycin screen. (C) Ku-0063794 inhibits insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation. (D) Pathways enriched in the downregulated phospho-proteins identified in the Ku-0063794 screen. The top ten overrepresented pathways were shown. Analysis was performed using DAVID. See Huang D W, Sherman B T, Lempicki R A. Systematic and integrative analysis of large gene lists using DAVID Bioinformatics Resources. Nature Protoc. 2009; 4(1):44-57; and Dennis G Jr, Sherman B T, Hosack D A, Yang J, Gao W, Lane H C, Lempicki R A. DAVID: Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery. Genome Biol. 2003; 4(5):P3; both incorporated herein by reference for disclosure of integrative analysis methods for large datasets.
  • FIG. 6. Examples of protein phosphorylation changes identified in the rapamycin and Ku-0063794 screens. Note that the light cells were treated with rapamycin and the heavy cells were treated with DMSO in the rapamycin screen (2nd biological replicate). For the Ku-0063794 screen, light cells were treated with rapamycin whereas the heavy cells were treated with a combination of rapamycin and Ku-0063794. (A) Phosphorylation changes of different sites on 4EBP in the rapamycin screen and Ku-0063794 screen. Phosphorylation of T36/T45 was partially responsive to rapamycin and was completely abolished as a result of Ku-0063794 treatment. In contrast, T70 phosphorylation is mTOR-independent (B) NRDG1 phosphorylation at S330/S333 was sensitive to Ku-0063794 but not rapamycin inhibition. (C) GSK3β phosphorylation at S9 decreased in both rapamycin and Ku-0063794 screen.
  • FIG. 7. Identification of the rapamycin-sensitive phosphorylation sites on mTOR (A) Intensities of an mTOR peptide 2471AGTTVPES*HIS*FIGDGLVKPEALNKK2496 (SEQ ID NO: 3, * indicates phosphorylation sites) from the rapamycin-treated (Light) and control (Heavy) TSC2−/− cells (B) Domain structure of mTOR and conservation of S2478 and S2481 across different species. Sequences, from top to bottom: SEQ ID NO: 1728 to SEQ ID NO: 1735, respectively. (C) Immunoblot experiments showing phospho-mTOR at S2481 is inhibited by acute rapamycin treatment. TSC2−/− cells were starved and then treated with 20 nM rapamycin for the indicated times. (D) mTOR kinase inhibitor pp 242 completely ablated mTOR phosphorylation at S2481. TSC2−/− cells were starved and were then treated with 1 pp 242 for two hours.
  • FIG. 8. Identification of rapamycin-sensitive phosphorylation sites on Grb10. (A) MS/MS experiments identified that phosphorylation of residues S501/S503 of Grb10 is strongly inhibited by rapamycin. (B) Phosphorylation at S455/S458 is rapamycin-insensitive. Sequences, from top to bottom: SEQ ID NO: 1736 and SEQ ID NO: 1737, respectively.
  • FIG. 9. Phosphorylation of Grb10 at S501/S503 regulates its stability. (A) An antibody showed specificity towards Grb10 phosphorylation at S501/S503. Preincubation of the antibody with the blocking antibody completely eliminated the immunoreactivity. (B) Further validation of the phospho-specific antibody raised against the Grb10 S501/S503 sites. Grb10 WT, S501A/S503A (AA) and S501D/S503D (DD) were transfected into HEK239T cells and were probed with the antibody. Note that this antibody detected wild type (WT) Grb10, but neither of the mutant proteins. (C) Treatment of TSC2−/− cells with various mTOR kinase inhibitors led to Grb10 degradation. (D) Both rapamycin and NVP-BEZ235 treatment led to a decreased level of Grb10 in TSC1−/− cells. (E) Grb10 is highly overexpressed in TSC1−/− cells compared with their wild-type counterparts. (F) rapamycin treatment of TSC2−/− cells stably expressing wild type (WT) Grb10 led to lower levels of both endogenous and exogenous Grb10.
  • FIG. 10. Grb10 is involved in the feedback loop from mTORC1 to PI3K. (A) Overexpression of Grb10 in HEK293 cells inhibited PI3K activation. W, wild type (WT) Grb10, A, AA mutant and D, DD mutant. Knockdown of Grb10 in TSC2−/− cells led to IRS hyperphosphorylation after insulin stimulation. (B) Overexpression of Grb10 in HEK239 cells suppressed IRS tyrosine phosphorylation and PI3K recruitment after insulin stimulation. HA-tagged Grb10 was transfected and IRS2 immunoprecipitates were analyzed. Phosphorylation at Y612 of IRS was detected. (C) HA-tagged Grb10 was transfected and p85 immunoprecipitates were analyzed. (D) Knockdown of Grb10 in TSC2−/− cells led to increased IRS Y612 phosphorylation upon insulin stimulation. (E) Knockdown of Grb10 in TSC2−/− cells protected these cells against etoposide-induced apoptosis. Cells were starved overnight and were treated with 100 μM etoposide for the indicated times.
  • DEFINITIONS
  • In the tables and the database, *, @, ̂ and # denote phosphorylation (Ser, Thr and Tyr), heavy Lys, heavy Arg and oxidation (Met), respectively. International Protein Index (IPI) reference numbers are given in some of the tables and the database provided herein. The IPI database can be accessed at the European Bioinformatics Institute homepage (www.ebi.ac.uk/), for example, at (www.ebi.ac.uk/IPI/IPIhelp.html). Each IPI database entry provided by accession number is incorporated herein by reference for disclosure of the respective proteins amino acid sequence and accompanying protein information.
  • The term “antibody,” as used herein, refers to an immunoglobulin, whether natural or wholly or partially synthetically produced. All derivatives thereof which maintain specific binding ability are also included in the term. The term also covers any protein having a binding domain which is homologous or largely homologous to an immunoglobulin binding domain. These proteins may be derived from natural sources, or partly or wholly synthetically produced. An antibody may be monoclonal or polyclonal. The antibody may be a member of any immunoglobulin class, including any of the human classes:IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE. Derivatives of the IgG class, however, are preferred in the present invention.
  • The term “antibody fragment,” as used herein, refers to any derivative of an antibody which is less than full-length. Preferably, the antibody fragment retains at least a significant portion of the full-length antibody's specific binding ability. Examples of antibody fragments include, but are not limited to, Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)2, scFv, Fv, dsFv, diabody, and Fd fragments. The antibody fragment may be produced by any means. For instance, the antibody fragment may be enzymatically or chemically produced by fragmentation of an intact antibody or it may be recombinantly produced from a gene encoding the partial antibody sequence. Alternatively, the antibody fragment may be wholly or partially synthetically produced. The antibody fragment may optionally be a single chain antibody fragment. Alternatively, the fragment may comprise multiple chains which are linked together, for instance, by disulfide linkages. The fragment may also optionally be a multimolecular complex. A functional antibody fragment will typically comprise at least about 50 amino acids and more typically will comprise at least about 200 amino acids.
  • Single-chain Fvs (scFvs) are recombinant antibody fragments consisting of only the variable light chain (VL) and variable heavy chain (VH) covalently connected to one another by a polypeptide linker. Either VL or VH may be the NH2-terminal domain. The polypeptide linker may be of variable length and composition so long as the two variable domains are bridged without serious steric interference. Typically, the linkers are comprised primarily of stretches of glycine and serine residues with some glutamic acid or lysine residues interspersed for solubility.
  • Diabodies are dimeric scFvs. The components of diabodies typically have shorter peptide linkers than most scFvs, and they show a preference for associating as dimers.
  • An Fv fragment is an antibody fragment which consists of one VH and one VL domain held together by noncovalent interactions. The term dsFv is used herein to refer to an Fv with an engineered intermolecular disulfide bond to stabilize the VH-VL pair.
  • A F(ab′)2 fragment is an antibody fragment essentially equivalent to that obtained from immunoglobulins (typically IgG) by digestion with an enzyme pepsin at pH 4.0-4.5. The fragment may be recombinantly produced.
  • A Fab fragment is an antibody fragment essentially equivalent to that obtained by reduction of the disulfide bridge or bridges joining the two heavy chain pieces in the F(ab′)2 fragment. The Fab′ fragment may be recombinantly produced.
  • A Fab fragment is an antibody fragment essentially equivalent to that obtained by digestion of immunoglobulins (typically IgG) with the enzyme papain. The Fab fragment may be recombinantly produced. The heavy chain segment of the Fab fragment is the Fd piece.
  • The term “binding agent”, as used herein, refers to an agent binding a target molecule, for example, a polypeptide comprising a phosphorylation site provided herein, with high specificity. Examples of binding agents are antibodies, antibody fragments, aptamers, and adnectins.
  • The term “phosphosensitive”, as used herein in the context of a binding agent, refers to a binding agent that specifically binds to a phosphorylation site, for example, a phosphorylation site provided herein, in either the phosphorylated or non-phosphorylated state. In some embodiments, a phosphosensitive binding agent provided herein binds to the phosphorylation site in its phosphorylated state, but does not significantly bind the phosphorylation site in a non-phosphorylated state. Phosphosensitive binding agents, for example, phosphosensitive antibodies or antibody fragments, accordingly, allow for the detection of phosphorylation at a specific phosphorylation site.
  • The term “cancer”, as used herein, refers to a malignant neoplastic disease. Most cancers are characterized by hyperproliferation of a cell population. In some embodiments, a cancer manifests as a solid tumor. In some embodiments, a cancer manifests as a liquid tumor. Non-limiting examples of cancers include carcinomas (derived from epithelial cells, e.g., some forms of breast, prostate, lung and colon cancer), sarcomas (derived from connective tissue or mesenchymal cells), lymphoma and leukemia (derived from hematopoietic cells) and seminomas (derived from germ cells).
  • The term “cancer cell”, as used herein, refers to a malignant neoplastic cell. In some embodiments, a cancer cell is part of a neoplastic cell population. In some embodiments, a cancer cell is a cell of a solid tumor. In some embodiments, a cancer cell is a cell of a liquid tumor. In some embodiments, a cancer cell carries a mutation that affects regulation of cell cycle control. In some embodiments, a cancer cell is a cell obtained from a tumor in a subject.
  • The term “candidate agent”, as used herein refers to a molecule to be tested for a specific property, for example, for its ability to inhibit mTOR kinase activity. In some embodiments, a candidate agent is a small molecule. In some embodiments, a candidate agent is a polypeptide or protein. In some embodiments, a candidate agent is a binding agent. In some embodiments, a candidate agent is a nucleic acid.
  • The term “determining a level of expression”, as used herein, refers to performing an assay to determine the level of a gene product expressed in a cell or tissue, for example, in a cancer cell or tumor tissue. In some embodiments, the assay includes obtaining a cell from a subject, for example, by biopsy. In some embodiments, the gene product is a transcript, for example, an mRNA. In other embodiments, the gene product is a protein, for example, an mTOR substrate disclosed herein, or a protein comprising a phosphorylation site disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the gene product is a protein that is phosphorylated at a specific phosphorylation site. In some embodiments, the gene product is a protein that is not phosphorylated at a specific phosphorylation site. Methods, assays, and reagents to determine the level of a gene product in a cell or tissue are described herein and are well known to those of skill in the art. See, for example, Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning, second edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Plainview, N.Y.; (1989), or Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Current Protocols (1989), and DNA Cloning: A Practical Approach, Volumes I and II (ed. D. N. Glover) IREL Press, Oxford, (1985); each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • Methods to determine transcript levels include, for example, RT-PCR, northern blot, in situ hybridization, microarray assays, and massive parallel sequencing assays. Methods to determine protein levels include, for example, western blot, immunohistochemistry, ELISA, protein array assays, and mass spectrometry.
  • The term “high risk of expressing an elevated level of PI3K, Akt, and/or MAPK activity”, as used herein in the context of cells, refers to a condition in a cell that is likely to result in upregulation of PI3K, Akt, and/or MAPK kinase activity, when the cell is contacted with a therapeutic agent, for example, with an mTOR inhibitor. The term “risk” is used interchangeably with the term “likelihood” in this context. Such risk can be conferred through feedback-relief triggered by the therapeutic target. For example, in some embodiments, a cell, for example, a cell derived from a tumor in a subject, is determined to have a high likelihood of expressing an elevated level of PI3K, Akt, and/or MAPK, if it is established that the cell highly expresses a feedback-mediator, for example, phosphorylated Grb10, that limits PI3K, Akt, and/or MAPK expression. If the feedback-mediator is a known substrate of an oncogenic kinase, for example, if the feedback-mediator is the mTOR kinase substrate Grb10, then the cell is likely to exhibit feedback relief upon administration of an inhibitor of the kinase, for example, an mTOR kinase inhibitor, which, in turn, may increase the cell's proliferation and/or survival capacity.
  • The term “inhibitor” as used herein in the context of kinases, refers to a molecule that inhibits the activity of a kinase. In some embodiments, an inhibitor diminishes the catalytic activity of a kinase. In some embodiments, an inhibitor abolishes the catalytic activity of a kinase. In some embodiments, the inhibitor is a small molecule. In some embodiments, the inhibitor is a nucleic acid or a polypeptide. In some embodiments, the inhibitor is a binding agent. In some embodiments, a kinase inhibitor effects inhibition by down-regulating expression of the kinase. In some embodiments, a kinase inhibitor effects inhibition by binding the kinase and interfering with the kinase reaction. In some embodiments, a kinase inhibitor is an allosteric kinase inhibitor. The term “allosteric kinase inhibitor” refers to a kinase inhibitor, for example, a small molecule, that binds its target kinase, wherein the binding of the inhibitor results in an allosteric change in the kinase molecule, leading to diminished kinase activity. Allosteric changes leading to diminished kinase activity can be changes resulting in a reduction of the kinase's ability to bind a substrate molecule, or changes resulting in a reduction of the kinases ability to transfer a phosphate group to a substrate molecule. In some embodiments, the kinase inhibitor is a catalytic kinase inhibitor. In some embodiments, a catalytic inhibitor, which itself cannot partake in a kinase reaction, competes with a kinase substrate for binding. In some embodiments, a catalytic kinase inhibitor is an ATP-competitive inhibitor.
  • The term “effective amount”, as used herein in the context of kinase inhibitors, refers to an amount of kinase inhibitor sufficient to achieve a measurable inhibition of kinase activity, or an amount of kinase inhibitor sufficient to achieve a clinically desirable outcome. For example, an effective amount of the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin is, in some embodiments, an amount of rapamycin that, when administered to a cell or tissue, results in a measurable decrease in mTOR kinase activity in the cell or tissue. In some embodiments, an effective amount of a kinase inhibitor is an amount that is effective to reduce the activity of the target kinase in a cell or tissue to less than 75%, less than 50%, less than 40%, less than 30%, less than 25%, less than 20%, less than 10%, less than 5%, less than 2.5%, less than 2%, or less than 1% of the activity in the cell or tissue not treated with the inhibitor. Assays for measuring kinase activity are well known in the art and described in more detail elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, an effective amount of a kinase inhibitor, for example, of rapamycin, is an amount that, when administered to a subject, for example, a subject having a cancer with elevated mTOR activity, results in a clinically desirable outcome. In some embodiments, a clinically desirable outcome is reversal of a disease, for example, a decrease in neoplastic or malignant cell number, tumor size, or cell proliferation rate, for example, in a subject having a proliferative disease, e.g., a neoplastic disease or a cancer, or a delay in the progression of a disease, for example a progression from one tumor stage to the next, or from a benign to a malignant neoplastic disease.
  • The term “mTOR kinase inhibitor” as used herein, refers to a molecule inhibiting a kinase activity of the mTOR kinase. Examples of mTOR kinase inhibitors are mTORC1 kinase inhibitors and mTORC1/2 inhibitors. Examples of mTORC1 kinase inhibitors are rapamycin and rapamycin analogs (e.g., Ridaforolimus, Sirolimus or Everolimus). Examples of mTORC1/2 inhibitors are PP242, PP30, AZD8055, OSI-027, WYE354, INK-128, XL388, and torin1. Further examples of mTOR inhibitors are inhibitors that target mTOR and an additional kinase or additional kinases, for example, dual PI3K/mTOR kinase inhibitors (e.g., NVP-BEZ235, BGT-226, XL-765, GSK2126458, or SF1126).
  • The term “PI3K kinase inhibitor”, as used herein, refers to a molecule that inhibits PI3K kinase activity. Examples of PI3K inhibitors are ZSTK474, TGX221, GDC0941, LY294002, XL147, PX147, BKM120, GSK 615, CAL101, and PX-866.
  • The term “mutation”, as used herein, refers to a change in a gene sequence, for example, a deletion, insertion, inversion, transposition, or substitution. In some embodiments, the mutation results in a change of the expression level of the gene product encoded by the respective gene. In some embodiments, a mutation is a mutation in a gene involved in an mTOR signaling pathway, for example, a gene encoding a protein that regulates, directly or indirectly, mTOR kinase activity. Examples of genes involved in an mTOR signaling pathway are Ras, Raf, MAPK, RSK, receptor tyrosine kinases, PI3K (Phosphoinositide 3-kinase), PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog), Akt (Protein Kinase B), TSC1/2 (Tuberous sclerosis protein 1, Tuberous sclerosis protein 2, respectively), MEK (Dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1, MAPK21), LKB (, and NF2 (Neurofibromatosis 2). Methods to determine whether a cell carries a mutation in a gene are well known to those of skill in the related arts.
  • The term “phosphoproteomic profile”, as used herein, refers to a dataset comprising information regarding the level of phosphorylation of a plurality of phosphorylation sites in a biological sample, for example, a proteinaceous sample derived from a cell or tissue sample. Phosphoproteomic profiles of multiple samples can be compared and similarities and dissimilarities in such profiles can be detected and quantified by methods well known to those of skill in the art, including, but not limited to, supervised and non-supervised learning, hierarchical clustering, nearest neighbor analysis. In some embodiments, a phosphoproteomics profile of a clinical sample, for example, of a sample derived from a malignant cell or tissue sample of a subject is compared to a reference sample from healthy cells or tissue, for example, to determine aberrations in protein phosphorylation in the malignant cell or tissue sample. In some embodiments, a phosphoproteomics profile of a clinical sample at issue is compared to phosphoproteomics profiles of clinical samples of known character, for example, to classify the clinical sample at issue. Phosphoproteomic profiles can be classified by methods well known in the art, including the building and application of predictors for the classification.
  • The term “phosphorylation level”, as used herein, refers to the proportion of phosphorylated polypeptides carrying a certain phosphorylation site in a sample relation to all polypeptides carrying the phosphorylation site in the sample. For example, if the total number of polypeptides carrying a specific phosphorylation site in a sample is 10, and 3 of these proteins are phosphorylated at that site, while 7 are not, then the phosphorylation level of this phosphorylation site in the sample would be 30%. Phosphorylation levels can be detected and quantified by methods known to those in the art, for example, by protein detection using phosphosensitive binding agents, e.g., phosphosensitive antibodies or antibody fragments. Most protein quantitation methods known to those of skill in the art do not allow for precise molecule counting, so phosphorylation levels are often approximated based on estimations of the number or fractions of phosphorylated proteins in a sample, for example, after western blot or protein microarray analysis using phosphosensitive antibodies or antibody fragments.
  • The term “phosphorylation site”, as used herein, refers to an amino acid residue within an amino acid sequence, or motif, that can be phosphorylated, for example, by a kinase targeting the respective site. A phosphorylation site is a substrate of a kinase if it can be phosphorylated by that kinase. For example, 5421 and S432 are phosphorylation sites in Grb10 isoform 3 within the motif MSNILSS*QS*PLHPSTLNAVIHR (SEQ ID NO: 4), and are both mTOR substrates, as described elsewhere herein. mTOR phosphorylation sites can further be classified into three classes, as used herein. The term “class I phosphorylation site”, as used herein, refers to a phosphorylation site that is targeted by rapamycin-sensitive mTORC1 activity. The term “class II phosphorylation site,” as used herein, refers to a phosphorylation site that is targeted by rapamycin-insensitive mTORC1 and/or mTORC2 activity. The term “class III phosphorylation site,” as used herein, refers to a phosphorylation site that is targeted by rapamycin-sensitive mTOR activity, rapamycin-insensitive mTOR activity, or both.
  • The term “proliferative disease,” as used herein, refers to any disease in which cell or tissue homeostasis is disturbed in that a cell or cell population exhibits an abnormally elevated proliferation rate. Proliferative diseases include hyperproliferative diseases, such as pre-neoplastic hyperplastic conditions and neoplastic diseases. Neoplastic diseases are characterized by an abnormal proliferation of cells and include both benign and malignant neoplasias. Malignant neoplasia is also referred to a s cancer.
  • The term “reference”, interchangeably used with the term “control” herein, refers to a value, sample, or parameter that serves as a baseline for comparing a value, sample, or parameter of interest to. The use of a reference can be of value in many methods that allow for the detection of absolute levels, for example, of expression, phosphorylation, or protein binding, and is essential in methods that yield semi-quantitative or relative results. Comparing an assay result obtained for a cell or tissue in question, for example, a cell or tissue obtained from a tumor in a subject, to a reference result allows a determination whether the result is abnormal. Depending on their nature, abnormal results can support the inference of specific molecular or cellular aberrations and, in some embodiments, a selection of a course of treatment over another. In some embodiments, a reference value is obtained from cells of the same cell type or the same tissue of origin as the cell in question. For example, in some embodiments, a diseased and a healthy cell is obtained from a subject, and the cells are assayed by methods provided herein in parallel. The value observed in the healthy cell, for example, a level of phosphorylation of a protein then typically serves as the reference level to which the level observed in the cell in question is compared. In other embodiments, the reference level is an average level observed or expected in normal cells. In some embodiments, the reference level is a range typically observed in healthy cells. A suitable reference depends, of course, on the type of assay and sample involved. A suitable reference for a given assay or sample will readily be apparent to those of skill in the art. The following list of exemplary references is for illustration only, since the invention is not limited in this respect.
  • In some embodiments, a suitable reference level, for example, a suitable reference phosphorylation or expression level, is a level observed or expected in a healthy cell or tissue of the same type as the cell or tissue in question. In some embodiments, for example, in some embodiments where a tumor biopsy is assayed, a suitable reference level is a level observed or expected in healthy cells or tissue of the same tissue the tumor originated from, or in cells or tissue adjacent to the tumor. In some embodiments, for example, in some embodiments where a cell is assayed, a reference cell is a healthy cell that is of the same cell type or tissue of origin as the cell in question. In some embodiments, a reference cell is a cell exhibiting normal mTOR kinase activity. In some embodiments, a reference cell is a malignant cell of known phenotype, for example, a malignant cell known to exhibit elevated mTOR kinase activity, a cell known to exhibit elevated mTORC1 kinase activity, or a cell known to exhibit elevated mTORC1/2 kinase activity. In some embodiments, a reference cell is a malignant cell of known phenotype, for example, a rapamycin-sensitive cancer cell or a rapamycin-sensitive cancer cell.
  • In some embodiments, a suitable reference level is an average level calculated or approximated from historic data. In some embodiments, a reference level is a level obtained from a reference cell or tissue assayed in parallel to the cell or tissue in question. In some embodiments, a level obtained from a cell or tissue sample is determined to be different (higher or lower) than the reference level, if it is statistically significantly different (higher or lower) than the reference level. In some embodiments, a level obtained from a cell or tissue sample is determined to be higher than the reference level, if the level is at least about 1.25-fold, at least about 1.5-fold, at least about 2-fold, at least about 3-fold, at least about 5-fold, or at least about 10-fold the reference level. In some embodiments, a level obtained from a cell or tissue sample is determined to be lower than the reference level, if it is less than about 0.75-fold, less than about 0.70-fold, less than about 0.60-fold, less than about 0.50-fold, less than about 0.40-fold, less than about 0.30-fold, less than about 0.25-fold, less than about 0.10-fold, less than about 0.05-fold, or less than about 0.01-fold the reference level. In some embodiments, a level obtained from a cell or tissue is determined to be substantially similar to the reference level, if it is not statistically significantly different from the reference level. In some embodiments, a level obtained from a cell or tissue is determined to be substantially similar to a reference level, if it is within the range of 0.75-fold to 1.25-fold of the reference level. In some embodiments, a profile comprising a plurality of levels obtained from a cell or tissue sample is determined to be substantially similar to a reference profile, if the profiles cluster together in a clustering analysis. In some embodiments, a multi-value profile obtained from a cell or tissue is determined to be substantially similar to a reference profile, if the correlation coefficient between the profiles is at least 0.75, at least 0.8, at least 0.85, at least 0.9, at least 0.91, at least 0.92, at least 0.93, at least 0.94, at least 0.95, at least 0.96, at least 0.97, at least 0.98, or at least 0.99.
  • The term “sample”, as used herein, refers to a biological sample. A biological sample typically comprises a cell or tissue, or biological material derived from a cell or tissue. Examples of biological samples are cell samples and tissue samples obtained from a subject, for example, from a subject having a cancer, cell or tissue cultures, and extracts or preparations obtained from any such samples, for example, protein extracts, isolated proteins or isolated nucleic acids obtained from such samples.
  • A “proteinaceous” sample is a sample comprising proteins or fragments of proteins. In some embodiments, a proteinaceous sample is a sample derived from a cell that includes proteins or fragments of proteins expressed in the cell. In some embodiments, the sample includes a lysed cell. In some embodiments, the sample includes proteins isolated from a cell. In some embodiments, the sample includes an isolated, enriched, or purified protein fraction from a cell, for example, a protein fraction obtained by methods described herein or known to those of skill in the art to separate nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and/or lipids from proteins or fractions of proteins. In some embodiments, the sample is prepared under conditions suitable for obtaining native proteins from a cell. In some embodiments, the sample is prepared under conditions that do not significantly affect native protein phosphorylation patterns. In some embodiments, the sample is prepared under conditions that do not significantly affect the antigenic structure of a phosphorylation site identified herein, for example, a phosphorylation site identified herein to be a target of mTOR kinase activity. In some embodiments, the sample is prepared under conditions suitable for obtaining denatured or fragmented proteins.
  • The term “subject,” as used herein, refers to an individual mammal. In some embodiments, the subject is a human. In some embodiments, the subject is a non-human mammal. In some embodiments, the subject is a non-human primate. In some embodiments, the subject is a rodent. In some embodiments, the subject is a sheep, a goat, a cattle, a cat, or a dog. In some embodiments, the subject is a subject diagnosed to have a cancer. In some embodiments, the subject is a subject diagnosed to have a cancer that exhibits an elevated level of mTOR kinase activity. In some embodiments, the subject is a subject not diagnosed with a cancer.
  • The term “target,” as used herein in the context of kinases, refers to a substrate of a kinase. The term can, accordingly, refer to a protein (e.g., Grb10 is a target of mTOR kinase), to an amino acid sequence comprising a phosphorylation site (e.g., MNILSS*QS*PLHPSTLNAVIHR (SEQ ID NO: 5) or MNILGS*QS*PLHPSTLSTVIHR (SEQ ID NO: 6) are target sequences of mTOR), or to an amino acid residue (e.g. S421 and S423 of mouse Grb10, isoform 3, are targets of mTOR).
  • The term “tumor,” as used herein, refers to a neoplasm or a solid lesion formed by neoplastic cells. A tumor can be benign, pre-malignant, or malignant. In some embodiments, the tumor is a malignant tumor.
  • The term “treatment”, interchangeably used herein with the term “therapy,” as used herein, refers to a clinical intervention aimed to prevent or to ameliorate a disease or condition in a subject. In some embodiments, a treatment is aimed to ameliorate an existing condition, for example, a cancer in a subject. In some embodiments, a treatment is aimed to prevent a condition from occurring or from recurring. For example, in some embodiments, an mTOR kinase inhibitor is administered to a subject having a cancer exhibiting an elevated level of mTOR activity in order to inhibit cell proliferation in the malignant cells. For another example, in some embodiments, an mTOR kinase inhibitor is administered to a subject having a cancer exhibiting an elevated level of mTOR activity after a malignant tumor has been removed from the subject, in order to prevent or delay recurrence of the disease. The foregoing examples are non-limiting, and those of skill in the art will readily envision further scenarios of treatment as the invention is not limited in this respect. Some embodiments include a choice of treatment, referring to a selection of a clinical intervention from a number of alternatives, or to a design of a clinical intervention to meet the specific needs of an individual subject. In some embodiments, a choice of treatment involves the design of a personalized therapeutic approach for a subject having a cancer exhibiting elevated mTOR activity based on the results from diagnostic methods provided herein. For example, in some embodiments, a choice of treatment includes administering to a subject having cancer a specific mTOR inhibitor in combination with an additional kinase inhibitor targeting an mTOR feedback-inhibited pathway based on a determination that cancer cells in the subject exhibit high mTOR activity and elevated levels of a feedback-inhibitor targeted by mTOR in order to avoid feedback relief. In some embodiments, a choice of treatment includes the determination of an appropriate treatment. Some embodiments further include carrying out the selected treatment.
  • DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN EMBODIMENTS
  • This invention relates to the identification of proteins and sites on those proteins that are phosphorylated by mTOR kinase. Some aspects of this invention relate to the surprising discovery that some proteins that are substrates of mTOR kinase regulate mTOR upstream signaling pathways, thus providing feedback regulatory circuits. Some aspects of this invention relate to methods of classifying cells, for example, neoplastic cells or cancer cells, based on the phosphorylation status of mTOR targets. Some aspects of this invention relate to methods of personalized treatment of subjects having a proliferative disease, for example, a neoplastic disease or a cancer, exhibiting elevated mTOR signaling based on the phosphorylation status of mTOR targets in the diseased cells. Other aspects of this invention relate to methods and materials for the generation of phosphoproteomics profiles that include phosphorylation data for a plurality of mTOR targets. Some aspects of this invention relate to classification of cells or tissues, for example, tumor cells or tissues, based on phosphoproteomic data, for example, based on phosphoproteomic profiles of the cells or tissues. Some aspects of this invention relate to methods of identifying mTOR kinase inhibitors by identifying compounds able to interfere with mTOR kinase activity towards one or more of the mTOR targets provided herein. Some aspects of this invention relate to the identification of Grb10 as a target of mTOR kinase activity, and to methods for determining the level of mTOR activity in a cell based on Grb10 phosphorylation status. Some aspects of this invention relate to the surprising discovery that Grb10 is not only a target of mTOR kinase activity, but also an inhibitor of PI3K kinase activity. Since PI3K is a positive regulator of mTOR kinase activity, Grb10 has been identified as a mediator of mTOR feedback inhibition herein. Other aspects of this invention relate to the surprising discovery that Grb10 and PTEN mutations are mutually exclusive in certain types of tumor cells. Accordingly, some aspects of this invention relate to the surprising discovery that Grb10 is a tumor suppressor and that Grb10 phosphorylation is a useful biomarker for determining mTOR kinase activity in cells, and particularly in tumor cells. Other aspects of this invention relate to methods and reagents useful for determining the phosphorylation status of a protein or phosphorylation site identified to be an mTOR target herein. For example, some aspects of this invention provide phosphosensitive antibodies or antibody fragments specifically binding an mTOR kinase target site identified herein in either the phosphorylated or the non-phosphorylated state, thus allowing for a determination of the phosphorylation state of such a site in a cell.
  • mTOR Target Proteins and Sites
    Identification of mTOR Target Sites
  • Some aspects of this invention relate to the identification of proteins and phosphorylation sites thereon as downstream targets of mTOR kinase activity. Targets of mTOR kinase activity are provided in Tables 1 and 2.
  • Classification of mTOR Targets
  • Some aspects of this invention relate to the classification of mTOR target phosphorylation sites provided herein as class I (targets of rapamycin-sensitive mTORC1 kinase signaling), class II (targets of rapamycin-insensitive mTORC1 or mTORC2 signaling), and class III (targets of both rapamycin-sensitive and rapamycin-insensitive mTOR signaling) phosphorylation sites.
  • This classification is useful to determine the type(s) of mTOR signaling exhibited by a cell or tissue and can support a classification of cells that are targeted for therapy, for example, of cancer cells. For example, in some embodiments, the phosphorylation status of an mTOR target is determined in a cancer cell obtained from a subject with a cancer exhibiting elevated mTOR kinase activity. Classification of the type of mTOR signaling can, in some embodiments, be a basis for the selection of an appropriate therapeutic approach. For example, if it is determined that a class I target of mTOR signaling is phosphorylated, then the elevated mTOR kinase activity is rapamycin-sensitive mTORC1 kinase activity. In some such embodiments, a method of treatment is then typically selected that includes administration of an inhibitor of rapamycin-sensitive mTORC1 signaling, for example, rapamycin or a rapamycin analog.
  • To give but another example: if it is determined that a class II target of mTOR signaling is phosphorylated, then the elevated mTOR kinase activity is rapamycin-insensitive mTORC1 or mTORC2 kinase activity. In some such embodiments, a method of treatment is then typically selected that includes administration of an mTORC1/2 inhibitor as provided herein. In some embodiments where class I targets of mTOR signaling are found to not be phosphorylated, a method of treatment is typically selected that does not include administration of an mTORC1 inhibitor.
  • To give a third example: if it is determined that a class III target of mTOR signaling is phosphorylated, then a method of treatment is selected that includes administration of an mTORC1 inhibitor and an mTORC1/2 inhibitor as provided herein. In some embodiments, a method of treatment that includes administering an mTORC1 inhibitor or an mTORC1/2 inhibitor alone may be inappropriate.
  • Further, some aspects of this invention provide methods to analyze gene ontology distributions in sets of mTOR targets, for example, in order to determine whether a specific signaling pathway is targeted by mTOR in a given cell, or a given therapeutic or experimental scenario.
  • Exemplary Proteins Identified in the Rapamycin Phosphoproteomic Screen as Targets of mTORC1 Signaling.
  • The phosphoproteomic screen described herein identified numerous proteins as mTOR targets, for example, as mTORC1 targets. As described in more detail elsewhere herein, the expression, expression level, phosphorylation, or phosphorylation level of one or more of such mTOR target proteins, for example, the proteins described in any of tables 1-3, or the level of phosphorylation of their respective phosphorylation sites, is employed, in some embodiments, as a biomarker for monitoring or diagnosing disease. In some embodiments, the mTOR target proteins disclosed herein, for example, the mTORC1 target proteins described in any of tables 1-3, are used in pharmaceutical screens as drug targets for the development of drugs modulating mTOR pathway downstream effects. Some exemplary mTORC1 target proteins identified herein are described in more detail below. These descriptions of exemplary mTOR target proteins are for illustration of some aspects of this disclosure and are not meant to limit the scope of the invention. Grb10, one of the mTORC1 protein targets identified in the phosphoproteomics screen, is described in more detail elsewhere herein. Briefly, Grb10, also known as growth factor receptor-bound protein 10, is stabilized by mTORC1-mediated phosphorylation, which, in turn, results in feedback inhibition of the PI3K and MAPK pathways. This is consistent with Grb10 expression being frequently downregulated in a variety of cancers. Grb10 is a tumor suppressor with relevance across a broad spectrum of cancer subtypes, and the identification of Grb10 as an mTORC1 substrate links mTORC1 activity to cancers with aberrantly low Grb10 expression or stability. Accordingly, some embodiments provide Grb10 phosphorylation as a biomarker for mTORC1 activity in a cell, tissue, or sample of interest. Methods of using Grb10 expression or phosphorylation assays to monitor mTORC1 activity in a cell, tissue, or sample of interest are also provided. For example, some embodiments provide a method of monitoring the efficacy of a drug on mTORC1 activity in a cell, tissue, or sample, by measuring Grb10 expression or phosphorylation levels. In some embodiments, such assessments are used to diagnose or monitor a disease associated with aberrant levels of mTORC1 activity, for example, cancer, or to adjust a drug dosage, for example, to the minimal dosage necessary to achieve a target mTORC1 activity level, or to choose a suitable drug modulating mTORC1 activity from a plurality of drugs, for example, the drug that shows the highest efficacy at a given dose.
  • Some of the mTORC1 protein targets identified herein are potential regulators of gene expression. For example, FOXK1 (Forkhead box protein K1), also known to those of skill in the art as MNF, or MNF (myocyte nuclear factor)-beta, is a winged-helix protein expressed selectively and transiently in myogenic precursor cells of the heart and skeletal muscles, and collaborates with proteins of the mammalian Sin3 (mSin3) family to repress transcription. Mutated forms of MNF-beta that fail to bind mSin3 are defective in transcriptional repression and in negative growth regulation, an overexpression phenotype revealed in oncogenic transformation assays. These phenotypic traits associated with MNF-beta dysfunction are consistent with the mTORC1 phenotype.
  • For another example, ZEB2 (Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 2) belongs to the ZEB family of zinc finger transcription factors, which are essential regulators of gene expression during normal embryonic development. ZEB proteins induce epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process in which epithelial cells become migratory mesenchymal cells. E-cadherin is a major target gene of ZEB transcriptional repressors, and e-cadherin downregulation is considered a hallmark of EMT. In recent years, the involvement of the ZEB proteins in pathological contexts has been documented as well. For example, ZEB proteins play an important role in mediating Ras-induced EMT in breast epithelial cells. Mutations in ZEB encoding genes cause severe syndromic malformations, and are implicated in malignant tumor progression. Without wishing to be bound by theory, ZEB2 is believed to be a critical target in lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) that represents the point of convergence of the mTORC1 and ERK-MAP kinase pathways that are critical to this disease.
  • For another example, NDRG3 is the downstream target of N-Myc. Phosphorylation of NDRG3 links mTOR signaling pathway to Myc activity as an oncogenic transcription factor.
  • Accordingly, some embodiments provide FOXK1, ZEB2, and/or NDRG3 phosphorylation as a biomarker for mTORC1 activity in a cell, tissue, or sample of interest. Methods of using FOXK1, ZEB2, and/or NDRG3 expression or phosphorylation assays and levels useful for monitoring mTORC1 activity in a cell, tissue, or sample of interest are also provided. For example, some embodiments provide a method of monitoring the efficacy of a drug on mTORC1 activity in a cell, tissue, or sample, by measuring FOXK1, ZEB2, and/or NDRG3 expression or phosphorylation levels. In some embodiments, such assessments are used to monitor or diagnose a disease associated with aberrant mTORC1 activity, as manifest by aberrant FOXK1, ZEB2, and/or NDRG3 phosphorylation level(s), and/or to adjust a drug dosage, for example, to the minimal dosage necessary to achieve a target mTORC I activity level, or to choose a suitable drug modulating mTORC1 activity from a plurality of drugs, for example, the drug that exhibits the highest efficacy at a given dose.
  • Some of the mTORC1 protein targets identified herein are regulators of mRNA synthesis, mRNA processing, and protein synthesis. This is consistent with the role mTORC1 activity plays in the control of cell growth, which, if improperly regulated, can contribute to tumor genesis and/or growth. For example, LARP1 binds mRNA in vitro via both the La motif and the LARP1 domain. LARP-1 also down-regulates the Ras-MAPK pathway. Accordingly, without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, LARP1 phosphorylation represents an mTORC1-dependent regulation of this feedback loop. The LARP-1 protein colocalizes with P bodies, which function in RNA degradation, and it is believed that the cluster of LARP-1 homologs functions to control the expression of key developmental regulators. Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, some aspects of this invention provide that LARP-1 functions in P-bodies to attenuate the abundance of Ras-MAPK pathway-regulated mRNAs.
  • For another example, EDC3 is associated with an mRNA-decapping complex required for removal of the 5′-cap from mRNA prior to its degradation from the 5″-end.
  • For another example, SRPK2 is involved in SR protein phosphorylation, which influences other aspects of mRNA metabolism, such as splice site selection (alternative splicing), mRNA export, nonsense-mediated decay (NMD), and translation efficiency. Accordingly, some aspects of this disclosure provide that SRPK2 links mTOR/S6K signaling to SR protein activity.
  • Another example of an MTORC1 target identified herein that regulates mRNA synthesis and processing is CDK12-(CDC2-related kinase, arginine/serine-rich). CDK12 is involved in the regulation of alternative mRNA splicing. Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is believed that, similar to SRPK2, CDK12 is also involved in regulating mRNA splicing by mTOR signaling. A CDK12-binding partner, cyclin-L1 (CCNL1), is also identified as an mTORC1 target protein herein. Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, similar to SRPK and CDK12, CCNL1 may contribute to mRNA biogenesis and cell proliferation.
  • Accordingly, some embodiments provide LARP1, SRPK2, and/or CDK12 phosphorylation as a biomarker for mTORC1 activity in a cell, tissue, or sample of interest. Methods of using LARP1, SRPK2, and/or CDK12 expression or phosphorylation levels to monitor mTORC1 activity in a cell, tissue, or sample of interest are also provided. For example, some embodiments provide a method of monitoring the efficacy of a drug on mTORC1 activity in a cell, tissue, or sample, by measuring LARP1, SRPK2, and/or CDK12 expression or phosphorylation levels. In some embodiments, such assessments are used to monitor or diagnose a disease associated with aberrant mTORC1 activity, as manifest by aberrant LARP1, SRPK2, and/or CDK12 phosphorylation level(s), and/or to adjust a drug dosage, for example, to the minimal dosage necessary to achieve a target mTORC1 activity level, or to choose a suitable drug modulating mTORC1 activity from a plurality of drugs, for example, the drug that exhibits the highest efficacy at a given dose.
  • Another example of an mTORC1 target protein identified herein is MIB1, an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that has been reported to ubiquinate Notch, which leads to the degradation of Notch. Accordingly, some aspects of this disclosure provide that mTORC1 activity is linked to Notch signaling via phosphorylation of MIB1. Yet another example of an mTORC1 target protein identified herein is IBTK (Isoform 2 of Inhibitor of Bruton tyrosine kinase), which is a protein tyrosine kinase implicated in the primary immunodeficiency disease X-linked agammaglobulinemia (Bruton agammaglobulinemia). IBTK is activated upon binding to PIP3 generated as a result of PI3K activation. Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, phosphorylation of IBTK affects IBTK's ability to inhibit PI3K kinase activity. Accordingly, some embodiments of this invention are based on the recognition that there is a link between the mTORC1 signaling system and the regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation.
  • Accordingly, some embodiments provide MIB1 and/or IBTK phosphorylation as a biomarker for mTORC1 activity in a cell, tissue, or sample of interest. Methods of using MIB1 and/or IBTK expression or phosphorylation assays to monitor mTORC1 activity in a cell, tissue, or sample of interest are also provided. For example, some embodiments provide a method of monitoring the efficacy of a drug on mTORC1 activity in a cell, tissue, or sample, by measuring MIB1 and/or IBTK expression or phosphorylation levels. In some embodiments, such assessments are used to monitor or diagnose a disease associated with aberrant mTORC1 activity, as manifested by aberrant MIB1 and/or IBTK phosphorylation level(s), and/or to adjust a drug dosage, for example, to the minimal dosage necessary to achieve a target mTORC1 activity level, or to choose a suitable drug modulating mTORC1 activity from a plurality of drugs, for example, the drug that exhibits the highest efficacy at a given dose.
  • Representative protein sequences of Grb10, FOXK1, ZEB2, NDRG3, LARP1, SRPK2, CDK12, MIB1, IBTK, and other proteins identified herein to be mTORC1 substrates, can be found under the respective database entries provided in the tables and the database provided herein, and, for example, in the NCBI database under accession numbers NP001171100.1 (growth factor receptor-bound protein 10 (Grb10) isoform 2, Mus musculus, SEQ ID NO: 1720), NP034475.2 (growth factor receptor-bound protein 10 (Grb10) isoform 1, Mus musculus, SEQ ID NO: 1721), NP001001550.1 (growth factor receptor-bound protein 10 (Grb10) isoform c, SEQ ID NO: 7), NP005302.3 (Grb10 isoform a, SEQ ID NO: 8) and NP001001549.1 (Grb10 isoform b, SEQ ID NO: 9); NP001032242.1 (FOXK1, SEQ ID NO: 10); NP001165124.1 and NP055610.1 (ZEB2, SEQ ID NO: 11 and SEQ ID NO: 12, respectively); NP071922.2 and NP114402.1 (NDRG3, SEQ ID NO: 13 and SEQ ID NO: 14, respectively); NP056130.2 (LARP1, SEQ ID NO: 15); NP872633.1 and NP872634.1 (SRPK2, SEQ ID NO: 16 and SEQ ID NO: 17, respectively); NP055898.1 and NP057591.2 (CDK12, SEQ ID NO: 18 and SEQ ID NO: 19, respectively); NP065825.1 (MIB1, SEQ ID NO: 20); and NP056340.2 (IBTK, SEQ ID NO: 21). These database entries are incorporated herein by reference for disclosure of representative sequences of the respective proteins.
  • Feedback Circuitry Involving mTOR Targets
  • Some aspects of this invention relate to the surprising discovery that some mTOR target proteins are involved in feedback loops of mTOR signaling, for example, by inhibiting upstream modulators of mTOR signaling, such as PI3K, Akt, and MAPK, after being phosphorylated as a result of mTOR kinase activity. Some aspects of this invention relate to the surprising discovery that relief of feedback inhibition of cellular pro-survival, pro-proliferation signaling by mTOR downstream targets, for example, by Grb10, can contribute to rapamycin resistance or even clinically detrimental outcome in the treatment of neoplastic disease (e.g., cancer) with mTOR inhibitors. Some aspects of this invention relate to the identification, for the first time, of Grb10 as a target of mTOR kinase activity. Grb10, growth factor receptor-bound protein 10, is a protein well known to those of skill in the art. Representative protein sequences of Grb10 can be found under the respective database entries provided in the tables and the database provided herein, and, for example, in the NCBI database under accession numbers NP001001550.1 (growth factor receptor-bound protein 10 isoform c), NP005302.3 (isoform a) and NP001001549.1 (isoform b). These database entries are incorporated by reference for disclosure of representative Grb10 sequences.
  • Feedback Inhibition of PI3K by Grb10
  • Some aspects of this invention relate to the surprising discovery that Grb10 is not only a target of mTOR kinase activity, but also a mediator of mTOR feedback inhibition and, thus, a tumor suppressor gene. As described in more detail elsewhere herein, mTOR-mediated phosphorylation of Grb10 results in stabilization and/or prevention of degradation of Grb10. Grb10, in turn, inhibits PI3K kinase activity. PI3K kinase activity targets mTOR and activates mTOR signaling. Accordingly, as provided by some aspects of this invention, treatment of a cancer exhibiting an elevated level of Grb10 phosphorylation can lead to relief of the Grb10-mediated feedback inhibition of PI3K. PI3K signaling, however, promotes proliferation and survival, and aberrant PI3K activity is known to contribute to carcinogenesis. The discovery that some mTOR targets identified herein, for example, Grb10, mediate a feedback inhibition of pro-survival and pro-proliferation signaling (e.g. PI3K, Akt, and MAPK signaling) in cancer cells, could explain why some types of cancer exhibiting elevated levels of mTOR activity do not respond favorably to treatment with an mTORC1 inhibitor (e.g., rapamycin) alone. The mTORC1 inhibitor may cause relief of the feedback inhibition which may, in turn result in sustained survival and proliferation, and even an increase or acceleration in disease progression or recurrence, as observed in some clinical trials of cancer treatment with mTOR inhibitors.
  • Also provided herein are methods of treating a cancer determined to exhibit an elevated level of Grb10 phosphorylation. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to the subject an mTOR inhibitor and, additionally, an agent that stabilizes Grb10 or that inhibits the degradation of Grb10. In some embodiments, the method comprises effecting an inhibition of Grb10 degradation by administering a compound that inhibits Grb10 degradation. In some embodiments, the compound that inhibits Grb10 degradation is a ubiquitin ligase inhibitor, for example, a ubiquitin E3 ligase inhibitor. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to the subject an mTOR inhibitor and, additionally, a PI3K inhibitor. PI3K inhibitors are known to those of skill in the art and described in more detail elsewhere herein.
  • Diagnostic Methods Classification of Cancer Cells Based on Grb10 Phosphorylation
  • Some aspects of this invention provide methods for the classification of a neoplastic disease, for example, a cancer, based on the phosphorylation status of Grb10. In some embodiments, a method is provided that includes obtaining a neoplastic cell from a subject diagnosed to have a cancer, determining the level of Grb10 phosphorylation in the cell, and comparing the level of Grb10 phosphorylation to a reference level. In some embodiments, if the level of Grb10 phosphorylation in the cell is higher than the reference level, then the cell is determined to exhibit an elevated level of mTOR kinase activity. In some embodiments, the cell is determined to exhibit an elevated level of mTORC1 kinase activity based on an elevated level of Grb10 phosphorylation.
  • Methods of determining a level of protein phosphorylation, for example, of Grb10 phosphorylation, are well known to those of skill in the art. Exemplary methods as well as materials useful for such methods are described, for example, in Marjo de Graauw (Editor), Phospho-Proteomics: Methods and Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology), Humana Press; 1 edition (2009), ISBN-10: 1603278338. Phosphosensitive binding agents, for example, phosphosensitive antibodies, are provided herein, are commercially available, or can be obtained by those of skill in the art with no more than routine experimentation.
  • Such methods include, for example, detection of phosphorylated protein with a phosphosensitive antibody and comparison of the amount of phosphorylated protein detected to the total amount of the protein in a sample. Other methods for quantitative or semi-quantitative detection of phosphorylated protein will be apparent to those of skill in the art and the invention is not limited in this respect.
  • In some embodiments, a method is provided that includes selecting a method of treatment of a neoplastic disease, for example, a cancer based on a cell from a subject having the disease exhibiting an elevated level of Grb10 phosphorylation. In some embodiments, an elevated level of Grb10 phosphorylation is indicative of an elevated level of rapamycin-sensitive mTORC1 kinase activity in the cell. In some embodiments, a method of treatment is chosen based on the cell exhibiting an elevated level of Grb10 phosphorylation that includes administration of an mTORC1 inhibitor, for example, a rapamycin or a rapamycin analog.
  • Classification of Cancer Cells Known to Exhibit Elevated Levels of mTOR Activity
  • Some aspects of this invention relate to the discovery that the mTOR target Grb10 is an inhibitor of the mTOR upstream regulators, PI3K, Akt, and MAPK, and, thus, can be characterized as a tumor suppressor gene and an mTOR feedback inhibitor. Some aspects of this invention provide a method for selecting a treatment of a cancer known to exhibit an elevated mTOR kinase activity based on the expression level of the mTORC1 target Grb10. In some embodiments, the method comprises obtaining a cancer cell from a subject diagnosed to have a cancer exhibiting an elevated level of mTOR activity, determining the level of Grb10 expression in the cell, and comparing the level of Grb10 expression to a reference level. In some embodiments, if the level of Grb10 expression in the cancer cell is higher than the reference level, then the cell is determined to exhibit a high likelihood of expressing an elevated level of PI3K, Akt, and/or MAPK activity upon being contacted with an mTORC1 inhibitor. In some embodiments, elevated expression of Grb10 supports the conclusion that upon treatment of the cell or a population of cells of the same type, mTORC1-dependent phosphorylation of Grb10 will be decreased or abolished, resulting in rapid ubiquitination and degradation of Grb10 protein, and, subsequently, in a relief of the Grb10-mediated feedback inhibition of PI3K, as described herein. This relief of feedback inhibition may, in some embodiments, result in elevated PI3K signaling. In some embodiments, elevated PI3K in a cancer cell is an undesirable response to treatment of a subject because it can lead to increased cell proliferation and/or survival, thus offsetting or even outweighing the beneficial effect of the administered mTORC1 inhibitor.
  • Measuring the expression level of an mTOR target protein can be achieved by using methods well known to those of skill in the art, including, but not limited to, protein expression assays, for example, immunostaining methods (e.g., western blot, protein microarray, immunohistochemistry, phosphoproteomic assays using phosphosensitive binding agents), ELISA, transcript expression assays, for example, RT-PCR, massive parallel sequencing assays, microarray assays, northern blot, or in situ hybridization. Other suitable methods will be apparent to those of skill in the art and the invention is not limited in this respect. See, for example, Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning, second edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Plainview, N.Y.; (1989); Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Current Protocols (1989), and DNA Cloning: A Practical Approach, Volumes I and II (ed. D. N. Glover) IREL Press, Oxford, (1985); and Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Wiley Publishing, accessible at www.currentprotocols.com; each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • In some embodiments, after a cancer cell is classified, a method of treatment of the subject from which the cell was obtained is selected based on the cancer cell exhibiting a high likelihood of expressing an elevated level of PI3K, Akt, and/or MAPK activity upon being contacted with an mTORC1 inhibitor. In some embodiments, the method of treatment comprises administering an effective amount of an mTOR kinase inhibitor and, additionally, an effective amount of an IGF1R, EGFR, PI3K, Akt, MEK, or RSK inhibitor, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the method of treatment comprises administering an effective amount of an mTOR kinase inhibitor and, additionally, of a compound stabilizing Grb10 to the subject. In some embodiments, the mTOR kinase inhibitor is an mTORC1 inhibitor, for example, rapamycin or a rapamycin analog. In some embodiments, the selected method of treatment is communicated to the subject, to a physician or other health care professional treating the subject. In some embodiments, the selected method of treatment is carried out.
  • Determining and Classifying mTOR Activity in a Cell Based on Phosphoproteomics
  • Some aspects of this invention provide methods for determining the level of mTOR activity in a cell based on analysis of the phosphorylation state of one or more mTOR targeted phosphorylation sites as provided herein. Some aspects of this invention provide methods to determine a class of mTOR signaling, for example, rapamycin-sensitive mTORC1 signaling, rapamycin-insensitive mTORC1 or mTORC2 signaling, or rapamycin-sensitive and/or rapamycin-insensitive mTOR signaling, in a cell based on an analysis of the phosphorylation state of a phosphorylation site as provided herein.
  • Methods useful for the determination of the phosphorylation level of a phosphorylation site in a cell are known to those of skill in the art. In some embodiments, such methods comprise obtaining a proteinaceous extract from the cell under conditions that allow for protein phosphorylation to be preserved with high fidelity. In some embodiments, such methods comprise contacting the cell extract with a phosphosensitive binding agent or with a plurality of phosphosensitive binding agents, for example, phosphosensitive antibodies or antibody fragments.
  • The invention provides phosphosensitive antibodies and antibody fragments to the phosphorylation sites described in the tables and the database. For example, phosphosensitive mTORC1 downstream effector antibodies, including, but not limited to, anti-phospho-NDRG3 (Ser331), anti-phospho-S501/503-Grb10, Anti-CDC2-related Kinase, Arg/Ser-Rich (Ser437), In some embodiments, antibodies provided herein are developed in rabbits. Other phosphosensitive antibodies are described elsewhere herein.
  • Phosphosensitive antibodies are useful in some embodiments to determine the phosphorylation level of one or more phosphorylation sites disclosed herein. One non-limiting example of such an embodiment is a phosphosensitive protein microarray assay. In some embodiments, the cell extract is contacted with a single phosphosensitive binding agent. In some embodiments, the cell extract is contacted with a plurality of binding agents in parallel. In some such embodiments, the cell is contacted with a microarray comprising a plurality of phosphosensitive binding antibodies or antibody fragments immobilized on a solid surface, for example, a glass surface. Phosphoproteomic assays, arrays, binding agents, and methods for sample preparation and analysis are well known in the art, and exemplary methods are described, for example, in Marjo de Graauw (Editor), Phospho-Proteomics: Methods and Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology), Humana Press; 1 edition (2009), ISBN-10: 1603278338. The foregoing reference is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for disclosure of methods and materials useful for the determination of the phosphorylation state of a phosphorylation site on a protein in a cell, tissue, or biological sample.
  • In some embodiments, the method comprises determining the level of phosphorylation of a phosphorylation site of a protein disclosed in Tables 1 or 2, and comparing the level of phosphorylation to a reference level. If the level of phosphorylation in the cell is higher than the reference level, then the cell is determined to exhibit an elevated level of mTOR kinase activity. If the level of phosphorylation in the cell is equal or lower than the reference level, then the cell is determined to not exhibit an elevated level of mTOR kinase activity. Methods of determining a level of phosphorylation are provided herein, and additional suitable methods will be apparent to those of skill in the art. The invention is not limited in this respect.
  • Suitable reference levels and methods of determining a reference level will be apparent to those of skill in the art. For example, if the cell is a neoplastic cell or cancer cell obtained from a subject, for example form a biopsy of a solid tumor in the subject, a suitable reference level may be obtained, in some embodiments, from a cell obtained from healthy or non-malignant tissue adjacent to the solid tumor, or a healthy cell of the same tissue of origin as the tumor cells from the same subject or from a different subject. If the cell is obtained from a healthy subject, a suitable reference level may be obtained from a cell of the same cell type obtained from another healthy subject. In some embodiments, a suitable reference level may be an average level or a range of levels observed or expected in cells obtained from healthy subjects that are of the same cell type of the same tissue of origin as the cell in question. In some embodiments, a reference level is a historical level, based on experience or prior experiments, or a level published or otherwise known in the art. Other suitable reference levels are described elsewhere herein and additional reference levels and methods to obtain such levels will be apparent to those of skill in the art.
  • In some embodiments, a plurality of phosphorylation sites are assayed including a Grb10 phosphorylation site, a pNDRG3 phosphorylation site, a CDK12 phosphorylation site, a FOXK1 phosphorylation site, a ZEB2 phosphorylation site, a LARP I phosphorylation site, an MIB1 phosphorylation site, an IBTK phosphorylation site, and/or a SRPK2 phosphorylation site. In some embodiments, a group of phosphorylation sites of proteins involved in a specific biological pathway are assayed, for example, of proteins known to those of skill in the art to be involved in a biological pathway disclosed in Table 10. In some embodiments, the plurality of phosphorylation sites includes mTOR target sites that were previously known. In some embodiments, the plurality of phosphorylation sites comprises at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90, or at least 100 phosphorylation sites disclosed in Table 1. In some embodiments, the plurality of phosphorylation sites comprises at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90, or at least 100 phosphorylation sites disclosed in Table 2. In some embodiments, the plurality of phosphorylation sites comprises at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90, or at least 100 phosphorylation sites disclosed in Table 3 or in replicate described therein. In some embodiments, the plurality of phosphorylation sites comprises at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90, or at least 100 phosphorylation sites disclosed in Table 7 or in replicate described therein. In some embodiments, the plurality of phosphorylation sites comprises at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90, or at least 100 phosphorylation sites disclosed in Table 8. In some embodiments, the plurality of phosphorylation sites comprises at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90, or at least 100 phosphorylation sites disclosed in Table 11, or in any Rapa or Ku replicate therein
  • In some embodiments, if a phosphorylation site determined to exhibit a higher level of phosphorylation in a cell in question, for example, a cancer cell obtained from a subject, as compared to a reference level is a class I phosphorylation site, then the cell is determined to exhibit an elevated level of rapamycin-sensitive mTORC1 activity. In some embodiments, if a phosphorylation site determined to exhibit a higher level of phosphorylation in the cell as compared to the reference level is a class II phosphorylation site, then the cell is determined to exhibit an elevated level of rapamycin-insensitive mTORC1 and/or mTORC2 activity. In some embodiments, if a phosphorylation site determined to exhibit a higher level of phosphorylation in the cell as compared to the reference level is a class III phosphorylation site, then the cell is determined to exhibit an elevated level of rapamycin-sensitive mTOR activity, or an elevated level of rapamycin-insensitive mTOR activity, or both. In some embodiments, if a cell is determined to exhibit a higher level of phosphorylation at phosphorylation sites of more than one class, then the cell is determined to exhibit a combination of elevated levels of mTOR signaling of the respective type.
  • In some embodiments, a method is provided comprising selecting a method of treatment based on the level of phosphorylation of the phosphorylation site(s) assayed. In some embodiments, if the cell is determined to exhibit an elevated level of mTOR kinase activity, then a method of treatment is selected that comprises administering an effective amount of an mTOR kinase inhibitor to the subject. In some embodiments, if the cell is determined to not exhibit an elevated level of mTOR kinase activity, then a method of treatment is selected that does not include administering an mTOR kinase inhibitor. In some embodiments, a method is provided that comprises selecting a method of treatment based on the classification of mTOR target sites that are determined to exhibit an elevated level of phosphorylation in the cell. For example, in some embodiments, if the cell is determined to exhibit an elevated level of rapamycin-sensitive mTORC1 activity, then a method of treatment is selected that comprises administering an effective amount of an inhibitor of rapamycin-sensitive mTORC1 kinase activity to the subject. In some embodiments, if the cell is determined to exhibit an elevated level of rapamycin-insensitive mTORC1 and/or mTORC2 activity, then a method of treatment is selected that comprises administering an effective amount of an inhibitor of rapamycin-insensitive mTORC1 kinase activity to the subject. In some embodiments, if the cell is determined to exhibit an elevated level of rapamycin-sensitive mTOR kinase activity, or an elevated level of rapamycin-insensitive mTOR kinase activity, or both, then a method of treatment is selected that comprises administering an effective amount of an inhibitor of rapamycin-sensitive and rapamycin-insensitive mTOR kinase activity or a combination of an inhibitor of rapamycin-sensitive mTOR kinase activity and an inhibitor of rapamycin-insensitive mTOR kinase activity to the subject.
  • Classification of a Cancer Based on Grb10 and/or PTEN Expression Levels
  • Some aspects of this invention relate to the surprising discovery that mutations leading to loss of function of the tumor suppressor Grb10 and mutations leading to loss of function of the tumor suppressor PTEN, are mutually exclusive. Loss of function of either tumor suppressor leads to elevated PI3K activity, which is thought to significantly contribute to carcinogenesis in certain types of cancer. In some embodiments, a method is provided that allows for the classification of a cancer based on Grb10 or PTEN expression levels. In some embodiments, the method comprises determining the level of expression of Grb10 in a cancer cell. In some embodiments, the method comprises determining the level of expression of PTEN in a cancer cell. In some embodiments, the method comprises determining the level of expression of Grb10 and PTEN in a cancer cell.
  • Expression levels of Grb10 and PTEN can be determined by various methods known to those of skill in the art including, for example methods for determining a level of protein, methods for determining a level of mRNA. Since phosphorylation affects protein stability, for example, stability of Grb10, methods for determining a level of protein phosphorylation may also be useful in assessing protein expression levels. Some such methods for expression analysis are provided herein, and additional methods will be apparent to those of skill in the art. The invention is not limited in this respect.
  • In some embodiments, the level of expression determined for Grb10 or PTEN is compared to a reference level, for example, to a level observed or expected in a healthy cell of the same cell type or of the same tissue of origin. In some embodiments, if the level of expression of Grb10 or of PTEN in the cell is lower than the reference level, then the cell is likely to exhibit an elevated level of PI3K activity. In some embodiments, if the cell is a neoplastic cell in a subject, a method of treatment with a combination of an mTOR inhibitor and a PI3K inhibitor or with a dual mTOR/PI3K inhibitor is indicated.
  • Phosphoproteomics Binding Agents and Arrays
  • Phosphosensitive binding agents that specifically bind mTOR targets are also provided by the present invention. For example, some aspects of this invention provide antibodies and antibody fragments to each of the mTOR-targeted phosphorylation site disclosed in any of the Tables provided herein, for example, in any of Tables 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, or 11, and each such antibody is within the scope of the present invention. For example, some aspects of this invention provide aptamers and/or adnectins that specifically bind mTOR-targeted phosphorylation sites disclosed in Table 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, or 11, and each such aptamer or adnectin is within the scope of the present invention. In some embodiments, a kit is provided that comprises such phosphosensitive binding agents. A kit may also include a buffer, a container, control samples, or instructions.
  • Some embodiments provide a phosphoproteomics array that includes a plurality of phosphosensitive binding agents, for example, antibodies or antibody fragments, aptamers or adnectins, each of which specifically bind to a phosphorylation site disclosed in Table 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, or 11. In some embodiments the phosphosensitive binding agents are immobilized on a solid substrate, for example, on the surface of a glass slide, a bead, or a microtiter plate. In some embodiments, the plurality of phosphosensitive binding agents comprises binding agents that specifically bind to at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90, or at least 100 phosphorylation sites disclosed in Table 1. In some embodiments, the plurality of phosphosensitive binding agents comprises binding agents that specifically bind to at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90, or at least 100 phosphorylation sites disclosed in Table 2. In some embodiments, the plurality of phosphosensitive binding agents comprises binding agents that specifically bind to at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90, or at least 100 phosphorylation sites disclosed in Table 3. In some embodiments, the plurality of phosphosensitive binding agents comprises binding agents that specifically bind to at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90, or at least 100 phosphorylation sites disclosed in Table 7. In some embodiments, the plurality of phosphosensitive binding agents comprises binding agents that specifically bind to at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90, or at least 100 phosphorylation sites disclosed in Table 8. In some embodiments, the plurality of phosphosensitive binding agents comprises binding agents that specifically bind to at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90, or at least 100 phosphorylation sites disclosed in Table 11.
  • In some embodiments, an anti-phospho-S501/503-Grb10, anti-mTOR, anti-phospho-mTOR(S2481), anti-Grb10 (human), anti-phospho-Akt (Ser473), anti-Akt, anti-S6K, anti-phospho-S6K (T389), anti-IRS2, anti-PARP, anti-caspase 3, anti-4EBP, anti-4EBP (Ser37/46), anti-phospho-ribosomal protein S6 (Ser235/236), anti-ribosomal protein S6, anti-phospho-ERK1/2, anti-phospho-IRS (Y612), anti-p85 and anti-p110 of PI3K, and/or an anti ERK1/2 antibody or antibody fragment is provided. In some embodiments, phosphosensitive antibodies or antibody fragments are provided for mTOR upstream regulators, including, but not limited to anti-phospho-Akt (Ser473), anti-phospho-ERK1/2, anti-phospho-IRS (Y612), anti-p85, and anti-p110 of PI3K. In some embodiments, phosphosensitive antibodies or antibody fragments are provided for mTOR downstream effectors including, but not limited to anti-phospho-mTOR(S2481), anti-phospho-Akt (Ser473), anti-phospho-S6K (T389), anti-4EBP (Ser37/46), and anti-phospho-ribosomal protein S6 (Ser235/236).
  • In some embodiments, antibodies against mTORC1 downstream effectors identified for the first time herein are provided, including, anti-phospho-NDRG3 (Ser331), anti-phospho-S5011503-Grb10, and anti-CDC2-related kinase, Arg/Ser-Rich (Ser437).
  • Phosphosensitive binding agents, their generation and purification, and their use in assays, arrays, and methods for phosphoproteomics analyses of biological samples are well known in the art, and exemplary methods are described, for example, in Marjo de Graauw (Editor), Phospho-Proteomics: Methods and Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology), Humana Press; 1 edition (2009), ISBN-10: 1603278338, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The foregoing reference is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for disclosure of phosphosensitive binding agents, their generation and purification, and their use in assays, arrays, and methods for phosphoproteomics analyses of biological samples.
  • Methods of using a microarray comprising a plurality of phosphosensitive binding agents that specifically bind mTOR targets are also provided. In some embodiments, methods of using a phosphoproteomics array to determine mTOR activity in a cell, for example, in a cancer cell, are provided. In some embodiments, the method comprises contacting a proteinaceous sample derived from the cell with the phosphoproteomics array under conditions suitable for a protein expressed in the cell to bind to an antibody or antibody fragment of the array. Such conditions are well known to those of skill in the art and exemplary protocols for phosphoprotein microarrays are described in Marjo de Graauw (Editor), Phospho-Proteomics: Methods and Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology), Humana Press; 1 edition (2009), ISBN-10: 1603278338, incorporated herein by reference for the disclosure of such methods and conditions. In some embodiments, the method further comprises determining a level of phosphorylated protein bound to a binding agent, for example, an antibody or antibody fragment of the array. In some embodiments, this step includes quantification, absolute or relative to a reference level, of the amount of protein bound to a specific binding agent. In some embodiments, the method includes comparing the level of phosphorylated protein bound to an antibody or antibody fragment of the array to a reference level, wherein if the level phosphorylated protein in the sample derived from the cell is higher than the reference level, then the cell is determined to exhibit an elevated level of mTOR kinase activity.
  • In some embodiments, methods are provided that include generating a phosphoproteomic profile of the cell. In some embodiments, the profile includes phosphorylation levels of a plurality of proteins, for example, mTOR targets expressed in the cell. In some embodiments, the method further includes comparing the phosphoproteomic profile of the cell with a phosphoproteomic profile of a control cell. In some embodiments, if the phosphoproteomic profile of the cell is similar to that of the control cell, then the cell is determined to exhibit a level of mTOR kinase activity similar to that of the control cell. Methods for comparing phosphoprotein profiles are well known in the art and include, for example, hierarchical clustering methods, supervised and unsupervised learning methods, classification methods, for example class predictor building methods based on phosphoproteomics profiles from cells of known character, and calculation of correlation parameters, such as distance analysis or correlation coefficient calculations. Useful similarity ranges are also known to those of skill in the art and the invention is not limited in this respect. For non-limiting examples of disclosures of such methods and algorithms, see Lim, Y. (2005) Mining the tumor phosphoproteome for cancer markers. Clin Cancer Res 11(9): 3163-3169; Kalume, D. et al. (2003) Tackling the phosphoproteome: tools and strategies Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 7: 64-69; Schmelzle, K. & White, F. (2006) Phosphoproteomic approaches to elucidate cellular signaling networks. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 17: 406-414; Olsen J V et al. Global, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks. Cell. 2006 Nov. 3; 127(3):635-48; Mumby, M. & Brekken, D. (2005) Phosphoproteomics: new insights into cellular signaling. Genome Biology 6: 230.1-230.7; Zhang et al. J. Proteome Res. vol. 5 pp. 581-8 2006; Hoffert J D, et al. Quantitative phosphoproteomics of vasopressin-sensitive renal cells: regulation of aquaporin-2 phosphorylation at two sites. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2006 May 2; 103(18):7159-64; Johnson, S & Hunter, T. (2004) Phosphoproteomics finds its timing. Nature Biotech 22(9): 1093-1094; and Marjo de Graauw (Editor), Phospho-Proteomics: Methods and Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology), Humana Press; 1 edition (2009), ISBN-10: 1603278338; all incorporated herein by reference in their entirety
  • In some embodiments, the control cell is a healthy cell. In some embodiments, the control cell is a cell exhibiting normal mTOR kinase activity. In some embodiments, the control cell is a cancer cell. In some embodiments, the control cell is a rapamycin-sensitive cancer cell. In some embodiments, the control cell is a rapamycin insensitive cancer cell.
  • Identification of mTOR Kinase Inhibitors Based on mTOR Target Analysis
  • In some aspects, the invention provides methods of identifying an mTOR kinase inhibitors by analyzing the phosphorylation state of an mTOR target as provided herein after contacting a cell or test sample with a candidate agent. In some embodiments, mTOR phosphorylation efficiency directed towards a target disclosed in Table 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, or 11 is measured in the presence of a candidate agent. In some embodiments, the method includes contacting an mTOR kinase molecule with a polypeptide comprising a phosphorylation site disclosed in Table 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, or 11 under conditions suitable for the mTOR kinase to phosphorylate the phosphorylation site in the presence of a candidate agent. In some embodiments, the level of phosphorylation of the phosphorylation site is then determined and compared to a reference level. In some embodiments, if the level obtained in the presence of the candidate agent is lower than the reference level, then the candidate agent is identified as an mTOR kinase inhibitor.
  • In some embodiments, the phosphorylation site is a Grb10 phosphorylation site, a pNDRG3 phosphorylation site, a CDK12 phosphorylation site, a FOXK1 phosphorylation site, a ZEB2 phosphorylation site, a LARP1 phosphorylation site, an MIB1 phosphorylation site, an IBTK phosphorylation site, and/or a SRPK2 phosphorylation site. In some embodiments, the candidate agent is a polypeptide, an aptamer, an adnectin, or a small molecule. In some embodiments, the reference level is the level of phosphorylation of the phosphorylation site determined in the absence of the candidate agent. In some embodiments, the level determined in the presence of the candidate agent is lower than the reference level, if the level determined in the presence of the candidate agent is less than 75%, less than 50%, less than 40%, less than 30%, less than 25%, less than 20%, less than 10%, less than 5%, less than 2.5%, or less than 1% of the reference level.
  • In some embodiments, the contacting is performed in vitro. In some embodiments, the contacting is performed in vivo. In some embodiments, the reference level is a level observed or expected in the absence of the candidate agent. In some embodiments, the reference level is a level observed or expected in the absence of any candidate agent. In some embodiments, the reference level is a level observed or expected in the presence of a known agent. In some embodiments, the reference level is a level observed or expected in the presence of a control agent.
  • Subjects and Cells
  • In some embodiments, the subject is an animal. In some embodiments, the subject is a domesticated animal. In some embodiments, the subject is a mammal. In some embodiments, the subject is a non-human mammal. In some embodiments, the subject is a non-human primate. In some embodiments, the subject is a mouse, rat, or rabbit. In some embodiments, the subject is a sheep, goat, cattle, pig, horse, dog, or cat. In some embodiments, the subject is a human.
  • In some embodiments, the subject is a healthy subject. In some embodiments, the subject is a subject having a hyperproliferative disease. In some embodiments, the subject is a subject having a neoplastic disease. In some embodiments, the subject is a subject having a cancer. In some embodiments, the subject is a subject having a cancer characterized and/or diagnosed to exhibit an elevated level of mTOR activity. In some embodiments, the subject is a subject who had a tumor removed.
  • In some embodiments, the cell is a healthy cell. In some embodiments, the cell is any cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a bacterial cell. In some embodiments, the cell is an animal cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a mammalian cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a human cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a cell of a cell line. In some embodiments, the cell is a transformed or immortalized cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a neoplastic cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a tumor cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a cancer cell. In some embodiments, the cell is obtained from a tumor in a subject, for example, by tumor biopsy. In some embodiments, the cell is a cell obtained from a tumor that has been removed from a subject.
  • In some embodiments, the cell is a cell known to exhibit an elevated level of mTOR activity. In some embodiments, the cell is a cell carrying a mutation in a gene involved in an mTOR signaling pathway. In some embodiments, the gene involved in an mTOR signaling pathway is a gene involved in IGF signaling, EGFR signaling, GF signaling, PI3K signaling, AKT signaling, MAPK signaling, Ras signaling, Raf signaling, or Rb signaling. In some embodiments, the gene is TSC1/2, a receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK), PI3K, PTEN, Akt, Ras, Raf, MEK, LKB, or NF2.
  • Kinase Inhibitors
  • Kinase inhibitors useful for some aspects of this invention include, but are not limited to, mTOR inhibitors, PI3K inhibitors, Akt inhibitors, and MAPK inhibitors. Further, inhibitors useful for some methods provided herein include, for example, inhibitors of mTOR target degradation, for example, inhibitors of Grb10 degradation. In some embodiments, a kinase inhibitor, for example, an mTOR inhibitor, as provided herein, is an allosteric mTOR kinase inhibitor or a catalytic mTOR kinase inhibitor. In some embodiments, the allosteric mTOR kinase inhibitor is rapamycin or a rapamycin analog. In some embodiments, the catalytic mTOR kinase inhibitor is an ATP-competitive mTOR kinase inhibitor. Other allosteric and catalytic mTOR kinase inhibitors are well known to those of skill in the art, and the invention is not limited in this respect.
  • In some embodiments, an mTOR kinase inhibitor as provided herein is an mTORC1 inhibitor. In some embodiments, an mTOR kinase inhibitor as provided herein is an mTORC1/2 inhibitor. In some embodiments, an mTOR kinase inhibitor as provided herein is rapamycin or a rapamycin analog. In some embodiments, the rapamycin analog is Ridaforolimus, Sirolimus or Everolimus. In some embodiments, an mTOR kinase inhibitor as provided herein is PP242, PP30, AZD8055, OSI-027, WYE354, INK-128, XL388, torin1, rapamycin (sirolimus), FK506 (tacrolimus), CCI779 (temsirolimus), RAD001 (everolimus), AP23573 (deforolimus, ridaforolimus), S-trans,trans-farnesyl thiosalicylic acid (FTS), FKBP38, PX-866, Theophylline, Caffeine, LY303511, PI-103, 2-(morpholin-1-yl)pyrimido[2,1-aplpha]isoquinolin-4-one, or BEZ235 (NVP-BEZ235)
  • In some embodiments, an mTOR kinase inhibitor as provided herein is a dual PI3K/mTOR kinase inhibitor. In some embodiments, the dual PI3K/mTOR kinase inhibitor is NVP-BEZ235, BGT-226, XL-765, GSK2126458 or SF1126. Some of the mTOR kinase inhibitors listed immediately above are in various stages of clinical trials. Additional mTOR inhibitors will be apparent to the skilled artisan as they are well known in the art, and it should be appreciated that the invention is not limited in this respect.
  • In some embodiments, a PI3K inhibitor is provided that is useful in a therapeutic method provided by aspects of this invention. In some embodiments, a PI3K inhibitor as provided herein is ZSTK474, TGX221, GDC0941, or LY294002, XL147, PX147, BKM120, GSK 615, CAL101, PX-866, Quercetin, Tetrodotoxin citrate, Thioperamide maleate, IC87114, PI-103, BEZ235 (NVP-BEZ235), TGX-115, (−)-Deguelin, NU 7026, Myricetin, Tandutinib, SF1126, XL765, D-87503, D-106669, or GSK615. In some embodiments, a PI3K inhibitor provided herein is a dual PI3K/mTOR kinase inhibitor, for example, NVP-BEZ235, BGT-226, XL-765, GSK2126458 or SF1126. In some embodiments, an Akt inhibitor is provided that is useful in a therapeutic method provided by aspects of this invention. In some embodiments, the Akt inhibitor is perifosine, GSK690693, A443654 or MK2206.
  • In some embodiments, a compound is provided that inhibits the degradation of an mTOR target, for example, of Grb10, NDRG3, CDK12, FOXK1, ZEB2, LARP1, MIB1, IBTK, and/or SRPK2. In some embodiments, the compound that inhibits the degradation of an mTOR target is a ubiquitin ligase inhibitor. In some embodiments, the ubiquitin ligase inhibitor is an E3 ubiquitin ligase inhibitor.
  • Compositions
  • In some embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions are provided that comprise an mTOR kinase inhibitor, a PI3K, Akt, or MAPK inhibitor, and/or an agent that inhibits the degradation of an mTOR target, for example, Grb10, NDRG3, CDK12, FOXK1, ZEB2, LARP1, MIB1, IBTK, and/or SRPK2. Pharmaceutical compositions provided herein preferably are sterile and contain an effective amount of one or more therapeutic agents as described herein for producing the desired response in a unit of weight or volume suitable for administration to a patient. If the desired response is amelioration of a hyperproliferative disease, neoplastic disease, or cancer, then the response can, for example, be measured by determining the proliferation of neoplastic or cancer cells in a subject after treatment by, for example, measuring tumor volume, evaluating regression, relapse, or disease symptoms, or by obtaining a cell sample and perform cell counting, flow cytometry, FACS, and other methods well known in the art to be suitable to determine cell proliferation.
  • In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions as described herein may contain suitable buffering agents, for example, acetic acid in a salt form, citric acid in a salt form, boric acid in a salt form, and/or phosphoric acid in a salt form. The pharmaceutical compositions also may contain, optionally, suitable preservatives, such as ascorbic acid, benzalkonium chloride, benzyl alcohol, m-cresol, chlorobutanol, parabens, EDTA, EGTA, and/or thimerosal. The pharmaceutical compositions may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods well-known in the art of pharmacy.
  • In some embodiments, a therapeutic method or a method of formulating a kinase inhibitor into a medicament for therapeutic use may include the step of bringing the active agent, for example, a kinase inhibitor as described herein, into association with a carrier which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients. In general, compositions are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing the active compound(s) into association with a liquid carrier, a finely divided solid carrier, or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.
  • In some therapeutic embodiments, a composition or pharmaceutic preparation provided herein is administered orally to a subject having a cancer. In some embodiments, compositions as described herein that are suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units, such as capsules, tablets, lozenges, each containing a predetermined amount of the active compound. Other examples of compositions include suspensions in aqueous liquids or non-aqueous liquids, such as a syrup, elixir, or an emulsion. Examples of compositions for parenteral administration include, without being limited to, sterile aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. Examples of non-aqueous solvents are propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate. Examples of aqueous carriers are water, alcoholic/aqueous solutions, emulsions or suspensions, for example, saline and buffered media. Examples of parenteral vehicles are sodium chloride solution, Ringer's dextrose, dextrose and sodium chloride, and lactated Ringer's or fixed oils. Examples for intravenous vehicles are fluid and nutrient replenishers, electrolyte replenishers (such as those based on Ringer's dextrose), and the like. Preservatives and other additives may also be present such as, for example, antimicrobials, anti-oxidants, chelating agents, and inert gases, and the like.
  • In some embodiments, a composition comprising a compound or a combination of compounds, useful in this invention, may further comprise an antioxidant to retard oxidation of one or more component. Additionally, the prevention of the action of microorganisms can be brought about by a preservative such as an antibacterial and antifungal agent, including but not limited to parabens (e.g., methylparabens, propylparabens), chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, thimerosal or combinations thereof.
  • The compounds useful in the invention, for example the mTOR, PI3K, Akt or MAPK inhibitors provided herein, may be derivatized in various ways. As used herein “derivatives” of the compounds (e.g., small molecule JAK2 and other kinase inhibitors) include salts (e.g., pharmaceutically acceptable salts), any complexes (e.g., inclusion complexes or clathrates with compounds such as cyclodextrins, or coordination complexes with metal ions such as Mn2+ and Zn2+), esters such as in vivo hydrolysable esters, free acids or bases, polymorphic forms of the compounds, solvates (e.g., hydrates), prodrugs or lipids, coupling partners and protecting groups. By “prodrugs” is meant for example any compound that is converted in vivo into a biologically active compound.
  • The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” in this respect refers to the relatively non-toxic, inorganic or organic acid addition salts of agents of the present invention. These salts can be prepared in situ in the administration vehicle or the dosage form manufacturing process, or by separately reacting a purified agent of the invention with a suitable organic or inorganic acid, and isolating the salt thus formed during subsequent purification. Representative salts include the bromide, chloride, sulfate, bisulfate, phosphate, phosphonate, nitrate, acetate, valerate, oleate, palmitate, stearate, laurate, benzoate, lactate, tosylate, citrate, maleate, fumarate, succinate, tartrate, napthylate, mesylate, glucoheptonate, lactobionate, laurylsulphonate salts, and the like. See, for example, Berge et al. (1977) J. Pharm. Sci. 66:1-19.
  • The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the subject agents include the conventional nontoxic salts or quaternary ammonium salts of the compounds, e.g., from non-toxic organic or inorganic acids. For example, such conventional nontoxic salts include those derived from inorganic acids such as hydrochloride, hydrobromic, sulfuric, sulfamic, phosphoric, nitric, and the like; and the salts prepared from organic acids such as acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, stearic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, palmitic, maleic, hydroxymaleic, phenylacetic, glutamic, benzoic, salicyclic, sulfanilic, 2-acetoxybenzoic, fumaric, toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, ethane disulfonic, oxalic, isothionic, and the like.
  • As set out herein, certain compounds may contain a basic functional group, such as amino or alkylamino, and are, thus, capable of forming pharmaceutically acceptable salts with pharmaceutically acceptable acids. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” in this respect refers to the relatively non-toxic, inorganic or organic acid addition salts of compounds of the present invention. These salts can be prepared in situ in the administration vehicle or the dosage form manufacturing process, or by separately reacting a purified compound of the invention in its free base form with a suitable organic or inorganic acid, and isolating the salt thus formed during subsequent purification. Representative salts include the hydrobromide, hydrochloride, sulfate, bisulfate, phosphate, phosphonate, nitrate, acetate, valerate, oleate, palmitate, stearate, laurate, benzoate, lactate, tosylate, citrate, maleate, fumarate, succinate, tartrate, napthylate, mesylate, glucoheptonate, lactobionate, and laurylsulphonate salts and the like. See, for example, Berge et al. (1977) J. Pharm. Sci. 66:1-19.
  • The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds useful in the present invention include the conventional nontoxic salts or quaternary ammonium salts of the compounds, e.g., from non-toxic organic or inorganic acids. For example, such conventional nontoxic salts include those derived from inorganic acids such as hydrochloride, hydrobromic, sulfuric, sulfamic, phosphoric, nitric, and the like; and the salts prepared from organic acids such as acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, stearic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, palmitic, maleic, hydroxymaleic, phenylacetic, glutamic, benzoic, salicyclic, sulfanilic, 2-acetoxybenzoic, fumaric, toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, ethane disulfonic, oxalic, isothionic, and the like.
  • In other cases, the compounds may contain one or more acidic functional groups and, thus, are capable of forming pharmaceutically acceptable salts with pharmaceutically acceptable bases. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” in these instances refers to the relatively non-toxic, inorganic and organic base addition salts of compounds of the present invention. These salts can likewise be prepared in situ in the administration vehicle or the dosage form manufacturing process, or by separately reacting the purified compound in its free acid form with a suitable base, such as the hydroxide, carbonate or bicarbonate of a pharmaceutically acceptable metal cation, with ammonia, or with a pharmaceutically acceptable organic primary, secondary or tertiary amine. Representative alkali or alkaline earth salts include the lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and aluminum salts and the like. Representative organic amines useful for the formation of base addition salts include ethylamine, diethylamine, ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, piperazine, and the like. See, for example, Berge et al. (1977) J. Pharm. Sci. 66:1-19.
  • In embodiments where the composition is in a liquid form, a carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium comprising but not limited to, water, ethanol, polyol (e.g., glycerol, propylene glycol, liquid polyethylene glycol, etc.), lipids (e.g., triglycerides, vegetable oils, liposomes), and combinations thereof. The proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating, such as lecithin; by the maintenance of the required particle size by dispersion in carriers such as, for example liquid polyol or lipids; by the use of surfactants such as, for example, hydroxypropylcellulose; or combinations thereof such methods. In many cases, it will be advisable to include isotonic agents, such as, for example, sugars, sodium chloride, or combinations thereof.
  • Therapeutic Methods
  • Some aspects of this invention provide therapeutic methods, for example, methods for the treatment of subjects having a hyperproliferative disease, a neoplastic disease, or a cancer. In some embodiments, a method of treatment is personalized to a specific subject by taking into account the phosphorylation level of at least one an mTOR target site in the subject. In some embodiments, therapeutic methods disclosed herein include administration of an mTOR inhibitor, for example, of an mTORC1 or an mTORC1/2 inhibitor. In some embodiments, therapeutic methods described herein include administration of an mTOR inhibitor and an additional kinase inhibitor, for example, a PI3K inhibitor, a MAPK inhibitor, MEKIERK inhibitor, or an AKT/PKB inhibitor. In some embodiments, therapeutic methods provided herein include administration of a dual mTOR/PI3K inhibitor, or of a combination of an mTOR inhibitor and a PI3K inhibitor.
  • In some therapeutic embodiments, a composition disclosed herein, for example, a composition comprising an mTOR inhibitor or a composition comprising an mTOR inhibitor and a PI3K inhibitor is administered to a subject having a cancer in an effective amount. An effective amount, in some embodiments, is an amount sufficient to elicit a desired clinical response in the subject. In some embodiments, the desired response is a slowing or inhibiting of the progression of a disorder, for example, of a malignant neoplastic disorder. In some embodiments, this involves slowing the progression of the disease temporarily, although, in more preferable embodiments, it involves halting the progression of the disease permanently.
  • In some embodiments, the desired response is a permanent reduction of cancer cell proliferation, for example, to a level comparable to a level found in healthy individuals. In some embodiments, a desired response is the induction of cell death in a cancer cell, in a population of cancer cells, or in all cancer cells in a subject. In some embodiments, the desired response is delaying or preventing the manifestation of clinical symptoms characteristic of the disease or condition.
  • The effect of administering an mTOR inhibitor, either alone or in combination with an additional compound, for example, a PI3K inhibitor, as provided herein, can be monitored by routine methods well known to those of skill in the related medical arts, for example, by methods involving assessment of cancer cell proliferation.
  • What constitutes an effective amount will depend on the particular condition being treated, the severity of the condition, the individual patient parameters including age, physical condition, size, and weight, the duration of the treatment, the nature of concurrent therapy (if any), the specific route of administration and like factors within the knowledge and expertise of the health care professional treating the subject. These factors are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art and can be addressed with no more than routine experimentation. It is generally preferred that a maximum dose of the individual components or combinations thereof be used, that is, the highest safe dose according to sound medical judgment. It will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art, however, that a lower dose or tolerable dose may be used for medical reasons.
  • In general, an effective amount of a therapeutic agent, for example, an mTOR inhibitor or a combination of an mTOR inhibitor with a PI3K, Akt, or MAPK inhibitor, as provided herein, for the treatment of a cancer exhibiting an elevated level of mTOR kinase activity is a dose that achieves an alleviation of the specific neoplastic disease or disorder being treated, for example, by prevention, inhibition, amelioration, delay, or elimination of a symptom of such a disease or disorder.
  • Some embodiments provide a method of inducing cell death and/or inhibiting proliferation in a neoplastic cell exhibiting elevated mTOR kinase activity by contacting the cell with an mTOR kinase inhibitor or a combination of an mTOR kinase inhibitor and another kinase inhibitor, for example, a PI3K, Akt, or MAPK inhibitor, chosen based on the determination of the type of mTOR kinase signaling active in the cell. In some embodiments, the neoplastic cell is contacted in vivo by administering a composition disclosed herein to a subject carrying the cell. In some embodiments, the neoplastic cell is contacted ex vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is contacted in vitro.
  • In some embodiments, a neoplastic cell is contacted in vivo, ex vivo, or in vitro, with an effective amount of an mTOR inhibitor or a combination of an mTOR inhibitor and an additional kinase inhibitor, for example, a PI3K, Akt, or MAPK inhibitor, as provided herein. An effective amount, in some embodiments, is an amount sufficient to elicit a desired response in the contacted cell. In some embodiments involving contacting a neoplastic cell exhibiting elevated mTOR activity, for example, because of a mutation in an mTOR upstream pathway, the desired response is a slowing or inhibiting of the proliferation of the cell. In some embodiments, this decreases the proliferation rate and/or cell viability and/or life span, although, in more preferable embodiments, it involves the induction of cell death in the contacted cell or cells.
  • In some embodiments, the therapeutic methods provided herein further involve the administration of an additional antiproliferative agent to a cancer cell or to a subject carrying a cancer cell, for example, as part of a malignant tumor. Additional antiproliferative agents useful in the methods described herein are well known in the art and include, but are not limited to chemotherapeutic agents (e.g., cytostatic, and cytotoxic agents). Cytotoxic and cytostatic drugs are drugs that kill malignant cells, or inhibit their proliferation, respectively. Examples of cytotoxic and cytostatic drugs include, for example, alkylating agents, antimetabolites, antitumor antibiotics, vinca alkaloids, taxanes, topoisomerase-I compounds, anthrapyrazoles, and epidophylotoxins. In addition, angiogenesis inhibiting drugs, including, for example, compounds that block growth promoting receptors (e.g., PDGF-R and VEGF-R) such as sunitinib (Sutent®) may be used as additional antiproliferative agents. Non-limiting examples of additional antiproliferative agents include Cytoxan® (Cyclophosphamide), Methotrexate, 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), Adriamycin® (Doxorubicin), Prednisone, Nolvadex® (Tamoxifen), Taxol® (Paclitaxel), Leucovorin, Oncovin® (Vincristine), Thioplex® (Thiotepa), Arimidex® (Anastrozole), Taxotere® (Docetaxel), Navelbine®, (Vinorelbine), Gemzar® (Gemcitabine), Ifex® (Ifosfamide), Pemetrexed, Topotecan, Melphalan (L-Pam®), Cisplatin (Cisplatinum®, Platinol®), Carboplatin (Paraplatin®), Carmustine (BCNU; BiCNU®), Methotrexate, Edatrexate, Mitomycin C (Mutamycin®), Mitoxantrone (Novantrone®), Vincristine (Oncovin®), Vinblastine (Velban®), Vinorelbine (Navelbine®), Fenretinide, Topotecan, Irinotecan, 9-amino-camptothecin (9-AC); Biantrazole, Losoxantrone, Etoposide, and Teniposide.
  • Administration schedules, formulations, dosages, and administration routes of antiproliferative agents and compositions are well known to those in of skill in the art. Exemplary administration routes, schedules, and dosages of commonly used chemotherapeutic drugs are described in Perry, The Chemotherapy Source Book, 4th Edition, Lippinkott Williams & Wilkins, 2008, incorporated herein by reference. Such administration schedules may comprise the administration of a single antiproliferative drug or the administration of a combination of such drugs, for example, one of the following, commonly administered combinations: CMF (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil); classic CMF (oral cyclophosphamide plus methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil); CAF or FAC (cyclophosphamide, Adriamycin® (doxorubicin), and 5-fluorouracil); AC (Adriamycin® and cyclophosphamide); ACT (Adriamycin® plus cyclophosphamide and tamoxifen); AC taxol (Adriamycin® plus cyclophosphamide and paclitaxel (Taxol®); FACT (5-fluorouracil plus Adriamycin®, cyclophosphamide, and tamoxifen); A-CMF or Adria/CMF (4 cycles of Adriamycin® followed by 8 cycles of CMF); CMFP (CMF plus prednisone); CMFVP (CMF plus vincristine and prednisone); CAFMV (CAF plus methotrexate and vincristine); CMFVATN (CMF plus vincristine, Adriamycin®, thiotepa, and tamoxifen); MF (methotrexate plus 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin). The administration of such combinations of antiproliferative drugs and agents in addition to the administration of an mTOR kinase inhibitor with or without an additional kinase inhibitor, for example, a PI3K, Akt, or MAPK inhibitor, is also envisioned to be embraced by some embodiments.
  • The therapeutic inhibitors and compositions can be administered in a single dose comprising an effective amount of the individual agents. Multiple doses of the compounds of the invention are also contemplated. When a plurality of inhibitors are used together, they may be administered individually or sequentially, either in a single medicament or in separate units to provide therapeutic doses of the individual compounds. Many mTOR inhibitors, PI3K inhibitors, Akt inhibitors and MAPK inhibitors described herein are in clinical studies or even in clinical use. Therapeutic doses of such compounds are, accordingly, well known in the field of medicine. Dosages of compounds in clinical use are described in references such as Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th ed., 1990; as well as many other medical references relied upon by the medical profession as guidance for the treatment of proliferation disorders.
  • Administration Routes and Methods
  • A variety of administration routes are available for the kinase inhibitors and other therapeutic agents described herein. The particular mode selected will depend, of course, upon the particular compound selected, the particular condition being treated and the dosage required for therapeutic efficacy. The methods of this invention may be practiced using any mode of administration that is medically acceptable, meaning any mode that produces effective levels of compounds without causing clinically unacceptable adverse effects. Examples of modes of administration are parenteral routes. The term “parenteral” includes subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, and intrasternal injection, or infusion techniques. Other routes include, but are not limited to, oral, nasal, dermal, sublingual, and local.
  • The formulations of the invention are administered in pharmaceutically acceptable solutions, which may routinely contain pharmaceutically acceptable concentrations of salts, buffering agents, preservatives, compatible carriers, adjuvants, and optionally other therapeutic ingredients.
  • According to the methods provided by aspects of the invention, the compounds described herein may be administered in a pharmaceutical composition. In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition comprises a compound provided by aspects of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. As used herein, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier refers to a non-toxic material that does not interfere with the effectiveness of the biological activity of the active ingredients.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include diluents, fillers, salts, buffers, stabilizers, solubilizers, and other materials which are well known in the art. Such preparations may routinely contain salt, buffering agents, preservatives, compatible carriers, and optionally other therapeutic agents. When used in medicine, the salts should be pharmaceutically acceptable, but non-pharmaceutically acceptable salts may conveniently be used to prepare pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and are not excluded from the scope of the invention. Such pharmacologically and pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, those prepared from the following acids: hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, nitric, phosphoric, maleic, acetic, salicylic, citric, formic, malonic, succinic, and the like. Also, pharmaceutically acceptable salts can be prepared as alkaline metal or alkaline earth salts, such as sodium, potassium or calcium salts.
  • The compounds used in the invention may be formulated into preparations in solid, semi-solid, liquid or gaseous forms such as tablets, capsules, powders, granules, ointments, solutions, depositories, inhalants and injections, and usual ways for oral, parenteral or surgical administration. Some aspects of the invention also embrace pharmaceutical compositions which are formulated for local administration, such as by implants.
  • Compositions suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units, such as capsules, tablets, lozenges, each containing a predetermined amount of the active compound. Other compositions include suspensions in aqueous liquids or non-aqueous liquids such as a syrup, elixir or an emulsion. When the compounds described herein are used therapeutically, in certain embodiments a desirable route of administration may be by pulmonary aerosol.
  • In some embodiments, a compound provided by some aspects of the invention may be administered directly to a tissue. Direct tissue administration may be achieved by direct injection. A compound may be administered once or alternatively may be administered in a plurality of administrations. If administered multiple times, a compound may be administered via different routes. For example, the first (or the first few) administrations may be made directly into the affected tissue while later administrations may be systemic.
  • For oral administration, the compounds can be formulated readily by combining the active compounds with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers well known in the art. Such carriers enable the compounds of the invention to be formulated as tablets, pills, dragees, capsules, liquids, gels, syrups, slurries, suspensions and the like, for oral ingestion by a subject to be treated. Pharmaceutical preparations for oral use can be obtained as solid excipient, optionally grinding a resulting mixture, and processing the mixture of granules, after adding suitable auxiliaries, if desired, to obtain tablets or dragee cores. Suitable excipients are, in particular, fillers such as sugars, including lactose, sucrose, mannitol, or sorbitol; cellulose preparations such as, for example, maize starch, wheat starch, rice starch, potato starch, gelatin, gum tragacanth, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and/or polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). If desired, disintegrating agents may be added, such as the cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, agar, or alginic acid or a salt thereof such as sodium alginate. Optionally the oral formulations may also be formulated in saline or buffers for neutralizing internal acid conditions or may be administered without any carriers.
  • Dragee cores are provided with suitable coatings. For this purpose, concentrated sugar solutions may be used, which may optionally contain gum arabic, talc, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, carbopol gel, polyethylene glycol, and/or titanium dioxide, lacquer solutions, and suitable organic solvents or solvent mixtures. Dyestuffs or pigments may be added to the tablets or dragee coatings for identification or to characterize different combinations of active compound doses.
  • Pharmaceutical preparations which can be used orally include push-fit capsules made of gelatin, as well as soft, sealed capsules made of gelatin and a plasticizer, such as glycerol or sorbitol. The push-fit capsules can contain the active ingredients in admixture with filler such as lactose, binders such as starches, and/or lubricants such as talc or magnesium stearate and, optionally, stabilizers. In soft capsules, the active compounds may be dissolved or suspended in suitable liquids, such as fatty oils, liquid paraffin, or liquid polyethylene glycols. In addition, stabilizers may be added. Microspheres formulated for oral administration may also be used. Such microspheres have been well defined in the art. All formulations for oral administration should be in dosages suitable for such administration.
  • For buccal administration, the compositions may take the form of tablets or lozenges formulated in conventional manner.
  • For administration by inhalation, the compounds for use according to the present invention may be conveniently delivered in the form of an aerosol spray presentation from pressurized packs or a nebulizer, with the use of a suitable propellant, e.g., dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas. In the case of a pressurized aerosol the dosage unit may be determined by providing a valve to deliver a metered amount. Capsules and cartridges of, e.g., gelatin for use in an inhaler or insufflator may be formulated containing a powder mix of the compound and a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch.
  • The compounds, when it is desirable to deliver them systemically, may be formulated for parenteral administration by injection, e.g., by bolus injection or continuous infusion. Formulations for injection may be presented in unit dosage form, e.g., in ampoules or in multi-dose containers, with an added preservative. The compositions may take such forms as suspensions, solutions, or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing, and/or dispersing agents.
  • Preparations for parenteral administration include sterile aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. Examples of non-aqueous solvents are propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate. Aqueous carriers include water, alcoholic/aqueous solutions, emulsions or suspensions, including saline and buffered media. Parenteral vehicles include sodium chloride solution, Ringer's dextrose, dextrose and sodium chloride, lactated Ringer's, or fixed oils. Intravenous vehicles include fluid and nutrient replenishers, electrolyte replenishers (such as those based on Ringer's dextrose), and the like. Preservatives and other additives may also be present such as, for example, antimicrobials, anti-oxidants, chelating agents, and inert gases and the like. Lower doses will result from other forms of administration, such as intravenous administration. In the event that a response in a subject is insufficient at the initial doses applied, higher doses (or effectively higher doses by a different, more localized delivery route) may be employed to the extent that patient tolerance permits. Multiple doses per day are contemplated to achieve appropriate systemic levels of compounds.
  • Other delivery systems can include time-release, delayed release or sustained release delivery systems. Such systems can avoid repeated administrations of the compound, increasing convenience to the subject and the physician. Many types of release delivery systems are available and known to those of ordinary skill in the art. They include polymer base systems such as poly(lactide-glycolide), copolyoxalates, polycaprolactones, polyesteramides, polyorthoesters, polyhydroxybutyric acid, and polyanhydrides. Microcapsules of the foregoing polymers containing drugs are described in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,075,109. Delivery systems also include non-polymer systems that are: lipids including sterols such as cholesterol, cholesterol esters and fatty acids or neutral fats such as mono- di- and tri-glycerides; hydrogel release systems; silastic systems; peptide based systems; wax coatings; compressed tablets using conventional binders and excipients; partially fused implants; and the like. Specific examples include, but are not limited to: (a) erosional systems in which the platelet reducing agent is contained in a form within a matrix such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,452,775, 4,675,189, and 5,736,152 and (b) diffusional systems in which an active component permeates at a controlled rate from a polymer such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,854,480, 5,133,974 and 5,407,686. In addition, pump-based hardware delivery systems can be used, some of which are adapted for implantation.
  • Therapeutic formulations useful in the invention may be prepared for storage by mixing a kinase inhibitor having the desired degree of purity with optional pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients or stabilizers (Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences 16th edition, Osol, A. Ed. (1980)), in the form of lyophilized formulations or aqueous solutions. Acceptable carriers, excipients, or stabilizers are nontoxic to recipients at the dosages and concentrations employed, and include buffers such as phosphate, citrate, and other organic acids; antioxidants including ascorbic acid and methionine; preservatives (such as octadecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride; hexamethonium chloride; benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride; phenol, butyl or benzyl alcohol; alkyl parabens such as methyl or propyl paraben; catechol; resorcinol; cyclohexanol; 3-pentanol; and m-cresol); low molecular weight (less than about 10 residues) polypeptides; proteins, such as serum albumin, gelatin, or immunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone; amino acids such as glycine, glutamine, asparagine, histidine, arginine, or lysine; monosaccharides, disaccharides, and other carbohydrates including glucose, mannose, or dextrins; chelating agents such as EDTA; sugars such as sucrose, mannitol, trehalose or sorbitol; salt-forming counter-ions such as sodium; metal complexes (e.g., Zn-protein complexes); and/or non-ionic surfactants such as TWEEN™, PLURONICS™ or polyethylene glycol (PEG).
  • EXAMPLES
  • Two sets of large-scale, quantitative phospho-proteomics experiments were performed to fully define how mTOR-containing complexes signal to downstream effectors (FIG. 1A). The first SILAC experiment (rapamycin screen) was performed using growth factor-deprived TSC2−/− mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). Deletion of the TSC2 tumor suppressor gene decouples mTORC1 from many upstream inputs, leading to constitutive hyper-activation of mTORC1 signaling (7). mTORC1 is still potently and specifically inhibited by rapamycin in these cells, which provides a sensitized genetic background for the study of mTORC1 signaling in the absence of other mitogen-regulated phosphorylation cascades.
  • Global Quantitative Phosphoproteomics Defines the Signaling Networks Downstream of both mTORC1 and mTORC2
  • Two populations of TSC2−/− cells were grown in parallel, one in conventional media (“light”) and the other in media containing [13C6 15N2]lysine and [13C6 15N4]arginine (“heavy”) (FIG. 1A and Table 5). As shown in FIG. 5A, phosphopeptides were successfully enriched using a two-step SCX-IMAC procedure with the phosphopeptides representing 67.8% of the peptides identified. We performed two biological replicates of this experimental design with cross-labeling (swapping the labeled state of the rapamycin-treated cells, Table 5), from which a total of 14,635 (FDR=0.25%) and 32,500 (FDR=0.28%) phosphopeptides were identified, respectively. These corresponded to identification of at least 4,484 and 6,832 unique phosphorylation sites on 1,615 and 1,866 proteins, respectively. The quantitation was highly accurate (Table 5) with 93.7% of the phosphoproteome changing less than 50% in abundance between the rapamycin-treated (light) and control (heavy) cells (second biological replicate experiment, Median Log2(H/L)=−0.02 and standard deviation Log2(H/L)=0.53, FIG. 1A). Gene names and sequences of the phosphopeptides whose intensities decrease after rapamycin treatment (Rapamycin screen) are identified in Table 7. Note that the Rapamycin screen includes two biological replicates. For the first replicate (Table 7 Rapa Replicate 1), the light cells were controls whereas the heavy cells were treated with rapamycin. For the second replicate experiment (Table 7 Rapa Replicate 2), the light cells were treated with rapamycin and heavy cells were controls.
  • Based on the tight distribution of the quantified phosphopeptides, we considered phosphorylated peptides whose relative abundance decreased ≧2-fold as regulated in a rapamycin-sensitive fashion. Using this criteria, several hundred peptides (corresponding to 148 and 85 proteins respectively, in the two biological replicates, Table 11) were determined to contain rapamycin-sensitive phosphorylation sites. Table 11 identifies proteins with downregulated phosphorylation identified in the rapamycin and Ku-0063794 screen. Note that there are two biological replicate experiments for the rapamycin screen (“Table 11 Rapa Replicate 1,” and “Table 11 Rapa Replicate 2,” respectively) and one Ku-0063749 replicate (“Table 11 Ku”). Treatment for the light and heavy cells in each experiment is described in FIG. 1C. We observed a similar distribution for the phosphopeptides in the first biological replicate experiment and found 85 proteins (Table 11) that carried rapamycin-sensitive phosphorylation sites. In addition, there was a substantial overlap in the down-regulated proteins between replicates and 40 of these proteins were found in both experiments (FIG. 5B).
  • For the Ku-screen, wild-type MEFs were grown in light and heavy SILAC media and starved overnight for serum. The light cells were treated with 20 nM rapamycin for 2 hrs, while the heavy cells were treated in parallel with a combination of 20 nM rapamycin and 2 μM of Ku-0063794 for 2 hrs. Both the light and heavy cell were subsequently stimulated with insulin for 15 minutes and samples were pooled and analyzed by quantitative mass spectrometry. Ku-0063794 is a recently identified compound that competitively inhibits mTOR kinase activity by occupying the ATP-binding pocket (FIG. 5C) (4, 11). For the Ku-screen, a total of 34,642 phosphopeptides were identified with a false discovery rate of 0.28%, which corresponded to identification of 6,220 unique phosphorylation sites on 1,867 proteins (Table 5). Gene names and sequences of the phosphopeptides whose intensities decrease after Ku-0063794 treatment are identified in Table 8. Note that the light cells were treated with rapamycin and serve as controls whereas the heavy cells were treated with a combination of rapamycin and Ku-0063794. A very tight distribution of phosphopeptides was observed (Median Log2(H/L)=−0.03 and standard deviation Log2(H/L)=0.34) and phosphorylated peptides whose relative abundance decreased ≧2-fold were considered regulated by Ku-sensitive, but rapamycin-insensitive mTOR signaling (FIG. 1A). Using these criteria, 100 proteins were determined to contain downregulated phosphorylation after Ku-0063794 treatment (Table 11). The identified phopho-proteins included many known downstream targets of mTORC2 (Table 6), including GSK3β, Braf, Akt1s1 (Akt substrate) and NDRG1 (SGK substrate). Combining the data from both the Rapa-screen and the Ku-screen, we identified a total of 81,777 phosphopeptides, and more than 11,271 unique phosphorylations sites on 2,778 proteins, with 9,694 of the sites confidently localized (A score ≧13) (Table 5).
  • Phosphorylation Specificity of the Downstream Effectors in the mTORC1 and mTORC2 Signaling Networks
  • Table 9 describes the classification of mTOR targets identified in the rapamycin and Ku-0063794 screens. Class I includes downstream effectors of rapamycin-sensitive mTORC1. Class II includes downstream effectors of rapamycin-insensitive mTORC1 or mTORC2. Class II includes the proteins downstream of both mTORC1 and mTORC2. Names of the genes and the sequences of the phosphopeptides are shown.
  • Class I sites represent phosphorylation events that are mediated by rapamycin-sensitive mTORC1/S6K signaling, (e.g. phospho-rpS6 S235/S236 phosphorylation).
  • Class II sites represent phosphorylation events mediated by rapamycin-insensitive mTORC1 or mTORC2 function. For example, 4EBP1 T36/T45 phosphorylation, previously characterized as a rapamycin insensitive mTORC1 substrate (12), only decreased slightly (20%) after rapamycin treatment, while phosphorylation at these sites decreased dramatically (7.2-fold) in the Ku-0063794 screen (FIGS. 1C, 5C and 6A). As another example, NDRG1 was also identified to contain Class II phosphorylation sites at S330/S333 (FIGS. 1C and 6B) and was recently shown to be a substrate of SGK (8), whose activation is under the control of mTORC2.
  • Class III represents phosphorylation sites that are both the rapamycin-sensitive and Ku-sensitive mTOR substrates. For example, GSK3β S9 phosphorylation is down-regulated by approximately 3.3-fold and 2.2-fold in the rapamycin and Ku-0063794 screens, respectively (FIGS. 1C and 6C), consistent with the previous observation that it can be a substrate of both Akt and S6K (9). As another example for the Class III phosphorylation, the abundance of mTOR autophosphorylation at S2478/S2481 decreased 3.6-fold in the rapamycin screen (FIG. 7A). Surprisingly, it was previously shown that S2481 is a conserved, rapamycin-insensitive, autophosphorylation site of mTOR (FIG. 7B) (20). Immunoblot analysis confirmed that site was indeed rapamycin-sensitive (FIGS. 5C and 7C). Intriguingly, acute rapamycin treatment only led to partial dephosphorylation of this site. In contrast, mTOR S2481 phosphorylation was completely abolished as a result of mTOR kinase inhibitor treatment (FIGS. 5C and 7D). Taken together, the data demonstrate that mTOR S2481 phosphorylation is regulated in both a rapamycin sensitive- and insensitive-manner.
  • There were several surprising examples of phosphopeptides that are insensitive to both rapamycin and Ku-0063794 as identified by the two phosphoproteomics screens. The intensity of a T70 singly phosphorylated 4EBP 1 peptide did not change in either the rapamycin or the Ku-0063794 screen (FIGS. 1C and 6A), indicating the 4EBP T70 is not phosphorylated by mTOR in this context. Indeed, several reports suggested that this site might be targeted by ERK2, another proline-directed kinase (21). In addition, we found that the 4EBP-1 S85/S 100 phosphorylation was also mTOR-independent (FIG. 1C).
  • Linking Phosphorylation Events to the Biological Processes Regulated by mTORC1 and mTORC2
  • To assess the predicated effects of mTOR inhibition in cells as a result of either rapamycin or Ku-0063794 treatment, we mapped the downregulated proteins in the two screens to Gene Ontology (GO) terms with respect to Biological Process (BP) and also performed gene functional classification analysis of these proteins. Table 10 describes the results of GO analysis of the hits identified in the rapamycin and Ku-0063794 screens. Pathways that the rapamycin-sensitive and Ku-0063794-sensitive hits overrepresented are shown in “Table 10 Rapa pathways” and “Table 10 Ku pathways”, respectively. Also shown is the biological process that the rapamycin-sensitive and Ku-0063794-sensitive hits overrepresented (Table 10 Rapa BP GO, and Table 10 Ku BP GO, respectively). Interestingly, for the rapamycin screen, the top enriched BPs included negative regulation of macromolecule metabolic process (P=4.2×10−7), negative regulation of cellular biosynthetic process (P=4.2×10−6), response to insulin stimulus (P=2.6×10−4), negative regulation of transcription (P=2.7×10−4) and vesicle-mediated transport (P=6.0×10−4). By grouping the hits based on functional similarities, we also found that the downregulated proteins in the rapamycin screen were enriched for kinases (P=2.1×10−20), WD40-repeat containing proteins (P=8.9×10−12), proteins involved in transcription regulation (P=3.1×10−9) and proteins involved in RNA processing (P=3.3×10−5). The identification of many kinases in the downregulated proteins provides interesting points for potential signal integration and crosstalk. One example is the Ser/Thr kinase, unc-51-like kinase 1 (ULK1). Previously published research has demonstrated that ULK1 is positively involved in autophagy response (22). ULK1 has also been shown to interact with mTORC1 through binding to raptor (23). We identified three phosphorylation sites on ULK1 (S747/S757/T763) that showed a 4-fold downregulation after rapamycin treatment (Table 1), suggesting that ULK1 is likely a bona fide mTORC1 substrate. As mTORC1 is known to antagonize macroautophagy, it is tempting to speculate that mTORC1 negative regulates ULK1 either directly or indirectly via inhibitory phosphorylation events. Interestingly, in mammalian cells, knockdown of the related kinase ULK2 had no effect on the autophagic response (22). Interestingly, all three of the rapamycin-sensitive ULK1 phosphorylation sites are proline-directed (SP or TP), whereas two of the three comparable sites in ULK2 possess a C-terminal alanine, making it unlikely that these residues are similarly phosphorylated by mTORC1 (FIG. 7E).
  • For the downregulated proteins identified in the Ku-0063794 screen, the top enriched BPs included lamellipodium assembly (P=0.003), protein amino acid phosphorylation (P=0.007), the insulin receptor signaling pathway (P=0.01), actin filament-based process (P=0.015) and nucleocytoplasmic transport (P=0.015). Gene functional classification analysis revealed that the downregulated proteins were enriched for ATP-binding proteins (P=2.4×10−11) and zinc-finger domain containing proteins (P=2.1×10−4). Intriguingly, it has been suggested that mTORC2 promotes organization of the actin cytoskeleton upon growth factor stimulation through a mechanism that is poorly defined. The identification of a total of 10 proteins (CCDC88A, ARHGEF17, NCK1, myo9b, Mtap1b, Epb4.113, vel, Spnb2, FLNC, Npm1) in the Ku-0063794 screen that are related to cytoskeleton regulation provides an opportunity for the discovery of novel points of regulation. For example, we identified a peptide from filamin-C (FLNC) in the Ku-0063794 screen that was singly phosphorylated at S2234 (FIG. 2). S2234 is localized in an AGC kinase substrate motif (RERLGS*F, SEQ ID NO: 22) and has previously been shown to be phosphorylated by Akt in vitro (24). We found S2234 could be categorized as a Class II phosphorylation site (rapamycin-insensitive and Ku0063794-sensitive, FIG. 2 and Table 1), suggesting that it is not an S6K substrate but rather the substrate of Akt or SGK. FLNC crosslinks actin filaments into a three-dimensional network and is involved in assembling signaling complexes near the cell membrane (25). Interestingly, filamin-A (FLNA) has been shown to be phosphorylated at a similar site (S2152, RRRAPS*V, SEQ ID NO: 23) by RSK and Pak protein kinases which regulates FLNA function in cell migration (26). It will clearly be of great interest to investigate whether mTORC2 regulates actin assembly and cell migration through Akt- or SGK-mediated phosphorylation of FLNC and whether this phosphorylation coordinates regulation of these processes with Ras-, Cdc42- and Rac-mediated phosphorylation of FLNA.
  • The analysis identified 4,484 and 6,832 unique phosphorylation sites on 1,615 and 1,866 proteins from two biological replicate experiments, respectively, and achieved a high level of accuracy in quantitation (Table 5). Several hundred peptides corresponding to 148 and 85 proteins in the two replicates (Table 11) were determined to contain rapamycin-sensitive phosphorylation sites (defined as phosphorylated peptides whose relative abundance decreased ≧2-fold in response to rapamycin treatment). There was a substantial overlap in the downregulated proteins between the replicates, as 40 proteins were found in both experiments (FIG. 5B). Supporting the validity of the approach, many known effectors of the mTORC1 signaling pathway were identified in the downregulated population (Table 6), including p70S6K, 4EBP1/2, Akt1s1 (PRAS40), rpS6, eIF4B, eIF4G1 and GSK3β. A representative identification of the known rapamycin-sensitive phosphorylation sites on ribosomal protein S6 is shown in FIG. 1B.
  • Rapamycin is an allosteric inhibitor that only partially inhibits mTORC1 signaling and has no effect on the activity of mTORC2 under short-term treatment conditions (3). In contrast, newly discovered ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitors block the activity of both mTORC1 and mTORC2 (2). To identify rapamycin-insensitive mTORC1, and mTORC2 substrates, we used the mTOR kinase inhibitor Ku-0063794 and performed a second SILAC experiment (Ku-0063794 screen) (FIG. 1A). The light cells were treated with 20 nM rapamycin for 2 hrs, while the heavy cells were treated in parallel with a combination of 20 nM rapamycin and 2 μM of Ku-0063794 for 2 hrs. Both the light and heavy cells were subsequently stimulated with insulin for 15 minutes and samples were pooled and analyzed by quantitative mass spectrometry. By creating a rapamycin-inhibited background in both the light and heavy cells, the combination of insulin stimulation and treatment with the mTOR kinase inhibitor leads to the identification of proteins specficially phosphorylated by rapamycin-insensitive mTOR signaling and kinases activated downstream of mTORC2 such as Akt and SGK.
  • In this experiment, one hundred proteins were determined to contain down-regulated phosphorylation after Ku-0063794 treatment (Table 11). The identified phospho-proteins included many known downstream targets of mTORC2 (Table 6), including GSK313, Braf, Akt1s1 (Akt substrates) and NDRG1 (SGK substrate).
  • To identify the specific downstream effectors of the two mTOR complexes, we compared the fold-change in phospho-peptides identified in both the rapamycin and Ku-0063794 screens (FIG. 1C). As expected, the majority of phospho-peptides in the cell are not affected by either rapamycin or Ku-0063794 treatment and show a heavy:light ratio close to 1:1 in both screens. However, there are clearly phosphopeptides that are mediated by mTORC1 and/or mTORC2 signaling, which can further be divided into three categories. Class I sites include rapamycin-sensitive events that are not further decreased by Ku-0063794 treatment, and represent canonical mTORC1 downstream effectors, such as rpS6 S235/236 phosphorylation (FIG. 1C). Class II sites include Ku-0063794-sensitive events that are not affected by rapamycin treatment and represent either rapamycin-resistant mTORC1 downstream effectors, such as 4EBP1 T36/T45 (FIGS. 1C, 5C and 6A), or sites downstream of the mTORC2 signaling, such as the recently described SGK-mediated NDRG1 S330/S333 phosphorylation events (FIGS. 1C and 6B) (8). Finally, Class III sites are sensitive to both compounds. For example, GSK3β S9 phosphorylation is downregulated in both the rapamycin and Ku-0063794 screens (FIGS. 1C and 6C), consistent with the previous observation that GSK313 can be a substrate of both Akt and S6K (9). In addition, we identified mTOR autophosphorylation at S2481 as a Class III site that is regulated in both a rapamycin sensitive- and insensitive-manner (FIG. 7) (these target classes are discussed in more detail elsewhere herein).
  • We performed pathway analysis using DAVID (10), to determine the signaling networks that are statistically overrepresented by the hits in the rapamycin and Ku-0063794 screens (FIGS. 1D and 5D). Not surprisingly, proteins with downregulated phosphorylation in both screens were highly enriched for the canonical mTOR pathway (P=1.6×10−6, ranked first, for the rapamycin screen and P=0.0014, ranked second, for the Ku-0063794 screen).
  • Interestingly, one of the enriched GO classes in the rapamycin screen is the transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling pathway (P=0.01), suggesting that mTORC1 might inhibit proteins in the upstream PI3K and MAPK pathways through modulating the activities of these RTKs. In particular, we observed that phosphorylation of two sites on the growth factor receptor-bound protein 10 (Grb10, S501/S503, 496MNILSS*QS*PLHPSTLNAVIHR516 (SEQ ID NO: 24), mass error=2.32 ppm, Xcorr=4.39) was strongly inhibited by rapamycin (FIGS. 2A and 8A). The level of phosphorylation decreased by more than 27-fold after a 2 h rapamycin treatment (Table 6). The intensity of a triply phosphorylated Grb10 peptide (T76/S96/S104, insufficient MS/MS fragment ions to localize T76) also decreased by about five-fold after rapamycin treatment (Table 6). In contrast, phosphorylation of two other Grb10 sites, 5455 and 5458, did not change after a 2-hr rapamycin treatment (FIG. 8B), suggesting that decreased S501/S503 phosphorylation was not the result of a change in Grb10 protein abundance.
  • Grb10 belongs to the growth factor receptor-bound (Grb) protein family, which contains Grb7, Grb10 and Grb14. Members of this protein family serve as cellular adaptor proteins that bind to activated receptor tyrosine kinases (11). Grb10 has an N-terminal Ras-associating (RA) domain, a PH domain, a C-terminal SH2 domain and a BPS (between PH and SH2) domain, in which the two rapamycin-sensitive phosphorylation sites reside (FIG. 2B). The S501/S503 sites, and their flanking sequences, are highly conserved in vertebrates (FIG. 2B), suggesting that they could be functionally relevant and phosphorylated by a common evolutionarily conserved kinase, such as mTOR.
  • We developed a phosphospecific antibody (FIGS. 9A and 9B) to further characterize these two Grb10 phosphorylation sites. Treatment of TSC2−/− MEFs with 20 nM rapamycin induced rapid dephosphorylation of Grb10, within 15 min, and remained completely inhibited for the remainder of the time course examined (FIG. 2C). The dephosphorylation kinetics correlated well with that of S6K. We also found that Grb10 phosphorylation at S501/S503 is sensitive to amino acid availability in TSC2−/− MEFs (FIG. 2D).
  • To determine whether the Grb10 S501/S503 sites can be phosphorylated by other kinases, we treated TSC2−/− cells with staurosporine, a broad-spectrum kinase inhibitor that does not suppress mTOR activity (12). No change in the phosphorylation level of Grb10 S501/S503 phosphorylation was observed in response to staurosporine treatment (FIG. 2E). In contrast, treatment of Ku-0063794 led to a dose-dependent dephosphorylation of Grb10, correlating with the dephosphorylation of mTOR, 4EBP and rpS6. Interestingly, S6K activity was inhibited by staurosporine treatment, as shown by a complete loss of rpS6 phosphorylation, suggesting that Grb10 S501/S503 was directly phosphorylated by mTORC1 rather than by S6K.
  • We further investigated the effects of growth factor stimulation and rapamycin-mediated inhibition on Grb10 phosphorylation in other cell types. Wild-type MEFs were serum-starved and then stimulated with either insulin or 10% serum, both of which led to a robust increase in Grb10 phosphorylation (FIG. 2F). The insulin- or serum-induced increase in Grb10 phosphorylation was completely blocked by rapamycin pre-treatment. It was previously reported that Grb10 S503 (S476 in human Grb10 isoform 3) was phosphorylated by ERK1/2 in vitro (13). We found that inhibiting MEK by using AZD6244 completely abolished the activities of ERK but had no effect on Grb10 S501/S503 phosphorylation (FIG. 2F), indicating that phosphorylation at these two sites on Grb10 is not mediated by ERK in vivo. We also tested other mTOR catalytic site inhibitors, including LY294002, NVP-BEZ235, torin and pp 242 (14), all of which completely abolished Grb10 S501/S503 phosphorylation (FIG. 2G).
  • We next examined the in vivo interaction between Grb10 and the components of the mTOR complexes. We co-overexpressed HA-tagged Grb10 with Myc-tagged raptor or rictor in HEK293T cells. Grb10 was found to interact with raptor, but not rictor, suggesting Grb10 is a binding partner of mTORC1, but not mTORC2 (FIG. 3A). To further evaluate the possibility that Grb10 is a substrate of mTORC1, we prepared recombinant Grb10 from bacteria and subjected it to an in vitro kinase assay using recombinant mTOR. As shown in FIG. 3B, Grb10 was robustly phosphorylated by recombinant mTOR at S501/S503.
  • We found long-term inhibition of mTORC1 by rapamycin led to a significant decrease in Grb10 protein levels (FIG. 3C) while Grb10 mRNA levels showed a modest (approximately 2-fold) decrease, suggesting mTORC1 activity positively regulates Grb10 expression at both the transcriptional and post-translational levels. Similarly, knockdown of the mTORC1 component raptor led to a decreased level of Grb10 protein, correlating with diminished mTORC1 activity, as shown by phospho-4EBP levels (FIG. 3D). In addition, long-term treatment with mTOR kinase inhibitors, including LY-294002, NVP-BEZ235, torin and pp 242 all led to reduced Grb10 protein expression (FIG. 9C). Similar results were obtained in TSC1−/− MEFs (FIG. 9D). In contrast, we found Grb10 was highly overexpressed in TSC2−/− and TSC1−/− MEFs compared with their wild-type counterparts (FIGS. 3E and 9E), correlating with elevated mTORC1 activity in these cells.
  • To explore whether mTORC1-mediated Grb10 stabilization depends on phosphorylation on S501/S503, we transfected WT-Grb10, Grb10-S501A/S503A (AA) mutant and Grb10-S501D/S503D (DD) mutant into HEK293T cells. Exogenous wild type (WT) and DD mutant Grb10 proteins were expressed at equal levels, while expression of the AA mutant was markedly reduced, suggesting lower protein stability for the unphosphoryated form of Grb10 (FIG. 3F). To confirm this result, we generated TSC2−/− MEFs stably expressing the HA-tagged Grb10-DD mutant and treated these cells with rapamycin. Long-term rapamycin treatment decreased endogenous, wild-type Grb10 levels but had no effect on the DD mutant protein levels (FIG. 3G). To rule out the possibility that this result was an artifact based on protein overexpression, we repeated the experiment on TSC2−/− cells expressing HA-tagged wild-type Grb10, in which rapamycin treatment decreased both the endogenous and ectopically expressed Grb10 (FIG. 9F). These data support a critical role for mTORC1 in stabilizing Grb10 through phosphorylation of the S5011S503 residues.
  • Grb10 has been suggested to function as a negative regulator of the insulin signaling pathway. In mice with genetically disrupted Grb10 function, overgrowth of both the embryo and placenta was observed, and these mice are approximately 30% larger than normal at birth (15). In addition, enhanced activity of the insulin-stimulated PI3K/Akt pathway was observed in insulin target tissues, including skeletal muscle and adipose tissue (16). We examined the role of mTORC1-mediated Grb10 protein stabilization and accumulation in mTORC1 mediated negative feedback on the PI3K/Akt pathway.
  • As expected from previous reports (5, 6), both the PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways were highly suppressed in TSC2−/− cells due to constitutively elevated mTORC1 activity. In contrast, Akt was strongly activated in Grb10 knockdown cells under both serum-starved and insulin/IGF stimulation conditions (FIG. 4A). In addition, Grb10 knockdown also led to ERK hyperactivation upon insulin/IGF stimulation. Conversely, overexpression of Grb10 in HEK293 cells substantially interfered with activation of PI3K, as judged by decreased Akt T308 phosphorylation (FIG. 10A). The observed inhibition was not affected by the phosphorylation status of S501/S503. Previous work demonstrated that Grb10 interferes with insulin-mediated PI3K activation by binding to, and inhibiting, the insulin receptor (11). We confirmed this observation and demonstrated that Grb10 overexpression interferes with insulin receptor-dependent IRS phosphorylation and subsequent PI3K recruitment (FIGS. 10B, 10C and 10D).
  • The current model of the negative feedback loop from mTORC1 to PI3K involves S6K-mediated phosphorylation and subsequent degradation of IRS 1/2 (6). However, it has also been shown that overexpression of a dominant-negative, kinase-deficient S6K1 failed to completely recapitulate the hyperactivation of Akt induced by overexpression of kinase-dead mTOR, suggesting mTORC1 is directly involved in modulating this feedback inhibition loop (17). Our data clearly show that hyperactivation of mTORC1/S6K promotes feedback loop inhibition of PI3K through a two-prong mechanism: (1) mTORC1/S6K-mediated phosphorylation and degradation of a positive regulator of PI3K signaling, IRS, and (2) mTORC1-mediated phosphorylation and accumulation of a negative regulator of PI3K signaling, Grb10.
  • Numerous genetic alterations in cancers result in hyperactivation of the mTOR complexes. Based on these observations, rapamycin analogues are currently approved, or being assessed in various clinical trials, as targeted therapeutics against several cancer subtypes. However, with a few exceptions, the current results have been disappointing, as the clinical outcome of rapamycin treatment is unpredictable and rapamycin is largely ineffective as a monotherapy (3). In particular, it has been shown that post-surgical, maintenance rapamycin treatment led to PI3K/Akt activation in glioblastoma patients, and this activation was associated with shorter time-to-progression (4). We asked whether PI3K hyperactivation induced by Grb10 knockdown (which phenotypically mimics rapamycin-induced Grb10 depletion) would contribute to the survival of cells undergoing stress-induced apoptosis. In response to either staurosporine or etoposide, reduced caspase 3 cleavage was observed in Grb10 knockdown cells compared to control cells. These results indicate that Grb10 depletion is sufficient to protect cells from apoptosis (FIGS. 4B and 10E). Combined with the recent finding that rapamycin can protect cells from energy stress-induced death (18), these results provide a plausible mechanism as to why the effect of rapamycin therapy is cytostatic rather than cytotoxic in some types of cancers and suggest a complete understanding of the feedback inhibition control will be critical in designing combination therapy involving rapamycin and DNA-damaging reagents or reagents targeting metabolic pathways.
  • To explore the role of Grb10 in cancer progression, we performed a comprehensive meta-analysis of GRB10 expression based on published microarray data. GRB10 expression is significantly down-regulated in many tumor types compared to their normal tissue counterparts (FIG. 4C). The most profound down-regulation was observed in infiltrating bladder urothelial carcinoma, glioblastoma, breast, myeloma, prostate and pancreatic cancers. Given that loss of Grb10 results in a dramatic activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway (FIG. 4A), we performed correlation analysis between variations in the expression of GRB10 and PTEN, a known negative regulator of the PI3K/Akt pathway and tumor suppressor gene. While both GRB10 and PTEN are ubiquitously down-regulated, in all cases there was a significantly (p<0.05) negative correlation between GRB10 and PTEN expression. The most striking differences were observed in breast carcinoma (Pearson correlation coefficient=−0.7, p=0.02) and myeloma (Pearson correlation coefficient=−0.82, p=0.001) (FIG. 4D). The data suggest that GRB10 loss provides an alternative mechanism of PI3K/Akt activation when PTEN expression is retained. It is particularly compelling that this correlation is only observed in tumor samples but not the normal tissue controls (FIG. 4E). It has been previously reported that PIK3CA mutations and PTEN loss are mutually exclusive in breast cancer (19), suggesting that an increased level of PIP3 resulting from of genetic alteration of either PIK3CA or PTEN relieves selective pressure targeting the other gene. Similarly, Grb10 loss, which results in PI3K hyperactivation, might provide the cells with growth and survival advantages that are redundant with respect to PTEN loss-of-function, suggesting that Grb10 might be a novel tumor suppressor that is regulated by mTORC1. These data point to the exciting therapeutic prospects of targeting Grb10 stability in cancer therapy.
  • Materials and Methods Cells and Reagents
  • Human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293E cells, immortalized wild-type mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells and TSC2−/− MEFs (a kind gift from David Kwiatkowski, Brigham and Women's Hospital) were maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. In collaboration with Millipore Inc., we generated anti-phospho-5501/S503-Grb10 antibodies. Anti-mTOR, anti-phospho-mTOR (S2481), anti-Grb10 (human), anti-phospho-Akt (S473), anti-phospho-Akt (T308), anti-Akt, anti-S6K, anti-phospho-S6K (T389), anti-IRS2, anti-PARP, anti-caspase 3, anti-4EBP, anti-4EBP (T37/T46), anti-phospho-ribosomal protein S6 (S235/S236), and anti-ribosomal protein S6 antibodies were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology. Anti-phospho-ERK1/2 antibody, insulin, Phorbol Myristate Acetate (PMA), Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) and polybrene were purchased from Sigma. Anti-Grb10 (mouse), anti-phospho-IRS (Y612), anti-p85 and anti-p110 of PI3K antibodies were purchased from Santa Cruz, Invitrogen, Millipore and BD, respectively. ERK1/2 antibody and anti-HA antibody were prepared in the lab. LY294002 and AktVIII inhibitor were purchased from Calbiochem. Lipofectamine 2000 was purchased from Invitrogen. Torin was kindly provided by Nathanael Gray (Dana Farber Cancer Institute).
  • SILAC Cell Culture
  • TSC2−/− MEFs were used in the rapamycin screen due to constitutive hyperactivation of mTORC1 signaling in this cell line. Cells were grown in light ([12C6 14N2]Lys, [12C6 14N4]Arg) and heavy ([13C6 15N2]Lys, [13C6 15N4]Arg) DMEM (Cambridge Isotope Labs), respectively. Both light and heavy DMEM were supplemented with 10% dialyzed FBS (Invitrogen). Cells were serum-deprived for 17 hours and cells were cultured inheavy media were treated with 20 nM rapamycin for two hours. We performed two biological replicates of this experimental design with cross-labeling (swapping the labeled state of the rapamycin-treated cells). For the purposes of illustration, the data for biological replicate #2 is presented in FIGS. 1A and 1D.
  • The Ku-0063794 screen was performed using wild-type (WT) MEFs. Cells were grown in the aforementioned SILAC media. Both the light and heavy cells were starved of serum for 17 hrs. The light cells were treated with 20 nM rapamycin for 2 hrs, while the heavy cells were treated with a combination of 20 nM rapamycin and 2 μM Ku-0063794 for 2 hrs. Both the light and heavy cells were then stimulated with 100 nM insulin for 15 min.
  • Sample Preparation for Mass Spectrometric Analysis
  • The heavy and light cells were lysed in urea buffer (8 M urea, 20 mM HEPES pH 7.0, 75 mM β-glycerolphosphate, 1 mM sodium vanadate, 1 mM DTT and 1.5 mM EGTA) and the lysates were combined at a 1:1 ratio. Lysates were reduced by adding DTT to a final concentration of 3 mM, followed by incubation at room temperature for 20 min. Cysteines were alkylated by adding iodoacetamide to a final concentration of 50 mM, followed by incubation in the dark for 20 min. The lysates were diluted to a final concentration of 2 M urea by addition of 100 mM NH4OAC and were digested overnight with sequencing-grade trypsin (Promega) at a 1:100 (enzyme:substrate) ratio. Digestion was quenched by addition of trifluoroacetic acid to a final concentration of 0.1% and precipitates were removed by centrifugation at 4,000 rpm for 30 min. Peptides were desalted on SepPak C18 columns (Waters) according to manufacturer's instructions.
  • Phosphopeptides were enriched by SCX-IMAC (27). Briefly, lyophilized peptides were resuspended in 500 μl SCX buffer A (5 mM KH2PO4, pH 2.65, 30% acetonitrile) and injected onto a SCX column (Polysulfoethyl aspartamide, 9.4 mm×200 mm, 5 μM particle size, 200 Å pore size, PolyLC). Gradient was developed over 35 min ranging from 0% to 21% buffer B (5 mM KH2PO4, pH 2.65, 30% acetonitrile, 350 mM KCl) at a flow rate of 2 ml/min. Twelve fractions were collected and lyophilized. Peptides were then desalted using SepPak C18 columns and were subjected to IMAC (Sigma) for phosphopeptide enrichment. The eluate was further desalted using STAGE tips (28) and lyophilized.
  • Mass Spectrometry Analysis and Data Processing
  • The rapamycin screen samples were analyzed by LC-MS/MS on an LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometer (Thermo, San Jose, Calif.) using the top ten method. The Ku-0063794 screen samples were analyzed on an LTQ-Velos mass spectrometer (Thermo Fischer Scientific, San Jose, Calif.) using the top twenty method. MS/MS spectra were searched against a composite database of the mouse IPI protein database (Version 3.60) and its reversed complement using the Sequest algorithm. Search parameters allowed for a static modification of 57.02146 Da for Cys and a dynamic modification of phosphorylation (79.96633 Da) on Ser, Thr and Tyr, oxidation (15.99491 Da) on Met, stable isotope (10.00827 Da) and (8.01420 Da) on Arg and Lys, respectively. Search results were filtered to include <1% matches to the reverse data base by the linear discriminator function (Huttlin et al., manuscript in preparation) using parameters including Xcorr, dCN, missed cleavage, charge state (exclude 1+ peptides), mass accuracy, peptide length and fraction of ions matched to MS/MS spectra. Phosphorylation site localization was assessed by the Ascore algorithm (29) based on the observation of phosphorylation-specific fragment ions and peptide quantification was performed by using the Vista algorithm (30, 31).
  • We further filter the peptides according to the following criteria for quantitation of the peptide abundance changes: (1) Vista confidence score must be at least 85, (2) signal to noise ratio (S/N)≧3 for both the heavy and light peptides, (3) in the cases where one of the isotopic species has an S/N of ≦3, S/N of the other was required to be ≧5, and (4) in the cases where only the heavy or light version of a peptide was found, we reported the peak S/N ratio, or its inverse, as a proxy for relative abundance measurement. For such peptides, we also required S/N of at ≧5 for the observed species.
  • Plasmids
  • The cDNA for human Grb10 (NCBI gene symbol GRB10; Gene ID: 2887) was obtained from Invitrogen and amplified by PCR. The product was subcloned into (1) the BamH I and EcoR I sites of pKH3, (2) the BamH I and EcoR I sites of pGEX-4T-3 or (3) the Hind III and EcoR I sites of pLPCX. The Grb10 point mutant constructs were generated using the QuickChange site-directed mutagenesis kit (Stratagene). pRK5-Myc-raptor andpRK5-Myc-Rictor were kindly provided by David Sabatini (MIT). Lentiviral plasmids (Δ8.9 and VSVG) were kind gifts from Andrew Kung (Dana Farber Cancer Institute) and David Baltimore (California Institute of Technology).
  • Immunoprecipitation
  • Cells were extracted with lysis buffer A (40 mM HEPES, pH 7.5, 120 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM β-glycerophosphate, 50 mM NaF, 2 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 2 mg/ml aprotinin, 2 mg/ml leupeptin, and 1 mg/ml pepstatin, 1 mM DTT) containing 1% Triton X-100, 1% NP-40, or 0.2% CHAPS. After centrifugation, supernatants were collected and pre-cleared for 1 h with protein A- and G-Sepharose beads (GE Healthcare Biosciences). After centrifugation at 3,000 rpm for 5 min, the supernatants were incubated with the antibody at 4° C. for 2 h, and then incubated with protein A- and G-Sepharose for an additional hour. Beads were washed four times with the lysis buffer and eluted in 2× reducing sample buffer.
  • Mammalian Lentiviral shRNAs
  • Lentiviral short hairpin RNA (shRNA) expression vectors were a kind gift from William Hahn (Dana Farber Cancer Institute). To generate the lentiviruses, shRNA plasmids were co-transfected into HEK293TD cells along with packaging (Δ8.9) and envelope (VSVG) expression plasmids using lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen). Two days after transfection, viral supernatants were harvested and filtered. Recipient cells were infected in the presence of a serum-containing medium supplemented with 8 μg/ml polybrene. Following infection for 36 h, cells were treated with 2.0 μg/ml puromycin (Sigma) and cell lines that stably expressed the shRNAs were selected. Knockdown efficiencies were examined by immunoblot assay using antibodies against the target protein.
  • Immunoblot Analysis
  • For immunoblot analysis, the cells were extracted in lysis buffer (20 mM HEPES (pH 7.5), 1% Triton X-100, 150 mM NaCl, 10 mM EDTA, 1 mM EGTA, 1 mM sodium orthovanadate, 1 mM NaF, 2 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 2 mg/ml aprotinin, 2 mg/ml leupeptin, and 1 mg/ml pepstatin), and extracts were mixed with the 5× reducing buffer (60 mM Tris-HCl, pH 6.8, 25% glycerol, 2% SDS, 14.4 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, 0.1% bromophenol blue). Samples were boiled for 5 min and subject to electrophoresis using the standard SDS-PAGE method. Proteins were then transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane (Whatman). The membranes were blocked with a TBST buffer (25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 0.05% Tween 20) containing 3% nonfat dried milk, and probed overnight with primary antibodies at 4° C. and for 1 h at RT with peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies. Blots were developed using enhanced chemiluminescence, exposed on autoradiograph film and developed using standard methods.
  • Recombinant Protein Purification
  • For the purification of GST-tagged proteins, plasmids were transformed into Escherichia coli strain BL21 (DE3), and purified to homogeneity from crude lysates using glutathione-sepharose beads (GE Healthcare) according to the manufacture's protocol. Briefly, protein production was initiated by adding isopropyl-D-thiogalactopyranoside (Sigma) to the cultures. Bacteria were collected by centrifugation, resuspended in PBS and lysed by sonication. After centrifugation at 13,000 rpm for 15 min, the supernatant was incubated with glutathione-sepharose beads for 1 h. The beads were washed with PBS three times and the recombinant protein was eluted with PBS containing 20 mM reduced glutathione. Proteins were dialyzed against PBS and stored at −80° C. until use.
  • Quantitative RT-PCR Analysis
  • Total cellular RNA was purified from cultured cells using the RNeasy mini kit (Qiagen) following the manufacturer's protocol. For quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), RNA was reverse-transcribed using the High-Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit (Applied Biosystems) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The resulting cDNA was analyzed by qRT-PCR using the QuantiTect SYBR Green qPCR System (Qiagen). A QuantiTect Primer Assay for mouse Grb10 was used to amplify the target gene, while the β-acting primers (β-actin forward, ACCCAGATCATGTTTGAGACCT (SEQ ID NO: 25); and β-actin reverse, GCAGTAATCTCCTTCTGCATCC (SEQ ID NO: 26)) were used as a normalization control. All reactions were run on an ABI 7900HT Fast Real-Time PCR instrument with a 15 min hot start at 95° C. followed by 40 cycles of a 3-step thermocycling program: denaturation: 15 s at 94° C., annealing: 30 s at 55° C. and extension: 30 s at 70° C. Melting curve analysis was performed at the end of every run to ensure that a single PCR product of the expected melting temperature was produced in a given well. A total of 3 biological replicates×4 technical replicates/biological replicate were performed for each treatment group. Data analysis utilized the comparative Ct method (ΔΔCt method).
  • Analysis of GRB10 and PTEN Expression in Human Samples.
  • Microarray expression data from six independent data sets corresponding to patient samples from bladder (GSE3167), glioblastoma (GSE4536), breast (GSE5764), myeloma (GSE5900), pancreatic (GSE1542) carcinoma and matching normal tissues were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (www.nebi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/) and for prostate carcinoma from the Broad Institute cancer program datasets (www.broadinstitute.org/cgi-bin/cancer/datasets.cgi). The correlation in the gene expression between GRB10 and PTEN was performed using Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis and the samples were clustered using the Euclidean distance metric and Ward's linkage algorithm.
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    INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE
  • All publications, patents and sequence database entries mentioned herein, including those items listed below and in the databases and tables provided or referred to herein, are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety for disclosure of the relevant subject matter indicated, as if each individual database entry, publication, or patent was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. The specification provides a number of International Protein Index (IPI) accession numbers, starting with IPI followed by a number. International Protein Index database entries identified by IPI accession number in the specification are incorporated by reference for disclosure of the respective protein sequence and accompanying protein information. The IPI database can be accessed at the European Bioinformatics Institute homepage (www.ebi.ac.uk/), for example, at (www.ebi.ac.uk/IPI/IPIhelp.html). In case of conflict, the present application, including any definitions herein, will control.
  • EQUIVALENTS AND SCOPE
  • Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the invention described herein. The scope of the present invention is not intended to be limited to the above description, but rather is as set forth in the appended claims.
  • In the claims articles such as “a,” “an,” and “the” may mean one or more than one unless indicated to the contrary or otherwise evident from the context. Claims or descriptions that include “or” between one or more members of a group are considered satisfied if one, more than one, or all of the group members are present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process unless indicated to the contrary or otherwise evident from the context. The invention includes embodiments in which exactly one member of the group is present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process. The invention also includes embodiments in which more than one, or all of the group members are present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process. Furthermore, it is to be understood that the invention encompasses all variations, combinations, and permutations in which one or more limitations, elements, clauses, descriptive terms, etc., from one or more of the claims or from relevant portions of the description is introduced into another claim. For example, any claim that is dependent on another claim can be modified to include one or more limitations found in any other claim that is dependent on the same base claim. Furthermore, where the claims recite a composition, it is to be understood that methods of using the composition for any of the purposes disclosed herein are included, and methods of making the composition according to any of the methods of making disclosed herein or other methods known in the art are included, unless otherwise indicated or unless it would be evident to one of ordinary skill in the art that a contradiction or inconsistency would arise. For example, it is to be understood that any of the compositions of the invention can be used for vocal cord repair or other soft tissue repair or augmentation. It is also to be understood that any of the compositions made according to the methods for preparing compositions disclosed herein can be used for vocal cord repair or other soft tissue repair or augmentation. In addition, the invention encompasses compositions made according to any of the methods for preparing compositions disclosed herein.
  • Where elements are presented as lists, e.g., in Markush group format, it is to be understood that each subgroup of the elements is also disclosed, and any element(s) can be removed from the group. It is also noted that the term “comprising” is intended to be open and permits the inclusion of additional elements or steps. It should be understood that, in general, where the invention, or aspects of the invention, is/are referred to as comprising particular elements, features, steps, etc., certain embodiments of the invention or aspects of the invention consist, or consist essentially of, such elements, features, steps, etc. For purposes of simplicity those embodiments have not been specifically set forth in haec verba herein. Thus for each embodiment of the invention that comprises one or more elements, features, steps, etc., the invention also provides embodiments that consist or consist essentially of those elements, features, steps, etc.
  • Where ranges are given, endpoints are included. Furthermore, it is to be understood that unless otherwise indicated or otherwise evident from the context and/or the understanding of one of ordinary skill in the art, values that are expressed as ranges can assume any specific value within the stated ranges in different embodiments of the invention, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit of the range, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. It is also to be understood that unless otherwise indicated or otherwise evident from the context and/or the understanding of one of ordinary skill in the art, values expressed as ranges can assume any subrange within the given range, wherein the endpoints of the subrange are expressed to the same degree of accuracy as the tenth of the unit of the lower limit of the range.
  • In addition, it is to be understood that any particular embodiment of the present invention may be explicitly excluded from any one or more of the claims. Any embodiment, element, feature, application, or aspect of the compositions and/or methods of the invention, can be excluded from any one or more claims. For purposes of brevity, all of the embodiments in which one or more element, feature, purpose, or aspect is excluded are not set forth explicitly herein.
  • TABLES
  • The Tables provided below are referred to in the specification and the claims. Because some of the tables are lengthy, they are provided in this subsection.
  • TABLE 1
    Gene Symbol Annotation
    1110013L07Rik Putative uncharacterized protein
    1600027N09Rik RIKEN cDNA 1600027N09 gene
    2610110G12Rik Isoform 1 of UPF0635 protein C6orf134 homolog
    Aak1 Isoform 2 of AP2-associated protein kinase 1
    Adamts2 A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 2
    Ahctf1 AT-hook-containing transcription factor 1
    Ahnak AHNAK nucleoprotein isoform 1
    Aim1l Absent in melanoma 1-like
    Akt1s1 Proline-rich AKT1 substrate 1
    Alkbh6 24 kDa protein
    Arhgap17 Isoform 1 of Rho GTPase-activating protein 17
    Atg2a Autophagy-related protein 2 homolog A
    B230208H17Rik Putative GTP-binding protein Parf
    Bat2l Isoform 1 of Protein BAT2-like
    Bcas3 Isoform 1 of Breast carcinoma-amplified sequence 3 homolog
    Bclaf1 Isoform 2 of Bcl-2-associated transcription factor 1
    Bcr Breakpoint cluster region protein
    Bmp2k Isoform 1 of BMP-2-inducible protein kinase
    Bod1l biorientation of chromosomes in cell division 1-like
    C130092O11Rik Isoform 1 of Uncharacterized protein KIAA1680
    Cabin1 calcineurin binding protein 1
    Carhspl Calcium-regulated heat stable protein 1
    Ccdc6 coiled-coil domain containing 6
    Ccnl1 Isoform 1 of Cyclin-L1
    Cd2ap CD2-associated protein
    Cdgap Cdc42 GTPase-activating protein
    Chd1 Chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding protein 1
    Crkrs Isoform 2 of Cell division cycle 2-related protein kinase 7
    Cttn Src substrate cortactin
    Cux1 cut-like homeobox 1 isoform a
    D6Wsu116e Isoform 1 of Protein FAM21
    D830015G02Rik Putative uncharacterized protein
    Dab2 Isoform p93 of Disabled homolog 2
    Ddx21 Nucleolar RNA helicase 2
    Dennd4a hypothetical protein LOC102442
    Dhx15 Putative pre-mRNA-splicing factor ATP-dependent RNA helicase DHX15
    Dnajc2 DnaJ homolog subfamily C member 2
    Dock11 Dedicator of cytokinesis protein 11
    Edc3 Enhancer of mRNA-decapping protein 3
    Edc4 Isoform 1 of Enhancer of mRNA-decapping protein 4
    Eef2k Elongation factor 2 kinase
    Ehbp1 Isoform 2 of EH domain-binding protein 1
    Ehmt2 Isoform 1 of Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase H3 lysine-9 specific 3
    Eif3a Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit A
    Eif4b Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4B
    Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1
    Eif4ebp2 Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 2
    Eif4g1 Isoform 1 of Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 1
    Eif5; LOC100047658 Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5
    Emg1 Probable ribosome biogenesis protein NEP1
    Eps8l2 Isoform 1 of Epidermal growth factor receptor kinase substrate 8-like protein 2
    Epyc Epiphycan
    Erc1; LOC100048600 Isoform 1 of ELKS/RAB6-interacting/CAST family member 1
    Ext1 Exostosin-1
    Fbxw9 F-box and WD-40 domain protein 9
    Fkbp15 Isoform B of FK506-binding protein 15
    FLNA Filamin-A
    Fmnl3 Isoform 1 of Formin-like protein 3
    Foxk1 Forkhead box protein K1
    Foxk2 Isoform 1 of Forkhead box protein K2
    Fxr1 Isoform E of Fragile X mental retardation syndrome-related protein 1
    Gbf1 Golgi-specific brefeldin A-resistance factor 1
    Gm13099 Novel protein similar to preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma-like family
    Gm13697 Novel protein containing MIF4G and MA3 domains
    Gm14085 Novel protein similar to solute carrier family 28 (Sodium-coupled nucleoside
    transporter) member 2
    Gm6988 similar to hCG1640785
    Gm9757 Putative uncharacterized protein
    Gon4l RIKEN cDNA 5830417110 gene
    Grb10 Isoform 3 of Growth factor receptor-bound protein 10
    Gsk3b Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta
    Gtf2f1 General transcription factor IIF subunit 1
    Hdgfrp2 Isoform 3 of Hepatoma-derived growth factor-related protein 2
    Herc1 hect (homologous to the E6-AP (UBE3A) carboxyl terminus) domain and RCC1
    (CHC1)-like domain (RLD) 1
    Hisppd1 140 kDa protein
    Hn1l Hematological and neurological expressed 1-like protein
    Ibtk Isoform 2 of Inhibitor of Bruton tyrosine kinase
    Inf2 Isoform 1 of Inverted formin-2
    Iqsec1 IQ motif and Sec7 domain 1 isoform b
    Irs2 Insulin receptor substrate 2
    Iws1 Isoform 1 of Protein IWS1 homolog
    Junb Transcription factor jun-B
    Kdm3b Isoform 2 of Lysine-specific demethylase 3B
    Kdm6a Isoform 1 of Lysine-specific demethylase 6A
    Ktn1 Isoform 1 of Kinectin
    Larp1 Isoform 1 of La-related protein 1
    Larp4 Putative uncharacterized protein
    Larp7 Isoform 1 of La-related protein 7
    Ldhd 22 kDa protein
    Lin9 lsoform 2 of Lin-9 homolog
    Llgl1 lethal giant larvae homolog 1 isoform 1
    LOC100048123; Akt2 RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase
    LOC100048559; Sfrs1 Isoform 1 of Splicing factor arginine/serine-rich 1
    Luc7l2 Isoform 1 of Putative RNA-binding protein Luc7-like 2
    Macf1 Isoform 3 of Microtubule-actin cross-linking factor 1
    Med1 Isoform 4 of Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 1
    Megf11 Isoform 4 of Multiple epidermal growth factor-like domains 11
    Mett10d Isoform 1 of Putative methyltransferase METT10D
    Mib1 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase MIB1
    Micall1 Isoform 1 of MICAL-like protein 1
    Mll2 similar to myeloid/lymphoid or mixed-lineage leukemia 2
    Mllt4 Isoform 3 of Afadin
    Mogat1 2-acylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1
    Mtap1b Microtubule-associated protein 1B
    Mtor Isoform 1 of FKBP12-rapamycin complex-associated protein
    Myef2 Isoform 2 of Myelin expression factor 2
    Myo5a Myosin-Va
    Nacc1 Nucleus accumbens-associated protein 1
    Ndrg3 Protein NDRG3
    Nfic Isoform 1 of Nuclear factor 1 C-type
    Npm1 Nucleophosmin
    Numa1 Nuclear mitotic apparatus protein 1
    Palm Isoform 1 of Paralemmin
    Patl1 Protein PAT1 homolog 1
    Pbx2 Pre-B-cell leukemia transcription factor 2
    Pcbp1 Poly(rC)-binding protein 1
    Pcbp2 Isoform 1 of Poly(rC)-binding protein 2
    Pcm1 Isoform 1 of Pericentriolar material 1 protein
    Pdcd11 Protein RRP5 homolog
    Pds5b Isoform 1 of Sister chromatid cohesion protein PDS5 homolog B
    Peg3 Isoform 1 of Paternally-expressed gene 3 protein
    Pgrmc2 Membrane-associated progesterone receptor component 2
    Phf3 PHD finger protein 3
    Phldb1 Isoform 2 of Pleckstrin homology-like domain family B member 1
    Phldb2 lsoform 1 of Pleckstrin homology-like domain family B member 2
    Pi4k2a Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2-alpha
    Pkn2 Isoform 1 of Serine/threonine-protein kinase N2
    Pla2g4a Cytosolic phospholipase A2
    Plekhm1 Pleckstrin homology domain-containing family M member 1
    Pom121 Nuclear envelope pore membrane protein POM 121
    Ppfibp2 Isoform 4 of Liprin-beta-2
    Ppp1r12a MCG122391 isoform CRA_e
    Prkd2 Serine/threonine-protein kinase D2
    Ptk2 Isoform 1 of Focal adhesion kinase 1
    Qsox2 Isoform 3 of Sulfhydryl oxidase 2
    Rab1 Ras-related protein Rab-1A
    Ranbp10 Ran-binding protein 10
    Ranbp9 RAN binding protein 9
    Rb1 Retinoblastoma-associated protein
    Rfc1 Rfc1 protein
    Rictor Isoform 1 of rapamycin-insensitive companion of mTOR
    Rnf19b IBR domain containing 3
    Rps6 29 kDa protein
    Rps6kb1 Isoform Alpha I of Ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1
    RsI1d1 Putative uncharacterized protein
    rsp6 29 kDa protein
    Sap30 Histone deacetylase complex subunit SAP30
    Sbno1 Isoform 2 of Protein strawberry notch homolog 1
    Scrib Isoform 1 of Protein LAP4
    Serbp1 Isoform 1 of Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 RNA-binding protein
    Setd1a SET domain containing 1A
    Sfrs18 splicing factor arginine/serine-rich 18
    Sfrs8 splicing factor arginine/serine-rich 8
    Sgta Isoform 1 of Small glutamine-rich tetratricopeptide repeat-containing protein alpha
    Slc4a1ap solute carrier family 4 (anion exchanger) member 1 adaptor protein
    Smarca4 Putative uncharacterized protein
    Smarcad1 Isoform 1 of SWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of
    chromatin subfamily A containing DEAD/H box 1
    Smarcc2 Isoform 2 of SWI/SNF complex subunit SMARCC2
    Snx17 Sorting nexin-17
    Snx30 Sorting nexin-30
    Sorbs3 Vinexin
    Spna2 Isoform 2 of Spectrin alpha chain brain
    Sqstm1 Isoform 1 of Sequestosome-1
    Srpk2 serine/arginine-rich protein-specific kinase 2
    Srrm1 Isoform 2 of Serine/arginine repetitive matrix protein 1
    Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive matrix protein 2
    St5 Isoform 1 of Suppression of tumorigenicity 5
    Strn3 Striatin-3
    Syap1 Synapse-associated protein 1
    Tbc1d4 140 kDa protein
    Tcfeb Transcription factor EB
    Tinf2 Putative uncharacterized protein
    Tjp2 Tight junction protein ZO-2
    Tmem106b Transmembrane protein 106B isoform CRA_b
    Tmpo Isoform Beta of Lamina-associated polypeptide 2 isoforms beta/delta/epsilon/gamma
    Tnc Isoform 1 of Tenascin
    Tns1 tensin 1
    Tox4 TOX high mobility group box family member 4
    Trim28 Isoform 1 of Transcription intermediary factor 1-beta
    Trip10 Isoform 3 of Cdc42-interacting protein 4
    Ubxn7 UBX domain-containing protein 7
    Ulk1 Putative uncharacterized protein
    Usp24 Isoform 1 of Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 24
    Usp36 Ubiquitin specific peptidase 36
    Uvrag UV radiation resistance associated
    Vwa5b1 von Willebrand factor A domain-containing protein 5B1
    Wdr91 WD repeat-containing protein 91
    Wnk1 Serine/threonine-protein kinase WNK1
    Zc3h4 Isoform 2 of Zinc finger CCCH domain-containing protein 4
    Zc3hc1 Isoform 1 of Nuclear-interacting partner of ALK
    Zeb2 Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 2
    Zfp106 Isoform 1 of Zinc finger protein 106
    Zfp516 Zinc finger protein 516
    Znrf2 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase ZNRF2
    Table 1. Names and annotations of proteins identified to harbor phosphopeptides whose intensities decrease after rapamycin treatment (rapamycin screen).
    Note
    that the rapamycin screen included two biological replicates. For the first replicate, the light cells were controls whereas the heavy cells were treated with rapamycin. For the second replicate experiment, the light cells were treated with rapamycin, and the heavy cells were controls. Table 1 includes all unique proteins identified in both replicates. Protein sequences and phosphorylation sites can be identified from the identifiers provided in the tables and database provided herein.
  • TABLE 2
    Gene Symbol Annotation
    Myo18a Isoform 4 of Myosin-XVIIIa
    Brd2 Isoform 2 of Bromodomain-containing protein 2
    6330577E15Rik Uncharacterized protein C10orf78 homolog
    Best3 Bestrophin-3
    Larp1 Isoform 1 of La-related protein 1
    Fam62c Isoform 1 of Extended synaptotagmin-3
    Mdn1 Midasin homolog
    Rtn4 Isoform 2 of Reticulon-4
    Pcdh24 Pcdh24 protein
    Synj1 similar to mKIAA0910 protein
    Zfp318 zinc finger protein 318 isoform 1
    Akt1s1 Proline-rich AKT1 substrate 1
    Alpk3 myocyte induction differentiation originator
    Zc3h14 Isoform 2 of Zinc finger CCCH domain-containing
    protein 14
    Edc4 Isoform 1 of Enhancer of mRNA-decapping
    protein 4
    Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive matrix
    protein 2
    Kif20b Isoform 1 of M-phase phosphoprotein 1
    1110007A13Rik UPF0557 protein C10orf119 homolog
    Pi4k2a Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2-alpha
    Top2b DNA topoisomerase 2-beta
    BC021381 Isoform 2 of Uncharacterized protein KIAA1931
    Bbx Isoform 1 of HMG box transcription factor BBX
    Vcl Vinculin
    Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding
    protein 1
    Rrp15 RRP15-like protein
    D10Wsu102e Uncharacterized protein C12orf45 homolog
    Braf Isoform 1 of B-Raf proto-oncogene serine/
    threonine-protein kinase
    Atg2b Isoform 1 of Autophagy-related protein 2
    homolog B
    Npm1 Nucleophosmin
    Pcsk5 proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 5
    Mtap1b Microtubule-associated protein 1B
    Ercc6l DNA excision repair protein ERCC-6-like
    Serinc1 Serine incorporator 1
    Klf3; LOC100046855 Krueppel-like factor 3
    Smarca4 Putative uncharacterized protein
    Aak1 Uncharacterized protein FLJ45252 homolog
    Eif4ebp2 Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding
    protein 2
    Ndrg1 Protein NDRG1
    Melk Maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase
    Arhgef17 Isoform 1 of Rho guanine nucleotide exchange
    factor 17
    Grit Isoform 2 of Rho/Cdc42/Rac GTPase-activating
    protein RICS
    Mdc1 mediator of DNA damage checkpoint 1
    Nfkb2 NF-kB2 splice variant 4
    Pcm1 Isoform 1 of Pericentriolar material 1 protein
    Mybbp1a Myb-binding protein 1A
    Sf3b1 Splicing factor 3B subunit 1
    Atrx Transcriptional regulator ATRX
    Ccdc88a Isoform 2 of Girdin
    Baz1b Isoform 1 of Tyrosine-protein kinase BAZ1B
    Nedd4l Isoform 3 of E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase NEDD4-
    like
    Orc6l Origin recognition complex subunit 6
    Trp53bp1 Transformation related protein 53 binding protein 1
    Map3k2 Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 2
    Hectd2 Hectd2 protein
    Usp10 Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 10
    D830031N03Rik similar to mKIAA0754 protein
    Nck1 non-catalytic region of tyrosine kinase adaptor
    protein 1
    Exosc9 Exosome complex exonuclease RRP45
    Dap Death-associated protein 1
    Rps6kb1 Isoform Alpha I of Ribosomal protein S6 kinase
    beta-1
    Lmna Isoform C2 of Lamin-A/C
    Sltm Isoform 1 of SAFB-like transcription modulator
    Sh3pxd2a Isoform 1 of SH3 and PX domain-containing
    protein 2A
    Flnc Isoform 1 of Filamin-C
    Oxr1 Isoform 2 of Oxidation resistance protein 1
    Rin2 Isoform 1 of Ras and Rab interactor 2
    Nek9 Serine/threonine-protein kinase Nek9
    Pebp1 Phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein 1
    Pop1 Processing of 1 ribonuclease P/MRP family
    Serhl Serine hydrolase-like protein
    Epb4.1l3 Isoform 1 of Band 4.1-like protein 3
    Hnrpll Isoform 1 of Heterogeneous nuclear
    ribonucleoprotein L-like
    Samhd1 SAM domain and HD domain-containing protein 1
    Zfp828 Zinc finger protein 828
    Larp7 Isoform 1 of La-related protein 7
    Myc myc proto-oncogene protein
    Myo9a Isoform 2 of Myosin-IXa
    Gsk3b Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta
    Zfp395 zinc finger protein 395
    Bend3 BEN domain-containing protein 3
    Akap12 Isoform 1 of A-kinase anchor protein 12
    Eif4g1 Isoform 1 of Eukaryotic translation initiation factor
    4 gamma 1
    Eif4b Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4B
    Dock7 Isoform 2 of Dedicator of cytokinesis protein 7
    Patl1 Protein PAT1 homolog 1
    Slc7a11 Cystine/glutamate transporter
    Myo9b Isoform 1 of Myosin-IXb
    Setd2 SET domain containing 2
    Gphn Gephyrin
    Erf ETS domain-containing transcription factor ERF
    Spnb2 Isoform 2 of Spectrin beta chain brain 1
    Phip PH-interacting protein
    Sdpr Serum deprivation-response protein
    Tcof1 Treacle protein
    Pwp1 Periodic tryptophan protein 1 homolog
    Rbl1 Isoform Long of Retinoblastoma-like protein 1
    Eef1b2 Elongation factor 1-beta
    Phactr4 Isoform 1 of Phosphatase and actin regulator 4
    C230081A13Rik Tyrosine-protein kinase-protein kinase SgK269
    Ahnak2 Putative uncharacterized protein
    Table 2. Names and annotations of proteins identified to harbor phosphopeptides whose intensities decrease after Ku-0063794 treatment (Ku-0063794 screen).
    Note
    that the light cells were treated with rapamycin and serve as controls whereas the heavy cells were treated with a combination of rapamycin and Ku-0063794. Protein sequences and phosphorylation sites can be identified from the identifiers provided in the tables and the database provided herein.
  • TABLE 3
    SEQ
    ID Gene
    IPI Reference Peptide NO Name Class
    IPI00121418.1 K.DGEGPDNLEPACPLSLPLQGNHTAADMYLS*PLRS*PK.K 30 Rb1 1
    IPI00221581.1 R.TGS*ESS*QTGASATSGR.N 31 Eif4b 1
    IPI00929786.1 R.TAS*ISSS*PSEGTPAVGSYGCT*PQS*LPK@.F 32 Larp1 1
    IPI00929786.1 R.TAS*ISSS*PSEGTPAVGSYGCT*PQS*LPK@.F 33 Larp1 1
    IPI00929786.1 R.T*AS*ISSSPSEGTPAVGS*YGCTPQSLPK@.F 34 Larp1 1
    IPI00317401.6 R.AES*PETSAVESTQST*PQK@.G 35 Pds5b 1
    IPI00107958.1 K.TSDIFGS*PVTATAPLAHPNK@PK@.D 36 Hn1l 1
    IPI00108454.2 R.R{circumflex over ( )}LS*S*LR{circumflex over ( )}.A 37 Rps6 1
    IPI00225062.2 R.R{circumflex over ( )}SS*SELS*PEVVEK@.V 38 Srrm2 1
    IPI00761759.1 R.S*SSGS*EHST*EGSVSLGDGPLSR{circumflex over ( )}.S 39 Larp4 1
    IPI00761759.1 R.SSS*GS*EHST*EGSVSLGDGPLSR{circumflex over ( )}.S 40 Larp4 1
    IPI00225062.2 R.RSS*SELS*PEVVEK.V 41 Srrm2 1
    IPI00122594.4 R.TTPLAS*PSLS*PGR{circumflex over ( )}.S 42 Ahctf1 1
    IPI00136107.1 R.THS*TSS*S*IGSGESPFSR{circumflex over ( )}.S 43 Ndrg3 1
    IPI00136107.1 R.THS*TSSS*IGSGESPFSR{circumflex over ( )}.S 44 Ndrg3 1
    IPI00136107.1 R.THS*TSS*SIGSGESPFSR{circumflex over ( )}.S 45 Ndrg3 1
    IPI00136107.1 R.THS*TSSSIGSGESPFSR{circumflex over ( )}.S 46 Ndrg3 1
    IPI00136107.1 R.T*HST*S*SSIGSGESPFSR{circumflex over ( )}.S 47 Ndrg3 1
    IPI00136107.1 R.T*HSTSSS*IGSGESPFSR{circumflex over ( )}.S 48 Ndrg3 1
    IPI00136107.1 R.THS*TSSS*IGSGESPFSR{circumflex over ( )}.S 49 Ndrg3 1
    IPI00136107.1 R.T*HSTSS*SIGSGESPFSR{circumflex over ( )}.S 50 Ndrg3 1
    IPI00136107.1 R.THS*TSSSIGSGESPFSR{circumflex over ( )}.S 51 Ndrg3 1
    IPI00551454.3 R.ER{circumflex over ( )}QES*ESEQELVNK@.R 52 Pdcd11 1
    IPI00117229.3 R.TS*PAGGTWSSVVSGVPR.L 53 Atxn2 1
    IPI00348442.1 R.SK@FDS*DEEDEDAENLEAVSSGK@.V 54 Sfrs18 1
    IPI00556837.1 K.DTVIIVS*EPS*EDEESHDLPSVTR.R 55 Smarcad1 1
    IPI00153986.2 K.GTS*RPGT*PSAEAASTSSTLR.A 56 Gtf2f1 1
    IPI00225062.2 R.GCS*PPKS*PEKPPQSTSSESCPPS*PQPTK.V 57 Srrm2 1
    IPI00128904.1 R.VMTIPYQPMPASS*PVICAGGQDR.C 58 Pcbp1 1
    IPI00121251.7 R.LSTTPS*PT*NSLHEDGVDDFRR.Q 59 Tox4 1
    IPI00320594.5 K.SQPHSSTSNQETS*DS*EMEMEAEHYPNGVLESVSTR{circumflex over ( )}.I 60 Ranbp10 1
    IPI00808277.2 R.SAPASPNHAGVLS*AHS*SGAQTPESLS*R{circumflex over ( )}.E 61 Foxk2 1
    IPI00137166.1 R.SR{circumflex over ( )}DAT*PPVS*PINMEDQER{circumflex over ( )}.I 62 Junb 1
    IPI00454104.1 K.TTEAPCS*PGSQQPPS*PDELPANVK@.Q 63 Scrib 1
    IPI00225062.2 R.GCS*PPK@S*PEK@PPQSTSSESCPPS*PQPTK@.V 64 Srrm2 1
    IPI00153986.2 K.GTS*R{circumflex over ( )}PGTPS*AEAASTSSTLR{circumflex over ( )}.A 65 Gtf2f1 1
    IPI00753321.2 K.SVS*ETSEDK@K@DEES*DEEEEEEEEEEPLGATTR{circumflex over ( )}.S 66 Bod1l 1
    IPI00153986.2 K.GT*SR{circumflex over ( )}PGT*PSAEAASTSSTLR{circumflex over ( )}.A 67 Gtf2f1 1
    IPI00153986.2 K.GTS*R{circumflex over ( )}PGT*PSAEAASTSSTLR{circumflex over ( )}.A 68 Gtf2f1 1
    IPI00929786.1 R.TASIS*SSPS*EGTPAVGSYGCT*PQSLPK@.F 69 Larp1 1
    IPI00929786.1 R.TASISS*SPSEGT*PAVGSYGCT*PQS*LPK@.F 70 Larp1 1
    IPI00130920.1 R.RSES*PFECK.N 71 Mtap1b 1
    IPI00336973.2 K.GLNLDGTPALSTLGGFS*PASK@PSS*PR{circumflex over ( )}.E 72 Ccnl1 1
    IPI00336973.2 K.GLNLDGTPALSTLGGFSPAS*KPS*SPR.E 73 Ccnl1 1
    IPI00336973.2 K.GLNLDGT*PALSTLGGFSPAS*K@PS*SPR{circumflex over ( )}.E 74 Ccnl1 1
    IPI00336973.2 K.GLNLDGTPALSTLGGFSPAS*K@PS*SPR{circumflex over ( )}.E 75 Ccnl1 1
    IPI00379844.4 R.TAS*EGDGGAAGGAGTAGGR{circumflex over ( )}PMSVAGS*PLS*PGPVR{circumflex over ( )}.A 76 Irs2 1
    IPI00336973.2 K.GLNLDGTPALSTLGGFSPAS*KPSS*PR.E 77 Ccnl1 1
    IPI00336973.2 K.GLNLDGT*PALSTLGGFSPAS*KPSS*PR.E 78 Ccnl1 1
    IPI00656285.2 R.SLVS*PIPSPT*GTISVPNSCPAS*PR{circumflex over ( )}.G 79 Foxk1 1
    IPI00656285.2 R.SLVS*PIPS*PTGTISVPNSCPAS*PR.G 80 Foxk1 1
    IPI00454104.1 K.TTEAPCS*PGSQQPPS*PDELPANVK@.Q 81 Scrib 1
    IPI00753321.2 K.S*VSETSEDK@K@DEES*DEEEEEEEEEEPLGATTR{circumflex over ( )}.S 82 Bod1l 1
    IPI00753321.2 K.SVS*ETSEDK@K@DEES*DEEEEEEEEEEPLGATTR{circumflex over ( )}.S 83 Bod1l 1
    IPI00313307.3 R.SYQNS*PSS*EDGIR{circumflex over ( )}PLPEYSTEK@.H 84 Med1 1
    IPI00225062.2 R.GCS*PPK@S*PEK@PPQSTSS*ESCPPSPQPTK@.V 85 Srrm2 1
    IPI00318938.6 R.NS*PVAK@TPPK@DLPAIPGVTS*PTSDEPPMQASQSQL 86 Eif4ebp1 1
    PSSPEDK@.R
    IPI00130920.1 R.SLMS*SPEDLTK@DFEELK@AEEIDVAK@.D 87 Mtap1b 1
    IPI00553798.2 R.SS*EVVLS*GDDEDYQR{circumflex over ( )}.I 88 Ahnak 1
    IPI00129264.1 R.ATSR{circumflex over ( )}PINLGPSS*PNTEIHWTPYR{circumflex over ( )}.A 89 Sorbs3 1
    IPI00129264.1 R.ATSRPINLGPS*SPNTEIHWTPYR.A 90 Sorbs3 1
    IPI00123410.5 R.TIS*AQDTLAYATALLNEK@.E 91 Usp24 1
    IPI00226441.2 R.LHYT*PPLQS*PIT*DGDPLLGQS*PWR{circumflex over ( )}.S 92 Lin9 1
    IPI00309059.7 R.ST*SPIIGS*PPVR{circumflex over ( )}.A 93 Patl1 1
    IPI00336713.1 R.CS*PVPGLSSS*PSGSPLHGK@.L 94 Bcas3 1
    IPI00320905.7 R.LGEQGPEPGPT*PPQTPT*PPS*TPPLAK.Q 95 Arhgap17 1
    IPI00309059.7 R.R{circumflex over ( )}S*TS*PIIGS*PPVR{circumflex over ( )}.A 96 Patl1 1
    IPI00309059.7 R.RSTS*PIIGS*PPVR.A 97 Patl1 1
    IPI00309059.7 R.ST*S*PIIGS*PPVR{circumflex over ( )}.A 98 Patl1 1
    IPI00317599.3 K.SQEDEEEISTS*PGVSEFVSDAFDTCSLNQEDLRK.E 99 Syap1 1
    IPI00317599.3 K.SQEDEEEIST*SPGVSEFVSDAFDTCSLNQEDLRK.E 100 Syap1 1
    IPI00656285.2 R.S*LVSPIPSPT*GTISVPNS*CPASPR{circumflex over ( )}.G 101 Foxk1 1
    IPI00676574.2 R.RVS*TDLPEGQDVYTAACNSVIHR.C 102 Herc1 1
    IPI00458958.2 K.DWDK@ES*EGEEPAGGR{circumflex over ( )}.A 103 Rrp15 2
    IPI00230719.8 R.R{circumflex over ( )}DSS*DDWEIPDGQITVGQR{circumflex over ( )}.I 104 Braf 2
    IPI00318938.6 R.VALGDGVQLPPGDYSTT*PGGTLFSTTPGGT*R.I 105 Eif4ebp1 2
    IPI00874995.2 R.AS*DDLGEPDVFATAPFR.S 106 Aak1 2
    IPI00318938.6 R.VALGDGVQLPPGDYSTT*PGGTLFSTTPGGT*R{circumflex over ( )}.I 107 Eif4ebp1 2
    IPI00318938.6 R.VALGDGVQLPPGDYSTTPGGT*LFSTT*PGGTR.I 108 Eif4ebp1 2
    IPI00318938.6 R.VALGDGVQLPPGDYSTTPGGT*LFSTT*PGGTR{circumflex over ( )}.I 109 Eif4ebp1 2
    IPI00323045.3 R.S*MDVDLNQAHMEDTPK@.K 110 Melk 2
    IPI00623284.4 K.IWDPTPSHT*PAGAAT*PGRGDT*PGHAT*PGHGGATSSA 111 Sf3b1 2
    R.K
    IPI00125960.1 R.TAS*GSS*VTSLEGTR.S 112 Ndrg1 2
    IPI00318938.6 R.R{circumflex over ( )}VALGDGVQLPPGDYSTT*PGGTLFSTT*PGGTR{circumflex over ( )}.I 113 Eif4ebp1 2
    IPI00229571.1 R.ISS*K@S*PGHMVILNQTK@.G 114 Sltm 2
    IPI00120095.2 R.DFTK@PQDGDIIAPLIT*PLK@.W 115 Samhd1 2
    IPI00340860.5 R.T*AS*EGSEAETPEAPK.Q 116 Larp7 2
    IPI00664670.4 R.LGS*FGSITR{circumflex over ( )}.Q 117 Flnc 2
    IPI00654192.2 R.S*LSFSEPQQPPPTVK@.S 118 Zfp395 2
    IPI00225062.2 K.IHTTALTGQSPPLAS*GHQGEGDAPSVEPGATNIQQPSS* 119 Srrm2 2
    PAPSTK.Q
    IPI00225062.2 K.IHTTALTGQS*PPLASGHQGEGDAPSVEPGATNIQQPSS* 120 Srrm2 2
    PAPST*K@.Q
    IPI00225062.2 K.IHTTALTGQS*PPLASGHQGEGDAPSVEPGATNIQQPSS* 121 Srrm2 2
    PAPST*K.Q
    IPI00339428.9 R.MSSHTETS*SFLQTLTGR.L 122 Dock7 2
    IPI00225062.2 R.DGSGT*PSRHSLS*GS*S*PGMKDTPQT*PSR.G 123 Srrm2 2
    IPI00668709.2 R.DRS*SSAPNVHINTIEPVNIDDLIR.D 124 Braf 2
    IPI00135660.5 R.RGNNS*AVGS*NADLT*IEEDEEEEPVALQQAQQVR.Y 125 Sdpr 2
    IPI00135660.5 R.R{circumflex over ( )}GNNSAVGS*NADLT*IEEDEEEEPVALQQAQQVR{circumflex over ( )}.Y 126 Sdpr 2
    IPI00404545.2 R.SLS*S*PTVTLSAPLEGAK@.D 127 Nedd4l 2
    IPI00121892.9 R.R{circumflex over ( )}PPS*PDPNTK@.V 128 Spnb2 2
    IPI00322707.5 K.AKQPVIGDQNSDS*DEMLAVLK.E 129 Atrx 2
    IPI00929786.1 R.S*LPTTVPES*PNYR{circumflex over ( )}.N 130 Larp1 3
    IPI00125319.1 R.TTS*FAESCK@PVQQPSAFGSMK@.V 131 Gsk3b 3
    Table 3. Categorization of mTOR targets identified in the rapamycin and Ku-0063794 screens. Class 1 includes downstream effectors of rapamycin-sensitive mTORC1. Class 2 includes downstream effectors of rapamycin-insensitive mTORC1 or mTORC2. Class 3 includes the proteins downstream of both mTORC1 and mTORC2. Name of exemplary genes and sequences of respective phosphopeptides are shown.
    *represents the site of phosphorylation (Ser, Thr and Tyr);
    {circumflex over ( )}and @ represent heavy Arg and Lys, respectively.
  • TABLE 4
    Extracted Term IPI References
    Rapamycin screen
    mTOR signaling pathway IPI00453603, IPI00318938, IPI00399440, IPI00268673, IPI00467843, IPI00221581, IPI00121335
    ErbB signaling pathway IPI00125319, IPI00453603, IPI00318938, IPI00113563, IPI00268673, IPI00121335
    Insulin signaling pathway IPI00125319, IPI00453603, IPI00116923, IPI00318938, IPI00268673, IPI00379844, IPI00121335
    Acute myeloid leukemia IPI00453603, IPI00318938, IPI00268673, IPI00121335
    Focal adhesion IPI00403938, IPI00125319, IPI00131138, IPI00113563, IPI00671847, IPI00121335
    Tight junction IPI00118143, IPI00380354, IPI00323349, IPI00845596, IPI00121335
    Pathways in cancer IPI00125319, IPI00121418, IPI00381495, IPI00113563, IPI00268673, IPI00380817, IPI00121335
    Prostate cancer IPI00125319, IPI00121418, IPI00268673, IPI00121335
    RNA degradation IPI00169888, IPI00309059, IPI00330066
    Glioma IPI00121418, IPI00268673, IPI00121335
    Adipocytokine signaling pathway IPI00268673, IPI00379844, IPI00121335
    VEGF signaling pathway IPI00111169, IPI00113563, IPI00121335
    Chronic myeloid leukemia IPI00121418, IPI00380817, IPI00121335
    Ku-0063794 Screen
    Erb6 signaling pathway IPI00453999, IPI00125319, IPI00453603, IPI00230719, IPI00318938, IPI00668709, IPI00131999
    mTOR signaling pathway IPI00453603, IPI00230719, IPI00318938, IPI00668709, IPI00221581
    Acute myeloid leukemia IPI00453603, IPI00230719, IPI00318938, IPI00668709, IPI00131999
    Cell cycle IPI00125319, IPI00124717, IPI00137864, IPI00131999
    Insulin signaling pathway IPI00125319, IPI00453603, IPI00230719, IPI00318938, IPI00668709
    Endometrial cancer IPI00125319, IPI00230719, IPI00668709, IPI00131999
    MAPK signaling pathway IPI00230719, IPI00117088, IPI00123474, IPI00668709, IPI00664670, IPI00131999
    RNA degradation IPI00309059, IPI00119442, IPI00330066
    Focal adhesion IPI00125319, IPI00230719, IPI00405227, IPI00668709, IPI00664670
    Colorectal cancer IPI00125319, IPI00230719, IPI00668709, IPI00131999
    TGF-beta signaling pathway IPI00453603, IPI00137864, IPI00131999
    Table 4. Gene ontology analysis of mTOR targets identified in the rapamycin and Ku-0063794 screens. Pathways that were overrepresented among the rapamycin-sensitive and Ku-sensitive mTOR targets are shown. Also shown is the biological process that the rapamycin-sensitive and Ku-sensitive targets overrepresented.
  • TABLE 5
    Summary of the data. Two biological replicates were obtained for the rapamycin
    screen (each contained data from two technical replicates) and one SILAC experiment was
    performed for the Ku-0063794 screen. (L), light cells. (H), heavy cells.
    # of # of # of Total
    Bio- # of tech- phospho- phospho- unique Total phospho-
    Screen repli- replicate Cell Drug peptides proteins phospho- unique proteins
    ID cate combined line treatment (FDR %) (FDR %) sites sites (FDR %)
    Rapa # 1 2 TSC2-/- (L) DMSO 14,635 1,615 4,484
    (H) rapa (0.25%) (1.0%)
    #2 2 TSC2-/- (L) rapa 32,500 1,866 6,832 11,271 2,778
    (H) DMSO (0.28%) (0.97%) (1.7%)
    Ku # 1 1 wt MEF (L) rapa 34,642 1,867 6,220
    (H) rapa+Ku (0.28%) (0.97%)
  • TABLE 6
    Gene SEQ Amino acid Median
    Name Description Modified Sequence ID NO position (treated/ctrl)
    Rapa Screen (Proteins with downregulated phosphorylation)
    RPS6 Ribosomal protein S6 RLS*S*LRASTSK 132 S235, S236 30.5
    RPS6 Ribosomal protein S6 LSSLRAS*TS*KSES*S*QK 133 S240, S242, 4.5
    S246, S247
    Akt1s1 Proline-rich AKT1 substrate 1 S*LPVSVPVWAFK 134 S184 2.2
    Gsk3β Glycogen synthase kinase-3 TTS*FAESCKPVQQPSAFGSMK 135 S9 3.3
    beta
    Eif4ebp2 Eukaryotic translation initiation RNS*PMAQT*PPCHLPNIPGVT 136 S65, T70 39.1
    factor 4E-binding protein 2 SPGALIEDSK
    Eif4ebp2 Eukaryotic translation initiation TVAISDAAQLPDYCTT*PGGT 137 T37, T46 2.3
    factor 4E-binding protein 2 LFSTT*PGGTRIIYDRK
    Eif4b Eukaryotic translation initiation SRT*GS*ESSQTGASATSGR 138 T420, S422 4.3
    factor 4B
    Eif4b Eukaryotic translation initiation TGS*ESS*QTGASATSGR 139 S422, S425 4.6
    factor 4B
    Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation NS*PVAKT*PPKDLPAIPGVTSP 140 S64, T69 2.8
    factor 4E-binding protein 1 TSDEPPMQASQSQLPSSPEDK
    Eif4g1 Isoform 1 of Eukaryotic SFS*KEVEER 141 S1189 2.8
    translation initiation factor 4
    gamma 1
    Rps6kb1 Isoform Alpha I of Ribosomal FIGS*PRT*PVS*PVKFSPGDFW 142 S441, T444, 2.8
    protein S6 kinase beta-1 GR S447
    mTOR Isoform 1 of FKBP12- AGTTVPES*IHS*FIGDGLVKPE 143 S2478, 3.6
    rapamycin complex- ALNKK S2481
    associated protein
    ULK1 Serine/threonine-protein GGGASS*PAPVVFTVGS*PPSG 144 S747, S757, 4.1
    kinase ULK1 AT*PPQSTR T763
    Grb10 Isoform 3 of Growth factor MNILSS*QS*PLHPSTLNAVIHR 145 S421, S423 27.3
    receptor-bound protein 10
    Grb10 Isoform 3 of Growth factor T*ASLPAIPNPFPELTGAAPGS* 146 T76, S96, 5.4
    receptor-bound protein 10 PPSVAPSS*LPPPPSQPPAK S104
    Ku Screen (Proteins with downregulated phosphorylation)
    Flnc Filamin-C LGS*FGSITR 147 S2234 2.4
    Gsk3β Glycogen synthase kinase-3 TTS*FAESCKPVQQPSAFGSMK 148 S9 2.2
    beta
    Ndrg1 Protein NDRG1 TAS*GSS*VTSLEGTR 149 S330, S333 4.1
    Braf B-Raf protein DRSSS*APNVHINTIEPVNIDDLIR 150 S312 2.1
    Akt1s1 Proline-rich AKT1 substrate 1 LNT*SDFQK 151 T247 31.3
    Eif4b Eukaryotic translation initiation TGS*ESSQTGASATSGR 152 S422 2.2
    factor 4B
    Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation VALGDGVQLPPGDYSTT*PGGT 153 T36, T45 7.2
    factor 4E-binding protein 1 LFSTT*PGGTR
    Eif4ebp2 Eukaryotic translation initiation NS*PMAQTPPCHLPNIPGVTSP 154 S65 6.8
    factor 4E-bindg protein 2 GALIEDSK
    Table 6. Representative hits identified in the rapamycin and Ku-0063794 screens. Only protein targets with downregulated phosphorylation are shown. Median fold-changes of the identified phosphopeptides are reported. For the rapamycin screen, hits from the second biological replicate are shown. The control group is DMSO vehicle treated sample whereas the experiment group is the one treated with rapamycin. For the Ku-0063794 screen, the control group was treated with rapamycin whereas the experiment group was treated with a combination of rapamycin and Ku-0063794. An asterisk indicates the site of phosphorylation. Phosphorylation of Grb10 in MNILSS*QS*PLHPSTLNAVIHR (SEQ ID NO: 27) corresponds to S421/S423 in isoform 3 and S501/S503 in isoform 1, respectively. The site designation in the text corresponds to the sites in isoform 1 (mouse sequence).
  • TABLE 7
    Log2
    SEQ Area
    ID Gene (H/L)
    Reference Ascore Seq NO: Name Annotation Ratio
    Rapa replicate 1 (light cells were control and heavy cells were treated
    with rapamycin. L, light; H, heavy)
    IPI:IPI00136419.1 LDGNPINLS*R 155 Epyc Epiphycan −7.993
    IPI:IPI00108454.2 LSS*LRAS*TSKSESSQK 156 rpS6 29 kDa protein −7.693
    IPI:IPI00108454.2 RLS*S*LRASTSK 157 rpS6 29 kDa protein −6.817
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 TPQAPTPANLVVGPR{circumflex over ( )}S*A 158 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive −6.606
    HGT*APVNIAGS*R{circumflex over ( )} matrix protein 2
    IPI:IPI00111497.1 VTEGSYSCLAHS*PLGVVA 159 Igdcc4 Isoform 2 of Immunoglobulin −6.062
    SQVAVVK superfamily DCC subclass member 4
    IPI:IPI00874813.1 MPAT*DTANLTAPWHPR 160 Ldhd 22 kDa protein −5.745
    IPI:IPI00126317.1 NAS*TS*FQELEDKK 161 Dnajc2 DnaJ homolog subfamily C member 2 −5.522
    IPI:IPI00187443.1 WLKEAEEES*S*GGEEEDE 162 Eif5; Eukaryotic translation initiation −5.378
    DENIEVVYSK LOC100047658 factor 5
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 RVALGDGVQLPPGDYSTT* 163 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −5.301
    PGGTLFS*TTPGGTR factor 4E-binding protein 1
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 S*AHGT*APVNIAGSRTPAG 164 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive −5.098
    LAPTNLS*SSR matrix protein 2
    IPI:IPI00467423.3 GYS*YDDSMESR 165 Gm13697 Novel protein containing MIF4G and −5.093
    MA3 domains
    IPI:IPI00467423.3 GYS*YDDSMESR 166 Gm13697 Novel protein containing MIF4G and −4.733
    MA3 domains
    IPI:IPI00130920.1 SDISPLT*PR 167 Mtap1b Microtubule-associated protein 1B −4.668
    IPI:IPI00133685.1 AATATRPPGPPPAPQPPS* 168 Akt1s1 Proline-rich AKT1 substrate 1 −4.667
    PAPS*PPPRPALAR
    IPI:IPI00154084.2 GFGDS*FGR 169 Myef2 Isoform 2 of Myelin expression factor 2 −4.553
    IPI:IPI00338745.4 QADVADQQTTELPAENGET 170 Hmgn1; Non-histone chromosomal protein −4.546
    ENQSPAS*EEEKEAKS*D LOC100044391 HMG-14
    IPI:IPI00109318.1 RNS*PMAQT*PPCHLPNIPG 171 Eif4ebp2 Eukaryotic translation initiation −4.531
    VTSPGALIEDSK factor 4E-binding protein 2
    IPI:IPI00154084.2 GFGDS*FGR 172 Myef2 Isoform 2 of Myelin expression factor 2 −4.429
    IPI:IPI00121519.1 SYSESGLMGEPQPQGPPS* 173 Neurod1 Neurogenic differentiation factor 1 −4.393
    WTDECLS*S*QDEEHEADKK
    IPI:IPI00317794.5 KEDS*DEDEDEEDEDDS*D 174 Ncl Nucleolin −4.345
    EDEDDEEEDEFEPPIVK
    IPI:IPI00399953.1 VFTSDISDPVVASTSQAPG 175 Wnk1 Serine/threonine-protein kinase WNK1 −4.306
    M#NLSHSASSLS*LQQAFS
    ELK
    IPI:IPI00263048.1 VS*SETHQGPGTPESK 176 Numa1 Nuclear mitotic apparatus protein 1 −4.079
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 TPPSAPS*QSRM#T*SER 177 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive −4.002
    matrix protein 2
    IPI:IPI00263048.1 VSS*ETHQGPGTPESK 178 Numa1 Nuclear mitotic apparatus protein 1 −3.674
    IPI:IPI00664808.2 SSSPT*NSLTQPIEMPTLSS 179 Kdm3b Isoform 2 of Lysine-specific −3.64
    S*PTEER{circumflex over ( )}PTVGPGQQDNP demethylase 3B
    LLK@
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 RKETPS*PR 180 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive −3.569
    matrix protein 2
    IPI:IPI00453603.1 TPVS*PVKFS*PGDFWGR 181 Rps6kb1 Isoform Alpha I of Ribosomal protein −3.424
    S6 kinase beta-1
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 R{circumflex over ( )}VALGDGVQLPPGDY*ST 182 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −3.386
    TPGGTLFSTTPGGT*R{circumflex over ( )} factor 4E-binding protein 1
    IPI:IPI00330066.5 DSQDTSAEQS*DHDDEVAS 183 Edc4 Isoform 1 of Enhancer of mRNA- −3.347
    LASASGGFGSK decapping protein 4
    IPI:IPI00399953.1 DAMNLS*GR 184 Wnk1 Serine/threonine-protein kinase WNK1 −3.343
    IPI:IPI00127707.1 LHQLAMQQSHFPMTHGNT 185 Pcbp2 Isoform 1 of Poly(rC)-binding protein 2 −3.277
    GFSGIESSS*PEVK
    IPI:IPI00458068.6 SNS*LSEQLTVNSNPDTVK 186 Fkbp15 Isoform B of FK506-binding protein 15 −3.252
    IPI:IPI00116442.1 S*EGLSLER 187 Hdgfrp2 Isoform 3 of Hepatoma-derived growth −3.127
    factor-related protein 2
    IPI:IPI00116442.1 S*EGLSLER{circumflex over ( )} 188 Hdgfrp2 Isoform 3 of Hepatoma-derived growth −3.127
    factor-related protein 2
    IPI:IPI00112101.1 TTQSLQDFPVADS*EEEAE 189 Tfip11 Tuftelin-interacting protein 11 −3.096
    EEFQKELSQWR
    IPI:IPI00750472.3 TESASLSQS*QVNGFFASH 190 Ptpn13 Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non- −3.058
    LGDR receptor type 13
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 VALGDGVQLPPGDYS*TTP 191 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −3.042
    GGT*LFST*TPGGTR factor 4E-binding protein 1
    IPI:IPI00317599.3 SQEDEEEISTS*PGVSEFVS 192 Syap1 Synapse-associated protein 1 −3.022
    DAFDTCS*LNQEDLRK
    IPI:IPI00116442.1 S*EGLSLER 193 Hdgfrp2 Isoform 3 of Hepatoma-derived growth −3.012
    factor-related protein 2
    IPI:IPI00553798.2 T*PEMIIQKPKIS*M#QDVDL 194 Ahnak AHNAK nucleoprotein isoform 1 −2.987
    S*LGSCK
    IPI:IPI00751009.1 TSEFPTPLFSGPLEPVACG 195 Srpk2 serine/arginine-rich protein specific −2.951
    SVISEGSPLTEQEESSPSH kinase 2
    DR{circumflex over ( )}S*R{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00127976.1 MNILSSQS*PLHPSTLNAVI 196 Grb10 Isoform 3 of Growth factor receptor- −2.946
    HR bound protein 10
    IPI:IPI00127976.1 M#NILSS*QSPLHPSTLNAVI 197 Grb10 Isoform 3 of Growth factor receptor- −2.944
    HR bound protein 10
    IPI:IPI00656285.2 SSGLQTPECLS*REGS*PIP 198 Foxk1 Forkhead box protein K1 −2.896
    HDPDLGSK
    IPI:IPI00830829.1 S*GEQITSS*PVS*PK 199 Hisppd1 140 kDa protein −2.883
    IPI:IPI00380722.1 LAWVGDVFTTT*PTDPRPL 200 Bat2 Large proline-rich protein BAT2 −2.824
    TS*PLR
    IPI:IPI00153986.2 GTS*RPGTPSAEAASTSSTLR 201 Gtf2f1 General transcription factor IIF −2.802
    subunit 1
    IPI:IPI00129276.2 LES*LNIQR{circumflex over ( )} 202 Eif3a Eukaryotic translation initiation −2.792
    factor 3 subunit A
    IPI:IPI00121277.1 SAS*ESYTQSFQSR 203 Pi4k2a Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2- −2.789
    alpha
    IPI:IPI00470003.3 S*PTPKS*PPSR 204 Parva Alpha-parvin −2.746
    IPI:IPI00308971.1 AEALSSLHGDDQDS*EDEV 205 Igf2r Cation-independent mannose-6- −2.738
    LTVPEVK phosphate receptor
    IPI:IPI00121277.1 SASESYT*QSFQSR 206 Pi4k2a Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2- −2.723
    alpha
    IPI:IPI00130920.1 VLS*PLR{circumflex over ( )}S*PPLLGSESPYE 207 Mtap1b Microtubule-associated protein 1B −2.715
    DFLSADSK@
    IPI:IPI00129276.2 LES*LNIQR 208 Eif3a Eukaryotic translation initiation −2.711
    factor 3 subunit A
    IPI:IPI00111169.1 CSVS*LSNVEAR 209 Pla2g4a Cytosolic phospholipase A2 −2.664
    IPI:IPI00458068.6 HS*S*GNSM#LLPSMSVTM 210 Fkbp15 Isoform B of FK506-binding protein 15 −2.641
    ETSM#IM#SNIQR
    IPI:IPI00751009.1 TVSASS*T*GDLPK@ 211 Srpk2 serine/arginine-rich protein-specific −2.607
    kinase 2
    IPI:IPI00222828.2 S*SPNPFVGSPPK@ 212 Dab2 Isoform p93 of Disabled homolog 2 −2.599
    IPI:IPI00111169.1 CSVS*LSNVEAR 213 Pla2g4a Cytosolic phospholipase A2 −2.579
    IPI:IPI00120886.3 SVGDGET*VEFDVVEGEK 214 Ybx1 Nuclease-sensitive element-binding −2.553
    protein 1
    IPI:IPI00751009.1 TVS*ASS*TGDLPK@ 215 Srpk2 serine/arginine-rich protein-specific −2.534
    kinase 2
    IPI:IPI00133349.1 DR{circumflex over ( )}S*PS*PLR{circumflex over ( )}GNVVPS*PL 216 Carhsp1 Calcium-regulated heat stable protein 1 −2.512
    PTR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00469392.2 GSGSVDET*LFALPAASEPV 217 Rtn4 Isoform 1 of Reticulon-4 −2.475
    IPSSAEK
    IPI:IPI00127976.1 T*ASLPAIPNPFPELTGAAP 218 Grb10 Isoform 3 of Growth factor receptor- −2.437
    GS*PPSVAPSS*LPPPPSQP bound protein 10
    PAK
    IPI:IPI00751009.1 TSEFPTPLFSGPLEPVACG 219 Srpk2 serine/arginine-rich protein-specific −2.408
    SVISEGSPLTEQEESSPSH kinase 2
    DRS*R
    IPI:IPI00761677.1 S*RSPVDSPVPASMFAPEP 220 Gtpbp1 GTP-binding protein 1 −2.406
    SS*PGAAR
    IPI:IPI00468516.3 TRT*VLS*LFDEDEDKVEDE 221 D6Wsu116e Isoform 1 of Protein FAM21 −2.398
    SSTCAPQDGR
    IPI:IPI00396728.3 R{circumflex over ( )}VSGS*ATPNSEAPR{circumflex over ( )} 222 Ddx51 ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX51 −2.351
    IPI:IPI00660767.2 KRSDS*S*GGYTLSDVIQS* 223 Ibtk Isoform 2 of Inhibitor of Bruton −2.347
    PPSAGLLK tyrosine kinase
    IPI:IPI00226750.2 TSST*CS*NES*LNAGGTPV 224 Tbc1d4 140 kDa protein −2.275
    TPR
    IPI:IPI00113033.1 RSPASSGSVAPQPS*SPPS 225 Ighmbp2 DNA-binding protein SMUBP-2 −2.241
    *PAQAEPEPR
    IPI:IPI00136107.1 THS*TSSS*IGSGESPFSR 226 Ndrg3 Protein NDRG3 −2.202
    IPI:IPI00751009.1 TSEFPTPLFSGPLEPVACG 227 Srpk2 serine/arginine-rich protein-specific −2.187
    SVISEGSPLTEQEESSPSH kinase 2
    DRS*R
    IPI:IPI00321647.2 QNPEQS*ADEDAEKNEEDS 228 Eif3c Eukaryotic translation initiation −2.165
    *EGS*S*DEDEDEDGVGNTT factor 3 subunit C
    FLKK
    IPI:IPI00453800.4 HSSFADTGAAPSALSPESP 229 Zfp828 Zinc finger protein 828 −2.147
    VLATS*PEPWGPS*LSASPE
    SR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00136107.1 THS*TSSS*IGSGESPFSR{circumflex over ( )} 230 Ndrg3 Protein NDRG3 −2.124
    IPI:IPI00377615.2 RSS*RS*FSLDEPPLFIPDNI 231 Phf3 PHD finger protein 3 −2.124
    ATVK
    IPI:IPI00377615.2 R{circumflex over ( )}SSR{circumflex over ( )}S*FS*LDEPPLFIPD 232 Phf3 PHD finger protein 3 −2.124
    NIATVK@
    IPI:IPI00127415.1 CGSGPVHISGQHLVAVEED 233 Npm1 Nucleophosmin −2.101
    AES*EDEDEEDVKLLGM#S
    GK
    IPI:IPI00331075.4 SLNFQEDDDT*S*RETFASD 234 Phax Phosphorylated adapter RNA export −2.101
    TNEALASLDEAQEGPGETK protein
    IPI:IPI00136107.1 THSTSS*S*IGSGESPFSR{circumflex over ( )} 235 Ndrg3 Protein NDRG3 −2.098
    IPI:IPI00136107.1 THST*SSS*IGSGESPFSR 236 Ndrg3 Protein NDRG3 −2.098
    IPI:IPI00669522.4 SRS*DIDVNAAASAK 237 Clasp1 Isoform 2 of CLIP-associating protein 1 −2.073
    IPI:IPI00117953.2 S*TDSPVAGS*EDDLVAAAP 238 Bicc1; Isoform 1 of Protein bicaudal C −2.07
    LLHSPEWSEER{circumflex over ( )} 4930533K18Rik homolog 1
    IPI:IPI00137229.1 GFQFVSSS*LPDICYR 239 Cnbp Isoform 2 of Cellular nucleic acid- −2.061
    binding protein
    IPI:IPI00380309.3 AMLDQLMGTS*R 240 Luc7l2 Isoform 1 of Putative RNA-binding −2.046
    protein Luc7-like 2
    IPI:IPI00153986.2 GTSRPGT*PSAEAASTSSTLR 241 Gtf2f1 General transcription factor IIF −2.035
    subunit 1
    IPI:IPI00330262.5 S*QDDAMVDYFFQR 242 Pum1 Isoform 1 of Pumilio homolog 1 −2.02
    IPI:IPI00312128.3 LDLDLTS*DSQPPVFK 243 Trim28 Isoform 1 of Transcription intermediary −2.01
    factor 1-beta
    IPI:IPI00667973.3 IRQPS*IDLT*DDDQTSSVPH 244 Cep170 Isoform 1 of Centrosomal protein −1.979
    SAISDIMSSDQETYSCK of 170 kDa
    IPI:IPI00468516.3 TRT*VLS*LFDEDEDKVEDE 245 D6Wsu116e Isoform 1 of Protein FAM21 −1.956
    SSTCAPQDGR
    IPI:IPI00136207.6 YTPTSPSY*SPSSPEYTPAS 246 Polr2a DNA-directed RNA polymerase II −1.95
    PK@ subunit RPB1
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 SLLPNSSQDELM#EVEKSE 247 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive −1.937
    QPLSQVLPSLS*PEHK matrix protein 2
    IPI:IPI00222828.2 S*SPNPFVGSPPK@ 248 Dab2 Isoform p93 of Disabled homolog 2 −1.915
    IPI:IPI00309059.7 RS*TS*PIIGS*PPVR 249 Patl1 Protein PAT1 homolog 1 −1.901
    IPI:IPI00309059.7 RST*S*PIIGS*PPVR 250 Patl1 Protein PAT1 homolog 1 −1.896
    IPI:IPI00338745.4 QADVADQQTTELPAENGET 251 Hmgn1; Non-histone chromosomal protein −1.895
    ENQSPASEEEKEAKS*D LOC100044391 HMG-14
    IPI:IPI00417158.1 SQTPQLHFLDT*DDEISPTS 252 Smg6 Telomerase-binding protein EST1A −1.895
    WGDSR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00761759.1 SSS*GSEHSTEGSVSLGDG 253 Larp4 Putative uncharacterized protein −1.89
    PLSR
    IPI:IPI00314502.5 VHGLPT*TSPSGVNMAELA 254 Tcfeb Transcription factor EB −1.887
    QQVVK
    IPI:IPI00117689.1 ATEEPSGTGS*DELIK@SD 255 Ptrf Polymerase I and transcript release −1.875
    QVNGVLVLSLLDK@ factor
    IPI:IPI00462949.4 AENIMAS*LER 256 Dock11 Dedicator of cytokinesis protein 11 −1.851
    IPI:IPI00471475.1 FDQLFDDES*DPFEVLK@ 257 Serbp1 Isoform 1 of Plasminogen activator −1.845
    inhibitor 1 RNA-binding protein
    IPI:IPI00471475.1 FDQLFDDES*DPFEVLK 258 Serbp1 Isoform 1 of Plasminogen activator −1.845
    inhibitor 1 RNA-binding protein
    IPI:IPI00309059.7 RS*TS*PIIGS*PPVR 259 Patl1 Protein PAT1 homolog 1 −1.837
    IPI:IPI00331612.3 K@PAQETEETSS*QES*AE 260 Hmga2 High mobility group protein HMGI-C −1.834
    ED
    IPI:IPI00929786.1 SLPT*TVPES*PNYR{circumflex over ( )} 261 Larp1 Isoform 1 of La-related protein 1 −1.823
    IPI:IPI00112101.1 TTQSLQDFPVADS*EEEAE 262 Tfip11 Tuftelin-interacting protein 11 −1.813
    EEFQKELSQWR
    IPI:IPI00133685.1 SSDEENGPPSS*PDLDR 263 Akt1s1 Proline-rich AKT1 substrate 1 −1.779
    IPI:IPI00761443.2 SLS*ESYELSSDLQDK 264 Iqsec1 IQ motif and Sec7 domain 1 isoform b −1.779
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 NS*PVAKTPPKDLPAIPGVT 265 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −1.776
    *SPTSDEPPMQASQSQLPS factor 4E-binding protein 1
    SPEDK
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 NSPVAKT*PPKDLPAIPGVT 266 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −1.776
    SPT*SDEPPMQASQSQLPS factor 4E-binding protein 1
    SPEDK
    IPI:IPI00421179.1 SFS*KEVEER 267 Eif4g1 Isoform 1 of Eukaryotic translation −1.77
    initiation factor 4 gamma 1
    IPI:IPI00379844.4 TYS*LTTPAR 268 Irs2 Insulin receptor substrate 2 −1.769
    IPI:IPI00379844.4 TYS*LTTPAR 269 Irs2 Insulin receptor substrate 2 −1.769
    IPI:IPI00127989.1 FSEM#M#DHMGGDEDVDL 270 Ptges3; Prostaglandin E synthase 3 −1.762
    PEVDGADDDS*QDS*DDEK Gm9769;
    MPDLE LOC100048119
    IPI:IPI00127989.1 FSEM#M#DHMGGDEDVDL 271 Ptges3; Prostaglandin E synthase 3 −1.762
    PEVDGADDDS*QDS*DDEK Gm9769;
    @MPDLE LOC100048119
    IPI:IPI00320208.3 YGPSSVEDTTGSGAADAK 272 Eef1b2 Elongation factor 1-beta −1.754
    @DDDDIDLFGS*DDEEESE
    EAK@
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 NS*PVAK@T*PPK@DLPAI 273 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −1.752
    PGVTSPTSDEPPMQASQS factor 4E-binding protein 1
    QLPSSPEDK@
    IPI:IPI00317794.5 KEDS*DEDEDEEDEDDS*D 274 Ncl Nucleolin −1.75
    EDEDDEEEDEFEPPIVK
    IPI:IPI00116331.1 S*RTPSAS*HEEQQE 275 Sgta Isoform 1 of Small glutamine-rich −1.747
    tetratricopeptide repeat-containing
    protein alpha
    IPI:IPI00116331.1 S*R{circumflex over ( )}TPS*ASHEEQQE 276 Sgta Isoform 1 of Small glutamine-rich −1.747
    tetratricopeptide repeat-containing
    protein alpha
    IPI:IPI00553798.2 FGT*FGGLGS*K 277 Ahnak AHNAK nucleoprotein isoform 1 −1.745
    IPI:IPI00130510.1 LQDISELLAT*GVGLS*DSEV 278 Ppan Suppressor of SWI4 1 homolog −1.743
    EPDGEHNTTELPQAVAGR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00330262.5 S*QDDAMVDYFFQR 279 Pum1 Isoform 1 of Pumilio homolog 1 −1.734
    IPI:IPI00459468.2 LSESSALKQPAT*PTAAES* 280 Wmip1 Isoform 1 of ATPase WRNIP1 −1.728
    S*EGEGEEGDDGGETESR
    IPI:IPI00130573.1 SLLSHEFQDET*DT*EEETL 281 Cpd Carboxypeptidase D −1.723
    YSSK
    IPI:IPI00468516.3 TSALLFSS*DEEDQWNIADS 282 D6Wsu116e Isoform 1 of Protein FAM21 −1.718
    HTK
    IPI:IPI00468516.3 TSALLFSS*DEEDQWNIADS 283 D6Wsu116e Isoform 1 of Protein FAM21 −1.718
    HTK
    IPI:IPI00109676.6 SSGSSSSGLGTVSS*SPAS 284 Phf8 Isoform 1 of PHD finger protein 8 −1.715
    QR
    IPI:IPI00399953.1 VFTSDISDPVVAST*SQAPG 285 Wnk1 Serine/threonine-protein kinase WNK1 −1.704
    MNLSHSASSLSLQQAFSELK
    IPI:IPI00399953.1 VFTSDISDPVVASTSQAPG 286 Wnk1 Serine/threonine-protein kinase WNK1 −1.704
    MNLSHSASS*LSLQQAFSE
    LK@
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 RSSS*ELS*PEVVEK 287 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive −1.702
    matrix protein 2
    IPI:IPI00116331.1 S*RTPS*ASHEEQQE 288 Sgta Isoform 1 of Small glutamine-rich −1.694
    tetratricopeptide repeat-containing
    protein alpha
    IPI:IPI00116331.1 SRT*PS*ASHEEQQE 289 Sgta Isoform 1 of Small glutamine-rich −1.69
    tetratricopeptide repeat-containing
    protein alpha
    IPI:IPI00116331.1 S*R{circumflex over ( )}TPS*ASHEEQQE 290 Sgta Isoform 1 of Small glutamine-rich −1.69
    tetratricopeptide repeat-containing
    protein alpha
    IPI:IPI00405752.3 VLQESDVS*PSSSTTSLPIS* 291 C130092O11Rik Isoform 1 of Uncharacterized protein −1.689
    PLTEEPLPFKDITR KIAA1680
    IPI:IPI00380415.2 ALS*LS*SADS*TDAKR 292 Bat2l Isoform 1 of Protein BAT2-like −1.687
    IPI:IPI00130510.1 LQDISELLATGVGLS*DS*EV 293 Ppan Suppressor of SWI4 1 homolog −1.68
    EPDGEHNTTELPQAVAGR
    IPI:IPI00229859.1 AKPAAQS*EEETATS*PAAS 294 Eif3b Eif3b protein −1.677
    *PTPQSAERS*PSQEPSAP
    GK
    IPI:IPI00224200.1 RLS*S*TGGQTPR 295 Iws1 Isoform 1 of Protein IWS1 homolog −1.663
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 R{circumflex over ( )}SSS*ELS*PEVVEK@ 296 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive −1.663
    matrix protein 2
    IPI:IPI00331612.3 K@PAQETEETS*SQES*AE 297 Hmga2 High mobility group protein HMGI-C −1.658
    ED
    IPI:IPI00229645.2 K@GSS*GNAS*EVSVACLT 298 Cytsa Cytospin-A −1.657
    ER{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00317794.5 KEDS*DEDEDEEDEDDS*D 299 Ncl Nucleolin −1.637
    EDEDDEEEDEFEPPIVK
    IPI:IPI00663627.1 GFLDGVYSFEYYPS*TPGK 300 Flnb Filamin-B −1.621
    IPI:IPI00312128.3 LDLDLTSDS*QPPVFK 301 Trim28 Isoform 1 of Transcription intermediary −1.616
    factor 1-beta
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 HSGS*TSPY*PK@ 302 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive −1.603
    matrix protein 2
    IPI:IPI00312414.4 TSTFCGT*PEFLAPEVLTET 303 Pkn2 Isoform 1 of Serine/threonine-protein −1.603
    SYTR{circumflex over ( )} kinase N2
    IPI:IPI00553798.2 S*NS*FSDER{circumflex over ( )}EFSAPST*PT 304 Ahnak AHNAK nucleoprotein isoform 1 −1.602
    GT*LEFAGGDAK@
    IPI:IPI00126176.3 VSLLGPVT*T*PEFQLVKTPL 305 Racgap1 Rac GTPase-activating protein 1 −1.597
    SSSLSQR
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 GSLSRSS*S*PVTELTAR 306 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive −1.593
    matrix protein 2
    IPI:IPI00399953.1 VFTSDISDPVVASTSQAPG 307 Wnk1 Serine/threonine-protein kinase WNK1 −1.588
    MNLSHS*ASSLSLQQAFSE
    LK
    IPI:IPI00226155.3 VSALEEDMDDVES*S*EEEE 308 Prpf38a Isoform 1 of Pre-mRNA-splicing factor −1.585
    EEDEKLER 38A
    IPI:IPI00226155.3 VSALEEDMDDVES*S*EEEE 309 Prpf38a Isoform 1 of Pre-mRNA-splicing factor −1.585
    EEDEK@LER{circumflex over ( )} 38A
    IPI:IPI00116331.1 S*RTPS*ASHEEQQE 310 Sgta Isoform 1 of Small glutamine-rich −1.58
    tetratricopeptide repeat-containing
    protein alpha
    IPI:IPI00116331.1 S*R{circumflex over ( )}TPS*ASHEEQQE 311 Sgta Isoform 1 of Small glutamine-rich −1.58
    tetratricopeptide repeat-containing
    protein alpha
    IPI:IPI00135660.5 SLEETLHNVDLS*S*DDELP 312 Sdpr Serum deprivation-response protein −1.577
    R{circumflex over ( )}DEEALEDSAEEK@
    IPI:IPI00323349.2 HSSHDMLSHS*WEGNR 313 Tjp2 Tight junction protein ZO-2 −1.566
    IPI:IPI00169500.3 TESILDKEDKVPMAGVGGT 314 Atxn2l Isoform 1 of Ataxin-2-like protein −1.564
    EGPEQLPAPCPSQTGS*PP
    VGLIK
    IPI:IPI00118143.1 K@QTPPASPS*PQPIEDR{circumflex over ( )} 315 Cttn Src substrate cortactin −1.556
    PPS*SPIYEDAAPFK@
    IPI:IPI00127415.1 TVSLGAGAK@DELHIVEAE 316 Npm1 Nucleophosmin −1.555
    AM#NYEGS*PIK@VTLATLK@
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 SLLPNSSQDELMEVEK@S 317 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive −1.55
    EQPLSQVLPSLS*PEHK@ matrix protein 2
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 SLLPNSSQDELMEVEKSEQ 318 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive −1.55
    PLSQVLPSLS*PEHK matrix protein 2
    IPI:IPI00320267.1 GDQVLNFS*DAEDLIDDSK 319 Mcrs1 Microspherule protein 1 −1.55
    @LK@
    IPI:IPI00320267.1 GDQVLNFS*DAEDLIDDSKLK 320 Mcrs1 Microspherule protein 1 −1.55
    IPI:IPI00553798.2 SNS*FSDER{circumflex over ( )}EFS*APS*TPT 321 Ahnak AHNAK nucleoprotein isoform 1 −1.548
    *GTLEFAGGDAK@
    IPI:IPI00116331.1 S*RTPS*ASHEEQQE 322 Sgta Isoform 1 of Small glutamine-rich −1.543
    tetratricopeptide repeat-containing
    protein alpha
    IPI:IPI00222828.2 SSPNPFVGS*PPK 323 Dab2 Isoform p93 of Disabled homolog 2 −1.531
    IPI:IPI00317794.5 KEDS*DEDEDEEDEDDS*D 324 Ncl Nucleolin −1.531
    EDEDDEEEDEFEPPIVK
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 RSS*SELS*PEVVEK 325 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive −1.524
    matrix protein 2
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 R{circumflex over ( )}SS*S*ELSPEVVEK@ 326 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive −1.524
    matrix protein 2
    IPI:IPI00116331.1 S*RTPS*ASHEEQQE 327 Sgta Isoform 1 of Small glutamine-rich −1.52
    tetratricopeptide repeat-containing
    protein alpha
    IPI:IPI00380415.2 ALS*LS*S*ADSTDAKR 328 Bat2l Isoform 1 of Protein BAT2-like −1.519
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 RSSS*ELS*PEVVEK 329 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive −1.518
    matrix protein 2
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 R{circumflex over ( )}SSS*ELS*PEVVEK@ 330 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive −1.518
    matrix protein 2
    IPI:IPI00399469.2 VS*PPAS*PTLDVELGAGEA 331 Sh3rf1 Isoform 2 of Putative E3 ubiquitin- −1.504
    PLQGAVGPELPLGGSHGR protein ligase SH3RF1
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 R{circumflex over ( )}SS*SELS*PEVVEK@ 332 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive −1.501
    matrix protein 2
    IPI:IPI00137501.1 TEMDKS*PFNS*PSPQDS*PR 333 Nfic Isoform 1 of Nuclear factor 1 C-type −1.498
    IPI:IPI00309059.7 RSTS*PIIGS*PPVR 334 Patl1 Protein PAT1 homolog 1 −1.498
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 RSS*SELS*PEVVEK 335 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive −1.497
    matrix protein 2
    IPI:IPI00116331.1 S*R{circumflex over ( )}TPS*ASHEEQQE 336 Sgta Isoform 1 of Small glutamine-rich −1.493
    tetratricopeptide repeat-containing
    protein alpha
    IPI:IPI00470095.1 HGS*GADS*DYENTQSGDP 337 Git1 ARF GTPase-activating protein GIT1 −1.488
    LLGLEGK@
    IPI:IPI00470095.1 HGS*GADS*DYENTQSGDP 338 Git1 ARF GTPase-activating protein GIT1 −1.488
    LLGLEGK
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 IHTTALTGQS*PPLASGHQG 339 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive −1.479
    EGDAPSVEPGATNIQQPSS matrix protein 2
    *PAPS*TK
    IPI:IPI00116442.1 TRLAS*ESANDDNEDS 340 Hdgfrp2 Isoform 3 of Hepatoma-derived growth −1.456
    factor-related protein 2
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 GSLSRSS*S*PVTELTAR 341 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive −1.454
    matrix protein 2
    IPI:IPI00320267.1 GDQVLNFS*DAEDLIDDSK 342 Mcrs1 Microspherule protein 1 −1.454
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 RSSS*ELS*PEVVEK 343 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive −1.445
    matrix protein 2
    IPI:IPI00661508.3 S*IDPDSIQSALLASGLGSK@ 344 Sbno1 Isoform 2 of Protein strawberry notch −1.442
    homolog 1
    IPI:IPI00661508.3 S*IDPDSIQSALLASGLGSK 345 Sbno1 Isoform 2 of Protein strawberry notch −1.442
    homolog 1
    IPI:IPI00317794.5 K@EDS*DEDEDEEDEDDS* 346 Ncl Nucleolin −1.441
    DEDEDDEEEDEFEPPIVK@
    IPI:IPI00225267.6 ATPTESPEKPPPPAVQRDE 347 2310022B05Rik Uncharacterized protein C1orf198 −1.438
    DDDALFS*EPALAQISSSNV homolog
    LLK
    IPI:IPI00122594.4 EVS*VSS*VTEEPKLDSSQL 348 Ahctf1 AT-hook-containing transcription −1.437
    PLQTGLDVPATPR factor 1
    IPI:IPI00129356.1 SAFTPATATGS*S*PSPVLG 349 Itsn1 lsoform 1 of Intersectin-1 −1.43
    QGEK@VEGLQAQALYPWR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 NS*PVAKT*PPKDLPAIPGV 350 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −1.412
    TSPTSDEPPMQASQSQLPS factor 4E-binding protein 1
    S*PEDK
    IPI:IPI00224200.1 VVCDADDS*DSDVVSDK@ 351 Iws1 Isoform 1 of Protein IWS1 homolog −1.403
    IPI:IPI00321647.2 QNPEQSADEDAEK@NEED 352 Eif3c Eukaryotic translation initiation −1.399
    S*EGS*S*DEDEDEDGVGN factor 3 subunit C
    TTFLK@
    IPI:IPI00664808.2 VSESVADDS*SS*RDSFTQS 353 Kdm3b Isoform 2 of Lysine-specific −1.393
    LESLTSGLCK demethylase 3B
    IPI:IPI00122863.2 RGQS*PQPDQGP 354 Rarg Isoform 2 of Retinoic acid receptor −1.387
    gamma
    IPI:IPI00453853.2 TPVASECTQTDGAEEVAGS 355 Bap1 Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase −1.38
    CPQTTTHS*PPSK@ BAP1
    IPI:IPI00132028.1 K@GS*DDDGGDS*PVQDID 356 Sap30 Histone deacetylase complex subunit −1.376
    TPEVDLYQLQVNTLR{circumflex over ( )} SAP30
    IPI:IPI00132028.1 KGS*DDDGGDS*PVQDIDT 357 Sap30 Histone deacetylase complex subunit −1.376
    PEVDLYQLQVNTLR SAP30
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 NS*PVAKT*PPKDLPAIPGV 358 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −1.374
    TSPTSDEPPMQASQSQLPS factor 4E-binding protein 1
    S*PEDK
    IPI:IPI00116442.1 TRLAS*ESANDDNEDS 359 Hdgfrp2 Isoform 3 of Hepatoma-derived growth −1.358
    factor-related protein 2
    IPI:IPI00153986.2 GTS*RPGT*PSAEAASTSST 360 Gtf2f1 General transcription factor IIF −1.348
    LR subunit 1
    IPI:IPI00226149.6 GSASES*PSASVAEATTTD 361 Rsl1d1 Putative uncharacterized protein −1.342
    VQVTPTALLQLDR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00226149.6 GS*ASESPSASVAEATTTD 362 Rsl1d1 Putative uncharacterized protein −1.342
    VQVTPTALLQLDR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00313307.3 SYQNSPS*S*EDGIRPLPEY 363 Med1 Isoform 4 of Mediator of RNA −1.337
    STEK polymerase II transcription subunit 1
    IPI:IPI00656285.2 S*LVS*PIPSPTGTISVPNSC 364 Foxk1 Forkhead box protein K1 −1.327
    PAS*PR
    IPI:IPI00320208.3 YGPSSVEDTTGSGAADAK 365 Eef1b2 Elongation factor 1-beta −1.324
    @DDDDIDLFGSDDEEES*E
    EAK@
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 NS*PVAKT*PPKDLPAIPGV 366 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −1.322
    TSPTSDEPPMQASQSQLPS factor 4E-binding protein 1
    S*PEDK
    IPI:IPI00136572.4 SSTHASVS*PASEPSR 367 Zc3hav1 Isoform 1 of Zinc finger CCCH-type −1.318
    antiviral protein 1
    IPI:IPI00116442.1 TRLAS*ES*ANDDNEDS 368 Hdgfrp2 Isoform 3 of Hepatoma-derived growth −1.315
    factor-related protein 2
    IPI:IPI00116442.1 TR{circumflex over ( )}LAS*ES*ANDDNEDS 369 Hdgfrp2 Isoform 3 of Hepatoma-derived growth −1.315
    factor-related protein 2
    IPI:IPI00226149.6 GS*ASESPSASVAEATTTD 370 Rsl1d1 Putative uncharacterized protein −1.314
    VQVTPTALLQLDR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00169500.3 R{circumflex over ( )}SPGGT*SPPNGGLPGPL 371 Atxn2l Isoform 1 of Ataxin-2-like protein −1.308
    TAT*AAPPGPPAAVSPCLG
    PAAAAGSGLR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00467362.6 S*ESLIDASEDS*QLEAAIR 372 Ubxn7 UBX domain-containing protein 7 −1.307
    IPI:IPI00124753.3 RNTFIGTPY*WMAPEVIACD 373 Mink1 misshapen-like kinase 1 isoform 2 −1.302
    ENPDATYDYR
    IPI:IPI00110247.7 SLSQS*FENLLDEPAYGLIQ 374 Tbc1d15 TBC1 domain family member 15 −1.301
    K@
    IPI:IPI00276222.1 KLDDQS*EDEALELEGPLIM 375 Fermt2 Fermitin family homolog 2 −1.293
    PGSGSIYSS*PGLYSK
    IPI:IPI00460668.2 EVDYSDS*LTEK@ 376 Smarca4 Putative uncharacterized protein −1.293
    IPI:IPI00380736.1 STTPT*PSVITR 377 Zfp516 Zinc finger protein 516 −1.259
    IPI:IPI00153986.2 GTS*R{circumflex over ( )}PGT*PSAEAASTSS 378 Gtf2f1 General transcription factor IIF −1.251
    TLR{circumflex over ( )} subunit 1
    IPI:IPI00230486.3 LSSKLS*AVS*LR 379 Snx17 Sorting nexin-17 −1.24
    IPI:IPI00116331.1 SR{circumflex over ( )}T*PSAS*HEEQQE 380 Sgta Isoform 1 of Small glutamine-rich −1.239
    tetratricopeptide repeat-containing
    protein alpha
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 NS*PVAKT*PPKDLPAIPGV 381 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −1.238
    TSPTSDEPPMQASQSQLPS factor 4E-binding protein 1
    SPEDK
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 NS*PVAKT*PPKDLPAIPGV 382 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −1.238
    TSPTSDEPPMQASQSQLPS factor 4E-binding protein 1
    SPEDK
    IPI:IPI00749954.8 LR{circumflex over ( )}TDNAS*DAS*ESS*DAE 383 Jmjd1c jumonji domain containing 1C −1.235
    SSSK@
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 SVSSPR{circumflex over ( )}T*K@ 384 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive −1.234
    matrix protein 2
    IPI:IPI00136107.1 THS*TSSSIGSGESPFSRA 385 Ndrg3 Protein NDRG3 −1.23
    IPI:IPI00136107.1 THST*SSSIGSGESPFSR 386 Ndrg3 Protein NDRG3 −1.23
    IPI:IPI00113377.1 K@EESEES*EDDMGFGLFD 387 Rplp1 60S acidic ribosomal protein P1 −1.229
    IPI:IPI00553798.2 GGVT*GSPEAS*IS*GSK@G 388 Ahnak AHNAK nucleoprotein isoform 1 −1.228
    DLK@
    IPI:IPI00330240.7 S*QDAESYQNVVELK@ 389 Peg3 Isoform 1 of Paternally-expressed gene −1.221
    3 protein
    IPI:IPI00122845.1 LGS*QEPER{circumflex over ( )} 390 −1.219
    IPI:IPI00224200.1 VVCDADDS*DSDVVSDK@ 391 Iws1 Isoform 1 of Protein IWS1 homolog −1.219
    IPI:IPI00465879.2 LCS*SSSSDTSPR{circumflex over ( )} 392 Zc3hc1 Isoform 1 of Nuclear-interacting −1.207
    partner of ALK
    IPI:IPI00116442.1 TR{circumflex over ( )}LAS*ES*ANDDNEDS 393 Hdgfrp2 Isoform 3 of Hepatoma-derived growth −1.206
    factor-related protein 2
    IPI:IPI00116442.1 TRLAS*ES*ANDDNEDS 394 Hdgfrp2 Isoform 3 of Hepatoma-derived growth −1.206
    factor-related protein 2
    IPI:IPI00322095.4 IDEPNT*PYHNMIGDDEDAY 395 Ppp1r2 Putative uncharacterized protein −1.204
    S*DSEGNEVMTPDILAK
    IPI:IPI00322095.4 IDEPNTPY*HNMIGDDEDAY 396 Ppp1r2 Putative uncharacterized protein −1.204
    S*DSEGNEVMTPDILAK
    IPI:IPI00387384.3 LLCQEETPEAT*EDERDEER 397 Mett10d Isoform 1 of Putative methyltransferase −1.202
    METT10D
    IPI:IPI00330246.2 WAAHGTS*PEDFSLTLGAR{circumflex over ( )} 398 Phldb1 Isoform 2 of Pleckstrin homology-like −1.202
    domain family B member 1
    IPI:IPI00330246.2 WAAHGTS*PEDFSLTLGAR 399 Phldb1 Isoform 2 of Pleckstrin homology-like −1.202
    domain family B member 1
    IPI:IPI00678133.3 SSHQDATDPEALWGVHQT 400 Inf2 Isoform 1 of Inverted formin-2 −1.199
    EADS*T*S*EGPEDEAQR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00465879.2 LCS*SSSSDTSPR{circumflex over ( )} 401 Zc3hc1 Isoform 1 of Nuclear-interacting −1.189
    partner of ALK
    IPI:IPI00313513.6 S*VDIFGSTPFQPFSVSASK 402 Bmp2k Isoform 1 of BMP-2-inducible protein −1.18
    kinase
    IPI:IPI00465879.2 LCS*SSSSDTSPR 403 Zc3hc1 Isoform 1 of Nuclear-interacting −1.172
    partner of ALK
    IPI:IPI00465879.2 LCS*SSSSDTSPR 404 Zc3hc1 Isoform 1 of Nuclear-interacting −1.171
    partner of ALK
    IPI:IPI00553798.2 EFSAPST*PT*GTLEFAGGD 405 Ahnak AHNAK nucleoprotein isoform 1 −1.169
    AK@
    IPI:IPI00317794.5 K@EDS*DEDEDEEDEDDS* 406 Ncl Nucleolin −1.167
    DEDEDDEEEDEFEPPIVK@
    IPI:IPI00465879.2 LCS*SSSSDTSPR{circumflex over ( )} 407 Zc3hc1 Isoform 1 of Nuclear-interacting −1.163
    partner of ALK
    IPI:IPI00465879.2 LCS*SSSSDTSPR 408 Zc3hc1 Isoform 1 of Nuclear-interacting −1.163
    partner of ALK
    IPI:IPI00229739.4 LVVSS*PT*SPKGK 409 Plekhm1 Pleckstrin homology domain-containing −1.159
    family M member 1
    IPI:IPI00465879.2 LCS*SSSSDTSPR 410 Zc3hc1 Isoform 1 of Nuclear-interacting −1.156
    partner of ALK
    IPI:IPI00465879.2 LCS*SSSSDTSPR{circumflex over ( )} 411 Zc3hc1 Isoform 1 of Nuclear-interacting −1.155
    partner of ALK
    IPI:IPI00225616.3 DGAGS*PLR{circumflex over ( )}T*SPPSTPSS 412 Dennd2a DENN domain-containing protein 2A −1.15
    PDDTFFNLGDLQNGR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00720110.2 VLTANSNPSS*PSAAK 413 1600027N09Rik RIKEN cDNA 1600027N09 gene −1.148
    IPI:IPI00465879.2 LCS*SSSSDTSPR 414 Zc3hc1 Isoform 1 of Nuclear-interacting −1.143
    partner of ALK
    IPI:IPI00461396.6 STRHS*PSALQDVFVELLS* 415 Baz1a bromodomain adjacent to zinc finger −1.134
    PHSK domain 1A
    IPI:IPI00222828.2 SSPNPFVGS*PPK@ 416 Dab2 Isoform p93 of Disabled homolog 2 −1.134
    IPI:IPI00222828.2 SSPNPFVGS*PPK 417 Dab2 Isoform p93 of Disabled homolog 2 −1.134
    IPI:IPI00222828.2 SSPNPFVGS*PPK 418 Dab2 Isoform p93 of Disabled homolog 2 −1.134
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 GCS*PPKS*PEKPPQSTSS* 419 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive −1.133
    ESCPPSPQPTK matrix protein 2
    IPI:IPI00553798.2 GGVTGS*PEAS*IS*GSK@G 420 Ahnak AHNAK nucleoprotein isoform 1 −1.132
    DLK@
    IPI:IPI00318671.2 DK@PVYDELFYTLS*PINGK@ 421 Ehd4 EH-domain containing 4-KJR −1.131
    (Fragment)
    IPI:IPI00129388.1 HDHAVSLLTAASPT*ISLL 422 Scrib Isoform 3 of Protein LAP4 −1.13
    LER
    IPI:IPI00336973.2 GLNLDGTPALSTLGGFS*PA 423 Ccnl1 Isoform 1 of Cyclin-L1 −1.124
    SKPSS*PR
    IPI:IPI00336973.2 GLNLDGTPALSTLGGFS*PA 424 Ccnl1 Isoform 1 of Cyclin-L1 −1.124
    SK@PSS*PR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00317401.6 METVSNASSSSNPSS*PGR{circumflex over ( )} 425 Pds5b Isoform 1 of Sister chromatid cohesion −1.12
    protein PDS5 homolog B
    IPI:IPI00317401.6 METVSNASSSSNPSS*PGR 426 Pds5b Isoform 1 of Sister chromatid cohesion −1.12
    protein PDS5 homolog B
    IPI:IPI00471475.1 HSGSDR{circumflex over ( )}S*SFSHYSGLK@ 427 Serbp1 Isoform 1 of Plasminogen activator −1.119
    inhibitor 1 RNA-binding protein
    IPI:IPI00330240.7 S*QDAESYQNVVELK@ 428 Peg3 Isoform 1 of Paternally-expressed gene −1.108
    3 protein
    IPI:IPI00153986.2 GTS*RPGTPSAEAASTSSTLR 429 Gtf2f1 General transcription factor IIF −1.102
    subunit 1
    IPI:IPI00453656.2 KVAPLS*SSLDTSLDFSK 430 Uvrag UV radiation resistance associated −1.098
    IPI:IPI00127976.1 SVS*ENS*LVAMDFSGQIGR 431 Grb10 Isoform 3 of Growth factor receptor- −1.097
    bound protein 10
    IPI:IPI00135443.2 KTS*FDQDS*DVDIFPSDFT 432 Top2b DNA topoisomerase 2-beta −1.092
    SEPPALPR
    IPI:IPI00331612.3 KPAQETEETSS*QES*AEED 433 Hmga2 High mobility group protein HMGI-C −1.078
    IPI:IPI00331612.3 K@PAQETEETSS*QES*AE 434 Hmga2 High mobility group protein HMGI-C −1.078
    ED
    IPI:IPI00320208.3 YGPSSVEDTTGSGAADAK 435 Eef1b2 Elongation factor 1-beta −1.075
    @DDDDIDLFGS*DDEEESE
    EAK@
    IPI:IPI00321884.1 ESLPLDLS*DDQSNSK 436 Nvl Nuclear valosin-containing protein-like −1.071
    IPI:IPI00127415.1 CGSGPVHISGQHLVAVEED 437 Npm1 Nucleophosmin −1.071
    AES*EDEDEEDVK@LLGMS
    GK@
    IPI:IPI00553798.2 GGVTGS*PEAS*ISGS*K@G 438 Ahnak AHNAK nucleoprotein isoform 1 −1.067
    DLK@
    IPI:IPI00136107.1 THST*SS*SIGSGESPFSR 439 Ndrg3 Protein NDRG3 −1.054
    IPI:IPI00130920.1 VLS*PLR{circumflex over ( )}SPPLLGSES*PYE 440 Mtap1b Microtubule-associated protein 1B −1.054
    DFLSADSK@
    IPI:IPI00349069.4 GPQQDS*DS*DDGEALGGN 441 B230208H17Rik Putative GTP-binding protein Parf −1.048
    PMVAGFQDDVDIEDQTHGK
    IPI:IPI00349069.4 GPQQDS*DS*DDGEALGGN 442 B230208H17Rik Putative GTP-binding protein Parf −1.048
    PMVAGFQDDVDIEDQTHG
    K@
    IPI:IPI00408803.6 GR{circumflex over ( )}ES*DEDT*EDAS*ETDL 443 Suds3 Sin3 histone deacetylase corepressor −1.047
    AK@ complex component SDS3
    IPI:IPI00109311.3 SASS*DTS*EELNS*QDSPK 444 Slc9a3r1 Isoform 1 of Na(+)/H(+) exchange −1.047
    @R{circumflex over ( )} regulatory cofactor NHE-RF1
    IPI:IPI00136107.1 THSTSS*SIGSGESPFSR{circumflex over ( )} 445 Ndrg3 Protein NDRG3 −1.042
    IPI:IPI00114560.5 FRT*ITSSYYR 446 Rab1 Ras-related protein Rab-1A −1.042
    IPI:IPI00123410.5 TIS*AQDTLAYATALLNEK 447 Usp24 Isoform 1 of Ubiquitin carboxyl- −1.04
    terminal hydrolase 24
    IPI:IPI00169477.1 NT*PSQHSHSIQHS*PER{circumflex over ( )} 448 Bclaf1 Isoform 2 of Bcl-2-associated −1.036
    transcription factor 1
    IPI:IPI00317401.6 AES*PETSAVESTQST*PQK 449 Pds5b Isoform 1 of Sister chromatid cohesion −1.036
    protein PDS5 homolog B
    IPI:IPI00317401.6 METVSNASSSSNPSS*PGR{circumflex over ( )} 450 Pds5b Isoform 1 of Sister chromatid cohesion −1.035
    protein PDS5 homolog B
    IPI:IPI00317401.6 METVSNASSSSNPSS*PGR 451 Pds5b Isoform 1 of Sister chromatid cohesion −1.035
    protein PDS5 homolog B
    IPI:IPI00229702.1 KDS*PPLVT*PPQS*PPSSQ 452 Smtnl2 Smoothelin-like protein 2 −1.03
    PPAMTQAPR
    IPI:IPI00107999.1 SSPS*ILAVQR 453 Chd1 Chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding −1.019
    protein 1
    IPI:IPI00107999.1 SS*PSILAVQR{circumflex over ( )} 454 Chd1 Chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding −1.019
    protein 1
    IPI:IPI00118120.1 TSS*IADEGTYTLDSILR 455 Myo5a Myosin-Va −1.018
    IPI:IPI00453848.5 SAFK@LDS*DS*DEEDAQF 456 Atg2a Protein −1.014
    FSMASGVPQTPAPEPSR{circumflex over ( )}R{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00330773.3 AS*YSGTSPSHSFISGEPDR{circumflex over ( )} 457 Phldb2 Isoform 1 of Pleckstrin homology-like −1.013
    domain family B member 2
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 GCS*PPKS*PEKPPQSTSS* 458 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive −1.003
    ESCPPSPQPTK matrix protein 2
    IPI:IPI00229613.3 SSS*SASQSNHSCTSMPSS 459 Macf1 Isoform 3 of Microtubule-actin cross- −1.003
    PATPASGTK linking factor 1
    IPI:IPI00136107.1 THS*TSSS*IGSGESPFSR{circumflex over ( )} 460 Ndrg3 Protein NDRG3 −1.002
    IPI:IPI00121135.5 R.S*KS*PPKS*PEEEGAVS* 461 Sfrs2 Splicing factor −1
    S.
    IPI:IPI00126338.5 R.SST*PLPTVS*SS*AENTR 462 Tmpo Isoform Alpha of Lamina-associated −1
    {circumflex over ( )}.Q polypeptide 2
    IPI:IPI00623249.4 R.T*DSVIIADQT*PT* 463 Atf7 Activating transcription factor 7 −1
    PTR{circumflex over ( )}.F
    Rapa replicate 2 (Note: heavy cells were control and light cells were
    treated with rapamycin. L, light; H, heavy.)
    IPI:IPI00330112.1 VAPAGSAIS*NASGER{circumflex over ( )} 464 Mib1 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase MIB1 9.6909
    IPI:IPI00108454.2 R{circumflex over ( )}LS*S*LR{circumflex over ( )}AS*TSK@ 465 rpS6 29 kDa protein 9.6182
    IPI:IPI00108454.2 R{circumflex over ( )}LS*S*LR{circumflex over ( )}AS*TSK@ 466 rpS6 29 kDa protein 9.6182
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 ELS*HSPPRENSFESSLEFK 467 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive 9.4619
    matrix protein 2
    IPI:IPI00108454.2 R{circumflex over ( )}LS*S*LR{circumflex over ( )}AS*TSK@ 468 rpS6 29 kDa protein 9.4253
    IPI:IPI00346155.4 NFLS*MDS*LK@ 469 Gm13099 Novel protein similar to preferentially 9.2638
    expressed antigen in melanoma-like
    family
    IPI:IPI00649156.4 NLAITGGVTLS*VIASPVI 470 Rnf19b IBR domain containing 3 9.1171
    AAVSVGIGVPIMLAY*VY*
    GVVPISLCR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00108454.2 R{circumflex over ( )}LS*S*LR{circumflex over ( )}AS*TSK@ 471 rpS6 29 kDa protein 9.0561
    IPI:IPI00133349.1 TR{circumflex over ( )}TFS*ATVR{circumflex over ( )} 472 Carhsp1 Calcium-regulated heat stable protein 1 8.7001
    IPI:IPI00133349.1 TR{circumflex over ( )}TFS*ATVR{circumflex over ( )} 473 Carhsp1 Calcium-regulated heat stable protein 1 8.6779
    IPI:IPI00133349.1 TR{circumflex over ( )}TFS*ATVR{circumflex over ( )} 474 Carhsp1 Calcium-regulated heat stable protein 1 8.6519
    IPI:IPI00108454.2 R{circumflex over ( )}LS*S*LR{circumflex over ( )}AS*TSK@ 475 rpS6 29 kDa protein 8.6271
    IPI:IPI00351206.5 GLCSGPGAGEESPAAT*LP 476 Pgrmc2 Membrane-associated progesterone 8.5943
    R{circumflex over ( )}M#K@ receptor component 2
    IPI:IPI00108454.2 LS*SLR{circumflex over ( )}AS*TSK@ 477 rpS6 29 kDa protein 7.5465
    IPI:IPI00108454.2 LSS*LR{circumflex over ( )}AS*TSK@ 478 rpS6 29 kDa protein 7.5465
    IPI:IPI00131138.1 AHVAPCFDAS*K@ 479 7.3937
    IPI:IPI00125530.1 WTNDYSMVLTGAAIY*HK@ 480 Ext1 Exostosin-1 7.3545
    IPI:IPI00108454.2 LSS*LR{circumflex over ( )}AS*TSK@ 481 rpS6 29 kDa protein 7.1711
    IPI:IPI00108454.2 LSS*LR{circumflex over ( )}AS*TSK@ 482 rpS6 29 kDa protein 7.1711
    IPI:IPI00108454.2 R{circumflex over ( )}LSS*LR{circumflex over ( )}AS*TSK@ 483 rpS6 29 kDa protein 7.0714
    IPI:IPI00131138.1 AHVAPCFDAS*K@ 484 7.0413
    IPI:IPI00378564.4 LVY*PEVK@ES*K@FK@ 485 Gm14085 Novel protein similar to solute carrier 6.9768
    family 28 (Sodium-coupled nucleoside
    transporter) member 2
    IPI:IPI00108454.2 R{circumflex over ( )}LSS*LR{circumflex over ( )}AS*TSK@ 486 rpS6 29 kDa protein 6.9459
    IPI:IPI00133685.1 AATATRPPGPPPAPQPPS* 487 Akt1s1 Proline-rich AKT1 substrate 1 6.9065
    PAPS*PPPRPALAR
    IPI:IPI00316922.1 R{circumflex over ( )}LGAAM#T*FPR{circumflex over ( )}PPSR{circumflex over ( )} 488 Gm9757 Putative uncharacterized protein 6.6604
    IPI:IPI00118875.4 ATAPQTQHVS*PMR{circumflex over ( )} 489 Eef1d eukaryotic translation elongation 6.5442
    factor 1 delta isoform a
    IPI:IPI00109318.1 R{circumflex over ( )}NS*PMAQT*PPCHLPNIP 490 Eif4ebp2 Eukaryotic translation initiation 6.5094
    GVTSPGALIEDSK@ factor 4E-binding protein 2
    IPI:IPI00109318.1 R{circumflex over ( )}NS*PMAQT*PPCHLPNIP 491 Eif4ebp2 Eukaryotic translation initiation 6.4811
    GVTSPGALIEDSK@ factor 4E-binding protein 2
    IPI:IPI00131138.1 AHVAPCFDAS*K@ 492 6.4769
    IPI:IPI00757687.1 LK@PDS*K@PFSR{circumflex over ( )} 493 Gon4l RIKEN cDNA 5830417I10 gene 6.4593
    IPI:IPI00121027.4 ES*LS*HVLSK@ 494 Mogat1 2-acylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 6.0819
    IPI:IPI00115681.1 TECGS*TGS*PASSFHFK@ 495 Eef2k Elongation factor 2 kinase 5.912
    IPI:IPI00115681.1 TECGS*T*GSPASSFHFK@ 496 Eef2k Elongation factor 2 kinase 5.912
    IPI:IPI00128818.2 LYTEK@AY*K@ 497 Dhx15 Putative pre-mRNA-splicing factor ATP- 5.9047
    dependent RNA helicase DHX15
    IPI:IPI00118438.4 SR{circumflex over ( )}VS*VS*PGR{circumflex over ( )} 498 Srrm1 Isoform 2 of Serine/arginine repetitive 5.834
    matrix protein 1
    IPI:IPI00323238.5 R{circumflex over ( )}K@T*VSFS*AAEEAPVPE 499 Setd1a SET domain containing 1A 5.7891
    PSTAAPLQAK@
    IPI:IPI00323238.5 R{circumflex over ( )}K@T*VSFS*AAEEAPVPE 500 Setd1a SET domain containing 1A 5.6797
    PSTAAPLQAK@
    IPI:IPI00323238.5 R{circumflex over ( )}K@T*VSFS*AAEEAPVPE 501 Setd1a SET domain containing 1A 5.6797
    PSTAAPLQAK@
    IPI:IPI00405470.1 SGHSLLT*WDSAMSALSSA 502 D830015G02Rik Putative uncharacterized protein 5.6705
    S*SSSCCTLR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00137148.2 R{circumflex over ( )}K@Y*GMLHTQESSSSVF 503 Vwa5b1 von Willebrand factor A domain- 5.6371
    YPSQDEGLSPGSGNCAK@ containing protein 5B1
    IPI:IPI00660767.2 SDSS*GGYTLSDVIQS*PPS 504 Ibtk Isoform 2 of Inhibitor of Bruton 5.5816
    AGLLK@ tyrosine kinase
    IPI:IPI00660767.2 SDSS*GGYTLSDVIQS*PPS 505 Ibtk Isoform 2 of Inhibitor of Bruton 5.4166
    AGLLK@ tyrosine kinase
    IPI:IPI00351206.5 GLCSGPGAGEESPAAT*LP 506 Pgrmc2 Membrane-associated progesterone 5.4066
    R{circumflex over ( )}M#K@ receptor component 2
    IPI:IPI00117731.1 TFWS*PELK@K@ 507 Erc1; Isoform 1 of ELKS/RAB6- 5.3901
    LOC100048600 interacting/CAST family member 1
    IPI:IPI00115681.1 TECGS*TGSPAS*SFHFK@ 508 Eef2k Elongation factor 2 kinase 5.3519
    IPI:IPI00351206.5 GLCSGPGAGEES*PAATLP 509 Pgrmc2 Membrane-associated progesterone 5.2793
    R{circumflex over ( )}M#K@ receptor component 2
    IPI:IPI00108454.2 LSS*LR{circumflex over ( )}AS*TSK@SESSQK@ 510 rpS6 29 kDa protein 5.274
    IPI:IPI00108454.2 LSS*LR{circumflex over ( )}ASTS*K@SESSQK@ 511 rpS6 29 kDa protein 5.274
    IPI:IPI00108454.2 R{circumflex over ( )}LS*S*LR{circumflex over ( )} 512 rpS6 29 kDa protein 5.2699
    IPI:IPI00108454.2 RLS*S*LR 513 rpS6 29 kDa protein 5.2699
    IPI:IPI00108454.2 LS*SLR{circumflex over ( )}ASTS*K@SESSQK@ 514 rpS6 29 kDa protein 5.257
    IPI:IPI00331280.1 AALDQT*SGLPGGAAQDPG 515 Adamts2 A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 5.2222
    GR{circumflex over ( )} with thrombospondin motifs 2
    IPI:IPI00108454.2 RLS*S*LR 516 rpS6 29 kDa protein 5.1769
    IPI:IPI00108454.2 R{circumflex over ( )}LS*S*LR{circumflex over ( )} 517 rpS6 29 kDa protein 5.1745
    IPI:IPI00127976.1 MNILS*SQS*PLHPSTLNAVI 518 Grb10 Isoform 3 of Growth factor receptor- 5.0363
    HR{circumflex over ( )} bound protein 10
    IPI:IPI00127976.1 MNILSS*QS*PLHPSTLNAVI 519 Grb10 Isoform 3 of Growth factor receptor- 5.0363
    HR{circumflex over ( )} bound protein 10
    IPI:IPI00656285.2 SLVSPIPS*PTGTISVPNSCP 520 Foxk1 Forkhead box protein K1 5.0164
    AS*PR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00461419.2 IR{circumflex over ( )}S*S*LAR{circumflex over ( )} 521 Gm6988 similar to hCG1640785 4.998
    IPI:IPI00108454.2 R{circumflex over ( )}LS*S*LR{circumflex over ( )}ASTSK@ 522 rpS6 29 kDa protein 4.9653
    IPI:IPI00127976.1 MNILS*SQS*PLHPSTLNAVI 523 Grb10 Isoform 3 of Growth factor receptor- 4.9297
    HR{circumflex over ( )} bound protein 10
    IPI:IPI00403938.2 LLDPQEFT*LS*GT*QR{circumflex over ( )} 524 Tnc Isoform 1 of Tenascin 4.9074
    IPI:IPI00108454.2 R{circumflex over ( )}LS*S*LR{circumflex over ( )}ASTSK@ 525 rpS6 29 kDa protein 4.8929
    IPI:IPI00929786.1 TASISSSPS*EGTPAVGS*Y 526 Larp1 Isoform 1 of La-related protein 1 4.8902
    GCT*PQSLPK@
    IPI:IPI00169986.4 SLLVLR{circumflex over ( )}GT*AYT*R{circumflex over ( )} 527 Alkbh6 24 kDa protein 4.8761
    IPI:IPI00127976.1 MNILSS*QS*PLHPSTLNAVI 528 Grb10 Isoform 3 of Growth factor receptor- 4.774
    HR{circumflex over ( )} bound protein 10
    IPI:IPI00929786.1 T*ASISSS*PSEGTPAVGSY 529 Larp1 Isoform 1 of La-related protein 1 4.758
    GCT*PQS*LPK@
    IPI:IPI00929786.1 T*ASISSS*PSEGTPAVGSY* 530 Larp1 Isoform 1 of La-related protein 1 4.758
    GCT*PQSLPK@
    IPI:IPI00115681.1 TECGS*TGS*PASSFHFK@ 531 Eef2k Elongation factor 2 kinase 4.7395
    IPI:IPI00929786.1 TAS*ISSS*PSEGTPAVGSY 532 Larp1 Isoform 1 of La-related protein 1 4.7282
    GCT*PQS*LPK@
    IPI:IPI00127976.1 M#NILSS*QS*PLHPSTLNAV 533 Grb10 Isoform 3 of Growth factor receptor- 4.7179
    IHR{circumflex over ( )} bound protein 10
    IPI:IPI00340860.5 TAS*EGS*EAETPEAPK@Q 534 Larp7 Isoform 1 of La-related protein 7 4.7122
    PAK@K@
    IPI:IPI00340860.5 TAS*EGS*EAETPEAPK@Q 535 Larp7 Isoform 1 of La-related protein 7 4.7105
    PAK@K@
    IPI:IPI00127976.1 MNILSSQS*PLHPSTLNAVIH 536 Grb10 Isoform 3 of Growth factor receptor- 4.6623
    R{circumflex over ( )} bound protein 10
    IPI:IPI00127976.1 MNILSSQS*PLHPSTLNAVIH 537 Grb10 Isoform 3 of Growth factor receptor- 4.6623
    R{circumflex over ( )} bound protein 10
    IPI:IPI00929786.1 TASIS*SSPSEGT*PAVGSY 538 Larp1 Isoform 1 of La-related protein 1 4.5768
    GCTPQS*LPK@
    IPI:IPI00115681.1 TECGS*TGSPAS*SFHFK@ 539 Eef2k Elongation factor 2 kinase 4.562
    IPI:IPI00553798.2 VK@T*PEMIIQK@PK@ 540 Ahnak AHNAK nucleoprotein isoform 1 4.557
    IPI:IPI00929786.1 T*ASISSS*PSEGTPAVGSY* 541 Larp1 Isoform 1 of La-related protein 1 4.4981
    GCT*PQSLPK@
    IPI:IPI00929786.1 TAS*ISSS*PSEGTPAVGSY 542 Larp1 Isoform 1 of La-related protein 1 4.4981
    GCT*PQS*LPK@
    IPI:IPI00320208.3 YGPSSVEDTTGSGAADAK 543 Eef1b2 Elongation factor 1-beta 4.4765
    @DDDDIDLFGS*DDEEESE
    EAK@K@
    IPI:IPI00320208.3 YGPSSVEDTTGSGAADAKD 544 Eef1b2 Elongation factor 1-beta 4.4765
    DDDIDLFGS*DDEEESEEAKK
    IPI:IPI00474916.3 AVVPFLGVGFSSLDMS*LCV 545 Qsox2 Isoform 3 of Sulfhydryl oxidase 2 4.4747
    VLY*VASS*LFLM#IMYFFFR
    {circumflex over ( )}VR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00399953.1 K@FS*APGQLCVPMTSNLG 546 Wnk1 Serine/threonine-protein kinase WNK1 4.3426
    GSTPISAASATSLGHFTK@
    IPI:IPI00654415.2 MT*S*T*DYS*LSGTCGM#D 547 Megf11 Isoform 4 of Multiple epidermal growth 4.325
    R{circumflex over ( )} factor-like domains 11
    IPI:IPI00660767.2 SDS*SGGYTLSDVIQS*PPS 548 Ibtk Isoform 2 of Inhibitor of Bruton 4.2681
    AGLLK@ tyrosine kinase
    IPI:IPI00660767.2 K@R{circumflex over ( )}SDSSGGYT*LSDVIQS 549 Ibtk Isoform 2 of Inhibitor of Bruton 4.2613
    *PPSAGLLK@ tyrosine kinase
    IPI:IPI00127976.1 MNILSSQS*PLHPSTLNAVIH 550 Grb10 Isoform 3 of Growth factor receptor- 4.2564
    R{circumflex over ( )} bound protein 10
    IPI:IPI00127976.1 MNILSSQSPLHPS*TLNAVIH 551 Grb10 Isoform 3 of Growth factor receptor- 4.2564
    R{circumflex over ( )} bound protein 10
    IPI:IPI00127976.1 M#NILSSQS*PLHPSTLNAVI 552 Grb10 Isoform 3 of Growth factor receptor- 4.2332
    HR{circumflex over ( )} bound protein 10
    IPI:IPI00313653.2 QFCQEGQPHVLEALS*PPQ 553 Maf1 Repressor of RNA polymerase III 4.2077
    TSGLS*PSR{circumflex over ( )} transcription MAF1 homolog
    IPI:IPI00929786.1 TAS*ISSS*PSEGTPAVGSY 554 Larp1 Isoform 1 of La-related protein 1 4.18
    GCT*PQS*LPK@
    IPI:IPI00127976.1 M#NILSSQS*PLHPSTLNAVI 555 Grb10 Isoform 3 of Growth factor receptor- 4.1504
    HR{circumflex over ( )} bound protein 10
    IPI:IPI00127976.1 M#NILSSQS*PLHPSTLNAVI 556 Grb10 Isoform 3 of Growth factor receptor- 4.1504
    HR{circumflex over ( )} bound protein 10
    IPI:IPI00122594.4 EVS*VSS*VTEEPK@LDSSQ 557 Ahctf1 AT-hook-containing transcription 4.144
    LPLQTGLDVPAT*PR{circumflex over ( )} factor 1
    IPI:IPI00127976.1 MNILSSQS*PLHPSTLNAVIH 558 Grb10 Isoform 3 of Growth factor receptor- 4.133
    R{circumflex over ( )} bound protein 10
    IPI:IPI00127976.1 MNILSSQS*PLHPSTLNAVIH 559 Grb10 Isoform 3 of Growth factor receptor- 4.133
    R{circumflex over ( )} bound protein 10
    IPI:IPI00109318.1 R{circumflex over ( )}NS*PMAQT*PPCHLPNIP 560 Eif4ebp2 Eukaryotic translation initiation 4.0914
    GVTSPGALIEDSK@ factor 4E-binding protein 2
    IPI:IPI00109318.1 R{circumflex over ( )}NS*PMAQT*PPCHLPNIP 561 Eif4ebp2 Eukaryotic translation initiation 4.0914
    GVTSPGALIEDSK@ factor 4E-binding protein 2
    IPI:IPI00122521.1 K@DELSDWS*LAGEDDR{circumflex over ( )}E 562 Fxr1 Isoform E of Fragile X mental 4.0773
    TR{circumflex over ( )} retardation syndrome-related protein 1
    IPI:IPI00127976.1 MNILSS*QSPLHPSTLNAV 563 Grb10 Isoform 3 of Growth factor receptor- 4.0585
    IHR bound protein 10
    IPI:IPI00127976.1 MNILS*SQS*PLHPSTLNAVI 564 Grb10 Isoform 3 of Growth factor receptor- 4.0417
    HR{circumflex over ( )} bound protein 10
    IPI:IPI00313653.2 QFCQEGQPHVLEALS*PPQ 565 Maf1 Repressor of RNA polymerase III 4.0213
    TSGLS*PSR{circumflex over ( )} transcription MAF1 homolog
    IPI:IPI00127976.1 MNILSS*QSPLHPSTLNAV 566 Grb10 Isoform 3 of Growth factor receptor- 3.9734
    IHR bound protein 10
    IPI:IPI00127976.1 MNILSSQS*PLHPSTLNAVIH 567 Grb10 Isoform 3 of Growth factor receptor- 3.9734
    R{circumflex over ( )} bound protein 10
    IPI:IPI00127976.1 MNILSSQS*PLHPSTLNAVIH 568 Grb10 Isoform 3 of Growth factor receptor- 3.9734
    R{circumflex over ( )} bound protein 10
    IPI:IPI00127976.1 MNILSS*QSPLHPSTLNAV 569 Grb10 Isoform 3 of Growth factor receptor- 3.9734
    IHR bound protein 10
    IPI:IPI00120691.3 QADSET*K@EIITEEPS*EEE 570 Ddx21 Nucleolar RNA helicase 2 3.9589
    ADMPK@PK@
    IPI:IPI00226441.2 LHYT*PPLQS*PIT*DGDPLL 571 Lin9 Isoform 2 of Lin-9 homolog 3.8536
    GQS*PWR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00127976.1 MNILSSQS*PLHPSTLNAVIH 572 Grb10 Isoform 3 of Growth factor receptor- 3.8383
    R{circumflex over ( )} bound protein 10
    IPI:IPI00127976.1 MNILSSQS*PLHPSTLNAVIH 573 Grb10 Isoform 3 of Growth factor receptor- 3.8383
    R{circumflex over ( )} bound protein 10
    IPI:IPI00656285.2 SSGLQTPECLS*REGS*PIP 574 Foxk1 Forkhead box protein K1 3.7948
    HDPDLGSK
    IPI:IPI00656285.2 SSGLQTPECLS*R{circumflex over ( )}EGS*PIP 575 Foxk1 Forkhead box protein K1 3.7948
    HDPDLGSK@
    IPI:IPI00468516.3 SHILESVPTLPGS*VEAGVS 576 D6Wsu116e Isoform 1 of Protein FAM21 3.7932
    FDLPAQADTLHSANK@
    IPI:IPI00751009.1 TSEFPTPLFSGPLEPVACGS 577 Srpk2 serine/arginine-rich protein-specific 3.7653
    VISEGSPLTEQEESSPSHDR kinase 2
    {circumflex over ( )}S*R{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00929786.1 TASISSSPS*EGTPAVGSYG 578 Larp1 Isoform 1 of La-related protein 1 3.756
    CT*PQS*LPK@
    IPI:IPI00929786.1 TASISSSPS*EGTPAVGSY* 579 Larp1 Isoform 1 of La-related protein 1 3.756
    GCT*PQSLPK@
    IPI:IPI00656285.2 SSGLQTPECLS*R{circumflex over ( )}EGS*PIP 580 Foxk1 Forkhead box protein K1 3.7214
    HDPDLGSK@
    IPI:IPI00400017.2 TQS*GNFNTDAPGMAEFR{circumflex over ( )} 581 Ppfibp2 Isoform 4 of Liprin-beta-2 3.6603
    IPI:IPI00660767.2 SDSS*GGYTLSDVIQS*PPS 582 Ibtk Isoform 2 of Inhibitor of Bruton 3.6519
    AGLLK@ tyrosine kinase
    IPI:IPI00116442.1 S*EGLSLER{circumflex over ( )} 583 Hdgfrp2 Isoform 3 of Hepatoma-derived growth 3.6501
    factor-related protein 2
    IPI:IPI00379844.4 TAS*EGDGGAAGGAGTAG 584 Irs2 Insulin receptor substrate 2 3.6492
    GR{circumflex over ( )}PMSVAGS*PLS*PGPVR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00929786.1 T*ASISSS*PSEGTPAVGS*Y 585 Larp1 Isoform 1 of La-related protein 1 3.6217
    GCTPQSLPK@
    IPI:IPI00929786.1 T*ASISSS*PSEGTPAVGS*Y 586 Larp1 Isoform 1 of La-related protein 1 3.6217
    GCTPQSLPK@
    IPI:IPI00116442.1 R{circumflex over ( )}S*EGLSLER{circumflex over ( )} 587 Hdgfrp2 Isoform 3 of Hepatoma-derived growth 3.6142
    factor-related protein 2
    IPI:IPI00656285.2 SLVS*PIPSPTGT*ISVPNSC 588 Foxk1 Forkhead box protein K1 3.6065
    PAS*PR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00656285.2 SLVS*PIPS*PTGTISVPNSC 589 Foxk1 Forkhead box protein K1 3.6065
    PAS*PR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00656285.2 SLVSPIPSPT*GTISVPNSCP 590 Foxk1 Forkhead box protein K1 3.605
    AS*PR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00654417.1 HSS*PPLTVK 591 Tinf2 Putative uncharacterized protein 3.5562
    IPI:IPI00830829.1 R{circumflex over ( )}R{circumflex over ( )}SGEQIT*SS*PVS*PK@ 592 Hisppd1 140 kDa protein 3.5492
    IPI:IPI00118875.4 GATPAEDDEDKDIDLFGS*D 593 Eef1d eukaryotic translation elongation 3.5469
    EEEEDKEAAR factor 1 delta isoform a
    IPI:IPI00118875.4 GATPAEDDEDKDIDLFGS*D 594 Eef1d eukaryotic translation elongation 3.5469
    EEEEDKEAAR factor 1 delta isoform a
    IPI:IPI00169888.3 SQDVAIS*PQQQQCSK@S* 595 Edc3 Enhancer of mRNA-decapping protein 3 3.5277
    YVDR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00134029.8 VS*SS*VS*VGPSM#SGET*L 596 Aim1l Absent in melanoma 1-like 3.5092
    PR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00654417.1 HSS*PPLTVK 597 Tinf2 Putative uncharacterized protein 3.4997
    IPI:IPI00676574.2 RVS*TDLPEGQDVYTAACN 598 Herc1 hect (homologous to the E6-AP 3.4866
    SVIHR (UBE3A) carboxyl terminus) domain
    and RCC1 (CHC1)-like domain (RLD) 1
    IPI:IPI00762234.2 SGDPR{circumflex over ( )}S*CEEES*DPEPDP 599 Fbxw9 F-box and WD-40 domainprotein 9 3.4479
    DPDTQAEAYVAR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00660767.2 VDTAASSSWLAGS*CS*PVS 600 Ibtk Isoform 2 of Inhibitor of Bruton 3.398
    PPVVDLR{circumflex over ( )} tyrosine kinase
    IPI:IPI00169888.3 SQDVAIS*PQQQQCS*K@S 601 Edc3 Enhancer of mRNA-decapping protein 3 3.3665
    YVDR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00169888.3 SQDVAISPQQQQCS*K@SY 602 Edc3 Enhancer of mRNA-decapping protein 3 3.3665
    *VDR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00122521.1 K@DELSDWS*LAGEDDR{circumflex over ( )}E 603 Fxr1 Isoform E of Fragile X mental 3.3379
    TR{circumflex over ( )} retardation syndrome-related protein 1
    IPI:IPI00761443.2 RSS*AGS*LESNVEGSIISS* 604 Iqsec1 IQ motif and Sec7 domain 1 isoform b 3.3179
    PHMR
    IPI:IPI00761443.2 R{circumflex over ( )}S*SAGS*LESNVEGSIISS* 605 Iqsec1 IQ motif and Sec7 domain 1 isoform b 3.3179
    PHMR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00828461.1 GPPDFS*S*DEER{circumflex over ( )}EPTPVL 606 Tmpo thymopoietin isoform delta 3.3038
    GSGASVGR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00828461.1 GPPDFS*S*DEER{circumflex over ( )}EPTPVL 607 Tmpo thymopoietin isoform delta 3.3038
    GSGASVGR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00126317.1 NAS*TS*FQELEDK@K@EL 608 Dnajc2 DnaJ homolog subfamily C member 2 3.2768
    SEESEDEELQLEEFPMLK@
    IPI:IPI00227934.3 TSASCS*PAPES*PMSSSES 609 Cux1 cut-like homeobox 1 isoform a 3.1887
    VK@
    IPI:IPI00116442.1 S*EGLSLER{circumflex over ( )} 610 Hdgfrp2 Isoform 3 of Hepatoma-derived growth 3.1751
    factor-related protein 2
    IPI:IPI00468516.3 SHILESVPTLPGS*VEAGVS 611 D6Wsu116e Isoform 1 of Protein FAM21 3.1635
    FDLPAQADTLHSANK@
    IPI:IPI00468516.3 SHILESVPTLPGS*VEAGVS 612 D6Wsu116e Isoform 1 of Protein FAM21 3.1635
    FDLPAQADTLHSANK@
    IPI:IPI00762234.2 SGDPR{circumflex over ( )}S*CEEES*DPEPDP 613 Fbxw9 F-box and WD-40 domain protein 9 3.1508
    DPDTQAEAYVAR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00320208.3 YGPSSVEDTTGSGAADAKD 614 Eef1b2 Elongation factor 1-beta 3.1436
    DDDIDLFGS*DDEEESEEAKK
    IPI:IPI00320594.5 SQPHSSTSNQETS*DS*EM 615 Ranbp10 Ran-binding protein 10 3.1377
    EMEAEHYPNGVLESVSTR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00808277.2 S*APASPNHAGVLSAHSSG 616 Foxk2 Isoform 1 of Forkhead box protein K2 3.1204
    AQTPES*LSR{circumflex over ( )}EGS*PAPLE
    PEPGASQPK@
    IPI:IPI00808277.2 SAPAS*PNHAGVLSAHSSG 617 Foxk2 Isoform 1 of Forkhead box protein K2 3.1105
    AQTPES*LSR{circumflex over ( )}EGS*PAPLE
    PEPGASQPK@
    IPI:IPI00753321.2 S*VSETSEDK@K@DEES*D 618 Bod1l biorientation of chromosomes in cell 3.106
    EEEEEEEEEEPLGATTR{circumflex over ( )} division 1-like
    IPI:IPI00420464.3 SNT*PS*PLNLSSTSSK@ 619 Zeb2 Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 2 3.0996
    IPI:IPI00116442.1 S*EGLSLER{circumflex over ( )} 620 Hdgfrp2 Isoform 3 of Hepatoma-derived growth 3.0974
    factor-related protein 2
    IPI:IPI00808277.2 SAPAS*PNHAGVLSAHSSG 621 Foxk2 Isoform 1 of Forkhead box protein K2 3.0877
    AQT*PES*LSR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00830829.1 R{circumflex over ( )}R{circumflex over ( )}S*GEQITSS*PVS*PK@ 622 Hisppd1 140 kDa protein 3.0712
    IPI:IPI00117932.2 S*PPVQPHTPVTISLGTAPS 623 Sin3a Isoform 1 of Paired amphipathic helix 3.0565
    LQNNQPVEFNHAINYVNK@ protein Sin3a
    IPI:IPI00117932.2 S*PPVQPHTPVTISLGTAPS 624 Sin3a Isoform 1 of Paired amphipathic helix 3.0565
    LQNNQPVEFNHAINYVNK@ protein Sin3a
    IPI:IPI00320594.5 SQPHSSTSNQETS*DS*EM 625 Ranbp10 Ran-binding protein 10 3.0328
    EMEAEHYPNGVLESVSTR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00227934.3 TS*ASCSPAPES*PMSSSES 626 Cux1 cut-like homeobox 1 isoform a 3.0118
    VK@
    IPI:IPI00380817.6 GR{circumflex over ( )}SS*ESSCGLDGDYEDA 627 Bcr Breakpoint cluster region protein 3.0087
    ELNPR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00656285.2 SLVSPIPS*PTGTISVPNSCP 628 Foxk1 Forkhead box protein K1 2.9994
    AS*PR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00656285.2 SLVS*PIPS*PTGTISVPNSC 629 Foxk1 Forkhead box protein K1 2.9989
    PAS*PR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00127976.1 MNILS*SQS*PLHPSTLNAVI 630 Grb10 Isoform 3 of Growth factor receptor- 2.9784
    HR{circumflex over ( )} bound protein 10
    IPI:IPI00551454.3 ER{circumflex over ( )}QES*ESEQELVNK@ 631 Pdcd11 Protein RRP5 homolog 2.9603
    IPI:IPI00226155.3 VSALEEDMDDVES*S*EEEE 632 Prpf38a Isoform 1 of Pre-mRNA-splicing factor 2.9547
    EEDEKLER 38A
    IPI:IPI00753321.2 SVSETS*EDK@K@DEES*D 633 Bod1l biorientation of chromosomes in cell 2.9525
    EEEEEEEEEEPLGATTR{circumflex over ( )} division 1-like
    IPI:IPI00753321.2 SVSET*SEDK@K@DEES*D 634 Bod1l biorientation of chromosomes in cell 2.9525
    EEEEEEEEEEPLGATTR{circumflex over ( )} division 1-like
    IPI:IPI00108454.2 LSS*LR{circumflex over ( )}ASTS*K@S*ESSQ 635 29 kDa protein 2.9394
    K@
    IPI:IPI00553798.2 HR{circumflex over ( )}SNS*FS*DER{circumflex over ( )}EFSAPS* 636 Ahnak AHNAK nucleoprotein isoform 1 2.9368
    TPTGTLEFAGGDAK@
    IPI:IPI00551454.3 ER{circumflex over ( )}QES*ESEQELVNK@ 637 Pdcd11 Protein RRP5 homolog 2.9308
    IPI:IPI00468516.3 SHILESVPTLPGS*VEAGVS 638 D6Wsu116e Isoform 1 of Protein FAM21 2.9286
    FDLPAQADTLHSANK@
    IPI:IPI00420464.3 SNT*PS*PLNLSSTSSK@ 639 Zeb2 Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 2 2.9204
    IPI:IPI00656285.2 SLVS*PIPS*PTGTISVPNSC 640 Foxk1 Forkhead box protein K1 2.8837
    PAS*PR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00330773.3 K@MLLASTSSDDFDR{circumflex over ( )}AS* 641 Phldb2 Isoform 1 of Pleckstrin homology-like 2.8699
    Y*SGTSPSHSFISGEPDR{circumflex over ( )} domain family B member 2
    IPI:IPI00551454.3 ER{circumflex over ( )}QES*ESEQELVNK@ 642 Pdcd11 Protein RRP5 homolog 2.8488
    IPI:IPI00656285.2 SLVS*PIPSPT*GTISVPN 643 Foxk1 Forkhead box protein K1 2.818
    S*CPASPR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00660767.2 VDTAASSSWLAGS*CS*PVS 644 Ibtk Isoform 2 of Inhibitor of Bruton 2.8109
    PPVVDLR{circumflex over ( )} tyrosine kinase
    IPI:IPI00656285.2 SLVS*PIPS*PTGTISVPNSC 645 Foxk1 Forkhead box protein K1 2.8019
    PAS*PR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00656285.2 SLVS*PIPS*PTGTISVPNSC 646 Foxk1 Forkhead box protein K1 2.8019
    PAS*PR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00656285.2 SLVSPIPSPT*GT*ISVPNSC 647 Foxk1 Forkhead box protein K1 2.8019
    PAS*PR
    IPI:IPI00107958.1 TSDIFGS*PVTATAPLAHPN 648 Hn1l Hematological and neurological 2.7751
    K@PK@ expressed 1-like protein
    IPI:IPI00129298.1 EIDVLEFGESAPAASKENSA 649 Palm Isoform 1 of Paralemmin 2.7684
    APS*PGRPQSASPAKEEQK
    IPI:IPI00320208.3 YGPSSVEDTTGSGAADAK 650 Eef1b2 Elongation factor 1-beta 2.7577
    @DDDDIDLFGS*DDEEESE
    EAK@K@
    IPI:IPI00929786.1 TASISSS*PSEGT*PAVGSY 651 Larp1 Isoform 1 of La-related protein 1 2.7577
    GCT*PQS*LPK@
    IPI:IPI00377615.2 R{circumflex over ( )}SS*R{circumflex over ( )}S*FSLDEPPLFIPD 652 Phf3 PHD finger protein 3 2.7452
    NIATVK@
    IPI:IPI00113563.3 YMEDST*YY*K@ASK@ 653 Ptk2 Isoform 1 of Focal adhesion kinase 1 2.7394
    IPI:IPI00553283.1 MMPS*PSDSSR{circumflex over ( )} 654 1110013L07Rik Putative uncharacterized protein 2.7037
    IPI:IPI00314502.5 VHGLPTTSPS*GVNMAELA 655 Tcfeb Transcription factor EB 2.6958
    QQVVK@
    IPI:IPI00314502.5 VHGLPTTSPS*GVNMAELA 656 Tcfeb Transcription factor EB 2.6958
    QQVVK@
    IPI:IPI00122594.4 EVS*VSS*VTEEPK@LDSSQ 657 Ahctf1 AT-hook-containing transcription 2.6674
    LPLQTGLDVPAT*PR{circumflex over ( )} factor 1
    IPI:IPI00377615.2 S*S*R{circumflex over ( )}SFSLDEPPLFIPDNIA 658 Phf3 PHD finger protein 3 2.6537
    TVK@K@
    IPI:IPI00468516.3 SHILESVPTLPGS*VEAGVS 659 D6Wsu116e Isoform 1 of Protein FAM21 2.6436
    FDLPAQADTLHSANK@
    IPI:IPI00122521.1 SSISSVLK@DPDSNPYSLLD 660 Fxr1 Isoform E of Fragile X mental 2.618
    NTES*DQTADT*DAS*ESHH retardation syndrome-related protein 1
    STNR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00625723.2 TGTGSPFAGNS*PAR{circumflex over ( )}EGE 661 Zc3h4 Isoform 2 of Zinc finger CCCH domain- 2.5583
    QDAGSLK@DVFK@ containing protein 4
    IPI:IPI00625723.2 TGTGSPFAGNS*PAR{circumflex over ( )}EGE 662 Zc3h4 Isoform 2 of Zinc finger CCCH domain- 2.5583
    QDAGSLK@DVFK@ containing protein 4
    IPI:IPI00122559.3 EIQNGTLR{circumflex over ( )}ES*DSEHVPR{circumflex over ( )} 663 Ktn1 isoform 1 of Kinectin 2.5547
    IPI:IPI00136379.1 GGGSAAAAAAAAASGGGV 664 Pbx2 Pre-B-cell leukemia transcription 2.554
    S*PDNSIEHSDYR{circumflex over ( )} factor 2
    IPI:IPI00330246.2 SGPLPSSSGSSSSSSQLSV 665 Phldb1 Isoform 2 of Pleckstrin homology-like 2.5309
    AT*LGR{circumflex over ( )}SPS*PK@ domain family B member 1
    IPI:IPI00330246.2 SGPLPSSSGSSSSSSQLSV 666 Phldb1 Isoform 2 of Pleckstrin homology-like 2.5309
    AT*LGR{circumflex over ( )}SPS*PK@ domain family B member 1
    IPI:IPI00377615.2 S*S*R{circumflex over ( )}SFSLDEPPLFIPDNIA 667 Phf3 PHD finger protein 3 2.5121
    TVK@K@
    IPI:IPI00125505.2 TTGNSHWTLEAPFSSS*CA 668 Cdgap Cdc42 GTPase-activating protein 2.4733
    NLETER{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00551454.3 ER{circumflex over ( )}QES*ESEQELVNK@ 669 Pdcd11 Protein RRP5 homolog 2.4392
    IPI:IPI00320594.5 SQPHSSTSNQETS*DS*EM 670 Ranbp10 Ran-binding protein 10 2.4384
    EMEAEHYPNGVLESVSTR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00126317.1 NAS*TS*FQELEDK@K@EL 671 Dnajc2 DnaJ homolog subfamily C member 2 2.438
    SEESEDEELQLEEFPMLK@
    IPI:IPI00129276.2 LES*LNIQR{circumflex over ( )} 672 Eif3a Eukaryotic translation initiation 2.429
    factor 3 subunit A
    IPI:IPI00553798.2 SS*EVVLS*GDDEDYQR{circumflex over ( )} 673 Ahnak AHNAK nucleoprotein isoform 1 2.4187
    IPI:IPI00226750.2 T*S*S*TCSNESLNAGGTPV 674 Tbc1d4 140 kDa protein 2.4185
    TPR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00377615.2 R{circumflex over ( )}SSR{circumflex over ( )}S*FS*LDEPPLFIPD 675 Phf3 PHD finger protein 3 2.409
    NIATVK@
    IPI:IPI00377615.2 R{circumflex over ( )}SSR{circumflex over ( )}S*FS*LDEPPLFIPD 676 Phf3 PHD finger protein 3 2.409
    NIATVK@
    IPI:IPI00114227.7 SIST*CGPLDK@DDPGGQK@ 677 Dennd4a hypothetical protein LOC102442 2.3733
    IPI:IPI00339693.1 LGDSELALVCSQR{circumflex over ( )}PAS*LS 678 Wdr91 WD repeat-containing protein 91 2.3532
    QSPR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00137166.1 SR{circumflex over ( )}DAT*PPVS*PINMEDQE 679 Junb Transcription factor jun-B 2.3444
    R{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00751009.1 TVS*ASS*TGDLPK@ 680 Srpk2 serine/arginine-rich protein-specific 2.3444
    kinase 2
    IPI:IPI00751009.1 TVS*ASS*TGDLPK@ 681 Srpk2 serine/arginine-rich protein-specific 2.3444
    kinase 2
    IPI:IPI00751009.1 TVS*ASS*TGDLPK 682 Srpk2 serine/arginine-rich protein-specific 2.3444
    kinase 2
    IPI:IPI00226750.2 TSST*CS*NESLNAGGTPVT 683 Tbc1d4 140 kDa protein 2.3429
    PR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00221581.1 SR{circumflex over ( )}T*GS*ESSQTGASATSG 684 Eif4b Eukaryotic translation initiation 2.3268
    R{circumflex over ( )} factor 4B
    IPI:IPI00122521.1 SSISSVLK@DPDSNPYSLLD 685 Fxr1 Isoform E of Fragile X mental 2.3266
    NTES*DQT*ADT*DASESHH retardation syndrome-related protein 1
    STNR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00116442.1 K@R{circumflex over ( )}S*EGLS*LER{circumflex over ( )} 686 Hdgfrp2 Isoform 3 of Hepatoma-derived growth 2.3042
    factor-related protein 2
    IPI:IPI00828461.1 GPPDFS*S*DEER{circumflex over ( )}EPT*PVL 687 Tmpo thymopoietin isoform delta 2.3011
    GS*GASVGR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00463493.1 S*ATDADMVNSGWLVVGK 688 Gbf1 Golgi-specific brefeldin A-resistance 2.294
    factor 1
    IPI:IPI00129276.2 LES*LNIQR{circumflex over ( )} 689 Eif3a Eukaryotic translation initiation 2.2772
    factor 3 subunit A
    IPI:IPI00751009.1 TVS*ASS*TGDLPK@ 690 Srpk2 serine/arginine-rich protein-specific 2.2686
    kinase 2
    IPI:IPI00137166.1 SR{circumflex over ( )}DAT*PPVS*PINMEDQE 691 Junb Transcription factor jun-B 2.2666
    R{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00221581.1 SR{circumflex over ( )}TGS*ESS*QTGASATSG 692 Eif4b Eukaryotic translation initiation 2.2646
    R{circumflex over ( )} factor 4B
    IPI:IPI00221581.1 SR{circumflex over ( )}TGS*ESS*QTGASATSG 693 Eif4b Eukaryotic translation initiation 2.2646
    R{circumflex over ( )} factor 4B
    IPI:IPI00221581.1 SRT*GS*ESSQTGASATSGR 694 Eif4b Eukaryotic translation initiation 2.2646
    factor 4B
    IPI:IPI00268688.3 TSS*S*ETEEK@K@TEK@P 695 Cd2ap CD2-associated protein 2.2567
    LILQPLGSR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00268688.3 TSS*S*ETEEKKTEKPLILQP 696 Cd2ap CD2-associated protein 2.2567
    LGSR
    IPI:IPI00226750.2 TSST*CS*NES*LNAGGTPV 697 Tbc1d4 140 kDa protein 2.2548
    TPR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00221581.1 SRT*GS*ESSQTGASATSGR 698 Eif4b Eukaryotic translation initiation 2.2395
    factor 4B
    IPI:IPI00221581.1 SR{circumflex over ( )}TGS*ESS*QTGASATSG 699 Eif4b Eukaryotic translation initiation 2.2395
    R{circumflex over ( )} factor 4B
    IPI:IPI00122594.4 EVS*VSS*VTEEPK@LDSSQ 700 Ahctf1 AT-hook-containing transcription 2.2291
    LPLQTGLDVPATPR{circumflex over ( )} factor 1
    IPI:IPI00122594.4 EVSVS*S*VTEEPKLDSSQL 701 Ahctf1 AT-hook-containing transcription 2.2291
    PLQTGLDVPATPR factor 1
    IPI:IPI00676574.2 RVST*DLPEGQDVYTAACN 702 Herc1 hect (homologous to the E6-AP 2.2125
    SVIHR (UBE3A) carboxyl terminus) domain
    and RCC1 (CHC1)-like domain (RLD) 1
    IPI:IPI00268688.3 TSS*S*ETEEK@K@TEK@P 703 Cd2ap CD2-associated protein 2.1992
    LILQPLGSR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00320905.7 LGEQGPEPGPT*PPQTPT*P 704 Arhgap17 Isoform 1 of Rho GTPase-activating 2.1798
    PS*TPPLAK protein 17
    IPI:IPI00108454.2 LSSLRAS*TS*KSES*S*QK 705 29 kDa protein 2.1655
    IPI:IPI00929786.1 TASIS*S*SPSEGTPAVGSY 706 Larp1 Isoform 1 of La-related protein 1 2.1557
    GCT*PQSLPK@
    IPI:IPI00381495.5 TVSSPIPYTPSPSSSR{circumflex over ( )}PIS* 707 Ccdc6 coiled-coil domain containing 6 2.1555
    PGLSY*ASHTVGFTPPTSLT
    R{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00221581.1 TGS*ESS*QTGASATSGR{circumflex over ( )} 708 Eif4b Eukaryotic translation initiation 2.1437
    factor 4B
    IPI:IPI00221581.1 TGS*ESS*QTGASATSGR{circumflex over ( )} 709 Eif4b Eukaryotic translation initiation 2.1437
    factor 4B
    IPI:IPI00137166.1 SR{circumflex over ( )}DAT*PPVS*PINMEDQE 710 Junb Transcription factor jun-B 2.1419
    R{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00929786.1 S*LPTTVPES*PNYR{circumflex over ( )} 711 Larp1 Isoform 1 of La-related protein 1 2.1397
    IPI:IPI00929786.1 S*LPTTVPESPNY*R 712 Larp1 Isoform 1 of La-related protein 1 2.1397
    IPI:IPI00406045.3 SESSAGICVPLSTS*PQVSE 713 Pik3r4 Phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory 2.1394
    AAHIPSK@K@PVIPVVSST subunit 4
    VLPSTYQIR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00122594.4 ER{circumflex over ( )}EVS*VS*SVTEEPK@LD 714 Ahctf1 AT-hook-containing transcription 2.1312
    SSQLPLQTGLDVPATPR{circumflex over ( )} factor 1
    IPI:IPI00929786.1 S*LPTTVPES*PNYR{circumflex over ( )} 715 Larp1 Isoform 1 of La-related protein 1 2.1207
    IPI:IPI00929786.1 S*LPTTVPES*PNYR 716 Larp1 Isoform 1 of La-related protein 1 2.1207
    IPI:IPI00929786.1 SLPT*TVPES*PNYR{circumflex over ( )} 717 Larp1 Isoform 1 of La-related protein 1 2.1207
    IPI:IPI00929786.1 S*LPTTVPES*PNYR 718 Larp1 Isoform 1 of La-related protein 1 2.1207
    IPI:IPI00625723.2 TGTGSPFAGNS*PAR{circumflex over ( )}EGE 719 Zc3h4 Isoform 2 of Zinc finger CCCH domain- 2.1078
    QDAGSLK@DVFK@ containing protein 4
    IPI:IPI00221581.1 T*GSESS*QTGASATSGR{circumflex over ( )} 720 Eif4b Eukaryotic translation initiation 2.103
    factor 4B
    IPI:IPI00221581.1 T*GSESS*QTGASATSGR{circumflex over ( )} 721 Eif4b Eukaryotic translation initiation 2.103
    factor 4B
    IPI:IPI00221581.1 TGS*ESS*QTGASATSGR 722 Eif4b Eukaryotic translation initiation 2.103
    factor 4B
    IPI:IPI00625723.2 TGTGSPFAGNS*PAR{circumflex over ( )}EGE 723 Zc3h4 Isoform 2 of Zinc finger CCCH domain- 2.0988
    QDAGSLK@DVFK@ containing protein 4
    IPI:IPI00379844.4 GEQGSLAQSQPQPGDK@N 724 Irs2 Insulin receptor substrate 2 2.0959
    S*WSR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00136107.1 T*HST*SSS*IGSGESPFSR{circumflex over ( )} 725 Ndrg3 Protein NDRG3 2.0759
    IPI:IPI00467843.2 GGGAS*SPAPVVFTVGS*PP 726 Ulk1 Putative uncharacterized protein 2.0752
    S*GATPPQSTR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00127415.1 LK@CGSGPVHISGQHLVAV 727 Npm1 Nucleophosmin 2.0591
    EEDAES*EDEDEEDVK@LL
    GM#SGK@
    IPI:IPI00320905.7 LGEQGPEPGPT*PPQTPT*P 728 Arhgap17 Isoform 1 of Rho GTPase-activating 2.0572
    PS*TPPLAK protein 17
    IPI:IPI00622946.2 QFIAAQNLGPASGLPTPTSS 729 Palld Isoform 4 of Palladin 2.0517
    *PSSSSLPSPLSPT*PR{circumflex over ( )}PFG
    R{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00467843.2 GGGASS*PAPVVFTVGS*PP 730 Ulk1 Putative uncharacterized protein 2.0359
    S*GATPPOSTR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00929786.1 TASISSSPS*EGTPAVGSYG 731 Larp1 Isoform 1 of La-related protein 1 2.0315
    CT*PQSLPK@
    IPI:IPI00309059.7 ST*S*PIIGS*PPVR{circumflex over ( )} 732 Patl1 Protein PAT1 homolog 1 2.0311
    IPI:IPI00929786.1 TASIS*SSPS*EGTPAVGSY 733 Larp1 Isoform 1 of La-related protein 1 2.0277
    GCT*PQS*LPK@
    IPI:IPI00107958.1 TSDIFGS*PVTATAPLAHPN 734 Hn1l Hematological and neurological 2.0059
    KPK expressed 1-like protein
    IPI:IPI00336713.1 CS*PVPGLSSS*PSGSPLHG 735 Bcas3 Isoform 1 of Breast carcinoma- 1.9848
    K@ amplified sequence 3 homolog
    IPI:IPI00136107.1 THST*SSS*IGSGESPFSR{circumflex over ( )} 736 Ndrg3 Protein NDRG3 1.9707
    IPI:IPI00136107.1 THSTSS*S*IGSGESPFSR{circumflex over ( )} 737 Ndrg3 Protein NDRG3 1.9707
    IPI:IPI00830210.1 LSESPAS*LPSCLPVETALIN 738 Atg2a Autophagy-related protein 2 1.9651
    QR{circumflex over ( )} homolog A
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 GCSPPK@S*PEK@PPQST 739 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive 1.9354
    SS*ESCPPS*PQPTK@ matrix protein 2
    IPI:IPI00122594.4 ER{circumflex over ( )}EVS*VSS*VTEEPK@LD 740 Ahctf1 AT-hook-containing transcription 1.9159
    SSQLPLQTGLDVPATPR{circumflex over ( )} factor 1
    IPI:IPI00336973.2 GLNLDGTPALSTLGGFS*PA 741 Ccnl1 Isoform 1 of Cyclin-L1 1.8986
    SKPSS*PR
    IPI:IPI00336973.2 GLNLDGTPALSTLGGFS*PA 742 Ccnl1 Isoform 1 of Cyclin-L1 1.896
    SKPSS*PR
    IPI:IPI00336973.2 GLNLDGTPALSTLGGFS*PA 743 Ccnl1 Isoform 1 of Cyclin-L1 1.896
    SK@PS*SPR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00336973.2 GLNLDGTPALSTLGGFS*PA 744 Ccnl1 Isoform 1 of Cyclin-L1 1.896
    S*KPSSPR
    IPI:IPI00336973.2 GLNLDGTPALSTLGGFSPA 745 Ccnl1 Isoform 1 of Cyclin-L1 1.896
    S*K@PS*SPR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00137166.1 SR{circumflex over ( )}DAT*PPVS*PINMEDQE 746 Junb Transcription factor jun-B 1.8916
    R{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00336973.2 GLNLDGTPALSTLGGFS*PA 747 Ccnl1 Isoform 1 of Cyclin-L1 1.8893
    S*KPSSPR
    IPI:IPI00467930.2 LVIGS*LPAHLSPHLFGGFK@ 748 Znrf2 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase ZNRF2 1.8798
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 R{circumflex over ( )}SSS*ELS*PEVVEK@ 749 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive 1.8718
    matrix protein 2
    IPI:IPI00309059.7 ST*S*PIIGS*PPVR{circumflex over ( )} 750 Patl1 Protein PAT1 homolog 1 1.8673
    IPI:IPI00751009.1 TSEFPTPLFSGPLEPVACGS 751 Srpk2 serine/arginine-rich protein specific 1.859
    VISEGSPLT*EQEESSPSHD kinase 2
    R{circumflex over ( )}SR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00808277.2 SAPASPNHAGVLSAHSSGA 752 Foxk2 Isoform 1 of Forkhead box protein K2 1.8546
    QT*PES*LSR{circumflex over ( )}EGS*PAPLEP
    EPGASQPK@
    IPI:IPI00136107.1 THS*TSSS*IGSGESPFSR{circumflex over ( )} 753 Ndrg3 Protein NDRG3 1.8482
    IPI:IPI00761759.1 SSSGSEHST*EGSVSLGDG 754 Larp4 Putative uncharacterized protein 1.8482
    PLSR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00122594.4 EVS*VSS*VTEEPK@LDSSQ 755 Ahctf1 AT-hook-containing transcription 1.8472
    LPLQTGLDVPATPR{circumflex over ( )} factor 1
    IPI:IPI00122594.4 EVS*VSS*VTEEPK@LDSSQ 756 Ahctf1 AT-hook-containing transcription 1.8472
    LPLQTGLDVPATPR{circumflex over ( )} factor 1
    IPI:IPI00268673.5 AGTTVPES*IHS*FIGDGLVK 757 Mtor Isoform 1 of FKBP12-rapamycin 1.8442
    @PEALNK@K@ complex-associated protein
    IPI:IPI00314502.5 VHGLPTTS*PSGVNMAELA 758 Tcfeb Transcription factor EB 1.8426
    QQVVK@
    IPI:IPI00125319.1 TTS*FAESCK@PVQQPSAF 759 Gsk3b Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta 1.8417
    GSMK@
    IPI:IPI00125319.1 TTS*FAESCK@PVQQPSAF 760 Gsk3b Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta 1.8417
    GSMK@
    IPI:IPI00116285.2 SQDSYPVS*PR{circumflex over ( )}PFSSPSMS 761 Ranbp9 RAN binding protein 9 1.8399
    *PSHGMSIHSLAPGK@
    IPI:IPI00323510.5 TDNSVAS*SPSSAISTATPS* 762 Kdm6a Isoform 1 of Lysine-specific 1.8307
    PK@ demethylase 6A
    IPI:IPI00229859.1 GHPSAGAEEEGGS*DGS*A 763 Eif3b Eif3b protein 1.826
    AEAEPR
    PI:IPI00136107.1 THS*TSS*SIGSGESPFSR{circumflex over ( )} 764 Ndrg3 Protein NDRG3 1.8106
    IPI:IPI00136107.1 T*HSTSSSIGS*GESPFSR{circumflex over ( )} 765 Ndrg3 Protein NDRG3 1.8106
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 GCS*PPK@S*PEK@PPQST 766 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive 1.8106
    SSESCPPS*PQPTK@ matrix protein 2
    IPI:IPI00405752.3 VLASS*LS*PYR{circumflex over ( )}EGR{circumflex over ( )} 767 C130092O11Rik Isoform 1 of Uncharacterized protein 1.8087
    KIAA1680
    IPI:IPI00136107.1 THSTSS*S*IGSGESPFSR{circumflex over ( )} 768 Ndrg3 Protein NDRG3 1.8041
    IPI:IPI00130920.1 RSES*PFEGK 769 Mtap1b Microtubule-associated protein 1B 1.7981
    IPI:IPI00136107.1 THS*TSS*S*IGSGESPFSR{circumflex over ( )} 770 Ndrg3 Protein NDRG3 1.7967
    IPI:IPI00336713.1 CS*PVPGLSSS*PSGSPLHG 771 Bcas3 Isoform 1 of Breast carcinoma- 1.7932
    K@ amplified sequence 3 homolog
    IPI:IPI00323349.2 GYPPPIAAK@PAFGR{circumflex over ( )}PILK 772 Tjp2 Tight junction protein ZO-2 1.7869
    @PST*PVPMPESEEVGES*
    TEEQEDAPR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 GCS*PPK@S*PEK@PPQST 773 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive 1.7868
    SSESCPPS*PQPTK@ matrix protein 2
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 GCS*PPKS*PEKPPQSTSSE 774 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive 1.7868
    SCPPS*PQPTK matrix protein 2
    IPI:IPI00808277.2 SAPASPNHAGVLSAHSSGA 775 Foxk2 Isoform 1 of Forkhead box protein K2 1.7848
    QT*PES*LSR{circumflex over ( )}EGS*PAPLEP
    EPGASQPK@
    IPI:IPI00136107.1 THS*TSS*S*IGSGESPFSR{circumflex over ( )} 776 Ndrg3 Protein NDRG3 1.7706
    IPI:IPI00107958.1 TSDIFGS*PVTATAPLAHPN 777 Hn1l Hematological and neurological 1.7561
    K@PK@ expressed 1-like protein
    IPI:IPI00136107.1 THS*TSSS*IGSGESPFSR{circumflex over ( )} 778 Ndrg3 Protein NDRG3 1.7555
    IPI:IPI00136107.1 THS*TSSS*IGSGESPFSR{circumflex over ( )} 779 Ndrg3 Protein NDRG3 1.7525
    IPI:IPI00130920.1 RSES*PFEGK 780 Mtap1b Microtubule-associated protein 1B 1.7508
    IPI:IPI00130920.1 RSES*PFEGK 781 Mtap1b Microtubule-associated protein 1B 1.7508
    IPI:IPI00136107.1 THS*TSS*SIGSGESPFSR{circumflex over ( )} 782 Ndrg3 Protein NDRG3 1.7499
    IPI:IPI00136107.1 THS*TSS*SIGSGESPFSR 783 Ndrg3 Protein NDRG3 1.7499
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 VALGDGVQLPPGDYSTT*P 784 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation 1.7456
    GGTLFS*TTPGGTRIIYDR factor 4E-binding protein 1
    IPI:IPI00468516.3 R{circumflex over ( )}LAAQES*SEAEDVTVDR{circumflex over ( )} 785 D6Wsu116e Isoform 1 of Protein FAM21 1.7446
    GPVAQLSSS*PVLPNGHQP
    LLQPR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00137501.1 TEMDKS*PFNSPS*PQDS*PR 786 Nfic Isoform 1 of Nuclear factor 1 C-type 1.7419
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 GCS*PPK@S*PEK@PPQS* 787 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive 1.7403
    TSSESCPPSPQPTK@ matrix protein 2
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 GCS*PPK@S*PEK@PPQST 788 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive 1.7403
    SSESCPPS*PQPTK@ matrix protein 2
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 GCS*PPKS*PEKPPQSTSS* 789 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive 1.7403
    ESCPPSPQPTK matrix protein 2
    IPI:IPI00336973.2 GLNLDGTPALSTLGGFS*PA 790 Ccnl1 Isoform 1 of Cyclin-L1 1.7368
    SK@PS*SPR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00107958.1 TSDIFGS*PVTATAPLAHPN 791 Hn1l Hematological and neurological 1.7353
    K@PK@ expressed 1-like protein
    IPI:IPI00227209.3 R{circumflex over ( )}LSS*T*SLASGHSVR{circumflex over ( )} 792 Prkd2 Serine/threonine-protein kinase D2 1.7328
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 RSS*SELS*PEVVEK 793 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive 1.7324
    matrix protein 2
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 R{circumflex over ( )}SS*SELS*PEVVEK@ 794 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive 1.7324
    matrix protein 2
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 RSS*SELS*PEVVEK 795 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive 1.7324
    matrix protein 2
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 R{circumflex over ( )}SSS*ELS*PEVVEK@ 796 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive 1.7324
    matrix protein 2
    IPI:IPI00929779.1 S*EGLSQEATPSQDLIQHSC 797 Usp36 Ubiquitin specific peptidase 36 1.7192
    SPVDHSEPEAR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00467930.2 LVIGS*LPAHLS*PHLFGGFK 798 Znrf2 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase ZNRF2 1.7137
    IPI:IPI00467930.2 LVIGS*LPAHLS*PHLFG 799 Znrf2 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase ZNRF2 1.7137
    GFK@
    IPI:IPI00459443.5 DLQSEFGVATDSHHSSFGS 800 Tnks1bp1 182 kDa tankyrase-1-binding protein 1.7011
    SSWSQDTSQNYSLGGR{circumflex over ( )}S*
    PVGDTGLGK@
    IPI:IPI00785400.1 LTSHTPGLDDEKEAS*ENET 801 Syne2 Syne2 protein 1.7003
    *DIEDPREIQADSWR
    IPI:IPI00136107.1 THST*SSSIGSGESPFSR{circumflex over ( )} 802 Ndrg3 Protein NDRG3 1.6838
    IPI:IPI00136107.1 THST*SSSIGSGESPFSR{circumflex over ( )} 803 Ndrg3 Protein NDRG3 1.6838
    IPI:IPI00336713.1 QGGRCS*PVPGLSSS*PSG 804 Bcas3 Isoform 1 of Breast carcinoma- 1.6818
    SPLHGK amplified sequence 3 homolog
    IPI:IPI00336713.1 QGGR{circumflex over ( )}CS*PVPGLSS*SPSG 805 Bcas3 Isoform 1 of Breast carcinoma- 1.6818
    SPLHGK@ amplified sequence 3 homolog
    IPI:IPI00380354.1 LQES*PKLSQANGTR 806 Llgl1 lethal giant larvae homolog 1 isoform 1 1.6806
    IPI:IPI00128904.1 VMTIPYQPMPASS*PVICAG 807 Pcbp1 Poly(rC)-binding protein 1 1.6782
    GQDR
    IPI:IPI00380107.4 LVIPS*ATTKSPPEITVT* 808 Cabin1 calcineurin binding protein 1 1.6782
    PPT*PTLLSPK
    IPI:IPI00153375.1 SACFS*PVSLS*PR{circumflex over ( )}PCS*PF 809 Pdlim2 PDZ and LIM domain protein 2 1.6659
    STPPPTSPVALSK@
    IPI:IPI00467930.2 LVIGS*LPAHLSPHLFGGFK@ 810 Znrf2 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase ZNRF2 1.6655
    IPI:IPI00467930.2 LVIGS*LPAHLSPHLFGGFK@ 811 Znrf2 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase ZNRF2 1.6655
    IPI:IPI00221581.1 S*R{circumflex over ( )}TGS*ESS*QTGASATS 812 Eif4b Eukaryotic translation initiation 1.6642
    GR{circumflex over ( )} factor 4B
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 NS*PVAK@T*PPK@DLPAIP 813 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation 1.6633
    GVTSPTSDEPPMQASQSQL factor 4E-binding protein 1
    PSSPEDK@
    IPI:IPI00120529.2 NK@PLS*PIK@LTPTSVLDY 814 Rfc1 Rfc1 protein 1.6568
    FGTESVQR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 RSS*SELS*PEVVEK 815 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive 1.6324
    matrix protein 2
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 R{circumflex over ( )}SS*SELS*PEVVEK@ 816 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive 1.6324
    matrix protein 2
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 R{circumflex over ( )}SS*SELS*PEVVEK@ 817 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive 1.6324
    matrix protein 2
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 RSS*SELS*PEVVEK 818 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive 1.6324
    matrix protein 2
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 R{circumflex over ( )}SS*SELS*PEVVEK@ 819 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive 1.6324
    matrix protein 2
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 R{circumflex over ( )}SS*SELS*PEVVEK@ 820 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive 1.6324
    matrix protein 2
    IPI:IPI00761759.1 SSSGSEHSTEGS*VSLGDG 821 Larp4 Putative uncharacterized protein 1.6294
    PLSR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00309059.7 R{circumflex over ( )}S*TS*PIIGS*PPVR{circumflex over ( )} 822 Patl1 Protein PAT1 homolog 1 1.6275
    IPI:IPI00309059.7 R{circumflex over ( )}S*TS*PIIGS*PPVR{circumflex over ( )} 823 Patl1 Protein PAT1 homolog 1 1.6245
    IPI:IPI00317401.6 AES*PETSAVESTQS*TPQK 824 Pds5b Isoform 1 of Sister chromatid cohesion 1.623
    @GR{circumflex over ( )} protein PDS5 homolog B
    IPI:IPI00317401.6 AES*PETSAVESTQST*PQK 825 Pds5b Isoform 1 of Sister chromatid cohesion 1.623
    @GR{circumflex over ( )} protein PDS5 homolog B
    IPI:IPI00115620.1 AS*LYNAVTTEDVEK 826 Psat1 Phosphoserine aminotransferase 1.6216
    IPI:IPI00126124.2 T*FSECS*YPETEEEAEALP 827 St5 Isoform 1 of Suppression of 1.6159
    GR{circumflex over ( )} tumorigenicity 5
    IPI:IPI00421179.1 SFS*K@EVEER{circumflex over ( )} 828 Eif4g1 Isoform 1 of Eukaryotic translation 1.6081
    initiation factor 4 gamma 1
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 GCSPPK@S*PEK@PPQST* 829 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive 1.608
    SSESCPPS*PQPTK@ matrix protein 2
    IPI:IPI00227934.3 AAPSS*EGDS*CDGVEATDA 830 Cux1 cut-like homeobox 1 isoform a 1.6068
    EEPGGNIVATK@
    IPI:IPI00314240.5 K@LEK@EEEEGIS*QES*S* 831 Hmga1 Isoform HMG-I of High mobility group 1.6058
    EEEQ protein HMG-I/HMG-Y
    IPI:IPI00111754.6 LDT*FCGSPPYAAPELFQGK 832 Mark2 Isoform 2 of Serine/threonine-protein 1.5994
    kinase MARK2
    IPI:IPI00125319.1 TTS*FAESCK@PVQQPSAF 833 Gsk3b Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta 1.5966
    GSMK@
    IPI:IPI00320905.7 LGEQGPEPGPT*PPQT*PTP 834 Arhgap17 Isoform 1 of Rho GTPase-activating 1.5946
    PS*TPPLAK protein 17
    IPI:IPI00380737.1 TSSVS*S*LASACTGGIPSSS 835 Pom121 Nuclear envelope pore membrane 1.5883
    R{circumflex over ( )} protein POM 121
    IPI:IPI00122594.4 TTPLAS*PSLS*PGR{circumflex over ( )} 836 Ahctf1 AT-hook-containing transcription 1.5845
    factor 1
    IPI:IPI00125319.1 TTS*FAESCK@PVQQPSAF 837 Gsk3b Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta 1.5821
    GSMK@
    IPI:IPI00381019.1 KRS*PS*PSPTPEAK 838 Smarcc2 Isoform 2 of SWI/SNF complex subunit 1.5795
    SMARCC2
    IPI:IPI00111754.6 LDT*FCGSPPYAAPELFQGK@ 839 Mark2 Isoform 2 of Serine/threonine-protein 1.578
    kinase MARK2
    IPI:IPI00111754.6 LDT*FCGSPPYAAPELFQGK@ 840 Mark2 Isoform 2 of Serine/threonine-protein 1.578
    kinase MARK2
    IPI:IPI00136107.1 THS*TSSSIGSGESPFSR{circumflex over ( )} 841 Ndrg3 Protein NDRG3 1.576
    IPI:IPI00136107.1 THS*TSSSIGSGESPFSR{circumflex over ( )} 842 Ndrg3 Protein NDRG3 1.576
    IPI:IPI00128904.1 VMTIPYQPMPASS*PVICAG 843 Pcbp1 Poly(rC)-binding protein 1 1.5752
    GQDR
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 S*SS*PVTELTAR{circumflex over ( )} 844 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive 1.5701
    matrix protein 2
    IPI:IPI00421179.1 SFS*KEVEER 845 Eif4g1 Isoform 1 of Eukaryotic translation 1.5642
    initiation factor 4 gamma 1
    IPI:IPI00421179.1 SFS*K@EVEER{circumflex over ( )} 846 Eif4g1 Isoform 1 of Eukaryotic translation 1.5642
    initiation factor 4 gamma 1
    IPI:IPI00421179.1 SFS*KEVEER 847 Eif4g1 Isoform 1 of Eukaryotic translation 1.5642
    initiation factor 4 gamma 1
    IPI:IPI00421179.1 SFS*K@EVEER{circumflex over ( )} 848 Eif4g1 Isoform 1 of Eukaryotic translation 1.5642
    initiation factor 4 gamma 1
    IPI:IPI00115492.1 HSLSSESQAPEDIAPPGS*S 849 Eps8l2 Isoform 1 of Epidermal growth factor 1.564
    PHANR{circumflex over ( )} receptor kinase substrate 8-like
    protein
    2
    IPI:IPI00761759.1 S*SS*GS*EHSTEGSVSLGD 850 Larp4 Putative uncharacterized protein 1.5621
    GPLSR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00136107.1 THSTS*SSIGSGESPFSR{circumflex over ( )} 851 Ndrg3 Protein NDRG3 1.5584
    IPI:IPI00111754.6 LDT*FCGSPPYAAPELFQGK 852 Mark2 Isoform 2 of Serine/threonine-protein 1.5403
    kinase MARK2
    IPI:IPI00336973.2 GLNLDGT*PALSTLGGFS*P 853 Ccnl1 Isoform 1 of Cyclin-L1 1.5363
    ASK@PS*SPR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00229739.4 LVVSS*PTS*PK@GK@ 854 Plekhm1 Pleckstrin homology domain-containing 1.5286
    family M member 1
    IPI:IPI00126124.2 TFSECS*Y*PETEEEAEALP 855 St5 Isoform 1 of Suppression of 1.526
    GR{circumflex over ( )} tumorigenicity 5
    IPI:IPI00122594.4 TTPLAS*PSLS*PGR{circumflex over ( )} 856 Ahctf1 AT-hook-containing transcription 1.5177
    factor 1
    IPI:IPI00229739.4 LWSS*PTS*PKGK 857 Plekhm1 Pleckstrin homology domain-containing 1.515
    family M member 1
    IPI:IPI00421179.1 SFS*K@EVEER{circumflex over ( )} 858 Eif4g1 Isoform 1 of Eukaryotic translation 1.5113
    initiation factor 4 gamma 1
    IPI:IPI00421179.1 SFS*KEVEER 859 Eif4g1 Isoform 1 of Eukaryotic translation 1.5113
    initiation factor 4 gamma 1
    IPI:IPI00349069.4 LFGT*SPAAEVTPSPPEPAP 860 B230208H17Rik Putative GTP-binding protein Parf 1.5073
    ALEAPAR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00605037.1 KET*ES*EAEDDNLDDLER 861 Srrm1 Isoform 1 of Serine/arginine repetitive 1.5038
    matrix protein 1
    IPI:IPI00381244.8 KEELGASS*PGYGPPNLGC 862 Mll2 similar to myeloid/lymphoid or mixed- 1.4993
    VDS*PSAGPHLGGLELK lineage leukemia 2
    IPI:IPI00421179.1 SFS*K@EVEER{circumflex over ( )} 863 Eif4g1 Isoform 1 of Eukaryotic translation 1.4913
    initiation factor 4 gamma 1
    IPI:IPI00421179.1 SFS*KEVEER 864 Eif4g1 Isoform 1 of Eukaryotic translation 1.4913
    initiation factor 4 gamma 1
    IPI:IPI00421179.1 SFS*KEVEER 865 Eif4g1 Isoform 1 of Eukaryotic translation 1.4913
    initiation factor 4 gamma 1
    IPI:IPI00421179.1 SFS*K@EVEER{circumflex over ( )} 866 Eif4g1 Isoform 1 of Eukaryotic translation 1.4913
    initiation factor 4 gamma 1
    IPI:IPI00136572.4 YEENPAWPGTSTHNGPNG 867 Zc3hav1 Isoform 1 of Zinc finger CCCH-type 1.4864
    FSQIMDET*PNVSK@SSPT antiviral protein 1
    GFGIK@
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 NS*PVAK@T*PPK@DLPAIP 868 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation 1.4819
    GVTSPTSDEPPMQASQSQL factor 4E-binding protein 1
    PSSPEDK@
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 NS*PVAK@T*PPK@DLPAIP 869 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation 1.4819
    GVTSPTSDEPPMQASQSQL factor 4E-binding protein 1
    PSSPEDK@
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 NSPVAKT*PPKDLPAIPGVT* 870 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation 1.4819
    SPTSDEPPMQASQSQLPSS factor 4E-binding protein 1
    PEDK
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 NS*PVAK@T*PPK@DLPAIP 871 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation 1.4819
    GVTSPTSDEPPMQASQSQL factor 4E-binding protein 1
    PSSPEDK@
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 NS*PVAKT*PPKDLPAIPGVT 872 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation 1.4819
    SPTSDEPPMQASQSQLPSS factor 4E-binding protein 1
    PEDK
    IPI:IPI00228948.3 S*FGDK@DLILPNGGTPAG 873 Snx30 Sorting nexin-30 1.4774
    TASPASSSSLLNR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00330246.2 WAAHGTS*PEDFSLTLGAR{circumflex over ( )} 874 Phldb1 Isoform 2 of Pleckstrin homology-like 1.474
    domain family B member 1
    IPI:IPI00229739.4 LVVSS*PTS*PK@GK@ 875 Plekhm1 Pleckstrin homology domain-containing 1.4728
    family M member 1
    IPI:IPI00229739.4 LVVSS*PT*SPKGK 876 Plekhm1 Pleckstrin homology domain-containing 1.4728
    family M member 1
    IPI:IPI00453603.1 FIGS*PR{circumflex over ( )}T*PVS*PVK@FSP 877 Rps6kb1 Isoform Alpha I of Ribosomal protein 1.4727
    GDFWGR{circumflex over ( )} S6 kinase beta-1
    IPI:IPI00136107.1 THS*TSSSIGSGESPFSR{circumflex over ( )} 878 Ndrg3 Protein NDRG3 1.4724
    IPI:IPI00136107.1 THS*TSSSIGSGESPFSR{circumflex over ( )} 879 Ndrg3 Protein NDRG3 1.4724
    IPI:IPI00317401.6 AES*PETSAVESTQST*PQK 880 Pds5b Isoform 1 of Sister chromatid cohesion 1.4711
    @GR{circumflex over ( )} protein PDS5 homolog B
    IPI:IPI00317401.6 AES*PETSAVESTQST*PQK 881 Pds5b Isoform 1 of Sister chromatid cohesion 1.4711
    @GR{circumflex over ( )} protein PDS5 homolog B
    IPI:IPI00453603.1 FIGS*PRT*PVS*PVKFSPGD 882 Rps6kb1 Isoform Alpha I of Ribosomal protein 1.4689
    FWGR S6 kinase beta-1
    IPI:IPI00453603.1 FIGS*PR{circumflex over ( )}T*PVS*PVK@FSP 883 Rps6kb1 Isoform Alpha I of Ribosomal protein 1.4689
    GDFWGR{circumflex over ( )} S6 kinase beta-1
    IPI:IPI00453603.1 FIGS*PR{circumflex over ( )}T*PVS*PVK@FSP 884 Rps6kb1 Isoform Alpha I of Ribosomal protein 1.4689
    GDFWGR{circumflex over ( )} S6 kinase beta-1
    IPI:IPI00380737.1 TS*SVSS*LASACTGGIPSSS 885 Pom121 Nuclear envelope pore membrane 1.4684
    R{circumflex over ( )} protein POM 121
    IPI:IPI00380737.1 TS*SVSS*LASACTGGIPSSS 886 Pom121 Nuclear envelope pore membrane 1.4684
    R{circumflex over ( )} protein POM 121
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 NS*PVAKT*PPKDLPAIPGVT 887 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation 1.4676
    SPTSDEPPMQASQSQLPSS factor 4E-binding protein 1
    PEDK
    IPI:IPI00317401.6 AES*PETSAVESTQST*PQK 888 Pds5b Isoform 1 of Sister chromatid cohesion 1.4613
    @GR{circumflex over ( )} protein PDS5 homolog B
    IPI:IPI00317401.6 AES*PETSAVESTQST*PQK 889 Pds5b Isoform 1 of Sister chromatid cohesion 1.4526
    @GR{circumflex over ( )} protein PDS5 homolog B
    IPI:IPI00317401.6 AES*PETSAVESTQST*PQK 890 Pds5b Isoform 1 of Sister chromatid cohesion 1.4526
    @GR{circumflex over ( )} protein PDS5 homolog B
    IPI:IPI00136107.1 S*RT*HSTSSSIGSGESPFSR 891 Ndrg3 Protein NDRG3 1.451
    IPI:IPI00118438.4 KPPAPPSPVQS*QSPS*T*N 892 Srrm1 Isoform 2 of Serine/arginine repetitive 1.45
    WS*PAVPAKK matrix protein 1
    IPI:IPI00123410.5 TIS*AQDTLAYATALLNEK@ 893 Usp24 Isoform 1 of Ubiquitin carboxyl- 1.4486
    terminal hydrolase 24
    IPI:IPI00411026.1 SLHPWYGITPTSS*PK@ 894 Micall1 Isoform 1 of MICAL-like protein 1 1.4479
    IPI:IPI00761759.1 SSS*GSEHS*T*EGSVSLGD 895 Larp4 Putative uncharacterized protein 1.4347
    GPLSR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00313307.3 SYQNSPS*S*EDGIR{circumflex over ( )}PLPEY 896 Med1 Isoform 4 of Mediator of RNA 1.4214
    STEK@ polymerase II transcription subunit 1
    IPI:IPI00313307.3 SYQNS*PSS*EDGIR{circumflex over ( )}PLPEY 897 Med1 Isoform 4 of Mediator of RNA 1.4158
    STEK@ polymerase II transcription subunit 1
    IPI:IPI00129264.1 ATSR{circumflex over ( )}PINLGPSS*PNTEIHW 898 Sorbs3 Vinexin 1.4122
    TPYR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00330773.3 ASYSGTS*PSHS*FISGEPD 899 Phldb2 Isoform 1 of Pleckstrin homology-like 1.403
    R{circumflex over ( )} domain family B member 2
    IPI:IPI00116442.1 TR{circumflex over ( )}LAS*ES*ANDDNEDS 900 Hdgfrp2 Isoform 3 of Hepatoma-derived growth 1.3985
    factor-related protein 2
    IPI:IPI00309059.7 STS*PIIGS*PPVR{circumflex over ( )} 901 Patl1 Protein PAT1 homolog 1 1.3955
    IPI:IPI00309059.7 STS*PIIGS*PPVR{circumflex over ( )} 902 Patl1 Protein PAT1 homolog 1 1.3937
    IPI:IPI00309059.7 STS*PIIGS*PPVR{circumflex over ( )} 903 Patl1 Protein PAT1 homolog 1 1.3937
    IPI:IPI00309059.7 STS*PIIGS*PPVR 904 Patl1 Protein PAT1 homolog 1 1.3937
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 NS*PVAK@TPPK@DLPAIP 905 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation 1.3906
    GVTSPTS*DEPPMQASQSQ factor 4E-binding protein 1
    LPSSPEDK@
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 NS*PVAKT*PPKDLPAIPGVT 906 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation 1.3906
    SPTSDEPPMQASQSQLPSS factor 4E-binding protein 1
    PEDK
    IPI:IPI00108388.1 R{circumflex over ( )}PYTGNPQYTYNNWS*PP 907 Usp9x Probable ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal 1.3905
    VQSNETSNGYFLER{circumflex over ( )} hydrolase FAF-X
    IPI:IPI00108388.1 RPYTGNPQYTYNNWS*PPV 908 Usp9x Probable ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal 1.3905
    QSNETSNGYFLER hydrolase FAF-X
    IPI:IPI00309059.7 STS*PIIGS*PPVR{circumflex over ( )} 909 Patl1 Protein PAT1 homolog 1 1.3897
    IPI:IPI00309059.7 STS*PIIGS*PPVR{circumflex over ( )} 910 Patl1 Protein PAT1 homolog 1 1.3897
    IPI:IPI00556837.1 DTVIIVS*EPS*EDEESHDLP 911 Smarcad1 Isoform 1 of SWI/SNF-related matrix- 1.3868
    SVTR associated actin-dependent regulator of
    chromatin subfamily A containing
    DEAD/H box 1
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 NS*PVAKT*PPKDLPAIPGVT 912 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation 1.3764
    SPTSDEPPMQASQSQLPSS factor 4E-binding protein 1
    PEDK
    IPI:IPI00467843.2 GGGASSPAPVVFTVGS*PP 913 Ulk1 Putative uncharacterized protein 1.3745
    SGAT*PPQSTR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00467843.2 GGGASSPAPVVFTVGS*PP 914 Ulk1 Putative uncharacterized protein 1.3745
    SGATPPQST*R{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00467843.2 GGGASSPAPVVFTVGS*PP 915 Ulk1 Putative uncharacterized protein 1.3702
    SGAT*PPQSTR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00330773.3 ASYSGTS*PSHSFISGEPDR{circumflex over ( )} 916 Phldb2 Isoform 1 of Pleckstrin homology-like 1.3697
    domain family B member 2
    IPI:IPI00330773.3 AS*YSGTSPSHSFISGEPDR 917 Phldb2 Isoform 1 of Pleckstrin homology-like 1.3697
    domain family B member 2
    IPI:IPI00330773.3 ASYSGTS*PSHSFISGEPDR{circumflex over ( )} 918 Phldb2 Isoform 1 of Pleckstrin homology-like 1.3697
    domain family B member 2
    IPI:IPI00117932.2 SPPVQPHTPVTIS*LGTAPS 919 Sin3a Isoform 1 of Paired amphipathic helix 1.3566
    LQNNQPVEFNHAINYVNK@ protein Sin3a
    IPI:IPI00309059.7 STS*PIIGS*PPVR{circumflex over ( )} 920 Patl1 Protein PAT1 homolog 1 1.3334
    IPI:IPI00309059.7 STS*PIIGS*PPVR{circumflex over ( )} 921 Patl1 Protein PAT1 homolog 1 1.3334
    IPI:IPI00224153.6 VHHS*VQTFQEDSLPVAHS* 922 Ptpn21 Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non- 1.3332
    LQEVSEPLTAAR{circumflex over ( )} receptor type 21
    IPI:IPI00224153.6 VHHSVQT*FQEDSLPVAHS* 923 Ptpn21 Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non- 1.3332
    LQEVSEPLTAAR receptor type 21
    IPI:IPI00136572.4 FHHNS*LEVLSTVS*PLGSG 924 Zc3hav1 Isoform 1 of Zinc finger CCCH-type 1.3312
    PPS*PDVTGCK@DPLEDVS antiviral protein 1
    ADVTQK@
    IPI:IPI00309059.7 STS*PIIGS*PPVR 925 Patl1 Protein PAT1 homolog 1 1.3311
    IPI:IPI00309059.7 STS*PIIGS*PPVR{circumflex over ( )} 926 Patl1 Protein PAT1 homolog 1 1.3311
    IPI:IPI00309059.7 STS*PIIGS*PPVR{circumflex over ( )} 927 Patl1 Protein PAT1 homolog 1 1.3311
    IPI:IPI00309059.7 STS*PIIGS*PPVR 928 Patl1 Protein PAT1 homolog 1 1.3311
    IPI:IPI00309059.7 R{circumflex over ( )}STS*PIIGS*PPVR{circumflex over ( )} 929 Patl1 Protein PAT1 homolog 1 1.3267
    IPI:IPI00229739.4 LVVSSPT*S*PK@ 930 Plekhm1 Pleckstrin homology domain-containing 1.3252
    family M member 1
    IPI:IPI00321774.2 HSSIS*PVR{circumflex over ( )}LPLNSSLGAEL 931 Crkrs Isoform 2 of Cell division cycle 2- 1.3231
    SR{circumflex over ( )} related protein kinase 7
    IPI:IPI00129264.1 ATSR{circumflex over ( )}PINLGPS*SPNTEIHW 932 Sorbs3 Vinexin 1.3226
    TPYR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00380354.1 LQES*PKLSQANGTR 933 Llgl1 lethal giant larvae homolog 1 isoform 1 1.3225
    IPI:IPI00320905.7 LGEQGPEPGPT*PPQT*PT* 934 Arhgap17 Isoform 1 of Rho GTPase-activating 1.3166
    PPST*PPLAK protein 17
    IPI:IPI00381495.5 TVSS*PIPYTPSPS*SSR{circumflex over ( )}PIS 935 Ccdc6 coiled-coil domain containing 6 1.3165
    *PGLSYASHTVGFT*PPTSL
    TR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00330773.3 ASYSGTS*PSHS*FISGEPD 936 Phldb2 Isoform 1 of Pleckstrin homology-like 1.3149
    R{circumflex over ( )} domain family B member 2
    IPI:IPI00660767.2 VDTAASSSWLAGS*CS*PVS 937 Ibtk Isoform 2 of Inhibitor of Bruton 1.3143
    PPVVDLR{circumflex over ( )} tyrosine kinase
    IPI:IPI00309059.7 RSTS*PIIGS*PPVR 938 Patl1 Protein PAT1 homolog 1 1.3126
    IPI:IPI00309059.7 R{circumflex over ( )}STS*PIIGS*PPVR{circumflex over ( )} 939 Patl1 Protein PAT1 homolog 1 1.3126
    IPI:IPI00309059.7 R{circumflex over ( )}STS*PIIGS*PPVR{circumflex over ( )} 940 Patl1 Protein PAT1 homolog 1 1.3126
    IPI:IPI00309059.7 RSTS*PIIGS*PPVR 941 Patl1 Protein PAT1 homolog 1 1.3123
    IPI:IPI00309059.7 RSTS*PIIGS*PPVR 942 Patl1 Protein PAT1 homolog 1 1.3122
    IPI:IPI00309059.7 R{circumflex over ( )}STS*PIIGS*PPVR{circumflex over ( )} 943 Patl1 Protein PAT1 homolog 1 1.3122
    IPI:IPI00309059.7 R{circumflex over ( )}STS*PIIGS*PPVR{circumflex over ( )} 944 Patl1 Protein PAT1 homolog 1 1.3122
    IPI:IPI00112593.2 S*T*S*S*PK@ 945 Spert Isoform 2 of Spermatid-associated 1.3085
    protein
    IPI:IPI00129264.1 ATSR{circumflex over ( )}PINLGPSS*PNTEIHW 946 Sorbs3 Vinexin 1.3056
    TPYR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00129264.1 ATSRPINLGPSS*PNTEIHW 947 Sorbs3 Vinexin 1.3056
    TPYR
    IPI:IPI00116442.1 TR{circumflex over ( )}LAS*ES*ANDDNEDS 948 Hdgfrp2 Isoform 3 of Hepatoma-derived growth 1.3036
    factor-related protein 2
    IPI:IPI00313307.3 SYQNS*PSS*EDGIRPLPEY 949 Med1 Isoform 4 of Mediator of RNA 1.298
    STEK polymerase II transcription subunit 1
    IPI:IPI00313307.3 SYQNS*PSS*EDGIR{circumflex over ( )}PLPEY 950 Med1 Isoform 4 of Mediator of RNA 1.298
    STEK@ polymerase II transcription subunit 1
    IPI:IPI00313307.3 SYQNS*PSS*EDGIR{circumflex over ( )}PLPEY 951 Med1 Isoform 4 of Mediator of RNA 1.298
    STEK@ polymerase II transcription subunit 1
    IPI:IPI00330773.3 ASYSGTS*PSHSFISGEPDR{circumflex over ( )} 952 Phldb2 Isoform 1 of Pleckstrin homology-like 1.2944
    domain family B member 2
    IPI:IPI00330773.3 ASYSGTS*PSHSFISGEPDR 953 Phldb2 Isoform 1 of Pleckstrin homology-like 1.2944
    domain family B member 2
    IPI:IPI00330773.3 ASYSGTS*PSHSFISGEPDR{circumflex over ( )} 954 Phldb2 Isoform 1 of Pleckstrin homology-like 1.2944
    domain family B member 2
    IPI:IPI00153986.2 GTS*R{circumflex over ( )}PGTPS*AEAASTSS 955 Gtf2f1 General transcription factor IIF 1.2876
    TLR{circumflex over ( )} subunit 1
    IPI:IPI00153986.2 GTSRPGT*PS*AEAASTSST 956 Gtf2f1 General transcription factor IIF 1.2876
    LR subunit 1
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 VALGDGVQLPPGDYSTT*P 957 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation 1.2862
    GGTLFS*TTPGGTR{circumflex over ( )}IIYDR{circumflex over ( )} factor 4E-binding protein 1
    K@
    IPI:IPI00221581.1 SR{circumflex over ( )}TGS*ESSQTGASATSG 958 Eif4b Eukaryotic translation initiation 1.2845
    R{circumflex over ( )} factor 4B
    IPI:IPI00454104.1 TTEAPCSPGS*QQPPS*PDE 959 Scrib Isoform 1 of Protein LAP4 1.2842
    LPANVK@
    IPI:IPI00454104.1 TTEAPCS*PGSQQPPS*PDE 960 Scrib Isoform 1 of Protein LAP4 1.2842
    LPANVK
    IPI:IPI00454104.1 TTEAPCS*PGSQQPPS*PDE 961 Scrib Isoform 1 of Protein LAP4 1.2842
    LPANVK
    IPI:IPI00320905.7 LGEQGPEPGPTPPQT*PT*P 962 Arhgap17 Isoform 1 of Rho GTPase-activating 1.2828
    PST*PPLAK@ protein 17
    IPI:IPI00381495.5 TVSS*PIPYTPS*PSSSR{circumflex over ( )}PIS 963 Ccdc6 coiled-coil domain containing 6 1.2808
    *PGLSYASHTVGFTPPTS*L
    TR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00381495.5 TVSS*PIPYTPS*PSS*SR 964 Ccdc6 coiled-coil domain containing 6 1.2808
    PISPGLSYASHTVGFT*
    PPTSLTR
    IPI:IPI00381495.5 TVSS*PIPYTPS*PSSSRPIS 965 Ccdc6 coiled-coil domain containing 6 1.2808
    PGLS*YASHTVGFT*PPTSL
    TR
    IPI:IPI00309059.7 RSTS*PIIGS*PPVR 966 Patl1 Protein PAT1 homolog 1 1.2745
    IPI:IPI00336973.2 GLNLDGT*PALSTLGGFS*P 967 Ccnl1 Isoform 1 of Cyclin-L1 1.273
    ASK@PS*SPR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00336973.2 GLNLDGT*PALSTLGGFS*P 968 Ccnl1 Isoform 1 of Cyclin-L1 1.273
    ASKPSS*PR
    IPI:IPI00309059.7 R{circumflex over ( )}STS*PIIGS*PPVR{circumflex over ( )} 969 Patl1 Protein PAT1 homolog 1 1.2725
    IPI:IPI00309059.7 R{circumflex over ( )}STS*PIIGS*PPVR{circumflex over ( )} 970 Patl1 Protein PAT1 homolog 1 1.2725
    IPI:IPI00309059.7 RSTS*PIIGS*PPVR 971 Patl1 Protein PAT1 homolog 1 1.2725
    IPI:IPI00309059.7 R{circumflex over ( )}STS*PIIGS*PPVR{circumflex over ( )} 972 Patl1 Protein PAT1 homolog 1 1.2723
    IPI:IPI00309059.7 RSTS*PIIGS*PPVR 973 Patl1 Protein PAT1 homolog 1 1.2723
    IPI:IPI00309059.7 R{circumflex over ( )}STS*PIIGS*PPVR{circumflex over ( )} 974 Patl1 Protein PAT1 homolog 1 1.2723
    IPI:IPI00309059.7 RSTS*PIIGS*PPVR 975 Patl1 Protein PAT1 homolog 1 1.2723
    IPI:IPI00129264.1 ATSR{circumflex over ( )}PINLGPS*SPNTEIHW 976 Sorbs3 Vinexin 1.2719
    TPYR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 NS*PVAK@T*PPK@DLPAIP 977 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation 1.2719
    GVTSPTSDEPPM#QASQSQ factor 4E-binding protein 1
    LPSSPEDK@
    IPI:IPI00115492.1 HSLSSESQAPEDIAPPGS*S 978 Eps8l2 Isoform 1 of Epidermal growth factor 1.2678
    PHANR{circumflex over ( )} receptor kinase substrate 8-like
    protein
    2
    IPI:IPI00381495.5 TVSS*PIPYTPS*PSSSR{circumflex over ( )}PIS 979 Ccdc6 coiled-coil domain containing 6 1.2638
    *PGLSYASHTVGFT*PPTSL
    TR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00381495.5 TVSS*PIPYTPS*PSSSRP 980 Ccdc6 coiled-coil domain containing 6 1.2638
    IS*PGLSYASHTVGFT*
    PPTSLTR
    IPI:IPI00381495.5 TVSS*PIPYTPS*PSSSRP 981 Ccdc6 coiled-coil domain containing 6 1.2638
    IS*PGLSYASHTVGFT*
    PPTSLTR
    IPI:IPI00381495.5 TVSS*PIPYTPSPSS*SR{circumflex over ( )}PIS 982 Ccdc6 coiled-coil domain containing 6 1.2638
    PGLSYAS*HTVGFTPPTS*L
    TR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00133917.1 YAQGFLPEK@PPQQDHTT* 983 Phc2 Isoform 1 of Polyhomeotic-like 1.2624
    TTDSEMEEPYLQESK@EE protein 2
    GTPLK@
    IPI:IPI00227209.3 R{circumflex over ( )}LS*S*TSLASGHSVR{circumflex over ( )} 984 Prkd2 Serine/threonine-protein kinase D2 1.2605
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 VALGDGVQLPPGDYSTT*P 985 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation 1.2599
    GGTLFST*TPGGTR{circumflex over ( )} factor 4E-binding protein 1
    IPI:IPI00230368.1 SSS*LGNS*PDR{circumflex over ( )}GPLR{circumflex over ( )}PF 986 2610110G12Rik Isoform 1 of UPF0635 protein C6orf134 1.2571
    VPEQELLR{circumflex over ( )} homolog
    IPI:IPI00845596.1 LFS*QGQDVSDK@VK@ 987 Mllt4 Isoform 3 of Afadin 1.2551
    IPI:IPI00378026.4 VSSPSCDS*QGLHPEEAPS* 988 Nacc1 Nucleus accumbens-associated protein 1 1.253
    SEPQSPVAQTLGWPACSTP
    LPLVSR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00458460.1 SLS*ESS*VVMDR{circumflex over ( )} 989 Zfp106 Isoform 1 of Zinc finger protein 106 1.2522
    IPI:IPI00399440.2 HLEDAGST*PS*IGENDLK@ 990 Rictor Isoform 1 of Rapamycin-insensitive 1.2463
    FPK@ companion of mTOR
    IPI:IPI00109318.1 TVAISDAAQLPQDYCTT*PG 991 Eif4ebp2 Eukaryotic translation initiation 1.2423
    GTLFSTT*PGGTR{circumflex over ( )}IIYDR{circumflex over ( )}K@ factor 4E-binding protein 2
    IPI:IPI00109318.1 TVAISDAAQLPQDYCTT*PG 992 Eif4ebp2 Eukaryotic translation initiation 1.2423
    GTLFST*TPGGTRIIYDRK factor 4E-binding protein 2
    IPI:IPI00379682.1 R{circumflex over ( )}ANTLS*HFPVECPAPPEP 993 Tbc1d1 Isoform 1 of TBC1 domain family 1.2355
    AQS*SPGVSQR{circumflex over ( )} member 1
    IPI:IPI00454104.1 TTEAPCS*PGSQQPPS*PDE 994 Scrib Isoform 1 of Protein LAP4 1.2352
    LPANVK
    IPI:IPI00454104.1 TTEAPCS*PGSQQPPS*PDE 995 Scrib Isoform 1 of Protein LAP4 1.2352
    LPANVK@
    IPI:IPI00454104.1 TTEAPCS*PGSQQPPS*PDE 996 Scrib Isoform 1 of Protein LAP4 1.2352
    LPANVK@
    IPI:IPI00109318.1 TVAISDAAQLPQDYCT*TPG 997 Eif4ebp2 Eukaryotic translation initiation 1.2336
    GTLFSTT*PGGTR{circumflex over ( )}IIYDR{circumflex over ( )}K@ factor 4E-binding protein 2
    IPI:IPI00378438.6 S*QSVPGAWPGASPLSSQP 998 Tns1 tensin 1 1.2303
    LLGSS*R{circumflex over ( )}QSHPLTQSR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00118143.1 KQT*PPAS*PS*PQPIEDRPP 999 Cttn Src substrate cortactin 1.2254
    SS*PIYEDAAPFKAEPSYR
    IPI:IPI00330773.3 ASYSGTSPS*HSFISGEPDR{circumflex over ( )} 1000 Phldb2 Isoform 1 of Pleckstrin homology-like 1.2251
    domain family B member 2
    IPI:IPI00330773.3 ASYSGTS*PSHSFISGEPDR{circumflex over ( )} 1001 Phldb2 Isoform 1 of Pleckstrin homology-like 1.2251
    domain family B member 2
    IPI:IPI00127071.3 GATEEEQQDS*GS*EPR{circumflex over ( )}G 1002 Ddx41 Probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase 1.223
    DEDDIPLGPQSNVSLLDQH DDX41
    QHLK@
    IPI:IPI00153986.2 GTSR{circumflex over ( )}PGT*PS*AEAASTSS 1003 Gtf2f1 General transcription factor IIF 1.2226
    TLR{circumflex over ( )} subunit 1
    IPI:IPI00153986.2 GTS*R{circumflex over ( )}PGT*PSAEAASTSS 1004 Gtf2f1 General transcription factor IIF 1.2226
    TLR{circumflex over ( )} subunit 1
    IPI:IPI00153986.2 GTS*RPGT*PSAEAASTSST 1005 Gtf2f1 General transcription factor IIF 1.2226
    LR subunit 1
    IPI:IPI00117277.2 R{circumflex over ( )}GS*GDTSISMDTEASIR{circumflex over ( )} 1006 Lrrfip1 Isoform 2 of Leucine-rich repeat 1.2213
    flightless-interacting protein 1
    IPI:IPI00661508.3 LYSLLGIDLTAPSNNS*SPR{circumflex over ( )} 1007 Sbno1 Isoform 2 of Protein strawberry notch 1.2147
    DS*PCK@ENK@ homolog 1
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 NS*PVAKT*PPKDLPAIPGVT 1008 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation 1.2095
    *SPTSDEPPMQASQSQLPS factor 4E-binding protein 1
    S*PEDK
    IPI:IPI00116442.1 TRLAS*ES*ANDDNEDS 1009 Hdgfrp2 Isoform 3 of Hepatoma derived growth 1.1963
    factor-related protein 2
    IPI:IPI00116442.1 TRLAS*ES*ANDDNEDS 1010 Hdgfrp2 Isoform 3 of Hepatoma-derived growth 1.1963
    factor-related protein 2
    IPI:IPI00929761.1 R{circumflex over ( )}CPS*QSSSR{circumflex over ( )}PATGISQP 1011 Larp1 Isoform 2 of La-related protein 1 1.1959
    PTTPTGQATR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00320905.7 LGEQGPEPGPT*PPQT*PT* 1012 Arhgap17 Isoform 1 of Rho GTPase-activating 1.1918
    PPS*TPPLAK@ protein 17
    IPI:IPI00420509.2 S*IEDLQPPNALSAPFTNS 1013 Fmnl3 Isoform 1 of Formin-like protein 3 1.1892
    LAR
    IPI:IPI00153986.2 GTS*RPGT*PSAEAASTSST 1014 Gtf2f1 General transcription factor IIF 1.1888
    subunit 1
    IPI:IPI00153986.2 GT*SR{circumflex over ( )}PGT*PSAEAASTSS 1015 Gtf2f1 General transcription factor IIF 1.1888
    TLR{circumflex over ( )} subunit 1
    IPI:IPI00153986.2 GTS*RPGT*PSAEAASTSST 1016 Gtf2f1 General transcription factor IIF 1.1888
    LR subunit 1
    IPI:IPI00153986.2 GTS*R{circumflex over ( )}PGTPS*AEAASTSS 1017 Gtf2f1 General transcription factor IIF 1.1888
    TLR{circumflex over ( )} subunit 1
    IPI:IPI00320905.7 LGEQGPEPGPT*PPQT*PT* 1018 Arhgap17 Isoform 1 of Rho GTPase-activating 1.1882
    PPST*PPLAK protein 17
    IPI:IPI00330773.3 ASYSGTS*PSHSFISGEPDR 1019 Phldb2 Isoform 1 of Pleckstrin homology-like 1.1879
    domain family B member 2
    IPI:IPI00330773.3 ASYSGTSPS*HSFISGEPDR{circumflex over ( )} 1020 Phldb2 Isoform 1 of Pleckstrin homology-like 1.1879
    domain family B member 2
    IPI:IPI00330773.3 ASYSGTS*PSHSFISGEPDR{circumflex over ( )} 1021 Phldb2 Isoform 1 of Pleckstrin homology-like 1.1879
    domain family B member 2
    IPI:IPI00330773.3 SDELLGDLTRT*PPSSSAAF 1022 Phldb2 Isoform 1 of Pleckstrin homology-like 1.185
    LK domain family B member 2
    IPI:IPI00330773.3 SDELLGDLTR{circumflex over ( )}T*PPSSSAA 1023 Phldb2 Isoform 1 of Pleckstrin homology-like 1.185
    FLK@ domain family B member 2
    IPI:IPI00340860.5 TAS*EGS*EAETPEAPK@Q 1024 Larp7 Isoform 1 of La-related protein 7 1.1845
    PAK@K@
    IPI:IPI00340860.5 TAS*EGS*EAETPEAPK@Q 1025 Larp7 Isoform 1 of La-related protein 7 1.1845
    PAK@K@
    IPI:IPI00129264.1 ATSRPINLGPSS*PNTEIHW 1026 Sorbs3 Vinexin 1.175
    TPYR
    IPI:IPI00129264.1 ATSR{circumflex over ( )}PINLGPSS*PNTEIHW 1027 Sorbs3 Vinexin 1.175
    TPYR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00129264.1 ATSRPINLGPS*SPNTEIHW 1028 Sorbs3 Vinexin 1.175
    TPYR
    IPI:IPI00381495.5 T*VSSPIPYTPS*PSSS*R{circumflex over ( )}PI 1029 Ccdc6 coiled-coil domain containing 6 1.1749
    SPGLSYASHTVGFT*PPTSL
    TR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00153986.2 GTS*R{circumflex over ( )}PGT*PSAEAASTSS 1030 Gtf2f1 General transcription factor IIF 1.1748
    TLR{circumflex over ( )} subunit 1
    IPI:IPI00153986.2 GTS*RPGT*PSAEAASTSST 1031 Gtf2f1 General transcription factor IIF 1.1748
    LR subunit 1
    IPI:IPI00153986.2 GTS*R{circumflex over ( )}PGT*PSAEAASTSS 1032 Gtf2f1 General transcription factor IIF 1.1748
    TLR{circumflex over ( )} subunit 1
    IPI:IPI00153986.2 GTS*RPGT*PSAEAASTSST 1033 Gtf2f1 General transcription factor IIF 1.1748
    LR subunit 1
    IPI:IPI00136572.4 YEENPAWPGTSTHNGPNG 1034 Zc3hav1 Isoform 1 of Zinc finger CCCH-type 1.1738
    FSQIMDETPNVSK@SS*PT antiviral protein 1
    GFGIK@
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 GSLS*R{circumflex over ( )}SS*S*PVTELTAR{circumflex over ( )} 1035 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive 1.1701
    matrix protein 2
    IPI:IPI00133685.1 S*LPVSVPVWAFK@ 1036 Akt1s1 Proline-rich AKT1 substrate 1 1.1669
    IPI:IPI00133685.1 S*LPVSVPVWAFK@ 1037 Akt1s1 Proline-rich AKT1 substrate 1 1.1669
    IPI:IPI00133685.1 S*LPVSVPVWAFK@ 1038 Akt1s1 Proline-rich AKT1 substrate 1 1.1669
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 GSLS*RSS*S*PVTELTAR 1039 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive 1.1669
    matrix protein 2
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 GSLS*R{circumflex over ( )}SS*S*PVTELTAR{circumflex over ( )} 1040 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive 1.1669
    matrix protein 2
    IPI:IPI00929786.1 S*LPTTVPESPNYR{circumflex over ( )} 1041 Larp1 Isoform 1 of La-related protein 1 1.1655
    IPI:IPI00929786.1 S*LPTTVPESPNYR 1042 Larp1 Isoform 1 of La-related protein 1 1.1655
    IPI:IPI00116442.1 TRLAS*ES*ANDDNEDS 1043 Hdgfrp2 Isoform 3 of Hepatoma-derived growth 1.1626
    factor-related protein 2
    IPI:IPI00116442.1 TR{circumflex over ( )}LAS*ES*ANDDNEDS 1044 Hdgfrp2 Isoform 3 of Hepatoma-derived growth 1.1626
    factor-related protein 2
    IPI:IPI00116442.1 TR{circumflex over ( )}LAS*ES*ANDDNEDS 1045 Hdgfrp2 Isoform 3 of Hepatoma-derived growth 1.1626
    factor-related protein 2
    IPI:IPI00116442.1 TRLAS*ES*ANDDNEDS 1046 Hdgfrp2 Isoform 3 of Hepatoma-derived growth 1.1626
    factor-related protein 2
    IPI:IPI00317599.3 SQEDEEEIST*SPGVSEFVS 1047 Syap1 Synapse-associated protein 1 1.1567
    DAFDTCSLNQEDLRK
    IPI:IPI00317599.3 SQEDEEEISTS*PGVSEFVS 1048 Syap1 Synapse-associated protein 1 1.1567
    DAFDTCSLNQEDLR{circumflex over ( )}K@
    IPI:IPI00317599.3 SQEDEEEISTS*PGVSEFVS 1049 Syap1 Synapse-associated protein 1 1.1567
    DAFDTCSLNQEDLR{circumflex over ( )}K@
    IPI:IPI00317599.3 SQEDEEEISTS*PGVSEFVS 1050 Syap1 Synapse-associated protein 1 1.1567
    DAFDTCSLNQEDLRK
    IPI:IPI00126124.2 T*FSECS*YPETEEEAEALP 1051 St5 Isoform 1 of Suppression of 1.1565
    GR{circumflex over ( )} tumorigenicity 5
    IPI:IPI00312600.2 LSSDENSNPDLS*GDENDD 1052 Eed Isoform 1 of Polycomb protein EED 1.1553
    AVSIESGTNTER{circumflex over ( )}PDTPTNT
    PNAPGR{circumflex over ( )}K@
    IPI:IPI00312600.2 LSSDENSNPDLS*GDENDD 1053 Eed Isoform 1 of Polycomb protein EED 1.1553
    AVSIESGTNTERPDTPTNTP
    NAPGRK
    IPI:IPI00229990.7 RPPGDVLETFNFLENADDS* 1054 Strn3 Striatin-3 1.1544
    DEEENDMIEGIPEGKDK
    IPI:IPI00229990.7 R{circumflex over ( )}PPGDVLETFNFLENADDS 1055 Strn3 Striatin-3 1.1544
    *DEEENDMIEGIPEGK@DK@
    IPI:IPI00121418.1 DGEGPDNLEPACPLSLPLQ 1056 Rb1 Retinoblastoma-associated protein 1.152
    GNHTAADMYLS*PLRS*PK
    IPI:IPI00121418.1 DGEGPDNLEPACPLSLPLQ 1057 Rb1 Retinoblastoma-associated protein 1.152
    GNHTAADMYLS*PLR{circumflex over ( )}S*PK@
    IPI:IPI00121418.1 DGEGPDNLEPACPLSLPLQ 1058 Rb1 Retinoblastoma-associated protein 1.152
    GNHTAADMYLS*PLR{circumflex over ( )}S*PK@
    IPI:IPI00136386.2 GDT*S*ET*ASAT*PAY*R{circumflex over ( )} 1059 Tssk4 Isoform 2 of Testis-specific 1.15
    serine/threonine-protein kinase 4
    IPI:IPI00515576.5 TGVNENTVVSAGKDLSTS*P 1060 Ehbp1 Isoform 2 of EH domain-binding 1.1492
    KPS*PIPS*PVLGQKPNASQ protein 1
    SLLAWCR
    IPI:IPI00420143.1 STSSVDSDILSSSHS*S*DTL 1061 Usp47 Isoform 2 of Ubiquitin carboxyl- 1.1474
    CNADSAQIPLANGLDSHSIT terminal hydrolase 47
    SSR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00109318.1 TVAISDAAQLPQDYCTT*PG 1062 Eif4ebp2 Eukaryotic translation initiation 1.147
    GTLFSTT*PGGTRIIYDRK factor 4E-binding protein 2
    IPI:IPI00109318.1 TVAISDAAQLPQDYCT*TPG 1063 Eif4ebp2 Eukaryotic translation initiation 1.147
    GTLFSTT*PGGTR{circumflex over ( )}IIYDR{circumflex over ( )}K@ factor 4E-binding protein 2
    IPI:IPI00330773.3 SDELLGDLTR{circumflex over ( )}T*PPSSSAA 1064 Phldb2 Isoform 1 of Pleckstrin homology-like 1.1466
    FLK@ domain family B member 2
    IPI:IPI00330773.3 SDELLGDLTRT*PPSSSAAF 1065 Phldb2 Isoform 1 of Pleckstrin homology-like 1.1466
    LK domain family B member 2
    IPI:IPI00229697.3 GT*FSDQELDAQS*LDDEDD 1066 68 kDa protein 1.1465
    SLQHAVHPALNRFS*PS*PR
    IPI:IPI00133685.1 S*LPVSVPVWAFK@ 1067 Akt1s1 Proline-rich AKT1 substrate 1 1.1417
    IPI:IPI00133685.1 S*LPVSVPVWAFK 1068 Akt1s1 Proline-rich AKT1 substrate 1 1.1417
    IPI:IPI00133685.1 S*LPVSVPVWAFK@ 1069 Akt1s1 Proline-rich AKT1 substrate 1 1.1417
    IPI:IPI00133685.1 S*LPVSVPVWAFK 1070 Akt1s1 Proline-rich AKT1 substrate 1 1.1417
    IPI:IPI00130920.1 SLMSS*PEDLTK@DFEELK 1071 Mtap1b Microtubule-associated protein 1B 1.1401
    @AEEIDVAK@
    IPI:IPI00130920.1 SLMSSPEDLT*KDFEELKAE 1072 Mtap1b Microtubule-associated protein 1B 1.1401
    EIDVAK
    IPI:IPI00828355.1 GTLVHTT*SDSDS*EDGDQE 1073 Fmn1 Isoform 5 of Formin-1 1.1401
    AEEESSLDTQK@PTTVVLC
    EPSQEPK@
    IPI:IPI00381495.5 T*VSSPIPYTPSPS*SSR{circumflex over ( )}PIS 1074 Ccdc6 coiled-coil domain containing 6 1.1376
    PGLSYASHT*VGFT*PPTSL
    TR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00929761.1 CPS*QSSSRPATGISQPPTT 1075 Larp1 Isoform 2 of La-related protein 1 1.1372
    PTGQATR
    IPI:IPI00379682.1 R{circumflex over ( )}ANTLS*HFPVECPAPPEP 1076 Tbc1d1 Isoform 1 of TBC1 domain family 1.1351
    AQSS*PGVSQR{circumflex over ( )} member 1
    IPI:IPI00379682.1 RANT*LSHFPVECPAPPEPA 1077 Tbc1d1 Isoform 1 of TBC1 domain family 1.1351
    QSS*PGVSQR member 1
    IPI:IPI00381495.5 T*VSSPIPYTPSPSS*SR{circumflex over ( )}PIS 1078 Ccdc6 coiled-coil domain containing 6 1.1342
    PGLS*YASHTVGFT*PPTSL
    TR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00381495.5 T*VSSPIPYTPS*PSSSRPIS 1079 Ccdc6 coiled-coil domain containing 6 1.1342
    PGLSYASHT*VGFT*PPTSL
    TR
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 M#SCFS*R{circumflex over ( )}PSMS*PTPLDR{circumflex over ( )} 1080 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive 1.1322
    matrix protein 2
    IPI:IPI00133374.5 EVDPSTGELQS*LQMPES*E 1081 Sqstm1 Isoform 1 of Sequestosome-1 1.1315
    GPS*SLDPSQEGPTGLK@
    IPI:IPI00133374.5 EVDPSTGELQS*LQMPES*E 1082 Sqstm1 Isoform 1 of Sequestosome-1 1.1315
    GPS*SLDPSQEGPTGLK@
    IPI:IPI00133374.5 EVDPSTGELQS*LQMPES*E 1083 Sqstm1 Isoform 1 of Sequestosome-1 1.1315
    GPS*SLDPSQEGPTGLK@
    IPI:IPI00133374.5 EVDPSTGELQS*LQMPES*E 1084 Sqstm1 Isoform 1 of Sequestosome-1 1.1315
    GPS*SLDPSQEGPTGLK
    IPI:IPI00465879.2 LCS*SSS*SDTSPR{circumflex over ( )} 1085 Zc3hc1 Isoform 1 of Nuclear-interacting 1.1277
    partner of ALK
    IPI:IPI00468802.5 YEMACAIADAFNLPSSHLR{circumflex over ( )} 1086 Mat2b Isoform 1 of Methionine 1.1262
    PITDS*PVIGAQR{circumflex over ( )}PK@ adenosyltransferase 2 subunit beta
    IPI:IPI00121251.7 LSTTPS*PTNS*LHEDGVDD 1087 Tox4 TOX high mobility group box family 1.1209
    FR{circumflex over ( )}R{circumflex over ( )} member 4
    IPI:IPI00121251.7 LSTTPS*PTNS*LHEDGVDD 1088 Tox4 TOX high mobility group box family 1.1209
    FR{circumflex over ( )}R{circumflex over ( )} member 4
    IPI:IPI00121251.7 LSTTPS*PTNS*LHEDGVDD 1089 Tox4 TOX high mobility group box family 1.1209
    FRR member 4
    IPI:IPI00127554.1 R{circumflex over ( )}FS*VQEQDWETT*PPK@ 1090 Emg1 Probable ribosome biogenesis protein 1.1179
    K@ NEP1
    IPI:IPI00127554.1 RFS*VQEQDWET*TPPKK 1091 Emg1 Probable ribosome biogenesis protein 1.1179
    NEP1
    IPI:IPI00459443.5 GEGVSQVGPGTPPAPES*P 1092 Tnks1bp1 182 kDa tankyrase-1-binding protein 1.1175
    RKPISGVQGNDPGISLPQR
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 MELGT*PLR{circumflex over ( )}HSGSTS*PYP 1093 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive 1.1138
    K@ matrix protein 2
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 MELGT*PLRHSGST*SPYPK 1094 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive 1.1138
    matrix protein 2
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 MELGT*PLR{circumflex over ( )}HSGSTS*PYP 1095 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive 1.1138
    K@ matrix protein 2
    IPI:IPI00127764.2 EIS*QSR{circumflex over ( )}NPS*VSEHLPDEK@ 1096 Pcm1 Isoform 1 of Pericentriolar material 1 1.1126
    protein
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 NS*PVAK@T*PPK@DLPAIP 1097 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation 1.1074
    GVTSPTSDEPPMQASQSQL factor 4E-binding protein 1
    PSS*PEDK@
    IPI:IPI00116923.2 SGFAR{circumflex over ( )}PGDLEFEDFS*QVI 1098 Trip10 Isoform 3 of Cdc42-interacting 1.1069
    NR{circumflex over ( )}VPSDSSLGT*PDGR{circumflex over ( )}PE protein 4
    LR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00121335.1 CGS*PSDSSTSEMMEVAVN 1099 LOC100048123; RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein 1.1028
    K@ Akt2 kinase
    IPI:IPI00356608.4 VGS*LT*PPS*SPK@ 1100 Aak1 Isoform 2 of AP2-associated protein 1.1012
    kinase 1
    IPI:IPI00828461.1 GPPDFS*SDEER{circumflex over ( )}EPT*PVL 1101 Tmpo thymopoietin isoform delta 1.1001
    GSGASVGR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00381495.5 TVSSPIPYTPS*PS*SSR{circumflex over ( )}PIS 1102 Ccdc6 coiled-coil domain containing 6 1.0993
    PGLSYASHTVGFTPPTSLTR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00381495.5 TVSSPIPYTPS*PSSSRPISP 1103 Ccdc6 coiled-coil domain containing 6 1.0993
    GLSY*ASHTVGFTPPTSLTR
    IPI:IPI00127554.1 R{circumflex over ( )}FS*VQEQDWETTPPK@K@ 1104 Emg1 Probable ribosome biogenesis protein 1.0981
    NEP1
    IPI:IPI00127554.1 R{circumflex over ( )}FS*VQEQDWETTPPK@K@ 1105 Emg1 Probable ribosome biogenesis protein 1.0981
    NEP1
    IPI:IPI00121251.7 LSTT*PSPTNS*LHEDGVDD 1106 Tox4 TOX high mobility group box family 1.0844
    FRR member 4
    IPI:IPI00121251.7 LSTTPS*PTNS*LHEDGVDD 1107 Tox4 TOX high mobility group box family 1.0844
    FR{circumflex over ( )}R{circumflex over ( )} member 4
    IPI:IPI00121251.7 LSTTPS*PTNS*LHEDGVDD 1108 Tox4 TOX high mobility group box family 1.0844
    FR{circumflex over ( )}R{circumflex over ( )} member 4
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 NS*PVAK@T*PPK@DLPAIP 1109 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation 1.0842
    GVTSPTSDEPPMQASQSQL factor 4E-binding protein 1
    PSS*PEDK@
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 NS*PVAKT*PPKDLPAIPGVT 1110 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation 1.0842
    S*PTSDEPPMQASQSQLPS factor 4E-binding protein 1
    SPEDK
    IPI:IPI00169771.1 S*SASGTHSES*PEK@LQC 1111 BC031781 UPF0667 protein C1orf55 homolog 1.0823
    PVTEPGQGILENTGTEPGE
    TSDK@ECNER{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 NS*PVAK@T*PPK@DLPAIP 1112 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation 1.0778
    GVTSPTSDEPPMQASQSQL factor 4E-binding protein 1
    PSS*PEDK@
    IPI:IPI00127764.2 EISQS*RNPS*VSEHLPDEK 1113 Pcm1 Isoform 1 of Pericentriolar material 1 1.074
    protein
    IPI:IPI00112597.1 SQSS*EGVSSLSSS*PSNSL 1114 1.0712
    ETQSQSLSR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00112597.1 SQS*SEGVSSLSSS*PSNSL 1115 1.0712
    ETQSQSLSR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 S*RSSSPDS*KMELGTPLR 1116 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive 1.0696
    matrix protein 2
    IPI:IPI00330773.3 ASYSGTS*PSHS*FISGEPD 1117 Phldb2 Isoform 1 of Pleckstrin homology-like 1.0688
    R{circumflex over ( )} domain family B member 2
    IPI:IPI00330246.2 WAAHGTS*PEDFSLTLGAR{circumflex over ( )} 1118 Phldb1 Isoform 2 of Pleckstrin homology-like 1.068
    domain family B member 1
    IPI:IPI00122594.4 NGVSLFNSPK@T*EQPSPV 1119 Ahctf1 AT-hook-containing transcription 1.0661
    VHSFPHPELPEAFVGTPISN factor 1
    TSQR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00122594.4 NGVSLFNS*PKTEQPSPVV 1120 Ahctf1 AT-hook-containing transcription 1.0661
    HSFPHPELPEAFVGTPISNT factor 1
    SQR
    IPI:IPI00122594.4 NGVSLFNSPK@TEQPSPVV 1121 Ahctf1 AT-hook-containing transcription 1.0661
    HS*FPHPELPEAFVGTPISN factor 1
    TSQR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00121418.1 DGEGPDNLEPACPLSLPLQ 1122 Rb1 Retinoblastoma-associated protein 1.0618
    GNHTAADMYLS*PLR{circumflex over ( )}S*PK@
    IPI:IPI00121418.1 DGEGPDNLEPACPLSLPLQ 1123 Rb1 Retinoblastoma-associated protein 1.0618
    GNHTAADMYLS*PLRS*PK
    IPI:IPI00320905.7 LGEQGPEPGPT*PPQT*PT* 1124 Arhgap17 Isoform 1 of Rho GTPase-activating 1.0618
    PPST*PPLAK protein 17
    IPI:IPI00403116.9 NGS*PVPVPDISQEPDGPAL 1125 Ncaph2 Isoform 3 of Condensin-2 complex 1.0598
    S*GGEEDAEDGAEPLEVAL subunit H2
    EPAEPR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00403116.9 NGS*PVPVPDISQEPDGPAL 1126 Ncaph2 Isoform 3 of Condensin-2 complex 1.0598
    S*GGEEDAEDGAEPLEVAL subunit H2
    EPAEPR
    IPI:IPI00403116.9 NGS*PVPVPDIS*QEPDGPA 1127 Ncaph2 Isoform 3 of Condensin-2 complex 1.0598
    LSGGEEDAEDGAEPLEVAL subunit H2
    EPAEPR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00230237.1 TAVTATNVSAHGSQANS*P 1128 Pbx1 Isoform PBX1b of Pre-B-cell leukemia 1.054
    STPNSAGGY*PSPCYQPDR transcription factor 1
    {circumflex over ( )}R{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00421139.8 SS*SHLDPAATPHSTLQGSS 1129 Dlg5 Putative uncharacterized protein 1.0498
    AGTPEHPSVIDPLMEQDEG
    PGTPPAK@
    IPI:IPI00121251.7 LSTTPS*PTNS*LHEDGVDD 1130 Tox4 TOX high mobility group box family 1.0342
    FRR member 4
    IPI:IPI00121251.7 LSTTPS*PTNS*LHEDGVDD 1131 Tox4 TOX high mobility group box family 1.0342
    FR{circumflex over ( )}R{circumflex over ( )} member 4
    IPI:IPI00121431.4 S*INYSELDQFPSELEK 1132 Hells Isoform 1 of Lymphocyte specific 1.0332
    helicase
    IPI:IPI00121431.4 S*INYSELDQFPSELEK@ 1133 Hells Isoform 1 of Lymphocyte-specific 1.0332
    helicase
    IPI:IPI00121431.4 S*INYSELDQFPSELEK@ 1134 Hells Isoform 1 of Lymphocyte-specific 1.0332
    helicase
    IPI:IPI00454039.3 VGS*EHSLLDPPGK 1135 Erbb2ip Isoform 1 of Protein LAP2 1.0307
    IPI:IPI00109318.1 TVAISDAAQLPQDYCTT*PG 1136 Eif4ebp2 Eukaryotic translation initiation 1.0271
    GTLFSTT*PGGTR{circumflex over ( )}IIYDR{circumflex over ( )} factor 4E-binding protein 2
    IPI:IPI00109318.1 TVAISDAAQLPQDYCTT*PG 1137 Eif4ebp2 Eukaryotic translation initiation 1.0271
    GTLFSTT*PGGTRIIYDR factor 4E-binding protein 2
    IPI:IPI00226228.5 ANNAGASIYPTGPADPCPP 1138 Azi1 5-azacytidine-induced protein 1 1.0268
    ASES*S*PEQWQSPEDKPQ
    DIHSQGEAR
    IPI:IPI00317401.6 AES*PETSAVESTQST*PQK@ 1139 Pds5b Isoform 1 of Sister chromatid cohesion 1.0246
    protein PDS5 homolog B
    IPI:IPI00317401.6 AES*PETSAVESTQST*PQK@ 1140 Pds5b Isoform 1 of Sister chromatid cohesion 1.0246
    protein PDS5 homolog B
    IPI:IPI00317401.6 AES*PETSAVESTQST*PQK 1141 Pds5b Isoform 1 of Sister chromatid cohesion 1.0246
    protein PDS5 homolog B
    IPI:IPI00113389.5 HNLFEDNM#ALPSESVSS*L 1142 Fam129a Protein Niban 1.0232
    TDLK
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 NS*PVAK@T*PPK@DLPAIP 1143 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation 1.0227
    GVTSPTSDEPPM#QASQSQ factor 4E-binding protein 1
    LPSSPEDK@
    IPI:IPI00463074.6 SRS*S*PSTDHYSQEVPVEP 1144 Shroom2 shroom family member 2 1.0176
    NR
    IPI:IPI00463074.6 SRS*S*PSTDHYSQEVPVEP 1145 Shroom2 shroom family member 2 1.0176
    NR
    IPI:IPI00463074.6 SR{circumflex over ( )}S*S*PSTDHYSQEVPVE 1146 Shroom2 shroom family member 2 1.0176
    PNR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00553798.2 S*NS*FSDERAEFSAPSTPT 1147 Ahnak AHNAK nucleoprotein isoform 1 1.0143
    GTLEFAGGDAK@
    IPI:IPI00553798.2 S*NS*FSDEREFSAPSTPTG 1148 Ahnak AHNAK nucleoprotein isoform 1 1.0143
    TLEFAGGDAK
    IPI:IPI00553798.2 S*NS*FSDEREFSAPSTPTG 1149 Ahnak AHNAK nucleoprotein isoform 1 1.0143
    TLEFAGGDAK
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 NS*PVAKT*PPKDLPAIPGVT 1150 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation 1.0129
    SPT*SDEPPMQASQSQLPS factor 4E-binding protein 1
    S*PEDK
    IPI:IPI00127131.6 GPS*PSPVGS*PASVAQSR{circumflex over ( )} 1151 Arid1a AT rich interactive domain 1A 1.0107
    IPI:IPI00113389.5 HNLFEDNMALPSES*VSSLT 1152 Fam129a Protein Niban 1.0048
    DLK@TAMGS*NQAS*PAR{circumflex over ( )}
    R{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00113389.5 HNLFEDNMALPSESVSSLT* 1153 Fam129a Protein Niban 1.0048
    DLK@TAMGS*NQAS*PAR{circumflex over ( )}
    R{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00454109.2 FPPST*PSEVLS*PTEDPRS* 1154 Erf ETS domain-containing transcription 1.0039
    PPACSSSSSSLFSAVVAR factor ERF
    IPI:IPI00120095.2 CDGS*PR{circumflex over ( )}T*PPS*TPPATAN 1155 Samhd1 SAM domain and HD domain- 1.0027
    LSADDDFQNTDLR{circumflex over ( )} containing protein 1
    IPI:IPI00117229.3 TS*PAGGTWSSVVSGVPR{circumflex over ( )} 1156 Atxn2 ataxin 2 1.0015
    IPI:IPI00117229.3 TS*PAGGTWSSVVSGVPR 1157 Atxn2 ataxin 2 1.0015
    IPI:IPI00320594.5 SQDSYPGS*PSLS*PR 1158 Ranbp10 Ran-binding protein 10 1.0009
    IPI:IPI00320594.5 SQDSYPGS*PSLS*PR{circumflex over ( )} 1159 Ranbp10 Ran-binding protein 10 1.0009
    IPI:IPI00320594.5 SQDSYPGS*PSLS*PR{circumflex over ( )} 1160 Ranbp10 Ran-binding protein 10 1.0009
    IPI:IPI00320594.5 SQDS*YPGS*PSLSPR 1161 Ranbp10 Ran-binding protein 10 1.0009
    IPI:IPI00320594.5 SQDSYPGS*PSLS*PR{circumflex over ( )} 1162 Ranbp10 Ran-binding protein 10 1.0009
    IPI:IPI00121251.7 LSTTPS*PTNS*LHEDGVDD 1163 Tox4 TOX high mobility group box family 1.0005
    FR{circumflex over ( )}R{circumflex over ( )} member 4
    IPI:IPI00121251.7 LSTTPS*PTNS*LHEDGVDD 1164 Tox4 TOX high mobility group box family 1.0005
    FRR member 4
    Table 7. Phosphopeptides whose intensities decrease after rapamycin treatment (Rapamycin screen).
  • TABLE 8
    Log2
    SEQ Area
    ID Gene (H/L)
    Reference Ascore Seq NO Name Annotation Ratio
    Ku (light cells: control (rapamycin treated); heavy cells: treated with
    rapamycin + Ku-0063794. L, light; H, heavy)
    IPI:IPI00648918.3 DQEEELDEQAGS*IQM#LEQ 1165 Myo18a Isoform 4 of Myosin-XVIIIa −7.171
    LK
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 VALGDGVQLPPGDYSTT*P 1166 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation −7.159
    GGTLFSTT*PGGTR initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 VALGDGVQLPPGDYS*TT*P 1167 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −7.127
    GGTLFSTTPGGTR factor 4E-binding protein 1
    IPI:IPI00622700.2 TAPPVLPTGYDS*EEEEESR 1168 Brd2 Isoform 2 of Bromodomain-containing −6.823
    {circumflex over ( )}PMSYDEK@ protein 2
    IPI:IPI00458153.2 ENPPSPPT*SPAAPQPR{circumflex over ( )} 1169 6330577E15Rik Uncharacterized protein C10orf78 −6.819
    homolog
    IPI:IPI00454090.1 DSVDLQS*LM#TEM#NR 1170 Best3 Bestrophin-3 −6.498
    IPI:IPI00274140.4 LSPFFTLDLS*PTDDKSSKP 1171 Grit Isoform 2 of Rho/Cdc42/Rac GTPase- −6.465
    SSFTEK activating protein RICS
    IPI:IPI00929786.1 SLPT*TVPES*PNYR 1172 Larp1 Isoform 1 of La-related protein 1 −6.159
    IPI:IPI00224969.2 VAPS*MSSLNS*LAS*S*CFD 1173 Fam62c Isoform 1 of Extended synaptotagmin-3 −6.023
    LTDVSLNTEAGDSR
    IPI:IPI00929786.1 S*LPTTVPES*PNYR 1174 Larp1 Isoform 1 of La-related protein 1 −5.98
    IPI:IPI00458039.3 IFTEANLVS*VGS*KK 1175 Mdn1 Midasin homolog −5.907
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 NS*PVAKT*PPKDLPAIPGVT 1176 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −5.874
    SPTSDEPPMQASQSQLPS* factor 4E-binding protein 1
    SPEDK
    IPI:IPI00130920.1 TLEVVSPSQSVTGS*AGHTP 1177 Mtap1b Microtubule-associated protein 1B −5.86
    YYQS*PTDEK
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 VALGDGVQLPPGDYSTT*P 1178 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −5.685
    GGTLFSTT*PGGTR factor 4E-binding protein 1
    IPI:IPI00270767.3 VVK@EDGVMS*PEK@ 1179 Rtn4 Isoform 2 of Reticulon-4 −5.681
    IPI:IPI00121430.2 DLKPETDYVVNVY*S*VVED 1180 Col12a1 Isoform 1 of Collagen alpha-1(XII) −5.655
    EYSEPLKGT*EK chain
    IPI:IPI00169506.7 QAVY*Y*LTLQAT*DGGNQS 1181 Pcdh24 Pcdh24 protein −5.499
    TT*TALEITLLDINDNPPVVR
    IPI:IPI00133685.1 LNT*SDFQK 1182 Akt1s1 Proline-rich AKT1 substrate 1 −5.419
    IPI:IPI00876080.1 LPDLRS*R 1183 Gpr157 Putative uncharacterized protein −5.334
    (Fragment)
    IPI:IPI00850983.1 TPGPPS*SQGSPVDTQPAA 1184 Synj1 similar to mKIAA0910 protein −5.321
    QK
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 NS*PVAKT*PPKDLPAIPGVT 1185 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −4.991
    SPTSDEPPMQASQSQLPSS factor 4E-binding protein 1
    *PEDK
    IPI:IPI00282808.7 T*PGVPKQKPCSPLS*EPDA 1186 Zfp318 zinc finger protein 318 isoform 1 −4.923
    FLK
    IPI:IPI00133374.5 EVDPSTGELQSLQMPESEG 1187 Sqstm1 Isoform 1 of Sequestosome-1 −4.888
    PS*SLDPSQEGPTGLK@
    IPI:IPI00133374.5 EVDPSTGELQSLQMPESEG 1188 Sqstm1 Isoform 1 of Sequestosome-1 −4.882
    PS*SLDPSQEGPTGLK@
    IPI:IPI00133685.1 LNT*SDFQK 1189 Akt1s1 Proline-rich AKT1 substrate 1 −4.871
    IPI:IPI00623114.5 DMPAAGS*LGSSS*R 1190 Fat1 FAT tumor suppressor homolog 1 −4.85
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 VALGDGVQLPPGDYSTT*P 1191 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −4.78
    GGT*LFSTTPGGTR factor 4E-binding protein 1
    IPI:IPI00125442.4 VPMVSS*QPTS*SM#VPPPI 1192 Alpk3 myocyte induction differentiation −4.621
    KPLNR originator
    IPI:IPI00380641.3 KLPVVSS*VVK 1193 Zc3h14 Isoform 2 of Zinc finger CCCH domain- −4.368
    containing protein 14
    IPI:IPI00338745.4 QADVADQQTTELPAENGET 1194 Hmgn1; Non-histone chromosomal protein −4.324
    ENQSPAS*EEEKEAK LOC100044391 HMG-14
    IPI:IPI00338745.4 QADVADQQTTELPAENGET 1195 Hmgn1; Non-histone chromosomal protein −4.324
    ENQS*PASEEEKEAK LOC100044391 HMG-14
    IPI:IPI00271998.4 GPNS*PPPGMPLR 1196 2310057M21Rik Uncharacterized protein C10orf88 −4.316
    homolog
    IPI:IPI00338976.3 FTISAIS*K 1197 Fcrls Fc receptor-like protein 2 scavenger −4.254
    isoform
    IPI:IPI00352984.4 IVHFS*VNACLT*PICSLHHV 1198 Xdh Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase −4.21
    AVTT*VEGIGNTKK
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 VALGDGVQLPPGDYS*TTP 1199 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −4.196
    GGTLFSTT*PGGTR factor 4E-binding protein 1
    IPI:IPI00330246.2 K@GSFS*GR{circumflex over ( )}LS*PAYSLGS 1200 Phldb1 Isoform 2 of Pleckstrin homology-like −4.16
    LTGASPR{circumflex over ( )} domain family B member 1
    IPI:IPI00330066.5 T*RSPDVISSASTALSQDIPE 1201 Edc4 Isoform 1 of Enhancer of mRNA- −4.045
    IASEALSR decapping protein 4
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 RKETPS*PR 1202 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive −4.005
    matrix protein 2
    IPI:IPI00405665.6 K@IIETM#SS*PK@ 1203 Kif20b Isoform 1 of M-phase phosphoprotein 1 −3.928
    IPI:IPI00311187.4 S*AASGS*SGES*MDSVSVS 1204 Rgl1 Ral guanine nucleotide dissociation −3.911
    *S*CESNHS*EAEEGPVTPM stimulator-like 1
    DTPDEPQKK
    IPI:IPI00153724.1 VHS*PPASLVPR{circumflex over ( )} 1205 1110007A13Rik UPF0557 protein C10orf119 homolog −3.905
    IPI:IPI00121277.1 VAAAAGSGPS*PPCS*PGH 1206 Pi4k2a Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2- −3.904
    DR alpha
    IPI:IPI00331556.5 MQVDQEEPHTEEQQQQPQ 1207 Hspa4 Heat shock 70 kDa protein 4 −3.897
    TPAENKAESEEM#ET*SQA
    GSK
    IPI:IPI00135443.2 KTSFDQDS*DVDIFPSDFTS 1208 Top2b DNA topoisomerase 2-beta −3.873
    EPPALPR
    IPI:IPI00469938.3 VGSGAEPGEGS*PGSR{circumflex over ( )}PG 1209 BC021381 Isoform 2 of Uncharacterized protein −3.843
    PIQADS*PK@ KIAA1931
    IPI:IPI00331361.2 SPT*KAEPATPAEAAQSDR 1210 Mybbp1a Myb-binding protein 1A −3.83
    IPI:IPI00625898.3 RQS*S*ESDIESVMYT 1211 Bbx Isoform 1 of HMG box transcription −3.809
    IEAVAK factor BBX
    IPI:IPI00405227.3 S*LGEIAALTSK 1212 Vcl Vinculin −3.804
    IPI:IPI00109318.1 RNS*PMAQTPPCHLPNIPGV 1213 Eif4ebp2 Eukaryotic translation initiation −3.791
    TSPGALIEDSK factor 4E-binding protein 2
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 VALGDGVQLPPGDYSTT*P 1214 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −3.751
    GGTLFSTT*PGGTR factor 4E-binding protein 1
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 RVALGDGVQLPPGDY*STT 1215 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −3.726
    PGGTLFSTT*PGGTR factor 4E-binding protein 1
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 RVALGDGVQLPPGDYSTT* 1216 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −3.726
    PGGTLFSTT*PGGTR factor 4E-binding protein 1
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 VALGDGVQLPPGDYSTTPG 1217 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −3.705
    GTLFS*TT*PGGTR factor 4E-binding protein 1
    IPI:IPI00929814.1 KEANEVLS*DS*AGEDHPAE 1218 Morc2a microrchidia 2A isoform 2 −3.673
    LR
    IPI:IPI00229645.2 S*NDDLLAGMAGGVNVTNG 1219 Cytsa Cytospin-A −3.632
    IK
    IPI:IPI00553798.2 AGAIS*ASGPELEGAGHSK 1220 Ahnak AHNAK nucleoprotein isoform 1 −3.608
    IPI:IPI00756424.3 TAR{circumflex over ( )}PNSEAPLS*GS*EDAD 1221 Eif5b Isoform 1 of Eukaryotic translation −3.543
    DSNK@ initiation factor 5B
    IPI:IPI00121760.5 LKTEEGEIVY*SAEESENR 1222 Hnrpll Isoform 1 of Heterogeneous nuclear −3.51
    ribonucleoprotein L-like
    IPI:IPI00458958.2 DWDKES*EGEEPAGGR 1223 Rrp15 RRP15-like protein −3.46
    IPI:IPI00458958.2 DWDK@ES*EGEEPAGGR{circumflex over ( )} 1224 Rrp15 RRP15-like protein −3.46
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 RVALGDGVQLPPGDYSTT* 1225 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −3.429
    PGGTLFSTT*PGGTR factor 4E-binding protein 1
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 RVALGDGVQLPPGDYSTTP 1226 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −3.429
    GGT*LFSTT*PGGTR factor 4E-binding protein 1
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 RVALGDGVQLPPGDYSTT* 1227 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −3.429
    PGGTLFSTT*PGGTR factor 4E-binding protein 1
    IPI:IPI00109695.3 IEILDS*PASK 1228 D10Wsu102e Uncharacterized protein C12orf45 −3.403
    homolog
    IPI:IPI00230719.8 RDS*SDDWEIPDGQITVGQR 1229 Braf Isoform 1 of B-Raf proto-oncogene −3.372
    serine/threonine-protein kinase
    IPI:IPI00377925.2 SS*PVCSTAPVETEPK 1230 Atg2b Isoform 1 of Autophagy-related protein −3.353
    2 homolog B
    IPI:IPI00221723.1 MGQEFVES*K 1231 Wasf2 Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein family −3.314
    member 2
    IPI:IPI00165794.1 LWTHTSDQQVSAISNPSPC 1232 Tmem48 Nucleoporin NDC1 −3.255
    AS*VTAEGK
    IPI:IPI00848747.1 DDS*TCLGGILPAGLEPGS* 1233 4930568B11Rik hypothetical protein LOC75873 −3.253
    S*T*R
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 VALGDGVQLPPGDYSTT*P 1234 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −3.239
    GGTLFSTT*PGGTR factor 4E-binding protein 1
    IPI:IPI00127415.1 CGSGPVHISGQHLVAVEED 1235 Npm1 Nucleophosmin −3.232
    AES*EDEDEEDVK@
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 VALGDGVQLPPGDYST*TP 1236 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −3.209
    GGTLFST*TPGGTR factor 4E-binding protein 1
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 VALGDGVQLPPGDYS*TTP 1237 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −3.209
    GGTLFSTT*PGGTR factor 4E-binding protein 1
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 VALGDGVQLPPGDYSTT*P 1238 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −3.175
    GGTLFSTT*PGGTR factor 4E-binding protein 1
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 VALGDGVQLPPGDYSTT*P 1239 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −3.175
    GGTLFS*TTPGGTR factor 4E-binding protein 1
    IPI:IPI00120133.1 EDGDILAS*S*FSVDTQVAYI 1240 Nat15 N-acetyltransferase 15 −3.163
    LSLGVVK
    IPI:IPI00154109.2 SNS*APLIHGLSDSS*PVFQA 1241 Fam122a Protein FAM122A −3.124
    EAPSAR
    IPI:IPI00138199.5 DGY*Y*GES*T*S*GR{circumflex over ( )} 1242 Pcsk5 proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin −3.103
    type 5
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 RVALGDGVQLPPGDYSTT* 1243 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −3.092
    PGGTLFSTT*PGGTR factor 4E-binding protein 1
    IPI:IPI00130920.1 TELS*PSFINPNPLEWFAGE 1244 Mtap1b Microtubule-associated protein 1B −3.089
    EPTEESEKPLTQSGGAPPP
    SGGK
    IPI:IPI00131725.3 HQIVCINNDLS*EEES*DDES 1245 Npm3 Nucleoplasmin-3 −3.087
    *EEDEIK@LCGILPAK@
    IPI:IPI00330066.5 T*RSPDVISSASTALSQDIPE 1246 Edc4 Isoform 1 of Enhancer of mRNA- −3.084
    IASEALSR decapping protein 4
    IPI:IPI00756765.3 ALVIQESESPPS*PPPS*PDR 1247 Ehmt2 Euchromatic histone lysine N- −3.071
    {circumflex over ( )}R{circumflex over ( )} methyltransferase 2
    IPI:IPI00221889.2 ILS*DDEDEDEEDAFK 1248 Ercc6l DNA excision repair protein ERCC-6- −3.063
    like
    IPI:IPI00130920.1 TELS*PSFINPNPLEWFAGE 1249 Mtap1b Microtubule-associated protein 1B −3.052
    EPTEESEKPLTQSGGAPPP
    SGGK
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 VALGDGVQLPPGDYSTT*P 1250 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −3.033
    GGTLFSTTPGGT*R factor 4E-binding protein 1
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 RVALGDGVQLPPGDYSTT* 1251 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −3.031
    PGGTLFSTT*PGGTR factor 4E-binding protein 1
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 RVALGDGVQLPPGDYSTT* 1252 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −3.031
    PGGTLFSTT*PGGTR factor 4E-binding protein 1
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 RVALGDGVQLPPGDYSTT* 1253 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −3.031
    PGGTLFSTT*PGGTR factor 4E-binding protein 1
    IPI:IPI00137465.1 S*DGSLDDGDGIHR 1254 Serinc1 Serine incorporator 1 −3.027
    IPI:IPI00130920.1 QGFPDRES*PVSDLTSTGLY 1255 Mtap1b Microtubule-associated protein 1B −3
    QDK
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 VALGDGVQLPPGDYSTT*P 1256 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −2.995
    GGTLFSTTPGGT*R factor 4E-binding protein 1
    IPI:IPI00109318.1 RNSPMAQT*PPCHLPNIPGV 1257 Eif4ebp2 Eukaryotic translation initiation −2.988
    TSPGALIEDSK factor 4E-binding protein 2
    IPI:IPI00122757.1 TDYYPEEMS*PPLMNPVSP 1258 Klf3; Krueppel-like factor 3 −2.986
    PQALLQENHPS*VIVQPGK@ LOC100046855
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 VALGDGVQLPPGDYSTT*P 1259 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −2.972
    GGTLFSTT*PGGTR factor 4E-binding protein 1
    IPI:IPI00126006.6 TQT*PPLGQTPQLGLK 1260 Eif4g2 Isoform 1 of Eukaryotic translation −2.956
    initiation factor 4 gamma 2
    IPI:IPI00460668.2 KAENAEGQTPAIGPDGEPL 1261 Smarca4 Putative uncharacterized protein −2.915
    DETSQM#S*DLPVK
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 NS*PVAKT*PPKDLPAIPGVT 1262 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −2.908
    SPTSDEPPMQASQSQLPS* factor 4E-binding protein 1
    SPEDK
    IPI:IPI00127764.2 EGENVKPVNSGTWVAS*NS 1263 Pcm1 Isoform 1 of Pericentriolar material 1 −2.9
    *ELTPSESLVTT*DDETFEK protein
    IPI:IPI00874995.2 AS*DDLGEPDVFATAPFR 1264 Aak1 Uncharacterized protein FLJ45252 −2.899
    homolog
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 NS*PVAKT*PPKDLPAIPGVT 1265 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −2.888
    SPTSDEPPMQASQSQLPSS factor 4E-binding protein 1
    PEDK
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 VALGDGVQLPPGDYSTTPG 1266 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −2.884
    GT*LFSTT*PGGTR factor 4E-binding protein 1
    IPI:IPI00128564.1 R{circumflex over ( )}AAAASAAEAGIAT*PGTE 1267 Psmd4 Isoform Rpn10A of 26S proteasome −2.861
    DSDDALLK@ non-ATPase regulatory subunit 4
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 VALGDGVQLPPGDYSTTPG 1268 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −2.846
    GT*LFSTT*PGGTR factor 4E-binding protein 1
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 VALGDGVQLPPGDYSTT*P 1269 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −2.84
    GGTLFSTT*PGGTR factor 4E-binding protein 1
    IPI:IPI00406741.5 AAVGVTGNDITTPPNKEPPP 1270 Mtap4 Isoform 4 of Microtubule-associated −2.832
    S*PEKK protein 4
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 VALGDGVQLPPGDYSTT*P 1271 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −2.799
    GGTLFSTT*PGGTR factor 4E-binding protein 1
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 VALGDGVQLPPGDYSTT*P 1272 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −2.799
    GGTLFST*TPGGTR factor 4E-binding protein 1
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 VALGDGVQLPPGDYSTT*P 1273 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −2.794
    GGTLFSTT*PGGTR factor 4E-binding protein 1
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 VALGDGVQLPPGDYSTTPG 1274 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −2.776
    GT*LFSTT*PGGTR factor 4E-binding protein 1
    IPI:IPI00109318.1 NS*PMAQTPPCHLPNIPGVT 1275 Eif4ebp2 Eukaryotic translation initiation −2.763
    SPGALIEDSK factor 4E-binding protein 2
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 VALGDGVQLPPGDYSTT*P 1276 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −2.762
    GGTLFSTT*PGGTR factor 4E-binding protein 1
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 VALGDGVQLPPGDYSTT*P 1277 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −2.756
    GGTLFSTT*PGGTR factor 4E-binding protein 1
    IPI:IPI00331177.2 VSS*TPETPLTK@ 1278 Pola2 DNA polymerase alpha subunit B −2.747
    IPI:IPI00109318.1 NSPMAQT*PPCHLPNIPGVT 1279 Eif4ebp2 Eukaryotic translation initiation −2.714
    SPGALIEDSK factor 4E-binding protein 2
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 VALGDGVQLPPGDYSTTPG 1280 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −2.672
    GT*LFSTT*PGGTR factor 4E-binding protein 1
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 VALGDGVQLPPGDYSTT*P 1281 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −2.672
    GGTLFSTTPGGT*R factor 4E-binding protein 1
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 VALGDGVQLPPGDYSTT*P 1282 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −2.672
    GGTLFSTT*PGGTR factor 4E-binding protein 1
    IPI:IPI00322707.5 IK@PVTENLVLPSHTGFCQ 1283 Atrx Transcriptional regulator ATRX −2.663
    S*S*GDEALSK@
    IPI:IPI00322707.5 IK@PVTENLVLPSHTGFCQ 1284 Atrx Transcriptional regulator ATRX −2.663
    S*S*GDEALSK@
    IPI:IPI00918973.1 IGFPETAEEELEEIASENS*D 1285 Strap Serine-threonine kinase receptor- −2.612
    SIYSSTPEVK associated protein
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 VALGDGVQLPPGDYS*TTP 1286 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −2.565
    GGTLFSTT*PGGTR factor 4E-binding protein 1
    IPI:IPI00125960.1 TAS*GSS*VTS*LEGTR 1287 Ndrg1 Protein NDRG1 −2.557
    IPI:IPI00125960.1 TAS*GSS*VTS*LEGTR 1288 Ndrg1 Protein NDRG1 −2.557
    IPI:IPI00125960.1 TAS*GSSVTS*LEGTR 1289 Ndrg1 Protein NDRG1 −2.546
    IPI:IPI00323045.3 S*MDVDLNQAHMEDTPK@ 1290 Melk Maternal embryonic leucine zipper −2.53
    kinase
    IPI:IPI00465761.5 SQLVHGCSQDSDELNPGGL 1291 Arhgef17 Isoform 1 of Rho guanine nucleotide −2.526
    GSAGGVGS*PEPPTS*PR{circumflex over ( )} exchange factor 17
    IPI:IPI00465761.5 SQLVHGCSQDSDELNPGGL 1292 Arhgef17 Isoform 1 of Rho guanine nucleotide −2.513
    GSAGGVGS*PEPPTS*PR{circumflex over ( )} exchange factor 17
    IPI:IPI00274140.4 LSPFFTLDLSPT*DDK@SSK 1293 Grit Isoform 2 of Rho/Cdc42/Rac GTPase- −2.507
    @PSSFTEK@ activating protein RICS
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 RVALGDGVQLPPGDYSTT* 1294 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −2.506
    PGGTLFSTFPGGTR factor 4E-binding protein 1
    IPI:IPI00314240.5 K@QPPVS*PGTALVGSQK@ 1295 Hmga1 Isoform HMG-I of High mobility group −2.493
    protein HMG-I/HMG-Y
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 VALGDGVQLPPGDYSTT*P 1296 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −2.484
    GGTLFSTT*PGGTR factor 4E-binding protein 1
    IPI:IPI00135379.3 VSPMLPSSSLES*PKDK 1297 Myo9b Isoform 1 of Myosin-IXb −2.452
    IPI:IPI00753701.3 SQSGS*PAAPVEQVVIHTDT 1298 Mdc1 mediator of DNA damage checkpoint 1 −2.44
    SGDPTLPQR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00221889.2 R{circumflex over ( )}ILS*DDEDEDEEDAFK@ 1299 Ercc6l DNA excision repair protein ERCC-6- −2.438
    like
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 RVALGDGVQLPPGDYSTT* 1300 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −2.437
    PGGTLFSTT*PGGTR factor 4E-binding protein 1
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 RVALGDGVQLPPGDYS*TT 1301 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −2.437
    PGGTLFSTT*PGGTR factor 4E-binding protein 1
    IPI:IPI00454138.4 K@QQHVISTEEGDM#M#ET 1302 Sap130 Isoform 1 of Histone deacetylase −2.434
    *NST*DDEK@ complex subunit SAP130
    IPI:IPI00454138.4 K@QQHVISTEEGDM#M#ET 1303 Sap130 Isoform 1 of Histone deacetylase −2.434
    *NS*TDDEK@ complex subunit SAP130
    IPI:IPI00753701.3 SQSGS*PAAPVEQVVIHTDT 1304 Mdc1 mediator of DNA damage checkpoint 1 −2.433
    SGDPTLPQR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00654388.2 AENQR{circumflex over ( )}PAEDSALS*PGPLA 1305 Lrrfip1 Isoform 1 of Leucine-rich repeat −2.425
    GAK@ flightless-interacting protein 1
    IPI:IPI00654388.2 AENQRPAEDSALS*PGPLA 1306 Lrrfip1 Isoform 1 of Leucine-rich repeat −2.425
    GAK flightless-interacting protein 1
    IPI:IPI00330121.4 GLPYADHNYGAPPPPT*PP 1307 Setd5 Isoform 2 of SET domain-containing −2.414
    AS*PPVQTIIPR{circumflex over ( )} protein 5
    IPI:IPI00323256.3 HGS*SSYPPVIYSPLMPK 1308 Zfpm2 Isoform 1 of Zinc finger protein ZFPM2 −2.405
    IPI:IPI00323256.3 HGSSS*YPPVIYSPLMPK 1309 Zfpm2 Isoform 1 of Zinc finger protein ZFPM2 −2.405
    IPI:IPI00323256.3 HGSS*SYPPVIYSPLMPK@ 1310 Zfpm2 Isoform 1 of Zinc finger protein ZFPM2 −2.395
    IPI:IPI00123474.2 AGADIHAENEEPLCPLPSPS 1311 Nfkb2 NF-kB2 splice variant 4 −2.389
    TSGSDS*DSEGPER{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00117689.1 EGDELGEGERPEDDTAAIE 1312 Ptrf Polymerase I and transcript release −2.385
    LS*S*DEAVEVEEVIEESR factor
    IPI:IPI00117689.1 EGDELGEGERPEDDTAAIE 1313 Ptrf Polymerase I and transcript release −2.385
    LS*S*DEAVEVEEVIEESR factor
    IPI:IPI00127764.2 RSS*LVDEAPEDEEFEQK 1314 Pcm1 Isoform 1 of Pericentriolar material 1 −2.38
    protein
    IPI:IPI00330121.4 GLPYADHNYGAPPPPT*PP 1315 Setd5 Isoform 2 of SET domain-containing −2.359
    AS*PPVQTIIPR protein 5
    IPI:IPI00121277.1 VAAAAGSGPS*PPCS*PGH 1316 Pi4k2a Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2- −2.354
    DR alpha
    IPI:IPI00331361.2 SPT*KAEPATPAEAAQSDR 1317 Mybbp1a Myb-binding protein 1A −2.35
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 RVALGDGVQLPPGDYSTT* 1318 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −2.341
    PGGTLFSTT*PGGTR factor 4E-binding protein 1
    IPI:IPI00330121.4 GLPYADHNYGAPPPPT*PP 1319 Setd5 Isoform 2 of SET domain-containing −2.334
    AS*PPVQTIIPIR{circumflex over ( )} protein 5
    IPI:IPI00623284.4 IWDPTPS*HTPAGAAT*PGR 1320 Sf3b1 Splicing factor 3B subunit 1 −2.329
    GDT*PGHAT*PGHGGATSS
    AR
    IPI:IPI00153715.5 TEDEEFLIQHLLQAPS*PPR 1321 Prr12 proline rich 12 −2.321
    IPI:IPI00116268.3 SGS*CSS*PQPKPNY*PPLS* 1322 N4bp1 N4bp1 protein −2.307
    PPLPLPQLLPSVT*EAR
    IPI:IPI00322707.5 AK@QPVIGDQNS*DSDEM# 1323 Atrx Transcriptional regulator ATRX −2.262
    LAVLK@
    IPI:IPI00322707.5 AKQPVIGDQNS*DSDEM#LA 1324 Atrx Transcriptional regulator ATRX −2.262
    VLK
    IPI:IPI00461244.3 DTTS*FEDISPQGISDDSST 1325 Ccdc88a Isoform 2 of Girdin −2.242
    GSR
    IPI:IPI00317794.5 KEDS*DEDEDEEDEDDS*D 1326 Ncl Nucleolin −2.198
    EDEDDEEEDEFEPPIVK
    IPI:IPI00317794.5 K@EDS*DEDEDEEDEDDS* 1327 Ncl Nucleolin −2.198
    DEDEDDEEEDEFEPPIVK@
    IPI:IPI00400381.9 AHS*LLFENSDSFSEDTGTL 1328 Phactr4 Isoform 1 of Phosphatase and actin −2.193
    GR{circumflex over ( )} regulator 4
    IPI:IPI00320208.3 YGPSSVEDTTGSGAADAKD 1329 Eef1b2 Elongation factor 1-beta −2.192
    DDDIDLFGS*DDEEESEEAK
    IPI:IPI00923656.1 R{circumflex over ( )}DS*SSLSSPLNPK@ 1330 Baz1b Isoform 1 of Tyrosine-protein kinase −2.17
    BAZ1B
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 VALGDGVQLPPGDYSTTPG 1331 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −2.17
    GT*LFST*TPGGTR factor 4E-binding protein 1
    IPI:IPI00108389.5 ETVVSGPLGVEDISPSMS*P 1332 Trp53bp1 Transformation related protein 53 −2.161
    DDK@ binding protein 1
    IPI:IPI00415558.1 AASPAKPS*SLDLVPNLPR 1333 Synpo Isoform 3 of Synaptopodin −2.151
    IPI:IPI00404545.2 SCSVT*DTVAEQAHLPPPSV 1334 Nedd4I Isoform 3 of E3 ubiquitin-protein −2.113
    AYVHTTPGLPSGWEER ligase NEDD4-like
    IPI:IPI00416203.1 AVPFVPM#SYQLS*QS*Y*Y 1335 Gtf3c1 Isoform 2 of General transcription −2.105
    S*LGK factor 3C polypeptide 1
    IPI:IPI00355042.3 IPMPPSS*PQPR 1336 Ppp1r13l RelA-associated inhibitor −2.104
    IPI:IPI00320208.3 YGPSSVEDTTGSGAADAKDK 1337 Eef1b2 Elongation factor 1-beta −2.096
    DDDIDLFGS*DDEEESEEAKK
    IPI:IPI00623382.2 LMKPPS*PEHQS*PDTQQE 1338 Morc2a MORC family CW-type zinc finger −2.069
    GGEEEEAMVAR protein 2A
    IPI:IPI00125960.1 TAS*GSS*VTSLEGTR 1339 Ndrg1 Protein NDRG1 −2.055
    IPI:IPI00125960.1 TAS*GSS*VTSLEGTR 1340 Ndrg1 Protein NDRG1 −2.055
    IPI:IPI00125960.1 TAS*GSS*VTSLEGTR{circumflex over ( )} 1341 Ndrg1 Protein NDRG1 −2.055
    IPI:IPI00330121.4 GLPYADHNYGAPPPPT*PP 1342 Setd5 Isoform 2 of SET domain-containing −2.045
    AS*PPVQTIIPR{circumflex over ( )} protein 5
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 RVALGDGVQLPPGDYSTT* 1343 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −2.035
    PGGTLFSTT*PGGTR factor 4E-binding protein 1
    IPI:IPI00226701.3 ILGDHLLLDPAHELPPY*TPP 1344 Trerf1 Isoform 4 of Transcriptional-regulating −2.03
    PMLS*PVR factor 1
    IPI:IPI00348488.5 SCS*M#ELHGEGNQEPGSP 1345 Dennd4c DENN/MADD domain containing 4C −2.012
    AVFAHPLER{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 RVALGDGVQLPPGDYSTT* 1346 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −2.01
    PGGTLFSTT*PGGTR factor 4E-binding protein 1
    IPI:IPI00317794.5 K@EDS*DEDEDEEDEDDS* 1347 Ncl Nucleolin −1.999
    DEDEDDEEEDEFEPPIVK@
    IPI:IPI00124717.1 K@PEFS*PTLK@ 1348 Orc6l Origin recognition complex subunit 6 −1.969
    IPI:IPI00380722.1 SET*PPVPPPPPYLANYPGF 1349 Bat2 Large proline-rich protein BAT2 −1.961
    PENGTPGPPISR
    IPI:IPI00553798.2 SNSFS*DEREFSAPSTPTGT 1350 Ahnak AHNAK nucleoprotein isoform 1 −1.95
    LEFAGGDAK
    IPI:IPI00108389.5 LVS*PETEASEESLQFSLEK 1351 Trp53bp1 Transformation related protein 53 −1.94
    @PTTAER{circumflex over ( )} binding protein 1
    IPI:IPI00124272.1 LTTTGQVTS*PVK@ 1352 Lig3 Isoform Alpha of DNA ligase 3 −1.932
    IPI:IPI00406741.5 AAVGVTGNDITTPPNKEPPP 1353 Mtap4 Isoform 4 of Microtubule-associated −1.932
    S*PEKK protein 4
    IPI:IPI00321774.2 HLLTDLPLPPELPGGDPSPP 1354 Crkrs Isoform 2 of Cell division cycle 2- −1.921
    DS*PEPK@ related protein kinase 7
    IPI:IPI00321774.2 HLLTDLPLPPELPGGDPSPP 1355 Crkrs Isoform 2 of Cell division cycle 2- −1.921
    DS*PEPK@ related protein kinase 7
    IPI:IPI00124914.1 S*LHKPMY*FFLINL 1356 Olfr521 Olfactory receptor Olfr521 −1.913
    S*ALDILFTT*TTVPK
    IPI:IPI00123881.1 VETPDVNLDQEEEIQM#ET 1357 Mcm6 DNA replication licensing factor MCM6 −1.909
    DEGQGGVNGHADS*PAPV
    NR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00123881.1 VETPDVNLDQEEEIQM#ET 1358 Mcm6 DNA replication licensing factor MCM6 −1.909
    DEGQGGVNGHADS*PAPV
    NR
    IPI:IPI00117932.2 S*PPVQPHTPVTISLGTAPS 1359 Sin3a Isoform 1 of Paired amphipathic helix −1.896
    LQNNQPVEFNHAINYVNK protein Sin3a
    IPI:IPI00229571.1 ISS*K@S*PGHM#VILNQTK@ 1360 Sltm Isoform 1 of SAFB-like transcription −1.88
    modulator
    IPI:IPI00124753.3 SLLLADSNGYTNLPDVVQP 1361 Mink1 misshapen-like kinase 1 isoform 2 −1.868
    SHSPTENS*K
    IPI:IPI00117088.2 LS*VVGPPNR{circumflex over ( )} 1362 Map3k2 Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase −1.86
    kinase 2
    IPI:IPI00127602.1 VVVADDDSEAPER{circumflex over ( )}PVNGA 1363 Slc30a4 Zinc transporter 4 −1.822
    HPALQADDDS*LLDQDLPLT
    NSQLSLK@
    IPI:IPI00127602.1 VVVADDDSEAPER{circumflex over ( )}PVNGA 1364 Slc30a4 Zinc transporter 4 −1.822
    HPALQADDDS*LLDQDLPLT
    NSQLSLK@
    IPI:IPI00228942.4 DLS*PGAPPAVAAAAPEER{circumflex over ( )} 1365 Hectd2 Hectd2 protein −1.792
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 EMPGSNIES*S*PEVEERPA 1366 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive −1.785
    VLSALDQSQSQPSK matrix protein 2
    IPI:IPI00127602.1 VVVADDDSEAPERPVNGAH 1367 Slc30a4 Zinc transporter 4 −1.782
    PALQADDDS*LLDQDLPLTN
    SQLSLK
    IPI:IPI00127602.1 VVVADDDSEAPERPVNGAH 1368 Slc30a4 Zinc transporter 4 −1.782
    PALQADDDS*LLDQDLPLTN
    SQLSLK
    IPI:IPI00551082.3 EK@PPFLPEEPSS*S*SEED 1369 Rbbp6 Isoform 2 of Retinoblastoma-binding −1.768
    DPIPDELLCLICK@ protein 6
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 RVALGDGVQLPPGDYSTT* 1370 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −1.759
    PGGTLFSTT*PGGTR factor 4E-binding protein 1
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 RVALGDGVQLPPGDYSTT* 1371 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −1.759
    PGGTLFSTT*PGGTR factor 4E-binding protein 1
    IPI:IPI00135660.5 FQHPNTDMLQEK@PSSPS 1372 Sdpr Serum deprivation-response protein −1.749
    PMPSST*PSPSLNLGSTEEA
    IR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00131725.3 HQIVCINNDLS*EEES*DDES 1373 Npm3 Nucleoplasmin-3 −1.749
    *EEDEIKLCGILPAK
    IPI:IPI00320208.3 YGPSSVEDTTGSGAADAKD 1374 Eef1b2 Elongation factor 1-beta −1.741
    DDDIDLFGS*DDEEESEEAKK
    IPI:IPI00321774.2 HLLTDLPLPPELPGGDPS*P 1375 Crkrs Isoform 2 of Cell division cycle 2- −1.734
    PDSPEPK@ related protein kinase 7
    IPI:IPI00420601.5 T*CDSPQNPVDFISGPVPDS 1376 Usp10 Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase −1.734
    PFPR{circumflex over ( )} 10
    IPI:IPI00127415.1 CGSGPVHISGQHLVAVEED 1377 Npm1 Nucleophosmin −1.718
    AES*EDEDEEDVK@
    IPI:IPI00464324.2 AS*CEENLPVFIASELAK@ 1378 D830031N03Rik similar to mKIAA0754 protein −1.718
    IPI:IPI00318048.5 SSPKEEVAS*EPEEAAS*PT 1379 Nop56 Nucleolar protein 56 −1.708
    T*PK
    IPI:IPI00115257.1 QVDTEEAGMVTAAT*ASNV 1380 Psip1 Isoform 1 of PC4 and SFRS1- −1.694
    KASPK interacting protein
    IPI:IPI00317794.5 KEDS*DEDEDEEDEDDS*D 1381 Ncl Nucleolin −1.692
    EDEDDEEEDEFEPPIVK
    IPI:IPI00125745.1 HAELSGS*PLK@ 1382 Mta3 Isoform 1 of Metastasis associated −1.69
    protein MTA3
    IPI:IPI00461272.6 RGS*PGGVEMNVELPQQE 1383 2310047M10Rik Putative uncharacterized protein −1.686
    GDDDDDEDEEAAAGR
    IPI:IPI00453999.2 K@PS*VPDTASPADDSFVD 1384 Nck1 non-catalytic region of tyrosine kinase −1.682
    PGER{circumflex over ( )} adaptor protein 1
    IPI:IPI00119442.1 M#DTGEVSDIGSQGAPIVLS 1385 Exosc9 Exosome complex exonuclease RRP45 −1.674
    *DS*EEEEMIILEPEK@NPK@
    IPI:IPI00654388.2 AENQRPAEDSALS*PGPLA 1386 Lrrfip1 Isoform 1 of Leucine-rich repeat −1.673
    GAK flightless-interacting protein 1
    IPI:IPI00128975.3 DK@DDQEWEST*SPPK@P 1387 Dap Death-associated protein 1 −1.669
    TVFISGVIAR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00153375.1 SACFSPVSLS*PR{circumflex over ( )}PCSPFS 1388 Pdlim2 PDZ and LIM domain protein 2 −1.659
    T*PPPTS*PVALSK@
    IPI:IPI00515576.5 LDGELAITKPNVSS*PSK 1389 Ehbp1 Isoform 2 of EH domain-binding −1.659
    protein 1
    IPI:IPI00169521.4 ALAEEDS*EDELPS*DVDFN 1390 Esf1 ESF1 homolog −1.656
    DPYFAEEVKK
    IPI:IPI00405756.8 SISGTS*TSEK@PNSMDTA 1391 Rasal2 RAS protein activator like 2 −1.654
    NTSPFK@
    IPI:IPI00108508.5 ET*PPTPT*S*SPAEFSPK 1392 4921517D21Rik RIKEN cDNA 4921517D21 gene −1.652
    IPI:IPI00652649.1 IRPPPELETS*LTERPSS*PS 1393 Als2cr4 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 2 −1.649
    LLR chromosomal region candidate gene 4
    protein homolog
    IPI:IPI00127415.1 LKCGSGPVHISGQHLVAVE 1394 Npm1 Nucleophosmin −1.638
    EDAES*EDEDEEDVK
    IPI:IPI00453603.1 TPVS*PVKFS*PGDFWGR 1395 Rps6kb1 Isoform Alpha I of Ribosomal protein −1.635
    S6 kinase beta-1
    IPI:IPI00313307.3 LSSS*DSIGPDVTDILSDIAE 1396 Med1 Isoform 4 of Mediator of RNA −1.624
    EASK@LPSTSDDCPPIGT*P polymerase II transcription subunit 1
    VR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00379682.1 ANTLSHFPVECPAPPEPAQ 1397 Tbc1d1 Isoform 1 of TBC1 domain family −1.623
    SS*PGVSQR{circumflex over ( )} member 1
    IPI:IPI00379682.1 ANTLSHFPVECPAPPEPAQ 1398 Tbc1d1 Isoform 1 of TBC1 domain family −1.623
    S*SPGVSQR{circumflex over ( )} member 1
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 VALGDGVQLPPGDYSTT*P 1399 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −1.621
    GGTLFSTT*PGGTR factor 4E-binding protein 1
    IPI:IPI00351206.5 LLK@PGEEPSEY*T*DEEDT 1400 Pgrmc2 Membrane-associated progesterone −1.62
    K@ receptor component 2
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 NSGPVSEVNTGFS*PEVK@ 1401 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive −1.616
    matrix protein 2
    IPI:IPI00112339.9 R{circumflex over ( )}LS*ENNCSLDDWEIGAGH 1402 Lima1 LIM domain and actin binding 1 −1.615
    LSSSAFNSEK@ isoform a
    IPI:IPI00112339.9 R{circumflex over ( )}LS*ENNCSLDDWEIGAGH 1403 Lima1 LIM domain and actin binding 1 −1.615
    LSSSAFNSEK@ isoform a
    IPI:IPI00515576.5 LDGELAITKPNVSS*PSK 1404 Ehbp1 Isoform 2 of EH domain-binding −1.612
    protein 1
    IPI:IPI00229472.5 VEEQVEDS*DDEEDDDS*H 1405 Rbm28 RNA-binding protein 28 −1.609
    DDEEER
    IPI:IPI00229472.5 VEEQVEDS*DDEEDDDS*H 1406 Rbm28 RNA-binding protein 28 −1.609
    DDEEER{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 NS*PVAKT*PPKDLPAIPGVT 1407 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −1.6
    SPTSDEPPM#QASQSQLPS factor 4E-binding protein 1
    SPEDK
    IPI:IPI00127415.1 LKCGSGPVHISGQHLVAVE 1408 Npm1 Nucleophosmin −1.599
    EDAES*EDEDEEDVK
    IPI:IPI00453837.2 KLPPPPPQAPPEEENES*EP 1409 Kdm1 Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1 −1.587
    EEPSGVEGAAFQSR
    IPI:IPI00319933.4 DGTAPPPQSPSSPGSGQD 1410 Pacsin3 Protein kinase C and casein kinase II −1.565
    EDWS*DEESPR substrate protein 3
    IPI:IPI00125662.2 S*PQVPAAQQMLNFPEK 1411 Smarcc1 Isoform 1 of SWI/SNF complex subunit −1.554
    SMARCC1
    IPI:IPI00230435.1 SLTM#VEDNEDDDEDGEEL 1412 Lmna Isoform C2 of Lamin-A/C −1.546
    LHHHR{circumflex over ( )}VS*GSR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00228748.1 LDR{circumflex over ( )}AS*PDLWPEQLPGVAE 1413 Lin52; Protein lin-52 homolog −1.545
    FAASFK@ Gm7020
    IPI:IPI00622364.4 LPPPFPGMDPESEGAAGAS 1414 Snx1 Sorting nexin-1 −1.535
    EPEAGDSDTEGEDIFTGAA
    AAT*K@PQS*PK@
    IPI:IPI00117689.1 GEATDLLRGS*S*PDVHTLL 1415 Ptrf Polymerase I and transcript release −1.532
    EITEESDAVLVDK factor
    IPI:IPI00117689.1 GEATDLLR{circumflex over ( )}GS*S*PDVHTLL 1416 Ptrf Polymerase I and transcript release −1.532
    EITEESDAVLVDK@ factor
    IPI:IPI00606555.2 KPEPEAGQAEPLS*PRPPP 1417 Rreb1 Isoform 3 of Ras-responsive element- −1.526
    CPTLSVTVEPK binding protein 1
    IPI:IPI00606555.2 KPEPEAGQAEPLS*PRPPP 1418 Rreb1 Isoform 3 of Ras-responsive element- −1.526
    CPTLSVTVEPK binding protein 1
    IPI:IPI00380394.5 IEEPVSM#EMDNHLSDKDE 1419 Ints3 Integrator complex subunit 3 −1.525
    SCYDNAEAAFS*DDEEDLN
    SK
    IPI:IPI00229571.1 IS*SK@S*PGHM#VILNQTK@ 1420 Sltm Isoform 1 of SAFB-like transcription −1.524
    modulator
    IPI:IPI00551082.3 EKPPFLPEEPS*S*SSEEDD 1421 Rbbp6 Isoform 2 of Retinoblastoma-binding −1.522
    PIPDELLCLICK protein 6
    IPI:IPI00468896.7 KGELMENDQDAMEYS*S*E 1422 Ddx46 Isoform 1 of Probable ATP-dependent −1.517
    EEEVDLQTALTGYQTK RNA helicase DDX46
    IPI:IPI00280250.5 VGES*SEDVALEEETIYENE 1423 Sh3pxd2a Isoform 1 of SH3 and PX domain- −1.513
    GFR{circumflex over ( )}PYTEDTLSAR{circumflex over ( )} containing protein 2A
    IPI:IPI00280250.5 VGES*SEDVALEEETIYENE 1424 Sh3pxd2a Isoform 1 of SH3 and PX domain- −1.513
    GFRPYTEDTLSAR containing protein 2A
    IPI:IPI00664670.4 LGS*FGSITR 1425 Flnc Isoform 1 of Filamin-C −1.512
    IPI:IPI00117929.1 STEESLSEDAFTESELS*PIR 1426 Oxr1 Isoform 2 of Oxidation resistance −1.51
    {circumflex over ( )}EELLSSEPR{circumflex over ( )} protein 1
    IPI:IPI00117929.1 STEESLSEDAFTESELS*PIR 1427 Oxr1 Isoform 2 of Oxidation resistance −1.51
    {circumflex over ( )}EELLSSEPR{circumflex over ( )} protein 1
    IPI:IPI00664670.4 LGS*FGSITR{circumflex over ( )} 1428 Flnc Isoform 1 of Filamin-C −1.509
    IPI:IPI00130920.1 AS*LS*PMDEPVPDSESPVE 1429 Mtap1b Microtubule-associated protein 1B −1.509
    K@
    IPI:IPI00113362.2 NSNSYGIPEPAHAY*AQPQT 1430 Crkl Crk-like protein −1.508
    TTPLPTVASTPGAAINPLPS
    TQNGPVFAK
    IPI:IPI00331334.3 VSSAPIPCPS*PSPAPSAVP 1431 Bag3 BAG family molecular chaperone −1.508
    S*PPK regulator 3
    IPI:IPI00331209.1 NSS*FVLPK 1432 Rin2 Isoform 1 of Ras and Rab interactor 2 −1.504
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 GHTQTWPDTSSPEVMQT*Q 1433 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive −1.504
    VES*PLLQSK matrix protein 2
    IPI:IPI00664670.4 LGS*FGSITR{circumflex over ( )} 1434 Flnc Isoform 1 of Filamin-C −1.502
    IPI:IPI00664670.4 LGS*FGSITR 1435 Flnc Isoform 1 of Filamin-C −1.502
    IPI:IPI00664670.4 LGS*FGSITR 1436 Flnc Isoform 1 of Filamin-C −1.502
    IPI:IPI00664670.4 LGS*FGSITR 1437 Flnc lsoform 1 of Filamin-C −1.497
    IPI:IPI00126006.6 TQT*PPLGQTPQLGLK@ 1438 Eif4g2 Isoform 1 of Eukaryotic translation −1.492
    initiation factor 4 gamma 2
    IPI:IPI00113798.2 ATWGDGGDNS*PSNVVSK 1439 Snap23 Synaptosomal-associated protein −1.49
    IPI:IPI00664670.4 LGS*FGSITR{circumflex over ( )} 1440 Flnc Isoform 1 of Filamin-C −1.483
    IPI:IPI00169771.1 EDGIDAVEVAADR{circumflex over ( )}PGS*PR{circumflex over ( )} 1441 BC031781 UPF0667 protein C1orf55 homolog −1.482
    IPI:IPI00169806.3 GMEGLIS*PTEAVGNSCGA 1442 Nek9 Serine/threonine-protein kinase Nek9 −1.478
    SSSCPGWLR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00117932.2 S*PPVQPHTPVTISLGTAPS 1443 Sin3a Isoform 1 of Paired amphipathic helix −1.477
    LQNNQPVEFNHAINYVNK@ protein Sin3a
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 NSGPVSEVNTGFS*PEVK@ 1444 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive −1.475
    matrix protein 2
    IPI:IPI00128062.1 RGQEELEVPVDPLPS*SPA 1445 Snx15 Sorting nexin-15 −1.472
    QEALDLLFSCDSTEEASSSL
    AR
    IPI:IPI00224570.3 GVNFAEEPMRS*DS*ENGE 1446 Prkar2b cAMP-dependent protein kinase type II- −1.468
    EEEAAEAGAFNAPVINR beta regulatory subunit
    IPI:IPI00380722.1 SET*PPVPPPPPYLANYPGF 1447 Bat2 Large proline-rich protein BAT2 −1.463
    PENGTPGPPISR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00330695.5 GLLAQDLQAESSPPAS*PLL 1448 Fam129b Niban-like protein 1 −1.46
    NGAPVQESSQPVAVPEAS*
    PPASPLR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00750546.1 GGGQSS*PQEEPTWK@ 1449 Cwc22 Novel protein −1.452
    IPI:IPI00129356.1 SGS*GMSVISSSSVDQR 1450 Itsn1 Isoform 1 of Intersectin-1 −1.451
    IPI:IPI00753701.3 SPT*LGEDS*DTEVDEDHKP 1451 Mdc1 mediator of DNA damage checkpoint 1 −1.447
    GFADS*ETDVEEER
    IPI:IPI00137730.7 VLTPTQVMNR{circumflex over ( )}PSS*ISWDG 1452 Pebp1 Phosphatidylethanolamine-binding −1.431
    LDPGK@ protein 1
    IPI:IPI00123802.5 NIQQDNSEAGTQPQVQTDG 1453 Hsph1 Isoform HSP105-alpha of Heat shock −1.428
    QQTSQSPPS*PELTSEESK protein 105 kDa
    @TPDADK@
    IPI:IPI00421179.1 EATLPPVS*PPK@ 1454 Eif4g1 Isoform 1 of Eukaryotic translation −1.421
    initiation factor 4 gamma 1
    IPI:IPI00421179.1 EATLPPVS*PPK 1455 Eif4g1 Isoform 1 of Eukaryotic translation −1.421
    initiation factor 4 gamma 1
    IPI:IPI00318006.5 R{circumflex over ( )}IS*WPENSFDFVSK@ 1456 Serhl Serine hydrolase-like protein −1.411
    IPI:IPI00318006.5 R{circumflex over ( )}IS*WPENSFDFVSK@ 1457 Serhl Serine hydrolase-like protein −1.411
    IPI:IPI00125501.1 KAEEAT*PVTALR 1458 Epb4.1l3 Isoform 1 of Band 4.1-like protein 3 −1.408
    IPI:IPI00405665.6 K@IIETM#SS*PK@ 1459 Kif20b Isoform 1 of M-phase phosphoprotein 1 −1.399
    IPI:IPI00405665.6 KIIETM#SS*PK 1460 Kif20b Isoform 1 of M-phase phosphoprotein 1 −1.399
    IPI:IPI00119442.1 M#DTGEVSDIGSQGAPIVLS 1461 Exosc9 Exosome complex exonuclease RRP45 −1.396
    *DS*EEEEMIILEPEK@NPK@
    IPI:IPI00121760.5 LKTEEGEIVYS*AEESENR 1462 Hnrpll Isoform 1 of Heterogeneous nuclear −1.387
    ribonucleoprotein L-like
    IPI:IPI00320208.3 YGPSSVEDTTGSGAADAKD 1463 Eef1b2 Elongation factor 1-beta −1.381
    DDDIDLFGS*DDEEESEEAK
    IPI:IPI00664670.4 LGS*FGSITR{circumflex over ( )} 1464 Flnc Isoform 1 of Filamin-C −1.373
    IPI:IPI00664670.4 LGS*FGSITR 1465 Flnc Isoform 1 of Filamin-C −1.373
    IPI:IPI00125348.2 AEEQLPPLLSPPS*PSTPHSR 1466 Mprip Isoform 1 of Myosin phosphatase Rho- −1.371
    interacting protein
    IPI:IPI00120095.2 DFTKPQDGDIIAPLIT*PLK 1467 Samhd1 SAM domain and HD domain- −1.371
    containing protein 1
    IPI:IPI00756765.3 ALVIQESESPPS*PPPS* 1468 Ehmt2 Euchromatic histone lysine N- −1.368
    PDRR methyltransferase 2
    IPI:IPI00135708.1 RKPVLPALTINPTIAEGPS*P 1469 Map2k2 Dual specificity mitogen-activated −1.365
    TSEGASEANLVDLQK protein kinase kinase 2
    IPI:IPI00317794.5 KEDS*DEDEDEEDEDDS*D 1470 Ncl Nucleolin −1.364
    EDEDDEEEDEFEPPIVK
    IPI:IPI00330695.5 GLLAQDLQAESSPPASPLL 1471 Fam129b Niban-like protein 1 −1.36
    NGAPVQES*S*QPVAVPEAS
    *PPASPLR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00330695.5 GLLAQDLQAES*S*PPASPL 1472 Fam129b Niban-like protein 1 −1.36
    LNGAPVQESSQPVAVPEAS
    *PPASPLR
    IPI:IPI00453800.4 K@PSSS*PDLWK@VS*PDQ 1473 Zfp828 Zinc finger protein 828 −1.358
    R{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00135443.2 AS*PITNDGEDEFVPSDGLD 1474 Top2b DNA topoisomerase 2-beta −1.357
    KDEYAFSSGK
    IPI:IPI00227267.2 EVENEQTPVS*EPEEEKGS 1475 Epb4.1l2 Putative uncharacterized protein −1.357
    QPGPPVER
    IPI:IPI00649691.3 LASEDAALVDDDEES*DTPA 1476 Cc2d1b Coiled-coil and C2 domain-containing −1.353
    QAPLAK@ protein 1B
    IPI:IPI00340860.5 TAS*EGSEAETPEAPK@ 1477 Larp7 Isoform 1 of La-related protein 7 −1.347
    IPI:IPI00320208.3 YGPSSVEDTTGSGAADAKD 1478 Eef1b2 Elongation factor 1-beta −1.336
    DDDIDLFGS*DDEEESEEAK
    IPI:IPI00320208.3 YGPSSVEDTTGSGAADAKD 1479 Eef1b2 Elongation factor 1-beta −1.336
    DDDIDLFGS*DDEEESEEAK
    IPI:IPI00750546.1 GGGQSS*PQEEPTWK 1480 Cwc22 Novel protein −1.327
    IPI:IPI00127415.1 CGSGPVHISGQHLVAVEED 1481 Npm1 Nucleophosmin −1.324
    AES*EDEDEEDVK
    IPI:IPI00123871.2 VHEPPR{circumflex over ( )}EDTVPPK@PVPP 1482 Ncor2 nuclear receptor co-repressor 2 −1.31
    VPPPTQHLQPEGDVSQQS
    GGS*PR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00458583.3 AKS*PQPPVEEEDEHFDDT 1483 Hnrnpu Putative uncharacterized protein −1.308
    VVCLDTYNCDLHFK
    IPI:IPI00124959.1 GPIQTLGHTDESASDKGPT 1484 Mki67 Ki-67 protein −1.306
    QMPCNSLQPEQVDSFQSS*
    PR
    IPI:IPI00664670.4 LGS*FGSITR 1485 Flnc Isoform 1 of Filamin-C −1.29
    IPI:IPI00664670.4 LGS*FGSITR{circumflex over ( )} 1486 Flnc Isoform 1 of Filamin-C −1.289
    IPI:IPI00664670.4 LGS*FGSITR{circumflex over ( )} 1487 Flnc Isoform 1 of Filamin-C −1.289
    IPI:IPI00664670.4 LGS*FGSITR 1488 Flnc Isoform 1 of Filamin-C −1.289
    IPI:IPI00664670.4 LGS*FGSITR 1489 Flnc Isoform 1 of Filamin-C −1.289
    IPI:IPI00270767.3 M#K@ESETFSDSS*PIEIIDE 1490 Rtn4 Isoform 2 of Reticulon-4 −1.286
    FPTFVSAK@
    IPI:IPI00318048.5 SSPKEEVAS*EPEEAASPT* 1491 Nop56 Nucleolar protein 56 −1.284
    TPK
    IPI:IPI00276222.1 LSIMTSENHLNNSDKEVDEV 1492 Fermt2 Fermitin family homolog 2 −1.279
    DAALS*DLEITLEGGK
    IPI:IPI00475055.3 RCPS*T*DPEEAVEDAEGPS 1493 Zfhx3 AT motif binding factor 1 −1.274
    EASADPEELAK
    IPI:IPI00664670.4 LGS*FGSITR{circumflex over ( )} 1494 Flnc Isoform 1 of Filamin-C −1.273
    IPI:IPI00664670.4 LGS*FGSITR 1495 Flnc Isoform 1 of Filamin-C −1.273
    IPI:IPI00664670.4 LGS*FGSITR{circumflex over ( )} 1496 Flnc Isoform 1 of Filamin-C −1.273
    IPI:IPI00664670.4 LGS*FGSITR 1497 Flnc Isoform 1 of Filamin-C −1.273
    IPI:IPI00664670.4 LGS*FGSITR{circumflex over ( )} 1498 Flnc Isoform 1 of Filamin-C −1.273
    IPI:IPI00664670.4 LGS*FGSITR 1499 Flnc Isoform 1 of Filamin-C −1.273
    IPI:IPI00664670.4 LGS*FGSITR{circumflex over ( )} 1500 Flnc Isoform 1 of Filamin-C −1.272
    IPI:IPI00127415.1 CGSGPVHISGQHLVAVEED 1501 Npm1 Nucleophosmin −1.271
    AES*EDEDEEDVK@
    IPI:IPI00121277.1 VAAAAGSGPS*PPCS*PGH 1502 Pi4k2a Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2- −1.266
    DR alpha
    IPI:IPI00121277.1 VAAAAGSGPS*PPCS*PGH 1503 Pi4k2a Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2- −1.266
    DR{circumflex over ( )} alpha
    IPI:IPI00317794.5 K@EDS*DEDEDEEDEDDS* 1504 Ncl Nucleolin −1.255
    DEDEDDEEEDEFEPPIVK@
    IPI:IPI00270767.3 VVKEDGVM#S*PEK 1505 Rtn4 Isoform 2 of Reticulon-4 −1.252
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 NS*PVAKT*PPKDLPAIPGVT 1506 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −1.238
    SPTSDEPPM#QASQSQLPS factor 4E-binding protein 1
    SPEDK
    IPI:IPI00114352.1 VNHEPEPASGAS*PGATIPK 1507 Bin1 Isoform 1 of Myc box-dependent- −1.237
    @S*PSQLR{circumflex over ( )} interacting protein 1
    IPI:IPI00114352.1 VNHEPEPASGAS*PGATIPK 1508 Bin1 Isoform 1 of Myc box-dependent- −1.237
    S*PSQLR interacting protein 1
    IPI:IPI00110435.2 TPS*PEPVDK@DFYSEFGD 1509 Nisch Isoform 1 of Nischarin −1.229
    K@
    IPI:IPI00127415.1 CGSGPVHISGQHLVAVEED 1510 Npm1 Nucleophosmin −1.226
    AES*EDEDEEDVK@
    IPI:IPI00127415.1 CGSGPVHISGQHLVAVEED 1511 Npm1 Nucleophosmin −1.226
    AES*EDEDEEDVK@
    IPI:IPI00132386.1 ANS*TSDSMFTETPSPVLK@ 1512 Cdc42ep3 Cdc42 effector protein 3 −1.225
    IPI:IPI00131999.2 FELLPTPPLSPS*RR 1513 Myc myc proto-oncogene protein −1.219
    IPI:IPI00282957.4 EPAAPAS*PAPS*PVPSPT*P 1514 Mtap7d1 Isoform 1 of MAP7 domain-containing −1.217
    AQPQK protein 1
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 NS*PVAKT*PPKDLPAIPGVT 1515 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −1.212
    SPTSDEPPMQASQSQLPSS factor 4E-binding protein 1
    PEDK
    IPI:IPI00226220.2 TFS*LDAAPADHSLGPSR{circumflex over ( )} 1516 Rtkn Isoform 1 of Rhotekin −1.207
    IPI:IPI00318938.6 NS*PVAKT*PPKDLPAIPGVT 1517 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation −1.203
    SPTSDEPPM#QASQSQLPS factor 4E-binding protein 1
    SPEDK
    IPI:IPI00664670.4 LGS*FGS*ITR{circumflex over ( )} 1518 Flnc Isoform 1 of Filamin-C −1.194
    IPI:IPI00473912.4 NSTHSNLHTS*LGNS*VWG 1519 Gigyf2 Isoform 1 of PERQ amino acid-rich with −1.193
    SINT*GPS*NQWASELVSSI GYF domain-containing protein 2
    WSNADTK
    IPI:IPI00227380.1 TRS*EPLPPSATASPLLAPL 1520 Hdac7 Isoform 4 of Histone deacetylase 7 −1.178
    QPR
    IPI:IPI00119442.1 M#DTGEVSDIGSQGAPIVLS 1521 Exosc9 Exosome complex exonuclease RRP45 −1.177
    *DS*EEEEMIILEPEK@NPK@
    IPI:IPI00119442.1 M#DTGEVSDIGSQGAPIVLS 1522 Exosc9 Exosome complex exonuclease RRP45 −1.177
    *DS*EEEEMIILEPEKNPK
    IPI:IPI00119442.1 MDTGEVSDIGSQGAPIVLS* 1523 Exosc9 Exosome complex exonuclease RRP45 −1.177
    DS*EEEEM#IILEPEKNPK
    IPI:IPI00221882.1 DHNS*EDEDEDKYADDIDM 1524 Slu7 Pre-mRNA-splicing factor SLU7 −1.167
    #PGQNFDSK
    IPI:IPI00675346.2 R{circumflex over ( )}QSGT*DLQEDVIVR{circumflex over ( )} 1525 Myo9a Isoform 2 of Myosin-IXa −1.166
    IPI:IPI00125319.1 TTS*FAESCKPVQQPSAFG 1526 Gsk3b Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta −1.165
    SMK
    IPI:IPI00654192.2 SLS*FSEPQQPPPTVK 1527 Zfp395 zinc finger protein 395 −1.165
    IPI:IPI00128975.3 DKDDQEWEST*SPPKPTVFI 1528 Dap Death-associated protein 1 −1.165
    SGVIAR
    IPI:IPI00330897.1 S*PVVITIDS*DS* 1529 Topors E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Topors −1.161
    DGESEVK@
    IPI:IPI00330133.2 INDELEGLGLEGGS*EGEAPR 1530 Bend3 BEN domain-containing protein 3 −1.159
    IPI:IPI00330133.2 INDELEGLGLEGGS*EGEAPR 1531 Bend3 BEN domain-containing protein 3 −1.159
    IPI:IPI00127415.1 CGSGPVHISGQHLVAVEED 1532 Npm1 Nucleophosmin −1.157
    AES*EDEDEEDVK@
    IPI:IPI00127415.1 CGSGPVHISGQHLVAVEED 1533 Npm1 Nucleophosmin −1.157
    AES*EDEDEEDVK
    IPI:IPI00314749.2 ISENYS*DKSDVENADESSS 1534 Slc4a4 Isoform 1 of Electrogenic sodium −1.156
    SILKPLISPAAER bicarbonate cotransporter 1
    IPI:IPI00123709.1 GPSEAPQEAEAEEGATS*D 1535 Akap12 Isoform 1 of A-kinase anchor protein 12 −1.154
    GEK
    IPI:IPI00321774.2 HLLTDLPLPPELPGGDPS*P 1536 Crkrs Isoform 2 of Cell division cycle 2- −1.15
    PDS*PEPK related protein kinase 7
    IPI:IPI00420601.5 SDLIEDEELEDTGKGS*EDE 1537 Usp10 Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase −1.149
    WEQVGPK 10
    IPI:IPI00421179.1 EATLPPVS*PPK@ 1538 Eif4g1 Isoform 1 of Eukaryotic translation −1.146
    initiation factor 4 gamma 1
    IPI:IPI00269136.2 KGLVAASGS*DS*EDEDSM 1539 Tgif1 Isoform 1 of Homeobox protein TGIF1 −1.143
    DSPLDLSSSAASGK
    IPI:IPI00221581.1 TGS*ESSQTGASATSGR 1540 Eif4b Eukaryotic translation initiation −1.142
    factor 4B
    IPI:IPI00756765.3 ALVIQESESPPS*PPPS*PDR 1541 Ehmt2 Euchromatic histone lysine N- −1.141
    {circumflex over ( )}R{circumflex over ( )} methyltransferase 2
    IPI:IPI00137668.1 M#LPHAPGVQM#QAIPEDA 1542 Hdac2 Histone deacetylase 2 −1.123
    VHEDS*GDEDGEDPDKR
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 IHTTALTGQS*PPLASGHQG 1543 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive −1.123
    EGDAPSVEPGATNIQQPSS* matrix protein 2
    PAPSTK@
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 IHTTALTGQS*PPLASGHQG 1544 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive −1.123
    EGDAPSVEPGATNIQQPSS* matrix protein 2
    PAPSTK
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 IHTTALTGQSPPLASGHQG 1545 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive −1.123
    EGDAPS*VEPGATNIQQPSS matrix protein 2
    *PAPSTK
    IPI:IPI00339428.9 MSSHT*ETSSFLQTLTGR{circumflex over ( )} 1546 Dock7 Isoform 2 of Dedicator of cytokinesis −1.12
    protein 7
    IPI:IPI00339428.9 MS*SHTETSSFLQTLTGR{circumflex over ( )} 1547 Dock7 Isoform 2 of Dedicator of cytokinesis −1.12
    protein 7
    IPI:IPI00339428.9 MS*SHTETSSFLQTLTGR 1548 Dock7 Isoform 2 of Dedicator of cytokinesis −1.12
    protein 7
    IPI:IPI00127415.1 CGSGPVHISGQHLVAVEED 1549 Npm1 Nucleophosmin −1.119
    AES*EDEDEEDVK@
    IPI:IPI00127415.1 CGSGPVHISGQHLVAVEED 1550 Npm1 Nucleophosmin −1.119
    AES*EDEDEEDVK@
    IPI:IPI00331361.2 S*PSLLQSGVK 1551 Mybbp1a Myb-binding protein 1A −1.116
    IPI:IPI00309059.7 ST*S*PIIGSPPVR{circumflex over ( )} 1552 Patl1 Protein PAT1 homolog 1 −1.115
    IPI:IPI00339428.9 MSSHTETS*SFLQTLTGR{circumflex over ( )} 1553 Dock7 Isoform 2 of Dedicator of cytokinesis −1.114
    protein 7
    IPI:IPI00123747.1 LPS*M#GDQEPPGQEK 1554 Slc7a11 Cystine/glutamate transporter −1.114
    IPI:IPI00322095.4 IDEPNTPYHNMIGDDEDAYS 1555 Ppp1r2 Putative uncharacterized protein −1.107
    DS*EGNEVM#TPDILAK
    IPI:IPI00135379.3 LSEGEPGPVAAGEQLSEHP 1556 Myo9b Isoform 1 of Myosin-IXb −1.106
    VEDPESLGVEAETWMNKS*
    PDGMS*PK
    IPI:IPI00125319.1 TTS*FAESCKPVQQPSAFG 1557 Gsk3b Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta −1.105
    SMK
    IPI:IPI00125319.1 TTS*FAESCK@PVQQPSAF 1558 Gsk3b Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta −1.105
    GSMK@
    IPI:IPI00125319.1 TTS*FAESCKPVQQPSAFG 1559 Gsk3b Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta −1.103
    SMK
    IPI:IPI00320208.3 YGPSSVEDTTGSGAADAKD 1560 Eef1b2 Elongation factor 1-beta −1.102
    DDDIDLFGS*DDEEESEEAKK
    IPI:IPI00331361.2 SPAPSNPTLS*PS*TPAK@T 1561 Mybbp1a Myb-binding protein 1A −1.101
    PK@
    IPI:IPI00331361.2 SPAPSNPTLS*PST*PAKTPK 1562 Mybbp1a Myb-binding protein 1A −1.101
    IPI:IPI00668709.2 SSS*APNVHINTI 1563 Braf B-Raf protein −1.097
    EPVNIDDLIR
    IPI:IPI00462466.6 K@LDES*PVLK@PEFIGHD 1564 Setd2 SET domain containing 2 −1.096
    GR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00462466.6 KLDES*PVLKPEFIGHDGR 1565 Setd2 SET domain containing 2 −1.096
    IPI:IPI00108389.5 LLDGPTGS*S*EEEEEFLEIP 1566 Trp53bp1 Transformation related protein 53 −1.094
    PFNK binding protein 1
    IPI:IPI00668709.2 SSS*APNVHINTIEP 1567 Braf B-Raf protein −1.088
    VNIDDLIR
    IPI:IPI00225062.2 DGSGT*PSRHSLS*GSS*PG 1568 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive −1.081
    M#KDTPQT*PSR matrix protein 2
    IPI:IPI00135971.1 VQIPVSHPDPEPVS*DNEDD 1569 Tjp1 Tight junction protein ZO-1 −1.08
    S*YDEEVHDPR
    IPI:IPI00127415.1 CGSGPVHISGQHLVAVEED 1570 Npm1 Nucleophosmin −1.077
    AES*EDEDEEDVK
    IPI:IPI00111169.1 HIVSNDSSDS*DDEAQGPK@ 1571 Pla2g4a Cytosolic phospholipase A2 −1.072
    IPI:IPI00225670.1 EVHDELEDLPS*PPPPLSPP 1572 Gphn Gephyrin −1.07
    PT*TSPHK
    IPI:IPI00225670.1 EVHDELEDLPS*PPPPLS*P 1573 Gphn Gephyrin −1.07
    PPTTSPHK@
    IPI:IPI00123709.1 AEDS*GAEQLASEIEPSR 1574 Akap12 Isoform 1 of A-kinase anchor protein 12 −1.067
    IPI:IPI00123709.1 AEDS*GAEQLASEIEPSR 1575 Akap12 Isoform 1 of A-kinase anchor protein 12 −1.067
    IPI:IPI00454109.2 S*PPACSSSSSSLFSAVVAR{circumflex over ( )} 1576 Erf ETS domain-containing transcription −1.066
    factor ERF
    IPI:IPI00313517.1 GPPS*EDEGMDIHFEEGVLS 1577 −1.066
    PSAADMR{circumflex over ( )}PEPPNSLDLNG
    SHPR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00313517.1 GPPS*EDEGMDIHFEEGVLS 1578 −1.066
    PSAADMRPEPPNSLDLNGS
    HPR
    IPI:IPI00311375.6 S*GITSLLFGEDDLEALK 1579 Sgsm3 small G protein signaling modulator 3 −1.061
    IPI:IPI00311490.4 VLS*DS*EEEEKDADVPGTS 1580 Phip PH-interacting protein −1.059
    TR
    IPI:IPI00553798.2 GHYEVT*GSDDEAGKLQGS 1581 Ahnak AHNAK nucleoprotein isoform 1 −1.057
    GVSLASK
    IPI:IPI00553798.2 GHYEVTGS*DDEAGK@LQ 1582 Ahnak AHNAK nucleoprotein isoform 1 −1.057
    GSGVSLASK@
    IPI:IPI00336281.1 RDSICS*SVSMESSLAEPQD 1583 Golga3 Isoform 1 of Golgin subfamily A −1.056
    ELLQILK member 3
    IPI:IPI00229859.1 ALENGEADEPS*FS*DPEDF 1584 Eif3b Eif3b protein −1.053
    VDDVSEEELLGDVLK
    IPI:IPI00668709.2 DRSSS*APNVHINTIEPVNID 1585 Braf B-Raf protein −1.048
    DLIR
    IPI:IPI00668709.2 DR{circumflex over ( )}SSS*APNVHINTIEPVNI 1586 Braf B-Raf protein −1.048
    DDLIR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00125319.1 T*TSFAESCKPVQQPSAFG 1587 Gsk3b Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta −1.047
    SMK
    IPI:IPI00135660.5 RGNNSAVGS*NADLT*IEED 1588 Sdpr Serum deprivation-response protein −1.046
    EEEEPVALQQAQQVR
    IPI:IPI00339428.9 MSS*HTETSSFLQTLTGR 1589 Dock7 Isoform 2 of Dedicator of cytokinesis −1.042
    protein 7
    IPI:IPI00127415.1 CGSGPVHISGQHLVAVEED 1590 Npm1 Nucleophosmin −1.039
    AES*EDEDEEDVK
    IPI:IPI00115660.1 GPILAT*PGK@ 1591 Tcof1 Treacle protein −1.038
    IPI:IPI00115660.1 GPILAT*PGK 1592 Tcof1 Treacle protein −1.038
    IPI:IPI00115660.1 GPILAT*PGK 1593 Tcof1 Treacle protein −1.038
    IPI:IPI00115660.1 GPILAT*PGK@ 1594 Tcof1 Treacle protein −1.038
    IPI:IPI00230704.4 KES*APQVLLPEEEK 1595 Arhgef7 Isoform C of Rho guanine nucleotide −1.036
    exchange factor 7
    IPI:IPI00320422.3 LQEEGGS*EEEEAGNPSED 1596 Pwp1 Periodic tryptophan protein 1 homolog −1.035
    GM#QSGPTQAPPR
    IPI:IPI00270767.3 VVKEDGVM#S*PEK 1597 Rtn4 Isoform 2 of Reticulon-4 −1.035
    IPI:IPI00331306.7 ARQPSQADTGEEDSDEDY* 1598 Sh3bp2 SH3-domain binding protein 2 isoform c −1.034
    EKVPLPNSVFVNTTESCEV
    ER
    IPI:IPI00137864.1 YDLSNQDHIMDAPPLS*PFP 1599 Rbl1 Isoform Long of Retinoblastoma-like −1.03
    HIK@ protein 1
    IPI:IPI00137864.1 YDLSNQDHIMDAPPLS*PFP 1600 Rbl1 Isoform Long of Retinoblastoma-like −1.03
    HIK protein 1
    IPI:IPI00320208.3 YGPSSVEDTTGSGAADAK 1601 Eef1b2 Elongation factor 1-beta −1.028
    @DDDDIDLFGS*DDEEESE
    EAK@K@
    IPI:IPI00404545.2 SLS*S*PTVTLSAPLEGAK 1602 Nedd4l Isoform 3 of E3 ubiquitin-protein −1.027
    ligase NEDD4-like
    IPI:IPI00127764.2 VIEDEDGAAAAATVSNSEET 1603 Pcm1 Isoform 1 of Pericentriolar material 1 −1.024
    PIIENHNS*PQPISDVSAVPC protein
    PR{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00131884.1 TT*PAPS*PGS*ANESFFAPS 1604 Mid1ip1 Mid1-interacting protein 1 −1.024
    R{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00131884.1 TT*PAPS*PGS*ANESFFAPS 1605 Mid1ip1 Mid1-interacting protein 1 −1.024
    R{circumflex over ( )}
    IPI:IPI00131884.1 TT*PAPS*PGS*ANESF 1606 Mid1ip1 Mid1-interacting protein 1 −1.024
    FAPSR
    IPI:IPI00400381.9 LGST*GS*QPNSEAEPGPEH 1607 Phactr4 Isoform 1 of Phosphatase and actin −1.02
    APK regulator 4
    IPI:IPI00127415.1 CGSGPVHISGQHLVAVEED 1608 Npm1 Nucleophosmin −1.018
    AES*EDEDEEDVK
    IPI:IPI00756765.3 ALVIQESESPPS*PPPS*PDR 1609 Ehmt2 Euchromatic histone lysine N- −1.017
    {circumflex over ( )}R{circumflex over ( )} methyltransferase 2
    IPI:IPI00136917.5 TDQEGLNASQPT*PPPLPK@ 1610 C230081A13Rik Tyrosine-protein kinase-protein kinase −1.016
    IPI:IPI00127415.1 CGSGPVHISGQHLVAVEED 1611 Npm1 Nucleophosmin −1.015
    AES*EDEDEEDVK
    IPI:IPI00453673.4 RAS*DGGANIQLHAQQLLK 1612 BC033915 serine/threonine-protein kinase QSK −1.015
    IPI:IPI00453837.2 KLPPPPPQAPPEEENES*EP 1613 Kdm1 Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1 −1.014
    EEPSGVEGAAFQSR
    IPI:IPI00227900.1 FKGPGDTSNFDDYEEEEIR 1614 Prkaca Isoform 2 of cAMP-dependent protein −1.01
    VS*INEK kinase catalytic subunit alpha
    IPI:IPI00125662.2 VDPTYGLESSCIAGTGPDE 1615 Smarcc1 Isoform 1 of SWI/SNF complex subunit −1.007
    PEK@LEGS*EEEK@M#ETD SMARCC1
    PDGQQPEK@
    IPI:IPI00677756.1 KLS*FSMPR 1616 Ahnak2 Putative uncharacterized protein −1.006
    IPI:IPI00395213.1 LDFLPEMMVDHCS*LNSSP 1617 Cugbp1 Isoform 4 of CUG-BP- and ETR-3-like −1.002
    VSK@K@ factor 1
    Table 8. Gene names and sequences of the phosphopeptides whose intensities decrease after Ku-0063794 treatment. Note that the light cells were treated with rapamycin and serve as controls whereas the heavy cells were treated with a combination of rapamycin and Ku-0063794.
  • Table 9(a)
    SEQ ID Gene
    ID Reference Ascore Seq NO Name Annotation Class
     1 IPI:IPI00121418.1 DGEGPDNLEPACPLSLPLQ 1618 Rb1 Retinoblastoma-associated 1
    GNHTAADMYLS*PLRS*PK protein
     2 IPI:IPI00221581.1 TGS*ESS*QTGASATSGR 1619 Eif4b Eukaryotic translation initiation 1
    factor 4B
     3 IPI:IPI00929786.1 T*ASISSS*PSEGTPAVGSY 1620 Larp1 Isoform 1 of La-related protein 1 1
    GCT*PQS*LPK@
     4 IPI:IPI00929786.1 T*ASISSS*PSEGTPAVGSY* 1621 Larp1 Isoform 1 of La-related protein 1 1
    GCT*PQSLPK@
     5 IPI:IPI00929786.1 T*ASISSS*PSEGTPAVGS*Y 1622 Larp1 Isoform 1 of La-related protein 1 1
    GCTPQSLPK@
     6 IPI:IPI00317401.6 AES*PETSAVESTQST*PQK@ 1623 Pds5b Isoform 1 of Sister chromatid 1
    cohesion protein PDS5 homolog B
     7 IPI:IPI00107958.1 TSDIFGS*PVTATAPLAHPN 1624 Hn1l Hematological and neurological 1
    K@PK@ expressed 1-like protein
     8 IPI:IPI00108454.2 R{circumflex over ( )}LS*S*LR{circumflex over ( )} 1625 Rps6 29 kDa protein 1
     9 IPI:IPI00225062.2 R{circumflex over ( )}SSS*ELS*PEVVEK@ 1626 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine 1
    repetitive matrix protein 2
    10 IPI:IPI00761759.1 S*SS*GS*EHSTEGSVSLGD 1627 Larp4 Putative uncharacterized protein 1
    GPLSR{circumflex over ( )}
    11 IPI:IPI00761759.1 SSS*GSEHS*T*EGSVSLGD 1628 Larp4 Putative uncharacterized protein 1
    GPLSR{circumflex over ( )}
    12 IPI:IPI00225062.2 RSS*SELS*PEVVEK 1629 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine 1
    repetitive matrix protein 2
    13 IPI:IPI00122594.4 TTPLAS*PSLS*PGR{circumflex over ( )} 1630 Ahctf1 AT-hook-containing transcription 1
    factor 1
    14 IPI:IPI00136107.1 THS*TSS*S*IGSGESPFSR{circumflex over ( )} 1631 Ndrg3 Protein NDRG3 1
    15 IPI:IPI00136107.1 THS*TSSS*IGSGESPFSR{circumflex over ( )} 1632 Ndrg3 Protein NDRG3 1
    16 IPI:IPI00136107.1 THS*TSS*SIGSGESPFSR{circumflex over ( )} 1633 Ndrg3 Protein NDRG3 1
    17 IPI:IPI00136107.1 THS*TSSSIGSGESPFSR{circumflex over ( )} 1634 Ndrg3 Protein NDRG3 1
    18 IPI:IPI00136107.1 T*HST*SSS*IGSGESPFSR{circumflex over ( )} 1635 Ndrg3 Protein NDRG3 1
    19 IPI:IPI00136107.1 THST*SSS*IGSGESPFSR{circumflex over ( )} 1636 Ndrg3 Protein NDRG3 1
    20 IPI:IPI00136107.1 THSTSS*S*IGSGESPFSR{circumflex over ( )} 1637 Ndrg3 Protein NDRG3 1
    21 IPI:IPI00136107.1 T*HSTSSSIGS*GESPFSR{circumflex over ( )} 1638 Ndrg3 Protein NDRG3 1
    22 IPI:IPI00136107.1 THST*SSSIGSGESPFSR{circumflex over ( )} 1639 Ndrg3 Protein NDRG3 1
    23 IPI:IPI00551454.3 ER{circumflex over ( )}QES*ESEQELVNK@ 1640 Pdcd11 Protein RRP5 homolog 1
    24 IPI:IPI00117229.3 TS*PAGGTWSSVVSGVPR 1641 Atxn2 ataxin 2 1
    25 IPI:IPI00348442.1 SK@FDS*DEEDEDAENLEA 1642 Sfrs18 splicing factor arginine/serine-rich 1
    VSSGK@ 18
    26 IPI:IPI00556837.1 DTVIIVS*EPS*EDEESHDLP 1643 Smarcad1 Isoform 1 of SWI/SNF-related 1
    SVTR matrix-associated actin-
    dependent regulator of chromatin
    subfamily A containing DEAD/H
    box
    1
    27 IPI:IPI00153986.2 GTS*RPGT*PSAEAASTSST 1644 Gtf2f1 General transcription factor IIF 1
    LR subunit 1
    28 IPI:IPI00225062.2 GCS*PPKS*PEKPPQSTSS* 1645 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine 1
    ESCPPSPQPTK repetitive matrix protein 2
    29 IPI:IPI00128904.1 VMTIPYQPMPASS*PVICAG 1646 Pcbp1 Poly(rC)-binding protein 1 1
    GQDR
    30 IPI:IPI00121251.7 LSTTPS*PTNS*LHEDGVDD 1647 Tox4 TOX high mobility group box 1
    FRR family member 4
    31 IPI:IPI00320594.5 SQPHSSTSNQETS*DS*EM 1648 Ranbp10 Ran-binding protein 10 1
    EMEAEHYPNGVLESVSTR{circumflex over ( )}
    32 IPI:IPI00808277.2 SAPAS*PNHAGVLSAHSSG 1649 Foxk2 Isoform 1 of Forkhead box 1
    AQT*PES*LSR{circumflex over ( )} protein K2
    33 IPI:IPI00137166.1 SR{circumflex over ( )}DAT*PPVS*PINMEDQE 1650 Junb Transcription factor jun-B 1
    R{circumflex over ( )}
    34 IPI:IPI00454104.1 TTEAPCSPGS*QQPPS*PD 1651 Scrib Isoform 1 of Protein LAP4 1
    ELPANVK@
    35 IPI:IPI00225062.2 GCS*PPK@S*PEK@PPQST 1652 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine 1
    SSESCPPS*PQPTK@ repetitive matrix protein 2
    36 IPI:IPI00153986.2 GTSR{circumflex over ( )}PGT*PS*AEAASTSS 1653 Gtf2f1 General transcription factor IIF 1
    TLR{circumflex over ( )} subunit 1
    37 IPI:IPI00753321.2 SVSET*SEDK@K@DEES*D 1654 Bod1l biorientation of chromosomes in 1
    EEEEEEEEEEPLGATTR{circumflex over ( )} cell division 1-like
    38 IPI:IPI00153986.2 GT*SR{circumflex over ( )}PGT*PSAEAASTSS 1655 Gtf2f1 General transcription factor IIF 1
    TLR{circumflex over ( )} subunit 1
    39 IPI:IPI00153986.2 GTS*R{circumflex over ( )}PGTPS*AEAASTSS 1656 Gtf2f1 General transcription factor IIF 1
    TLR{circumflex over ( )} subunit 1
    40 IPI:IPI00929786.1 TASIS*S*SPSEGTPAVGSY 1657 Larp1 Isoform 1 of La-related protein 1 1
    GCT*PQSLPK@
    41 IPI:IPI00929786.1 TAS*ISSS*PSEGTPAVGSY 1658 Larp1 Isoform 1 of La-related protein 1 1
    GCT*PQS*LPK@
    42 IPI:IPI00130920.1 RSES*PFEGK 1659 Mtap1b Microtubule-associated protein 1
    1B
    43 IPI:IPI00336973.2 GLNLDGTPALSTLGGFS*PA 1660 Ccnl1 Isoform 1 of Cyclin-L1 1
    SK@PS*SPR{circumflex over ( )}
    44 IPI:IPI00336973.2 GLNLDGTPALSTLGGFS*PA 1661 Ccnl1 Isoform 1 of Cyclin-L1 1
    S*KPSSPR
    45 IPI:IPI00336973.2 GLNLDGT*PALSTLGGFS*P 1662 Ccnl1 Isoform 1 of Cyclin-L1 1
    ASK@PS*SPR{circumflex over ( )}
    46 IPI:IPI00336973.2 GLNLDGTPALSTLGGFSPA 1663 Ccnl1 Isoform 1 of Cyclin-L1 1
    S*K@PS*SPR{circumflex over ( )}
    47 IPI:IPI00379844.4 TAS*EGDGGAAGGAGTAG 1664 Irs2 Insulin receptor substrate 2 1
    GR{circumflex over ( )}PMSVAGS*PLS*PGPV
    R{circumflex over ( )}
    48 IPI:IPI00336973.2 GLNLDGTPALSTLGGFS*PA 1665 Ccnl1 Isoform 1 of Cyclin-L1 1
    SKPSS*PR
    49 IPI:IPI00336973.2 GLNLDGT*PALSTLGGFS*P 1666 Ccnl1 Isoform 1 of Cyclin-L1 1
    ASKPSS*PR
    50 IPI:IPI00656285.2 SLVS*PIPS*PTGTISVPNSC 1667 Foxk1 Forkhead box protein K1 1
    PAS*PR{circumflex over ( )}
    51 IPI:IPI00656285.2 SLVSPIPSPT*GT*ISVPNSC 1668 Foxk1 Forkhead box protein K1 1
    PAS*PR
    52 IPI:IPI00454104.1 TTEAPCS*PGSQQPPS*PD 1669 Scrib Isoform 1 of Protein LAP4 1
    ELPANVK@
    53 IPI:IPI00753321.2 S*VSETSEDK@K@DEES*D 1670 Bod1l biorientation of chromosomes in 1
    EEEEEEEEEEPLGATTR{circumflex over ( )} cell division 1-like
    54 IPI:IPI00753321.2 SVSETS*EDK@K@DEES*D 1671 Bod1l biorientation of chromosomes in 1
    EEEEEEEEEEPLGATTR{circumflex over ( )} cell division 1-like
    55 IPI:IPI00313307.3 SYQNS*PSS*EDGIR{circumflex over ( )}PLPE 1672 Med1 Isoform 4 of Mediator of RNA 1
    YSTEK@ polymerase II transcription
    subunit
    1
    56 IPI:IPI00225062.2 GCS*PPK@S*PEK@PPQS* 1673 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine 1
    TSSESCPPSPQPTK@ repetitive matrix protein 2
    57 IPI:IPI00318938.6 NS*PVAK@TPPK@DLPAIP 1674 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation 1
    GVTSPTS*DEPPMQASQSQ factor 4E-binding protein 1
    LPSSPEDK@
    58 IPI:IPI00130920.1 SLMSS*PEDLTK@DFEELK 1675 MtaP1b Microtubule-associated protein 1
    @AEEIDVAK@ 1B
    59 IPI:IPI00553798.2 SS*EVVLS*GDDEDYQR{circumflex over ( )} 1676 Ahnak AHNAK nucleoprotein isoform 1 1
    60 IPI:IPI00129264.1 ATSR{circumflex over ( )}PINLGPSS*PNTEIH 1677 Sorbs3 Vinexin 1
    WTPYR{circumflex over ( )}
    61 IPI:IPI00129264.1 ATSRPINLGPS*SPNTEIHW 1678 Sorbs3 Vinexin 1
    TPYR
    62 IPI:IPI00123410.5 TIS*AQDTLAYATALLNEK@ 1679 Usp24 Isoform 1 of Ubiquitin carboxyl- 1
    terminal hydrolase 24
    63 IPI:IPI00226441.2 LHYT*PPLQS*PIT*DGDPLL 1680 Lin9 Isoform 2 of Lin-9 homolog 1
    GQS*PWR{circumflex over ( )}
    64 IPI:IPI00309059.7 STS*PIIGS*PPVR{circumflex over ( )} 1681 Patl1 Protein PAT1 homolog 1 1
    65 IPI:IPI00336713.1 CS*PVPGLSSS*PSGSPLHG 1682 Bcas3 Isoform 1 of Breast carcinoma- 1
    K@ amplified sequence 3 homolog
    66 IPI:IPI00320905.7 LGEQGPEPGPT*PPQTPT* 1683 Arhgap17 Isoform 1 of Rho GTPase- 1
    PPS*TPPLAK activating protein 17
    67 IPI:IPI00309059.7 R{circumflex over ( )}S*TS*PIIGS*PPVR{circumflex over ( )} 1684 Patl1 Protein PAT1 homolog 1 1
    68 IPI:IPI00309059.7 RSTS*PIIGS*PPVR 1685 Patl1 Protein PAT1 homolog 1 1
    69 IPI:IPI00309059.7 ST*S*PIIGS*PPVR{circumflex over ( )} 1686 Patl1 Protein PAT1 homolog 1 1
    70 IPI:IPI00317599.3 SQEDEEEIST*SPGVSEFVS 1687 Syap1 Synapse-associated protein 1 1
    DAFDTCSLNQEDLRK
    71 IPI:IPI00317599.3 SQEDEEEISTS*PGVSEFVS 1688 Syap1 Synapse-associated protein 1 1
    DAFDTCSLNQEDLRK
    72 IPI:IPI00656285.2 SLVS*PIPSPT*GTISVPNS* 1689 Foxk1 Forkhead box protein K1 1
    CPASPR{circumflex over ( )}
    73 IPI:IPI00676574.2 RVS*TDLPEGQDVYTAACN 1690 Herc1 hect (homologous to the E6-AP 1
    SVIHR (UBE3A) carboxyl terminus)
    domain and RCC1 (CHC1)-like
    domain (RLD) 1
    74 IPI:IPI00458958.2 DWDK@ES*EGEEPAGGR{circumflex over ( )} 1691 Rrp15 RRP15-like protein 2
    75 IPI:IPI00230719.8 R{circumflex over ( )}DS*SDDWEIPDGQITVGQ 1692 Braf Isoform 1 of B-Raf proto- 2
    R{circumflex over ( )} oncogene serine/threonine-
    protein kinase
    76 IPI:IPI00318938.6 VALGDGVQLPPGDYSTT*P 1693 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation 2
    GGTLFSTTPGGT*R factor 4E-binding protein 1
    77 IPI:IPI00874995.2 AS*DDLGEPDVFATAPFR 1694 Aak1 Uncharacterized protein 2
    FLJ45252 homolog
    78 IPI:IPI00318938.6 VALGDGVQLPPGDYSTT*P 1695 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation 2
    GGTLFSTT*PGGTR{circumflex over ( )} factor 4E-binding protein 1
    79 IPI:IPI00318938.6 VALGDGVQLPPGDYSTTPG 1696 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation 2
    GT*LFSTT*PGGTR factor 4E-binding protein 1
    80 IPI:IPI00318938.6 VALGDGVQLPPGDYS*TTP 1697 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation 2
    GGTLFSTT*PGGTR{circumflex over ( )} factor 4E-binding protein 1
    81 IPI:IPI00323045.3 S*MDVDLNQAHMEDTPK@ 1698 Melk Maternal embryonic leucine 2
    zipper kinase
    82 IPI:IPI00623284.4 IWDPTPS*HTPAGAAT*PGR 1699 Sf3b1 Splicing factor 3B subunit 1 2
    GDT*PGHAT*PGHGGATSS
    AR
    83 IPI:IPI00125960.1 TAS*GSS*VTSLEGTR 1700 Ndrg1 Protein NDRG1 2
    84 IPI:IPI00318938.6 R{circumflex over ( )}VALGDGVQLPPGDYSTT 1701 Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation 2
    *PGGTLFSTT*PGGTR{circumflex over ( )} factor 4E-binding protein 1
    85 IPI:IPI00229571.1 IS*SK@S*PGHMVILNQTK@ 1702 Sltm Isoform 1 of SAFB-like 2
    transcription modulator
    86 IPI:IPI00120095.2 DFTK@PQDGDIIAPLIT*PLK@ 1703 Samhd1 SAM domain and HD domain- 2
    containing protein 1
    87 IPI:IPI00340860.5 T*AS*EGSEAETPEAPK 1704 Larp7 Isoform 1 of La-related protein 7 2
    88 IPI:IPI00664670.4 LGS*FGSITR{circumflex over ( )} 1705 Flnc Isoform 1 of Filamin-C 2
    89 IPI:IPI00654192.2 SLS*FSEPQQPPPTVK@ 1706 Zfp395 zinc finger protein 395 2
    90 IPI:IPI00225062.2 IHTTALTGQS*PPLASGHQG 1707 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine 2
    EGDAPSVEPGATNIQQPSS repetitive matrix protein 2
    *PAPSTK
    91 IPI:IPI00225062.2 IHTTALTGQS*PPLASGHQG 1708 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine 2
    EGDAPSVEPGATNIQQPSS repetitive matrix protein 2
    *PAPS*TK@
    92 IPI:IPI00225062.2 IHTTALTGQS*PPLASGHQG 1709 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine 2
    EGDAPSVEPGATNIQQPSS repetitive matrix protein 2
    *PAPST*K
    93 IPI:IPI00339428.9 MSSHT*ETSSFLQTLTGR 1710 Dock7 Isoform 2 of Dedicator of 2
    cytokinesis protein 7
    94 IPI:IPI00225062.2 DGSGT*PSRHSLS*GS*S*P 1711 Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine 2
    GMKDTPQT*PSR repetitive matrix protein 2
    95 IPI:IPI00668709.2 DRSSS*APNVHINTIEPVNID 1712 Braf B-Raf protein 2
    DLIR
    96 IPI:IPI00135660.5 RGNNS*AVGS*NADLT*IEE 1713 Sdpr Serum deprivation-response 2
    DEEEEPVALQQAQQVR protein
    97 IPI:IPI00135660.5 R{circumflex over ( )}GNNSAVGS*NADLT*IEE 1714 Sdpr Serum deprivation-response 2
    DEEEEPVALQQAQQVR{circumflex over ( )} protein
    98 IPI:IPI00404545.2 SLS*S*PTVTLSAPLEGAK@ 1715 Nedd4l Isoform 3 of E3 ubiquitin-protein 2
    ligase NEDD4-like
    99 IPI:IPI00121892.9 R{circumflex over ( )}PPS*PDPNTK@ 1716 Spnb2 Isoform 2 of Spectrin beta chain 2
    brain 1
    100  IPI:IPI00322707.5 AKQPVIGDQNS*DSDEMLA 1717 Atrx Transcriptional regulator ATRX 2
    VLK
    101  IPI:IPI00929786.1 SLPT*TVPES*PNYR{circumflex over ( )} 1718 Larp1 Isoform 1 of La-related protein 1 3
    102  IPI:IPI00125319.1 TTS*FAESCK@PVQQPSAF 1719 Gsk3b Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta 3
    GSMK@
    Table 9(b)
    rapa median area
    ID ratio rapa median SN ratio KU median area ratio KU median SN ratio
     1 −1.15E+00 −1.14E+00 −0.8183 −0.9318
     2 −2.1437 −2.4238 −0.78695 −0.9492
     3 −4.758 −4.9643 −0.6283 −0.5475
     4 −4.62805 −4.47925 −0.6283 −0.5475
     5 −3.6217 −3.885 −0.6283 −0.5475
     6 −1.0246 −1.0724 −0.5666 0.1321
     7 −1.881 −1.90875 −0.5354 −0.5361
     8 −5.2234 −5.13485 −0.4254 −0.6826
     9 −1.8021 −2.01515 −0.4151 −0.4336
    10 −1.5621 −1.0464 −0.3725 −0.7405
    11 −1.4347 −1.3061 −0.3725 −0.7405
    12 −1.6324 −1.5779 −0.3224 −0.0637
    13 −1.5511 −1.71335 −0.2831 −0.0584
    14 −1.78365 −2.00075 −0.2767 0.0092
    15 −1.7555 −2.0749 −0.2767 0.0092
    16 −1.7499 −1.7737 −0.2767 0.0092
    17 −1.5242 −1.76425 −0.2767 0.0092
    18 −2.0759 −2.2586 −0.2661 −0.1505
    19 −1.9707 −1.7471 −0.2661 −0.1505
    20 −1.8874 −1.85315 −0.2661 −0.1505
    21 −1.8106 −1.691 −0.2661 −0.1505
    22 −1.6838 −1.5207 −0.2661 −0.1505
    23 −2.8898 −2.7784 −0.2201 −0.1513
    24 −1.0015 −0.8287 −0.2135 −0.3206
    25 −3.15205 −2.9693 −0.213 0.1493
    26 −1.3868 −0.6688 −0.1992 −0.1577
    27 −1.1818 −1.15455 −0.1474 −0.0308
    28 −1.7403 −1.8968 −0.1417 0.6197
    29 −1.6267 −1.0033 −0.139 −0.2714
    30 −1.0844 −1.1514 −0.106 −0.2609
    31 −2.78805 −1.56635 −0.1017 −0.8833
    32 −3.0877 −2.2749 −0.099 0.6127
    33 −2.20425 −2.1077 −0.085 0.023
    34 −1.2842 −0.6546 −0.0822 0.1059
    35 −1.7868 −2.1396 −0.0816 0.1618
    36 −1.2551 −1.22675 −0.0656 −0.106
    37 −2.9525 −3.6913 −0.0637 0.7614
    38 −1.1888 −1.2446 −0.014 −0.0308
    39 −1.2382 −1.25285 −0.0136 0.0107
    40 −2.1557 −2.1257 −0.01 −0.0601
    41 −4.4981 −3.9942 0.0259 −0.0762
    42 −1.7508 −0.9897 0.0386 0.3631
    43 −1.896 −2.1685 0.0563 0.2174
    44 −1.89265 −2.1434 0.0563 0.1073
    45 −1.40465 −1.02655 0.0563 0.2174
    46 −1.896 −2.1685 0.0814 0.17005
    47 −3.6492 −3.6492 0.0966 0.0223
    48 −1.8973 −2.1434 0.1063 0.2306
    49 −1.273 −0.7556 0.1063 0.2306
    50 −2.8428 −2.9973 0.1159 0.0362
    51 −2.8019 −2.9973 0.1159 0.0362
    52 −1.2352 −0.0592 0.1368 0.1632
    53 −3.106 −3.2482 0.1555 0.3337
    54 −2.9525 −3.6913 0.1555 0.3337
    55 −1.298 −1.4299 0.2219 0.413
    56 −1.7403 −1.8968 0.22985 0.1085
    57 −1.3906 −1.2466 0.2704 1.5615
    58 −1.1401 −1.2853 0.2835 0.1358
    59 −2.4187 −0.9488 0.307 0.366
    60 −1.3056 −1.2452 0.3118 0.4053
    61 −1.2719 −1.0234 0.3118 0.4053
    62 −1.4486 −1.5455 0.3219 0.2377
    63 −3.8536 −3.8536 0.3485 0.0243
    64 −1.36155 −1.26665 0.3516 0.4392
    65 −1.889 −1.727 0.3696 1.0368
    66 −2.0572 −2.2717 0.3908 0.1481
    67 −1.626 −2.0445 0.51825 0.767
    68 −1.29335 −1.2722 0.51825 0.767
    69 −1.9492 −2.05475 0.5526 0.865
    70 −1.1567 −1.0106 0.5969 0.9976
    71 −1.1567 −1.0106 0.5969 0.9976
    72 −2.818 −2.9973 1.1365 1.0801
    73 −3.4866 −3.4138 1.2714 1.4529
    74 0.0401 −0.1138 −3.4595 −5.0415
    75 0.011 −0.1502 −3.3715 −3.3715
    76 −0.22145 −0.31255 −2.9948 −2.3042
    77 0.2389 0.2797 −2.8989 −2.0993
    78 −0.2639 −0.32955 −2.8403 −2.8893
    79 −0.2514 −0.2836 −2.7755 −2.167
    80 −0.2469 −0.3415 −2.5654 −2.1344
    81 −0.58015 −0.1451 −2.5295 −2.6811
    82 −0.1752 0.3008 −2.3289 −2.6763
    83 0.2073 0.2067 −2.0546 −2.0769
    84 −0.3079 −0.4553 −1.759 −1.6004
    85 0.13985 0.04745 −1.5237 −1.538
    86 −0.1736 −0.41725 −1.3706 −0.9742
    87 −0.1646 −0.2464 −1.3468 −1.5444
    88 0.3745 0.3233 −1.2893 −1.2512
    89 −0.5295 −0.8185 −1.1648 −1.0131
    90 −0.4199 −0.3301 −1.1227 −0.4758
    91 −0.2531 −0.1626 −1.1227 −0.4758
    92 −0.1997 −0.1626 −1.1227 −0.4758
    93 0.1923 0.3451 −1.1197 −1.2356
    94 −0.0084 0.0364 −1.0814 −1.582
    95 −0.3065 −0.4384 −1.0477 −1.431
    96 −0.18955 −0.4136 −1.0458 −1.0184
    97 −0.15495 −0.3246 −1.0458 −1.0184
    98 −0.573 −0.2978 −1.0265 −0.7599
    99 0.0109 −0.0378 −1.0209 −0.674
    100  0.10215 0.0699 −1.011 −2.1889
    101  −2.1207 −2.1939 −6.1589 −5.4183
    102  −1.71915 −1.62995 −1.07715 −2.06845
    Table 9. Classification of mTOR targets identified in the Rapamycin and Ku-0063794 screens. Class 1 represents downstream effectors of rapamycin-sensitive mTORC1. Class 2 represents downstream effectors of rapamycin-insensitive mTORC1 or mTORC2. Class 3 represents the proteins downstream of both mTORC1 and mTORC2. Name of the genes and the sequences of the phosphopeptides are shown. Table 9 is provided in two parts because the colums span more than a single page. Table 9(a) contains colums 1-6 of Table 9 and Table 9(b) contains columns 7-10, wherein corresponding entries are identified in an ID column in each section. Information provided in (a) for ID 1 relates to the information provided in (b) for ID 1 and vice versa, information provided in (a) for ID 2 relates to the information provided in (b) for ID 2 and vice versa, and so on.
  • TABLE 10
    Gene ontology analysis of the hits identified in the rapamycin and Ku-0063794 screens. The Table contains
    four subsections: Biological processes that the rapamycin-sensitive and Ku-0063794-sensitive hits overrepresented
    are identified in the “Rapa BP GO” and “Ku BP GO” subsection, respectively. Pathways that the Rapamycin-
    senstitive and Ku-0063794-sensitive hits overrepresented are shown under “Rapa KEGG pathways” and “Ku
    KEGG pathways,” respectively. Subsections are displayed in three parts, (a), (b), and (c), because the Table
    columns span more than one page. Corresponding entries are identified by an ID number. For example, entries
    under ID number 1 in Rapa BP GO (a), (b), and (c) refer to the same entry, entries under ID number 2 in Rapa BP
    GO (a), (b), and (c) refer to the same entry, entries under ID number 1 in Rapa KEGG pathways (a), (b), and (c)
    refer to the same entry, and so forth.
    Rapa BP GO pathways (a):
    ID Term Count % PValue
    1 GO:0010605~negative regulation of macromolecule 20 10.41666667 4.18E−07
    metabolic process
    2 GO:0031327~negative regulation of cellular 17  8.854166667 4.17E−06
    biosynthetic process
    3 GO:0010558~negative regulation of macromolecule 16  8.333333333 1.31E−05
    biosynthetic process
    4 GO:0045934~negative regulation of nucleobase, 15  7.8125 0.0000314
    nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic
    process
    5 GO:0032868~response to insulin stimulus 6  3.125 0.000264
    6 GO:0016481~negative regulation of transcription 13  6.770833333 0.000271
    7 GO:0016192~vesicle-mediated transport 14  7.291666667 0.000603
    8 GO:0032869~cellular response to insulin stimulus 5  2.604166667 0.000783
    9 GO:0051253~negative regulation of RNA 11  5.729166667 0.000886
    metabolic process
    10 GO:0051248~negative regulation of protein 6  3.125 0.00096
    metabolic process
    11 GO:0006898~receptor-mediated endocytosis 4  2.083333333 0.001048574
    12 GO:0006468~protein amino acid phosphorylation 16  8.333333333 0.00137311
    13 GO:0051276~chromosome organization 12  6.25 0.001936745
    14 GO:0016568~chromatin modification 9  4.6875 0.002136023
    15 GO:0043434~response to peptide hormone stimulus 6  3.125 0.002310739
    16 GO:0032870~cellular response to hormone stimulus 5  2.604166667 0.002406516
    17 GO:0008286~insulin receptor signaling pathway 4  2.083333333 0.002457872
    18 GO:0045892~negative regulation of transcription, 10  5.208333333 0.003123471
    DNA dependent
    19 GO:0006325~chromatin organization 10  5.208333333 0.003622675
    20 GO:0046777~protein amino acid autophosphory- 5  2.604166667 0.003851564
    lation
    21 GO:0010627~regulation of protein kinase cascade 7  3.645833333 0.004027038
    22 GO:0016310~phosphorylation 16  8.333333333 0.004128421
    23 GO:0051656~establishment of organelle localization 4  2.083333333 0.004303328
    24 GO:0007010~cytoskeleton organization 10  5.208333333 0.004531801
    25 GO:0032535~regulation of cellular component size 7  3.645833333 0.004843432
    26 GO:0022402~cell cycle process 11  5.729166667 0.00498568
    27 GO:0045926~negative regulation of growth 5  2.604166667 0.005003024
    28 GO:0032269~negative regulation of cellular protein 5  2.604166667 0.005258125
    metabolic process
    29 GO:0065003~macromolecular complex assembly 10  5.208333333 0.005717288
    30 GO:0032268~regulation of cellular protein metabolic 9  4.6875 0.006003754
    process
    31 GO:0000122~negative regulation of transcription 8  4.166666667 0.007342706
    from RNA polymerase II promoter
    32 GO:0032319~regulation of Rho GTPase activity 3  1.5625 0.007895767
    33 GO:0046578~regulation of Ras protein signal 7  3.645833333 0.008452332
    transduction
    34 GO:0043933~macromolecular complex subunit 10  5.208333333 0.009572997
    organization
    35 GO:0006793~phosphorus metabolic process 17  8.854166667 0.009756342
    36 GO:0006796~phosphate metabolic process 17  8.854166667 0.009756342
    37 GO:0006897~endocytosis 7  3.645833333 0.010081394
    38 GO:0010324~membrane invagination 7  3.645833333 0.010081394
    39 GO:0006396~RNA processing 11  5.729166667 0.01020022
    40 GO:0007169~transmembrane receptor protein 7  3.645833333 0.01110676
    tyrosine kinase signaling pathway
    41 GO:0010608~posttranscriptional regulation of gene 6  3.125 0.01469374
    expression
    42 GO:0045792~negative regulation of cell size 4  2.083333333 0.014742447
    43 GO:0001701~in utero embryonic development 8  4.166666667 0.015417559
    44 GO:0051640~organelle localization 4  2.083333333 0.015500935
    45 GO:0051493~regulation of cytoskeleton organization 5  2.604166667 0.015757695
    46 GO:0007049~cell cycle 13  6.770833333 0.015795779
    47 GO:0006417~regulation of translation 5  2.604166667 0.016293879
    48 GO:0017148~negative regulation of translation 3  1.5625 0.019054263
    49 GO:0034622~cellular macromolecular complex 7  3.645833333 0.019238583
    assembly
    50 GO:0008361~regulation of cell size 5  2.604166667 0.020996944
    51 GO:0009725~response to hormone stimulus 6  3.125 0.022401918
    52 GO:0051056~regulation of small GTPase mediated 7  3.645833333 0.023850905
    signal transduction
    53 GO:0030029~actin filament-based process 6  3.125 0.028573614
    54 GO:0048729~tissue morphogenesis 7  3.645833333 0.028642761
    55 GO:0001932~regulation of protein amino acid 5  2.604166667 0.030261806
    phosphorylation
    56 GO:0008104~protein localization 14  7.291666667 0.031319732
    57 GO:0000278~mitotic cell cycle 7  3.645833333 0.031803074
    58 GO:0034621~cellular macromolecular complex 7  3.645833333 0.032351058
    subunit organization
    59 GO:0009719~response to endogenous stimulus 6  3.125 0.03367924
    60 GO:0045449~regulation of transcription 31 16.14583333 0.03551581
    61 GO:0007163~establishment or maintenance of cell 3  1.5625 0.036247509
    polarity
    62 GO:0080135~regulation of cellular response to stress 4  2.083333333 0.036466875
    63 GO:0006357~regulation of transcription from RNA 12  6.25 0.037453702
    polymerase II promoter
    64 GO:0032314~regulation of Rac GTPase activity 2  1.041666667 0.038299417
    65 GO:0040007~growth 6  3.125 0.040063168
    66 GO:0022403~cell cycle phase 8  4.166666667 0.040932988
    67 GO:0031328-positive regulation of cellular 11  5.729166667 0.042602185
    biosynthetic process
    68 GO:0032318~regulation of Ras GTPase activity 4  2.083333333 0.042864282
    69 GO:0010604~positive regulation of macromolecule 12  6.25 0.044146336
    metabolic process
    70 GO:0022613~ribonucleoprotein complex biogenesis 5  2.604166667 0.044519805
    71 GO:0009891~positive regulation of biosynthetic 11  5.729166667 0.044819532
    process
    72 GO:0046822~regulation of nucleocytoplasmic 3  1.5625 0.045236118
    transport
    73 GO:0006346~methylation-dependent chromatin 2  1.041666667 0.047644564
    silencing
    74 GO:0016044~membrane organization 7  3.645833333 0.049524346
    75 GO:0007167~enzyme linked receptor protein 7  3.645833333 0.05025049
    signaling pathway
    76 GO:0035023~regulation of Rho protein signal 4  2.083333333 0.051230918
    transduction
    77 GO:0043009~chordate embryonic development 9  4.6875 0.052874272
    78 GO:0006916~anti-apoptosis 4  2.083333333 0.054183284
    79 GO:0009792~embryonic development ending in 9  4.6875 0.055294577
    birth or egg hatching
    80 GO:0044087~regulation of cellular component 4  2.083333333 0.055689578
    biogenesis
    81 GO:0006350~transcription 25 13.02083333 0.055970599
    82 GO:0043062~extracellular structure organization 5  2.604166667 0.057303217
    83 GO:0043122~regulation of I-kappaB kinase/ 3  1.5625 0.057483236
    NF-kappaB cascade
    84 GO:0051726~regulation of cell cycle 6  3.125 0.057658627
    85 GO:0046907~intracellular transport 9  4.6875 0.059056688
    86 GO:0006260~DNA replication 5  2.604166667 0.060776557
    87 GO:0048598~embryonic morphogenesis 8  4.166666667 0.060833555
    88 GO:0043087~regulation of GTPase activity 4  2.083333333 0.061912428
    89 GO:0051129~negative regulation of cellular 4  2.083333333 0.061912428
    component organization
    90 GO:0032386~regulation of intracellular transport 3  1.5625 0.062669535
    91 GO:0033043~regulation of organelle organization 5  2.604166667 0.063153096
    92 GO:0042325~regulation of phosphorylation 7  3.645833333 0.063602017
    93 GO:0045786~negative regulation of cell cycle 3  1.5625 0.065320236
    94 GO:0001570~vasculogenesis 3  1.5625 0.065320236
    95 GO:0045947~negative regulation of translational 2  1.041666667 0.066065335
    initiation
    96 GO:0006461~protein complex assembly 6  3.125 0.070461851
    97 GO:0070271~protein complex biogenesis 6  3.125 0.070461851
    98 GO:0030833~regulation of actin filament 3  1.5625 0.070731878
    polymerization
    99 GO:0010557~positive regulation of macromolecule 10  5.208333333 0.073220823
    biosynthetic process
    100 GO:0019220~regulation of phosphate metabolic 7  3.645833333 0.073259901
    process
    101 GO:0051174~regulation of phosphorus metabolic 7  3.645833333 0.073259901
    process
    102 GO:0048589~developmental growth 4  2.083333333 0.073541659
    103 GO:0030838~positive regulation of actin filament 2  1.041666667 0.075142677
    polymerization
    104 GO:0030308~negative regulation of cell growth 3  1.5625 0.076284196
    105 GO:0030036~actin cytoskeleton organization 5  2.604166667 0.077082848
    106 GO:0031399~regulation of protein modification 5  2.604166667 0.077082848
    process
    107 GO:0000902~cell morphogenesis 7  3.645833333 0.080785789
    108 GO:0016477~cell migration 6  3.125 0.08471051
    109 GO:0008064~regulation of actin polymerization or 3  1.5625 0.084860387
    depolymerization
    110 GO:0030832~regulation of actin filament length 3  1.5625 0.08778162
    111 GO:0002009~morphogenesis of an epithelium 5  2.604166667 0.088103636
    112 GO:0006333~chromatin assembly or disassembly 4  2.083333333 0.089801855
    113 GO:0010638~positive regulation of organelle 3  1.5625 0.090732662
    organization
    114 GO:0045941~positive regulation of transcription 9  4.6875 0.091555467
    115 GO:0006887~exocytosis 4  2.083333333 0.091694717
    116 GO:0008283~cell proliferation 6  3.125 0.092969193
    117 GO:0035020~regulation of Rac protein signal 2  1.041666667 0.093035503
    transduction
    118 GO:0000226~microtubule cytoskeleton organization 4  2.083333333 0.093604179
    119 GO:0060562~epithelial tube morphogenesis 4  2.083333333 0.093604179
    Rapa BP GO pathways (b):
    ID Genes
     1 BCLAF1,FOXK1,GM5611,ZEB2,SAP30,EIP4EBP1,SORBS3,EIF4EBP2,GM7289,FAM129A,HELLS,
    IBTK,LOC100046628,NACC1,GM9118,TRIM28,RB1,EHMT2,FLNA,FXR1,GM6477,NFIC,CUX1,LOC
    633387,SMARCA4
     2 PALM,BCLAF1,NACC1,FOXK1,TRIM28,ZEB2,RB1,EHMT2,FXR1,SAP30,EIF4EBP1,SORBS3,
    EIF4EBP2,CUX1,NFIC,HELLS,SMARCA4
     3 BCLAF1,NACC1,FOXK1,TRIM28,ZEB2,RB1,EHMT2,FXR1,SAP30,EIF4EBP2,SORBS3,EIF4EBP2,
    CUX1,NFIC,HELLS,SMARCA4
     4 PALM,LOC100046628,BCLAF1,NACC1,FOXK1,GM9118,TRIM28,GM5611,ZEB2,RB1,EHMT2,
    GM6477,SAP30,SORBS3,NPM1,GM7289,CUX1,NFIC,LOC633387,HELLS,SMARCA4
     5 ZFP106,IRS2,EIF4EBP1,EIF4EBP2,LOC100048123,LOC544757,MTOR,AKT2
     6 NACC1,BCLAF1,FOXK1,TRIM28,ZEB2,RB1,EHMT2,SAP30,SORBS3,NFIC,CUX1,HELLS,SMARCA4
     7 MYO5A,GM8786,LOC100048600,SNX17,ARHGAP17,LLGL1,SCRIB,FLNA,DAB2,CTTN,ULK1,RAB1,
    FKBP15,CUX1,ERC1,TRIP10
     8 ZFP106,IRS2,EIF4EBP1,EIF4DBP2,LOC100048123,LOC544757,AKT2
     9 LOC100046628,FOXK1,GM9118,TRIM28,GM5611,RB1,EHMT2,GM6477,SAP30,SORBS3,NPM1,GM7
    289,CUX1,NFIC,LOC633387,HELLS,SMARCA4
     10 IBTK,EIF4EBP1,EIF4EBP2,FAM129A,FLNA,FXR1
     11 DAB2,CTTN,GM8786,ULK1,SNX17
     12 SRPK2,GM4521,BCR,TRIM28,LOC544757,PKN2,WNK1,RPS6KB1,PRKD2,PTK2,LOC100048123,ULK
    1,AAK1,GSK3B,EEF2K,BMP2K,CDK12,MTOR,AKT2
     13 KDM6A,PDS5B,ARID1A,RB1,EHMT2,1600027N09RIK,SMARCC2,LOC675933,CHD1,KDM3B,TINF2,
    HELLS,SMARCA4
     14 KDM6A,SMARCC2,CHD1,KDM3B,RB1,1600027N09RIK,EHMT2,HELLS,SMARCA4
     15 ZFP106,IRS2,EIF4EBP1,EIF4EBP2,LOC100048123,LOC544757,MTOR,AKT2
     16 ZFP106,IRS2,EIF4EBP1,EIF4EBP2,LOC100048123,LOC544757,AKT2
     17 ZFP106,IRS2,EIF4EBP1,EIF4EBP2
     18 SAP30,SORBS3,FOXK1,TRIM28,RB1,CUX1,EHMT2,NFIC,HELLS,SMARCA4
     19 KDM6A,SMARCC2,LOC675933,CHD1,ARID1A,KDM3B,RB1,1600027N09RIK,EHMT2,HELLS,
    SMARCA4
     20 PTK2,ULK1,TRIM28,CDK12,MTOR
     21 PDCD11,SORBS3,LOC100048123,SQSTM1,LOC544757,ZEB2,RICTOR,FLNA,AKT2
     22 SRPK2,GM4521,BCR,TRIM28,LOC544757,PKN2,WNK1,RPS6KB1,PRKD2,LOC100048123,ULK1,
    AAK1,GSK3B,EEF2K,BMP2K,CDK12,MTOR,AKT2
     23 MYO5A,LOC100046628,PTK2,GM9118,NPM1,GM5611,GM7289,SCRIB,LOC633387,GM6477
     24 INF2,PALM,LOC100046628,FMNL3,GM9118,GM5611,ARHGAP17,RICTOR,INF2Q,FLNA,GM6477,
    PTK2,NPM1,MTAP1B,GM7289,LOC633387,RANBP10
     25 LOC100046628,GM9118,FOXK1,GM5611,RICTOR,GM6477,ULK1,NPM1,GM7289,SPNA2,MTOR,
    DNAJC2,LOC633387
     26 LOC100046628,PDS5B,ZC3HC1,GM9118,AHCTF1,GM5611,RB1,EHMT2,CD2AP,GM6477,MACF1,
    GSK3B,NPM1,GM7289,DNAJC2,LOC633387,HELLS
     27 ATXN2,PTK2,FOXK1,ULK1,DNAJC2
     28 IBTK,EIF4EBP1,EIF4EBP2,FAM129A,FXR1
     29 SRPK2,LOC100046628,NACC1,GM9118,AHCTF1,GM5611,FLNA,GM6477,EIF3A,PTK2,GTF2F1,
    NPM1,GM7289,LOC633387,HELLS,SMARCA4
     30 IBTK,EIF4G1,EIF4EBP1,EIF4EBP2,ZEB2,MTOR,RICTOR,FAM129A,FXR1
     31 SAP30,SORBS3,TRIM28,RB1,CUX1,EHMT2,NFIC,SMARCA4
     32 MTOR,RICTOR,SCRIB
     33 BCR,GBF1,TBC1D4,MTOR,RICTOR,SCRIB,IQSEC1
     34 SRPK2,LOC100046628,NACC1,GM9118,AHCTF1,GM5611,FLNA,GM6477,EIF3A,PTK2,GTF2F1,NPM1,
    GM7289,LOC633387,HELLS,SMARCA4
     35 SRPK2,GM4521,BCR,TRIM28,LOC544757,PKN2,WNK1,RPS6KB1,PRKD2,PTK2,LOC100048123,UKL1,
    AAK1,GSK3B,CDK12,EEF2K,BMP2K,PPP1R12A,MTOR,AKT2
     36 SRPK2,GM4521,BCR,TRIM28,LOC544757,PKN2,WNK1,RPS6KB1,PTK2,LOC100048123,ULK1,
    AAK1,GSK3B,CDK12,EEF2K,BMP2K,PPP1R12A,MTOR,AKT2
     37 DAB2,CTTN,GM8786,ULK1,SNX17,FKBP15,TRIP10,SCRIB
     38 DAB2,CTTN,GM8786,ULK1,SNX17,FKBP15,TRIP10,SCRIB
     39 LOC100046766,SRPK2,PDCD11,LOC100046744,EMG1,SFRS1,LOC100047322,RSL1D1,SFRS8,PCBP1,
    SRRM2,LARP7,LOC100046735,DHX15,SRRM1,LOC100048559
     40 ZFP106,GRB10,PTK2,IRS2,EIF4EBP1,EIF4EBP2,FLNA
     41 EIF4G1,EIF4EBP1,EIF4EBP2,FAM129A,FLNA,FXR1
     42 FOXK1,ULK1,MTOR,DNAJC2
     43 MIB1,DAB2,SRFS1,TCFEB,JUNB,LOC100048559,MLL2,MED1,SMARCA4
     44 MYO5A,LOC100046628,PTK2,GM9118,NPM1,GM5611,GM7289,SCRIB,LOC633387,GM6477
     45 LOC100046628,GM9118,MTAP1B,NPM1,GM5611,SPNA2,GM7289,MTOR,RICTOR,LOC633387,
    GM6477
     46 LOC100046628,ZC3HC1,PDS5B,GM9118,LIN9,GM5611,AHCTF1,RB1,EHMT2,CD2AP,GM6477,NUM
    A1,MACF1,GSK3B,NPM1,GM7289,DNAJC2,HELLS,LOC633387
     47 EIF4G1,EIF4EBP1,EIF4EBP2,FAM129A,FXR1
     48 EIF4EBP1,EIF4EBP2,FXR1
     49 SRPK2,PTK2,EIF3A,AHCTF1,HELLS,FLNA,SMARCA4
     50 LOC100046628,FOXK1,GM9118,ULK1,NPM1,GM5611,GM7289,MTOR,DNAJC2,LOC633387,GM6477
     51 ZFP106,IRS2,EIF4EBP1,EIF4EBP2,LOC100048123,LOC544757,MTOR,AKT2
     52 BCR,GBF1,TBC1D4,MTOR,RICTOR,SCRIB,IQSEC1
     53 MYO5A,INF2,FMNL3,ARHGAP17,RICTOR,INF2Q,FLNA
     54 MIB1,MACF1,TNC,ZEB2,SCRIB,MED1,SMARCA4
     55 IBTK,ZEB2,MTOR,RICTOR,FAM129A
     56 PALM,LOC100046628,LOC100048600,GM9118,SNX17,GM5611,AHCTF1,FLNA,SCRIB,GM6477,
    POM121,ERBB2IP,MACF1,ULK1,RAB1,GSK3B,NPM1,GM7289,SNX30,ERC1,LOC633387
     57 ZC3HC1,PDS5B,AHCTF1,RB1,CD2AP,DNAJC2,HELLS
     58 SRPK2,PTK2,EIF3A,AHCTF1,HELLS,FLNA,SMARCA4
     59 ZFP106,IRS2,EIF4EBP1,EIF4EBP2,LOC100048123,LOC1000544757,MTOR,AKT2
     60 BCLAF1,CARHSP1,FOXK1,FOXK2,AHCTF1,ZEB2,1600027N09RIK,SAP30,SORBS3,GM9791,KDM3B,
    TCFEB,DNAJC2,HELLS,NACC1,PDCD11,TRIM28,CCNL1,RB1,EHMT2,JUNB,FLNA,RFC1,GTF2F1,
    SMARCC2,TMPO,ZFP516,CUX1,NFIC,PBX2,SMARCA4,MED1
     61 MACF1,SCRIB,LLGL1
     62 LOC100046628,LOC100048123,GM9118,NPM1,LOC544757,GM5611,ZEB2,GM7289,MTOR,LOC633387,
    AKT2,GM6477
     63 SAP30,SORBS3,FOXK1,TRIM28,RB1,CUX1,TCFEB,EHMT2,NFIC,PBX2,MED1,SMARCA4
     64 MTOR,RICTOR
     65 MYO5A,LOC100046628,GM9118,ULK1,NPM1,GM5611,GM7289,EHMT2,LOC633387,MED1,GM6477,
    SMARCA4
     66 ZC3HC1,PDS5B,ACHTF1,RB1,EHTMC2,CD2AP,DNAJC2,HELLS
     67 LOC100046628,GM9118,FOXK1,TRIM28,AHCTF1,GM5611,RB1,GM6477,GTF2F1,NPM1,GM7289,
    TCFEB,FAM129A,NFIC,PBX2,LOC633387,MED1
     68 TBC1D4,MTOR,RICTOR,SCRIB
     69 FOXK1,GTF2F1,TRIM28,AHCTF1,MTOR,RB1,RICTOR,TCFEB,FAM129A,NFIC,PBX2,MED1
     70 SRPK2,LOC100046628,PDCD11,EIF3A,GM9118,EMG1,NPM1,GM5611,LOC633387,GM6477
     71 LOC100046628,GM9118,FOXK1,TRIM28,AHCTF1,GM5611,RB1,GM6477,GTF2F1,NPM1,GM7289,
    TCFEB,FAM129A,NFIC,PBX2,LOC633387,MED1
     72 GSK3B,PPP1R12A,FLNA
     73 HELLS,SMARCA4
     74 DAB2,CTTN,GM8786,ULK1,SNX17,FKBP15,TRIP10,SCRIB
     75 ZFP106,GRB10,PTK2,IRS2,EIF4EBP1,EIF4EBP2,FLNA
     76 BCR,MTOR,RICTOR,SCRIB
     77 MIB1,DAB2,ZEB2,SFRS1,TBFEB,JUNB,LOC100048559,MLL2,MED1,SMARCA4
     78 AKT1S1,ZC3HC1,GSK3B,HELLS
     79 MIB1,DAB2,ZEB2,SFRS1,TCFEB,JUNB,LOC100048559,MLL2,MED1,SMARCA4
     80 PTK2,SPNA2,MTOR,RICTOR
     81 BLCAF1,FOXK1,FOXK2,MYEF2,AHCTF1,ZEB2,1600027N09RIK,SAP30,KDM3B,TCFEB,HELLS,
    NACC1,TRIM28,CCNL1,RB1,JUNB,PHF3,RFC1,GTF2F1,SMARCC2,ZFP516,NFIC,CUX1,PBX2,
    MED1
     82 MYO5A,PTK2,TNC,LOC100048740,ADAMTS2,SMARCA4
     83 PDCD11,SQSTM1,FLNA
     84 LOC100046628,BCR,FOXK1,GM9118,NPM1,GM5611,GM7289,RB1,SCRIB,JUNB,LOC633387,
    GM6477
     85 MYO5A,LOC100046628,LOC100048600,GM9118,GM5611,FLNA,GM6477,MACF1,ERBB2IP,GSK3B,
    RAB1,NPM1,GM7289,CUX1,ERC1,LOC633387
     86 RFC1,LIN9,NFIC,DNAJC2,MED1
     87 MIB1,MACF1,ZEB2,EXT1,PBX2,SCRIB,MED1,SMARCA4
     88 TBC1D4,MTOR,RICTOR,SCRIB
     89 PTK2,ULK1,MTAP1B,SPNA2
     90 GSK3B,PPP1R12A,FLNA
     91 LOC100046628,GM9118,MTAP1B,NPM1,GM5611,SPNA2,GM7289,MTOR,RICTOR,LOC633387,
    GM6477
     92 IBTK,LOC100046628,GM9118,GM5611,ZEB2,RICTOR,RB1,GM6477,NPM1,GM7289,MTOR,
    FAM129A,LOC633387
     93 FOXK1,RB1,SCRIB
     94 PTK2,JUNB,SMARCA4
     95 EIF4EBP1,EIF4EBP2
     96 LOC100046628,PTK2,NACC1,GM9118,GTF2F1,NPM1,AHCTF1,GM5611,GM7289,LOC633387,FLNA,
    GM6477
     97 LOC100046628,PTK2,NACC1,GM9118,GTF2F1,NPM1,AHCTF1,GM5611,GM7289,LOC633387,FLNA,
    GM6477
     98 SPNA2,MTOR,RICTOR
     99 FOXK1,GTF2F1,TRIM28,AHCTF1,RB1,TCFEB,FAM129A,NFIC,PBX2,MED1
    100 IBTK,LOC100046628,GM9118,GM5611,ZEB2,RICTOR,RB1,GM6477,NPM1,GM7289,MTOR,
    FAM129A,LOC633387
    101 IBTK,LOC100046628,GM9118,GM5611,ZEB2,RICTOR,RB1,GM6477,NPM1,GM7289,MTOR,
    FAM129A,LOC633387
    102 MYO5A,ULK1,MED1,SMARCA4
    103 MTOR,RICTOR
    104 FOXK1,ULK1,DNAJC2
    105 INF2,FMNL3,ARHGAP17,RICTOR,INF2Q,FLNA
    106 IBTK,ZEB2,MTOR,RICTOR,FAM129A
    107 DAB2,PTK2,MACF1,ULK1,TRIM28,SCRIB,LLGL1
    108 PTK2,TNS1,ULK1,ZEB2,CD2AP,SCRIB
    109 SPNA2,MTOR,RICTOR
    110 SPNA2,MTOR,RICTOR
    111 MIB1,TNC,ZEB2,SCRIB,MED1
    112 SMARCC2,CHD1,HELLS,SMARCA4
    113 LOC100046628,GM9118,NPM1,GM5611,GM7289,MTOR,RICTOR,LOC633387,GM6477
    114 FOXK1,GTF2F1,TRIM28,AHCTF1,RB1,TCFEB,NFIC,PBX2,MED1
    115 MYO5A,ARHGAP17,SCRIB,LLGL1
    116 IRS2,GSK3B,ZEB2,SCRIB,HELLS,MED1
    117 MTOR,RICTOR
    118 LOC100046628,PTK2,GM9118,MTAP1B,NPM1,GM5611,GM7289,LOC633387,RANBP10,GM6477
    119 MIB1,ZEB2,SCRIB,MED1
    Rapa BP GO pathways (c):
    List Pop Pop Fold
    ID Total Hits Total Enrichment Bonferroni Benjamini FDR
    1 133 506 13588  4.038158638 0.000424 4.24E−04  6.62E-04
    2 133 430 13588  4.039097744 0.00422262 0.002113544  0.006599221
    3 133 418 13588  3.910637839 0.013202715 0.003317148  0.020725619
    4 133 397 13588  3.860154164 0.031339368 0.006347957  0.049646045
    5 133 59 13588 10.38970307 0.234820063 0.037513168  0.4165415
    6 133 372 13588  3.57029671 0.240156236 0.033747706  0.427409635
    7 133 466 13588  3.069347188 0.458108033 0.065811007  0.950983483
    8 133 43 13588 11.87969925 0.548457185 0.069730046  1.232339007
    9 133 310 13588  3.625224351 0.593238056 0.072219958  1.393086083
    10 133 78 13588  7.858877964 0.622688909 0.072234052  1.508600184
    11 133 21 13588 19.46007877 0.655224183 0.073240783  1.647016896
    12 133 640 13588  2.554135338 0.752083804 0.08878612  2.151600307
    13 133 404 13588  3.034616244 0.860222342 0.115719883  3.022171324
    14 133 236 13588  3.896138652 0.885866021 0.119855821  3.328229194
    15 133 95 13588  6.452552434 0.904450787 0.122300298  3.595818606
    16 133 58 13588  8.807363236 0.913322224 0.120774231  3.742213886
    17 133 28 13588 14.59505908 0.917735112 0.117406498  3.820625016
    18 133 308 13588  3.317058881 0.958217785 0.140327713  4.831479072
    19 133 315 13588  3.243346461 0.974869971 0.154173087  5.583086162
    20 133 66 13588  7.739804056 0.980097008 0.156587702  5.925840566
    21 133 155 13588  4.613921902 0.983355842 0.15688676  6.187818747
    22 133 718 13588  2.276666597 0.984989728 0.154613045  6.33886821
    23 133 34 13588 12.01946042 0.987440816 0.154948588  6.59892672
    24 133 326 13588  3.133908391 0.990050495 0.156967149  6.937610234
    25 133 161 13588  4.441974501 0.992759227 0.161382833  7.397709501
    26 133 393 13588  2.859591727 0.993737166 0.16048863  7.607019539
    27 133 71 13588  7.194747432 0.993846998 0.156076846  7.632510001
    28 133 72 13588  7.094820384 0.995256964 0.158538831  8.006669044
    29 133 338 13588  3.022645371 0.997031505 0.166286638  8.676553117
    30 133 280 13588  3.283888292 0.997784278 0.169076444  9.092166954
    31 133 231 13588  3.53819614 0.999435936 0.197489303 11.01137247
    32 133 14 13588 21.89258861 0.999679622 0.205375826 11.79297815
    33 133 181 13588  3.95114859 0.99981874 0.212838341 12.57303844
    34 133 367 13588  2.783798734 0.999942481 0.231930955 14.12415408
    35 133 866 13588  2.005556617 0.999952335 0.230394008 14.37545544
    36 133 866 13588  2.005556617 0.999952335 0.230394008 14.37545544
    37 133 188 13588  3.804031355 0.999965843 0.231800837 14.81929399
    38 133 188 13588  3.804031355 0.999965843 0.231800837 14.81929399
    39 133 437 13588  2.571669448 0.999969761 0.229071539 14.98100495
    40 133 192 13588  3.724780702 0.99998807 0.241565162 16.20528578
    41 133 148 13588  4.141841089 0.999999702 0.300740537 20.88938812
    42 133 53 13588  7.710597248 0.999999716 0.295721164 20.95127119
    43 133 267 13588  3.061135986 0.999999858 0.301224134 21.80434851
    44 133 54 13588  7.56780841 0.99999987 0.296980281 21.90910181
    45 133 99 13588  5.15986937 0.9999999 0.295639893 22.230872
    46 133 611 13588  2.173732203 0.999999904 0.290960801 22.27849302
    47 133 100 13588  5.108270677 0.999999943 0.293467107 22.89881268
    48 133 22 13588 13.9316473 0.999999997 0.328676558 26.2532865
    49 133 217 13588  3.295658501 0.999999997 0.325881168 26.47233348
    50 133 108 13588  4.729880256 1 0.344482216 28.53155823
    51 133 165 13588  3.715105947 1 0.357404888 30.13796653
    52 133 228 13588  3.136657433 1 0.370168333 31.75922119
    53 133 176 13588  3.482911825 1 0.420100589 36.80211781
    54 133 238 13588  3.004865104 1 0.41509568 36.87329018
    55 133 121 13588  4.221711303 1 0.427055137 38.51844258
    56 133 753 13588  1.89948976 1 0.432566345 39.57163653
    57 133 244 13588  2.930974978 1 0.431978548 40.04717075
    58 133 245 13588  2.919011815 1 0.432065576 40.58206094
    59 133 184 13588  3.331480876 1 0.439852811 41.86001448
    60 133 2227 13588  1.422149897 1 0.452125635 43.58475519
    61 133 31 13588  9.886975503 1 0.453613528 44.25845315
    62 133 75 13588  5.448822055 1 0.450365735 44.4589569
    63 133 616 13588  1.990235329 1 0.454144887 45.35260328
    64 133 4 13588 51.08270677 1 0.456547995 46.10772521
    65 133 193 13588  3.176126846 1 0.466771241 47.65120316
    66 133 328 13588  2.491839354 1 0.469084762 48.39705082
    67 133 552 13588  2.03590498 1 0.477872288 49.80054252
    68 133 80 13588  5.108270677 1 0.475050206 50.01764292
    69 133 633 13588  1.936785091 1 0.480392471 51.06697676
    70 133 137 13588  3.728664728 1 0.478500703 51.36875
    71 133 557 13588  2.017629352 1 0.476086095 51.60967499
    72 133 35 13588  8.757035446 1 0.474622436 51.94267678
    73 133 5 13588 40.86616541 1 0.488078471 53.82618784
    74 133 272 13588  2.629256966 1 0.497115601 55.24796589
    75 133 273 13588  2.619625988 1 0.497699806 55.7861226
    76 133 86 13588  4.751879699 1 0.50004125 56.50311848
    77 133 421 13588  2.184058722 1 0.506829853 57.6805401
    78 133 88 13588  4.643882433 1 0.511161168 58.59697919
    79 133 425 13588  2.163502875 1 0.514070595 59.36036942
    80 133 89 13588  4.591703979 1 0.512284313 59.62851936
    81 133 1772 13588  1.441385631 1 0.509804241 59.81828305
    82 133 149 13588  3.428369582 1 0.51404321 60.70683174
    83 133 40 13588  7.662406015 1 0.510980221 60.82544158
    84 133 214 13588  2.864450847 1 0.507942029 60.94067925
    85 133 431 13588  2.133384505 1 0.512485719 61.84796511
    86 133 152 13588  3.360704393 1 0.518823826 62.93700974
    87 133 359 13588  2.276666597 1 0.515146769 62.97259844
    88 133 93 13588  4.394211335 1 0.51755278 63.64021648
    89 133 93 13588  4.394211335 1 0.51755278 63.64021648
    90 133 42 13588  7.297529538 1 0.518038348 64.10197022
    91 133 154 13588  3.317058881 1 0.516945411 64.39400928
    92 133 290 13588  2.466061706 1 0.515677628 64.66313432
    93 133 43 13588  7.127819549 1 0.521573895 65.67569163
    94 133 43 13588  7.127819549 1 0.521573895 65.67569163
    95 133 7 13588 29.19011815 1 0.521941211 66.10627789
    96 133 227 13588  2.700407406 1 0.541900011 68.54571328
    97 133 227 13588  2.700407406 1 0.541900011 68.54571328
    98 133 45 13588  6.811027569 1 0.539576096 68.69004358
    99 133 530 13588  1.927649312 1 0.548723845 69.99148633
    100 133 301 13588  2.37593985 1 0.545243603 70.01150996
    101 133 301 13588  2.37593985 1 0.545243603 70.01150996
    102 133 100 13588  4.086616541 1 0.543036347 70.15551118
    103 133 8 13588 25.54135338 1 0.547458295 70.9615401
    104 133 47 13588  6.521196609 1 0.549517711 71.52373165
    105 133 165 13588  3.095921622 1 0.549873189 71.91098296
    106 133 165 13588  3.095921622 1 0.549873189 71.91098296
    107 133 309 13588  2.314426844 1 0.563991497 73.64287114
    108 133 240 13588  2.554135338 1 0.578472896 75.36897392
    109 133 50 13588  6.129924812 1 0.575662811 75.43274213
    110 133 51 13588  6.009730208 1 0.58511535 76.64517662
    111 133 173 13588  2.952757617 1 0.583088756 76.77534105
    112 133 109 13588  3.749189487 1 0.586996658 77.45061982
    113 133 52 13588  5.894158473 1 0.587580562 77.81289666
    114 133 475 13588  1.93576573 1 0.58770496 78.12859078
    115 133 110 13588  3.715105947 1 0.584982961 78.1816002
    116 133 247 13588  2.481750936 1 0.587000314 78.66120379
    117 133 10 13588 20.43308271 1 0.584028864 78.68588514
    118 133 111 13588  3.681636524 1 0.583150293 78.89645491
    119 133 111 13588  3.681636524 1 0.583150293 78.89645491
    Rapa KEGG pathways (a):
    ID Term Count % PValue minuslog10P
    1 mmu04150:mTOR signaling pathway 7 3.51758794 1.57E−06 5.8
    2 mmu04012:ErbB signaling pathway 6 3.015075377 3.09E−04 3.51
    3 mmu04910:Insulin signaling pathway 7 3.51758794 3.40E−04 3.47
    4 mmu05221:Acute myeloid leukemia 4 2.010050251 0.007078848 2.15
    5 mmu04510:Focal adhesion 6 3.015075377 0.011465215 1.94
    6 mmu04530:Tight junction 5 2.512562814 0.013906132 1.86
    7 mmu052GO:Pathways in cancer 7 3.51758794 0.02305239 1.64
    8 mmu05215:Prostate cancer 4 2.010050251 0.024273508 1.61
    9 mmu03018:RNA degradation 3 1.507537688 0.065096102 1.19
    10 mmu05214:Glioma 3 1.507537688 0.072876584 1.14
    11 mmu04920:Adipocytokine signaling 3 1.507537688 0.078901015 1.1
    pathway
    12 mmu04370:VEGF signaling pathway 3 1.507537688 0.097853719 1.01
    13 mmu05220:Chronic myeloid leukemia 3 1.507537688 0.097853719 1.01
    Rapa KEGG pathways (b):
    ID Genes
    1 IPI00453603,IPI00318938,IPI00399440,IPI00268673,IPI00467843,IPI00221581,IPI00121335
    2 IPI00125319,IPI00453603,IPI00318938,IPI00113563,IPI00268673,IPI00121335
    3 IPI00125319,IPI00453603,IPI00116923,IPI00318938,IPI00268673,IPI00379844,IPI00121335
    4 IPI00453603,IPI00318938,IPI00268673,IPI00121335
    5 IPI00403938,IPI00125319,IPI00131138,IPI00113563,IPI00671847,IPI00121335
    6 IPI00118143,IPI00380354,IPI00323349,IPI00845596,IPI00121335
    7 IPI00125319,IPI00121418,IPI00381495,IPI00113563,IPI00268673,IPI00380817,IPI00121335
    8 IPI00125319,IPI00121418,IP100268673,IPI00121335
    9 IPI00169888,IPI00309059,IPI00330066
    10 IPI00121418,IPI00268673,IPI00121335
    11 IPI00268673,IPI00379844,IPI00121335
    12 IPI00111169,IPI00113563,IPI00121335
    13 IPI00121418,IPI00380817,IPI00121335
    Rapa KEGG pathways (c):
    ID List Total Pop Hits Pop Total Fold Enrichment Bonferroni Benjamini FDR
    1 41 54 5738 18.14182475 1.10E−04 1.10E−04  0.001624292
    2 41 87 5738  9.651808242 0.02142063 0.010768293  0.319622391
    3 41 138 5738  7.098974903 0.023507108 0.007897915  0.35107298
    4 41 57 5738  9.821138211 0.391818277 0.116903139  7.088295684
    5 41 198 5738  4.240946046 0.553895165 0.149082636 11.24945571
    6 41 135 5738  5.1833785 0.624786839 0.150728903 13.49142317
    7 41 323 5738  3.032998565 0.804570905 0.208022678 21.44454537
    8 41 90 5738  6.220054201 0.820953112 0.193469404 22.45479997
    9 41 60 5738  6.997560976 0.991011485 0.407576887 50.1731853
    10 41 64 5738  6.560213415 0.994992413 0.411206711 54.30152323
    11 41 67 5738  6.266472515 0.99682721 0.407268104 57.28300003
    12 41 76 5738  5.524390244 0.999259735 0.451577052 65.55273205
    13 41 76 5738  5.524390244 0.999259735 0.451577052 65.55273205
    Ku BP GO (a):
    ID Term Count % PValue
    1 GO:0030032~lamellipodium assembly 3  3.092783505 3.25E−03
    2 GO:0006468~protein amino acid phosphorylation 10 10.30927835 7.09E−03
    3 GO:0008286~insulin receptor signaling pathway 3  3.092783505 9.83E−03
    4 GO:0030029~actin filament-based process 5  5.154639175 0.014807537
    5 GO:0006913~nucleocytoplasmic transport 4  4.12371134 0.014880914
    6 GO:0051493~regulation of cytoskeleton 4  4.12371134 0.016150894
    organization
    7 GO:0006796~phosphate metabolic process 11 11.34020619 0.016942852
    8 GO:0006259~DNA metabolic process 7  7.216494845 0.025415897
    9 GO:0045947~negative regulation of transla- 2  2.06185567 0.037014038
    tional initiation
    10 GO:0007049~cell cycle 8  8.24742268 0.04530749
    11 GO:0033043~regulation of organelle organization 4  4.12371134 0.049959502
    12 GO:0043484~regulation of RNA splicing 2  2.06185567 0.052460451
    13 GO:0010605~negative regulation of macro- 7  7.216494845 0.05420299
    molecule metabolic process
    14 GO:0030031~cell projection assembly 3  3.092783505 0.054397233
    15 GO:0022402~cell cycle process 6  6.18556701 0.059968997
    16 GO:0033554~cellular response to stress 6  6.18556701 0.065899107
    17 GO:0045884~regulation of survival gene product 2  2.06185567 0.072676117
    expression
    18 GO:0010558~negative regulation of macro- 6  6.18556701 0.073909203
    molecule biosynthetic process
    19 GO:0006916~anti-apoptosis 3  3.092783505 0.081129603
    20 GO:0031327~negative regulation of cellular 6  6.18556701 0.081184023
    biosynthetic process
    21 GO:0046907~intracellular transport 6  6.18556701 0.081807159
    22 GO:0009890~negative regulation of biosynthetic 6  6.18556701 0.083692072
    process
    23 GO:0006396~RNA processing 6  6.18556701 0.085600178
    24 GO:0051129~negative regulation of cellular 3  3.092783505 0.089153114
    component organization
    25 GO:0006325~chromatin organization 5  5.154639175 0.08921682
    26 GO:0030030~cell projection organization 5  5.154639175 0.092408475
    27 GO:0043434~response to peptide hormone 3  3.092783505 0.092426596
    stimulus
    28 GO:0016569~covalent chromatin modification 3  3.092783505 0.094076504
    29 GO:0043271~negative regulation of ion transport 2  2.06185567 0.097348357
    30 GO:0007010~cytoskeleton organization 5  5.154639175 0.098124703
    Ku BP GO (b):
    ID Genes
    1 CCDC88A,NCK1,VCL
    2 ALPK3,BAZ1B,BRAF,MAP3K2,SPNB2,GSK3B,NEK9,RPS6KB1,C230081A13RIK,MELK
    3 PHIP,EIF4EBPI,EIF4EBP2
    4 EPB4.1L3,NCK1,ARHGEF17,MY09B,FLNC
    5 LOCI 00046628,GM9118,SPNB2,GSK3B,NPM1,GM5611,GM7289,MYBBP1A,LOC633387,GM6477
    6 LOCI 00046628, CCDC88A,GM9118,SPNB2,MTAP1B,NPM1,GM5611,GM7289,LOC633387,
    GM6477
    7 ALPK3,BAZ1B,BRAF,MAP3K2,SPNB2,GSK3B,SYNJ1,NEK9,RPS6KB1,C230081A13R1K,MELK
    8 ATRX,TRP53BP1,CCDC88A,MDC1,ORC6L,TOP2B,MYC
    9 ElF4EBP1,E1F4EBP2
    10 LOC100046628,GM9118,RBL1,GM5611,ZFP318,GM6477,MDC1,GSK3B,NPM1,KIF20B,NEK9,
    GM7289,LOC633387,ERCC6L
    11 LOC100046628,CCDC88A,GM9118,SPNB2,MTAP1B,NPM1,GM5611,GM7289,LOC633387,GM6477
    12 LOC100046628,GM9118,GPX4,NPM1,GM5611,GM7289,HNRPLL,LOC633387,GM6477
    13 LOC100046628,GM9118,RBL1,GM5611,GM6477,EIF4EBP1,EIF4EBP2,NPM1,GM7289,MYC,MYBB
    P1A, LOC633387,SMARCA4
    14 CCDC88A,NCK1,VCL
    15 LOC100046628,GM9118,GSK3B,NPM1,KIF20B,NEK9,GM5611,GM7289,ZFP318,LOC633387,
    GM6477,ERCC6L
    16 ATRX,TRP53BP1,BAZ1B,MDC1,GPX4,GSK3B,HNRPLL
    17 AKT1S1,MYC
    18 EIF4EBP1,EIF4EBP2,RBL1,MYBBP1A,MYC,SMARCA4
    19 AKT1S1,GSK3B,MYC
    20 EIF4EBP1,EIF4EBP2,RBL1,MYBBP1A,MYC,SMARCA4
    21 LOC100046628,GM9118,SPNB2,GSK3B,NPM1,AKAP12,GM5611,MYO9B,GM7289,MYBBP1A,
    LOC633387,GM6477
    22 EIF4EBP1,EIF4EBP2,RBL1,MYBBP1A,MYC,SMARCA4
    23 LOC100046766,SF3B1,EXOSC9,LOC100046744,GPX4,LARP7,SRRM2,LOC100046735,POP1,
    LOC675032,LOC100047322,HNRPLL
    24 RTN4,SPNB2,MTAP1B
    25 BAZ1B,GPX4,RBL1,SETD2,HNRPLL,SMARCA4
    26 CCDC88A,NCK1,MTAP1B,TOP2B,VCL
    27 PHIP,EIF4EBP1,EIF4EBP2
    28 BAZ1B,SETD2,SMARCA4
    29 BEST3,NEDD4L
    30 EPB4.1L3,LOC100046628,GM9118,NCK1,MTAP1B,NPM1,ARHGEF17,GM5611,GM7289,LOC633387,
    GM6477
    Ku BP GO (c):
    ID List Total Pop Hits Pop Total Fold Enrichment Bonferroni Benjamini FDR
    1 74 16 13588  34.42905405 0.882872164 8.83E−01 4.76E+3000
    2 74 640 13588  2.869087838 0.990722194 0.903678632 10.0912277
    3 74 28 13588 19.67374517 0.998498942 0.885501679 13.73744045
    4 74 176 13588  5.216523342 0.99994544 0.859597701 19.99753834
    5 74 96 13588  7.650900901 0.99994805 0.806833826 20.08660666
    6 74 99 13588  7.419055419 0.999977769 0.737959309 21.61357964
    7 74 866 13588  2.332376256 0.999986913 0.713301589 22.55196875
    8 74 421 13588  3.053091096 0.999999956 0.785616066 31.95670058
    9 74 7 13588 52.46332046 1 0.87357656 43.11139373
    10 74 611 13588  2.404211085 1 0.869178376 50.01437111
    11 74 154 13588  4.769392769 1 0.878480874 53.53582478
    12 74 10 13588 36.72432432 1 0.875783402 55.33191067
    13 74 506 13588  2.540220062 1 0.869599238 56.5448088
    14 74 70 13588  7.869498069 1 0.855869756 56.678091
    15 74 393 13588  2.803383536 1 0.869269287 60.34271545
    16 74 404 13588  2.727053786 1 0.881875859 63.92395423
    17 74 14 13588 26.23166023 1 0.895305874 67.64630011
    18 74 418 13588  2.635717057 1 0.888826293 68.28378078
    19 74 88 13588  6.25982801 1 0.901699824 71.78744367
    20 74 430 13588  2.562162162 1 0.892310062 71.81242243
    21 74 431 13588  2.55621747 1 0.884669916 72.09697589
    22 74 434 13588  2.538547764 1 0.881167309 72.94148547
    23 74 437 13588  2.521120663 1 0.877904651 73.77204657
    24 74 93 13588  5.923278117 1 0.879820716 75.2555379
    25 74 315 13588  2.914628915 1 0.871223772 75.28140884
    26 74 319 13588  2.878081844 1 0.872300131 76.54568607
    27 74 95 13588  5.798577525 1 0.863873178 76.55268842
    28 74 96 13588  5.738175676 1 0.860545996 77.18216045
    29 74 19 13588 19.32859175 1 0.862220501 78.38406819
    30 74 326 13588  2.81628254 1 0.856532331 78.66045069
    Ku KEGG pathways (a):
    ID Term Count % PValue minuslogP
    1 mmu04012:ErbB signaling pathway 6 6.060606061 2.42E−05 4.62
    2 mmu04150:mTOR signaling pathway 4 4.04040404 1.39E−03 2.86
    3 mmu05221:Acute myeloid leukemia 4 4.04040404 1.62E−03 2.79
    4 mmu04110:Cell cycle 4 4.04040404 0.015586032 1.81
    5 mmu04910:Insulin signaling pathway 4 4.04040404 0.01903863 1.72
    6 mmu05213:Endometrial cancer 3 3.03030303 0.019575313 1.71
    7 mmu04010:MARK signaling pathway 5 5.050505051 0.022772811 1.64
    8 mmu03018:RNA degradation 3 3.03030303 0.025605774 1.59
    9 mmu04510:Focal adhesion 4 4.04040404 0.048078613 1.32
    10 mmu05210:Colorectal cancer 3 3.03030303 0.049516956 1.31
    11 mmu04350:TGF-beta signaling 3 3.03030303 0.050554685 1.3
    pathway
    Ku KEGG pathways (b):
    ID Genes
    1 IPI00453999,IPI00125319,IPI00453603,IPI00230719,IPI00318938,IPI00668709,IPI00131999
    2 IPI00453603,IPI00230719,IPI00318938,IPI00668709,IPI00221581
    3 IPI00453603,IPI00230719,IPI00318938,IPI00668709,IPI00131999
    4 IPI00125319,IPI00124717,IPI00137864,IPI00131999
    5 IPI00125319,IPI00453603,IPI00230719,IPI00318938,IPI00668709
    6 IPI00125319,IPI00230719,IPI00668709,IPI00131999
    7 IPI00230719,IPI00117088,IPI00123474,IPI00668709,IPI00664670,IPI00131999
    8 IPI00309059,IPI00119442,IPI00330066
    9 IPI00125319,IPI00230719,IPI00405227,IPI00668709,IPI00664670
    10 IPI00125319,IPI00230719,IPI00668709,IPI00131999
    11 IPI00453603,IPI00137864,IPI00131999
    Ku KEGG pathways (c):
    ID List Total Pop Hits Pop Total Fold Enrichment Bonferroni Benjamini FDR
    1 25 87 5738 15.82896552 1.38E−03 1.38E−03  0.023962829
    2 25 54 5738 17.00148148 0.076050732 0.038777202  1.366086094
    3 25 57 5738 16.10666667 0.088400206 0.030380355  1.596618843
    4 25 128 5738  7.1725 0.591555799 0.200564953 14.41914204
    5 25 138 5738  6.652753623 0.6656829 0.196785171 17.34826426
    6 25 52 5738 13.24153846 0.675950335 0.171227632 17.79538958
    7 25 265 5738  4.330566038 0.731003969 0.171037042 20.41453368
    8 25 60 5738 11.476 0.772029847 0.168744085 22.67212753
    9 25 198 5738  4.636767677 0.939707705 0.268063281 38.63940264
    10 25 86 5738  8.006511628 0.944686732 0.251342928 39.55225136
    11 25 87 5738  7.914482759 0.948025839 0.235718393 40.20324697
  • TABLE 11
    Gene Symbol Annotation
    Rapa replicate 1
    1600027N09Rik RIKEN cDNA 1600027N09 gene
    Ahctf1 AT-hook-containing transcription factor 1
    Ahnak AHNAK nucleoprotein isoform 1
    Akt1s1 Proline-rich AKT1 substrate 1
    Bat2l Isoform 1 of Protein BAT2-like
    Bclaf1 Isoform
    2 of Bcl-2-associated transcription factor 1
    Bmp2k Isoform 1 of BMP-2-inducible protein kinase
    C130092O11Rik Isoform 1 of Uncharacterized protein KIAA1680
    Carhsp1 Calcium-regulated heat stable protein 1
    Ccn/l Isoform 1 of Cyclin-L1
    Chd1 Chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding protein 1
    Cttn Src substrate cortactin
    D6Wsu116e Isoform
    1 of Protein FAM21
    Dab2 Isoform p93 of Disabled homolog 2
    Dock11 Dedicator of cytokinesis protein 11
    Edc4 Isoform 1 of Enhancer of mRNA-decapping protein 4
    Eif3a Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit A
    Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1
    Eif4ebp2 Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 2
    Eif4g1 Isoform 1 of Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 1
    Eif5; LOC100047658 Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5
    Epyc Epiphycan
    Fkbp15 Isoform B of FK506-binding protein 15
    Foxk1 Forkhead box protein K1
    Gm13697 Novel protein containing MIF4G and MA3 domains
    Grb10 Isoform
    3 of Growth factor receptor-bound protein 10
    Gtf2f1 General transcription factor IIF subunit 1
    Hdgfrp2 Isoform 3 of Hepatoma-derived growth factor-related protein 2
    Hisppd1 140 kDa protein
    Ibtk Isoform
    2 of Inhibitor of Bruton tyrosine kinase
    Inf2 Isoform
    1 of Inverted formin-2
    Iqsec1 IQ motif and Sec7 domain 1 isoform b
    Irs2 Insulin receptor substrate 2
    Iws1 Isoform 1 of Protein IWS1 homolog
    Kdm3b Isoform
    2 of Lysine-specific demethylase 3B
    Larp1 Isoform
    1 of La-related protein 1
    Larp4 Putative uncharacterized protein
    Ldhd 22 kDa protein
    Luc7l2 Isoform
    1 of Putative RNA-binding protein Luc7-like 2
    Macf1 Isoform 3 of Microtubule-actin cross-linking factor 1
    Mett10d Isoform 1 of Putative methyltransferase METT10D
    Mtap1b Microtubule-associated protein 1B
    Myef2 Isoform 2 of Myelin expression factor 2
    Myo5a Myosin-Va
    Ndrg3 Protein NDRG3
    Nfic Isoform 1 of Nuclear factor 1 C-type
    Npm1 Nucleophosmin
    Numa1 Nuclear mitotic apparatus protein 1
    Patl1 Protein PAT1 homolog 1
    Pcbp2 Isoform 1 of Poly(rC)-binding protein 2
    Pds5b Isoform 1 of Sister chromatid cohesion protein PDS5 homolog B
    Peg3 Isoform 1 of Paternally-expressed gene 3 protein
    Phf3 PHD finger protein 3
    Phldb1 Isoform 2 of Pleckstrin homology-like domain family B member 1
    Phldb2 Isoform 1 of Pleckstrin homology-like domain family B member 2
    Pi4k2a Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2-alpha
    Pkn2 Isoform
    1 of Serine/threonine-protein kinase N2
    Pla2g4a Cytosolic phospholipase A2
    Plekhm1 Pleckstrin homology domain-containing family M member 1
    Ppp1r12a MCG122391 isoform CRA_e
    Rab1 Ras-related protein Rab-1A
    Rps6 29 kDa protein
    Rps6kb1 Isoform Alpha I of Ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1
    Rsl1d1 Putative uncharacterized protein
    Sap30 Histone deacetylase complex subunit SAP30
    Serbp1 Isoform 1 of Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 RNA-binding protein
    Sfrs8 splicing factor arginine/serine-rich 8
    Sgta Isoform 1 of Small glutamine-rich tetratricopeptide repeat-containing protein alpha
    Smarca4 Putative uncharacterized protein
    Snx17 Sorting nexin-17
    Srpk2 serine/arginine-rich protein-specific kinase 2
    Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive matrix protein 2
    Syap1 Synapse-associated protein 1
    Tbc1d4 140 kDa protein
    Tcfeb Transcription factor EB
    Tjp2 Tight junction protein ZO-2
    Tmem106b Transmembrane protein 106B isoform CRA_b
    Tmpo Isoform Beta of Lamina-associated polypeptide 2 isoforms beta/delta/epsilon/gamma
    Trim28 Isoform
    1 of Transcription intermediary factor 1-beta
    Ubxn7 UBX domain-containing protein 7
    Usp24 Isoform 1 of Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 24
    Uvrag UV radiation resistance associated
    Wnk1 Serine/threonine-protein kinase WNK1
    Zc3hc1 Isoform
    1 of Nuclear-interacting partner of ALK
    Zfp516 Zinc finger protein 516
    Rapa Replicate 2
    Mib1 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase MIB1
    rsp6 29 kDa protein
    Srrm2 Isoform
    3 of Serine/arginine repetitive matrix protein 2
    Gm13099 Novel protein similar to preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma-like family
    Rnf19b IBR domain containing 3
    Rps6 29 kDa protein
    Carhsp1 Calcium-regulated heat stable protein 1
    Pgrmc2 Membrane-associated progesterone receptor component 2
    FLNA Filamin-A
    Ext1 Exostosin-1
    Gm14085 Novel protein similar to solute carrier family 28 (Sodium-coupled nucleoside
    transporter) member 2
    Akt1s1 Proline-rich AKT1 substrate 1
    Gm9757 Putative uncharacterized protein
    Eif4ebp2 Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 2
    Gon4l RIKEN cDNA 5830417l10 gene
    Mogat1 2-acylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1
    Eef2k Elongation factor 2 kinase
    Dhx15 Putative pre-mRNA-splicing factor ATP-dependent RNA helicase DHX15
    Srrm1 Isoform
    2 of Serine/arginine repetitive matrix protein 1
    Setd1a SET domain containing 1A
    D830015G02Rik Putative uncharacterized protein
    Vwa5b1 von Willebrand factor A domain-containing protein 5B1
    Ibtk Isoform
    2 of Inhibitor of Bruton tyrosine kinase
    Erc1; LOC100048600 Isoform 1 of ELKS/RAB6-interacting/CAST family member 1
    Adamts2 A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 2
    Grb10 Isoform 3 of Growth factor receptor-bound protein 10
    Foxk1 Forkhead box protein K1
    Gm6988 similar to hCG1640785
    Tnc Isoform
    1 of Tenascin
    Larp1 Isoform 1 of La-related protein 1
    Alkbh6 24 kDa protein
    Larp7 Isoform
    1 of La-related protein 7
    Ahnak AHNAK nucleoprotein isoform 1
    Qsox2 Isoform 3 of Sulfhydryl oxidase 2
    Wnk1 Serine/threonine-protein kinase WNK1
    Megf11 Isoform 4 of Multiple epidermal growth factor-like domains 11
    Ahctf1 AT-hook-containing transcription factor 1
    Fxr1 Isoform E of Fragile X mental retardation syndrome-related protein 1
    Ddx21 Nucleolar RNA helicase 2
    Lin9 Isoform 2 of Lin-9 homolog
    D6Wsu116e Isoform
    1 of Protein FAM21
    Sfrs8 splicing factor arginine/serine-rich 8
    Ppfibp2 Isoform 4 of Liprin-beta-2
    Hdgfrp2 Isoform 3 of Hepatoma-derived growth factor-related protein 2
    Irs2 Insulin receptor substrate 2
    Tinf2 Putative uncharacterized protein
    Hisppd1 140 kDa protein
    Edc3 Enhancer of mRNA-decapping protein 3
    Aim1l Absent in melanoma 1-like
    Herc1 hect (homologous to the E6-AP (UBE3A) carboxyl terminus) domain and RCC1
    (CHC1)-like domain (RLD) 1
    Fbxw9 F-box and WD-40 domain protein 9
    Sfrs18 splicing factor arginine/serine-rich 18
    Dnajc2 DnaJ homolog subfamily C member 2
    Cux1 cut-like homeobox 1 isoform a
    Ranbp10 Ran-binding protein 10
    Foxk2 Isoform 1 of Forkhead box protein K2
    Bod1l biorientation of chromosomes in cell division 1-like
    Zeb2 Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 2
    Bcr Breakpoint cluster region protein
    Pdcd11 Protein RRP5 homolog
    Hn1l Hematological and neurological expressed 1-like protein
    Palm Isoform
    1 of Paralemmin
    Phf3 PHD finger protein 3
    Ptk2 Isoform 1 of Focal adhesion kinase 1
    1110013L07Rik Putative uncharacterized protein
    Tcfeb Transcription factor EB
    Ehmt2 Isoform 1 of Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase H3 lysine-9 specific 3
    Zc3h4 Isoform 2 of Zinc finger CCCH domain-containing protein 4
    Ktn1 Isoform 1 of Kinectin
    Pbx2 Pre-B-cell leukemia transcription factor 2
    Phldb1 Isoform 2 of Pleckstrin homology-like domain family B member 1
    Cdgap Cdc42 GTPase-activating protein
    Eif3a Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit A
    Tbc1d4 140 kDa protein
    Dennd4a hypothetical protein LOC102442
    Wdr91 WD repeat-containing protein 91
    Junb Transcription factor jun-B
    Srpk2 serine/arginine-rich protein-specific kinase 2
    Eif4b Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4B
    Gbf1 Golgi-specific brefeldin A-resistance factor 1
    Cd2ap CD2-associated protein
    LOC100048559; Sfrs1 Isoform 1 of Splicing factor arginine/serine-rich 1
    Ccdc6 coiled-coil domain containing 6
    Ndrg3 Protein NDRG3
    Ulk1 Putative uncharacterized protein
    Arhgap17 Isoform 1 of Rho GTPase-activating protein 17
    Spna2 Isoform 2 of Spectrin alpha chain brain
    Patl1 Protein PAT1 homolog 1
    Bcas3 Isoform 1 of Breast carcinoma-amplified sequence 3 homolog
    Atg2a Autophagy-related protein 2 homolog A
    Ccnl1 Isoform
    1 of Cyclin-L1
    Znrf2 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase ZNRF2
    Larp4 Putative uncharacterized protein
    Mtor Isoform
    1 of FKBP12-rapamycin complex-associated protein
    Gsk3b Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta
    Ranbp9 RAN binding protein 9
    Kdm6a Isoform 1 of Lysine-specific demethylase 6A
    C130092O11Rik Isoform 1 of Uncharacterized protein KIAA1680
    Mtap1b Microtubule-associated protein 1B
    Prkd2 Serine/threonine-protein kinase D2
    Usp36 Ubiquitin specific peptidase 36
    Slc4a1ap solute carrier family 4 (anion exchanger) member 1 adaptor protein
    Llgl1 lethal giant larvae homolog 1 isoform 1
    Cabin1 calcineurin binding protein 1
    Pcbp1 Poly(rC)-binding protein 1
    Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1
    Rfc1 Rfc1 protein
    Pds5b Isoform
    1 of Sister chromatid cohesion protein PDS5 homolog B
    St5 Isoform
    1 of Suppression of tumorigenicity 5
    Eif4g1 Isoform 1 of Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 1
    Pom121 Nuclear envelope pore membrane protein POM 121
    Smarcc2 Isoform 2 of SWI/SNF complex subunit SMARCC2
    Eps8l2 Isoform 1 of Epidermal growth factor receptor kinase substrate 8-like protein 2
    Plekhm1 Pleckstrin homology domain-containing family M member 1
    B230208H17Rik Putative GTP-binding protein Parf
    Mll2 similar to myeloid/lymphoid or mixed-lineage leukemia 2
    Snx30 Sorting nexin-30
    Rps6kb1 Isoform Alpha I of Ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1
    Usp24 Isoform 1 of Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 24
    Micall1 Isoform 1 of MICAL-like protein 1
    Med1 Isoform 4 of Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 1
    Sorbs3 Vinexin
    Phldb2 Isoform
    1 of Pleckstrin homology-like domain family B member 2
    Smarcad1 Isoform 1 of SWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of
    chromatin subfamily A containing DEAD/H box 1
    Crkrs Isoform 2 of Cell division cycle 2-related protein kinase 7
    Gtf2f1 General transcription factor IIF subunit 1
    Scrib Isoform 1 of Protein LAP4
    2610110G12Rik Isoform
    1 of UPF0635 protein C6orf134 homolog
    Mllt4 Isoform
    3 of Afadin
    Nacc1 Nucleus accumbens-associated protein 1
    Zfp106 Isoform 1 of Zinc finger protein 106
    Rictor Isoform 1 of Rapamycin-insensitive companion of mTOR
    Tns1 tensin
    1
    Cttn Src substrate cortactin
    Sbno1 Isoform 2 of Protein strawberry notch homolog 1
    Fmnl3 Isoform 1 of Formin-like protein 3
    Syap1 Synapse-associated protein 1
    Strn3 Striatin-3
    Rb1 Retinoblastoma-associated protein
    Ehbp1 Isoform
    2 of EH domain-binding protein 1
    Sqstm1 Isoform 1 of Sequestosome-1
    Zc3hc1 Isoform 1 of Nuclear-interacting partner of ALK
    Tox4 TOX high mobility group box family member 4
    Emg1 Probable ribosome biogenesis protein NEP1
    Pcm1 Isoform 1 of Pericentriolar material 1 protein
    Trip10 Isoform 3 of Cdc42-interacting protein 4
    LOC100048123; Akt2 RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase
    Aak1 Isoform 2 of AP2-associated protein kinase 1
    Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive matrix protein 2
    Phldb2 Isoform 1 of Pleckstrin homology-like domain family B member 2
    Phldb1 Isoform 2 of Pleckstrin homology-like domain family B member 1
    Ahctf1 AT-hook-containing transcription factor 1
    Ahctf1 AT-hook-containing transcription factor 1
    Ahctf1 AT-hook-containing transcription factor 1
    Arhgap17 Isoform 1 of Rho GTPase-activating protein 17
    Rb1 Retinoblastoma-associated protein
    Rb1 Retinoblastoma-associated protein
    Tox4 TOX high mobility group box family member 4
    Tox4 TOX high mobility group box family member 4
    Hells Isoform 1 of Lymphocyte-specific helicase
    Hells Isoform
    1 of Lymphocyte-specific helicase
    Hells Isoform
    1 of Lymphocyte-specific helicase
    Erbb2ip Isoform
    1 of Protein LAP2
    Eif4ebp2 Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 2
    Eif4ebp2 Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 2
    Pds5b Isoform 1 of Sister chromatid cohesion protein PDS5 homolog B
    Pds5b Isoform 1 of Sister chromatid cohesion protein PDS5 homolog B
    Pds5b Isoform 1 of Sister chromatid cohesion protein PDS5 homolog B
    Fam129a Protein Niban
    Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1
    Ahnak AHNAK nucleoprotein isoform 1
    Ahnak AHNAK nucleoprotein isoform 1
    Ahnak AHNAK nucleoprotein isoform 1
    Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1
    Arid1a AT rich interactive domain 1A
    Fam129a Protein Niban
    Fam129a Protein Niban
    Atxn2 ataxin 2
    Atxn2 ataxin 2
    Ranbp10 Ran-binding protein 10
    Ranbp10 Ran-binding protein 10
    Ranbp10 Ran-binding protein 10
    Ranbp10 Ran-binding protein 10
    Ranbp10 Ran-binding protein 10
    Tox4 TOX high mobility group box family member 4
    Tox4 TOX high mobility group box family member 4
    Ku
    Myo18a Isoform 4 of Myosin-XVIIIa
    Brd2 Isoform 2 of Bromodomain-containing protein 2
    6330577E15Rik Uncharacterized protein C10orf78 homolog
    Best3 Bestrophin-3
    Larp1 Isoform 1 of La-related protein 1
    Fam62c Isoform 1 of Extended synaptotagmin-3
    Mdn1 Midasin homolog
    Rtn4 Isoform
    2 of Reticulon-4
    Pcdh24 Pcdh24 protein
    Synj1 similar to mKIAA0910 protein
    Zfp318 zinc finger protein 318 isoform 1
    Akt1s1 Proline-rich AKT1 substrate 1
    Alpk3 myocyte induction differentiation originator
    Zc3h14 Isoform
    2 of Zinc finger CCCH domain-containing protein 14
    Edc4 Isoform 1 of Enhancer of mRNA-decapping protein 4
    Srrm2 Isoform 3 of Serine/arginine repetitive matrix protein 2
    Kif20b Isoform 1 of M-phase phosphoprotein 1
    1110007A13Rik UPF0557 protein C10orf119 homolog
    Pi4k2a Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2-alpha
    Top2b DNA topoisomerase 2-beta
    BC021381 Isoform 2 of Uncharacterized protein KIAA1931
    Bbx Isoform 1 of HMG box transcription factor BBX
    Vcl Vinculin
    Eif4ebp1 Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1
    Rrp15 RRP15-like protein
    D10Wsu102e Uncharacterized protein C12orf45 homolog
    Braf Isoform 1 of B-Raf proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase
    Atg2b Isoform 1 of Autophagy-related protein 2 homolog B
    Npm1 Nucleophosmin
    Pcsk5 proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 5
    Mtap1b Microtubule-associated protein 1B
    Ercc6l DNA excision repair protein ERCC-6-like
    Serinc1 Serine incorporator 1
    Klf3; LOC100046855 Krueppel-like factor 3
    Smarca4 Putative uncharacterized protein
    Aak1 Uncharacterized protein FLJ45252 homolog
    Eif4ebp2 Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 2
    Ndrg1 Protein NDRG1
    Melk Maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase
    Arhgef17 Isoform 1 of Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 17
    Grit Isoform 2 of Rho/Cdc42/Rac GTPase-activating protein RICS
    Mdc1 mediator of DNA damage checkpoint 1
    Nfkb2 NF-kB2 splice variant 4
    Pcm1 Isoform 1 of Pericentriolar material 1 protein
    Mybbp1a Myb-binding protein 1A
    Sf3b1 Splicing factor 3B subunit 1
    Atrx Transcriptional regulator ATRX
    Ccdc88a Isoform 2 of Girdin
    Baz1b Isoform 1 of Tyrosine-protein kinase BAZ1B
    Nedd4l Isoform 3 of E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase NEDD4-like
    Orc6l Origin recognition complex subunit 6
    Trp53bp1 Transformation related protein 53 binding protein 1
    Map3k2 Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 2
    Hectd2 Hectd2 protein
    Usp10 Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 10
    D830031N03Rik similar to mKIAA0754 protein
    Nck1 non-catalytic region of tyrosine kinase adaptor protein 1
    Exosc9 Exosome complex exonuclease RRP45
    Dap Death-associated protein 1
    Rps6kb1 Isoform Alpha I of Ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1
    Lmna Isoform C2 of Lamin-A/C
    Sltm Isoform
    1 of SAFB-like transcription modulator
    Sh3pxd2a Isoform
    1 of SH3 and PX domain-containing protein 2A
    Flnc Isoform
    1 of Filamin-C
    Oxr1 Isoform
    2 of Oxidation resistance protein 1
    Rin2 Isoform 1 of Ras and Rab interactor 2
    Nek9 Serine/threonine-protein kinase Nek9
    Pebp1 Phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein 1
    Pop1 Processing of 1 ribonuclease P/MRP family
    Serhl Serine hydrolase-like protein
    Epb4.1l3 Isoform 1 of Band 4.1-like protein 3
    Hnrpll Isoform 1 of Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L-like
    Samhd1 SAM domain and HD domain-containing protein 1
    Zfp828 Zinc finger protein 828
    Larp7 Isoform 1 of La-related protein 7
    Myc myc proto-oncogene protein
    Myo9a Isoform 2 of Myosin-IXa
    Gsk3b Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta
    Zfp395 zinc finger protein 395
    Bend3 BEN domain-containing protein 3
    Akap12 Isoform 1 of A-kinase anchor protein 12
    Eif4g1 Isoform 1 of Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 1
    Eif4b Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4B
    Dock7 Isoform 2 of Dedicator of cytokinesis protein 7
    Patl1 Protein PAT1 homolog 1
    Slc7a11 Cystine/glutamate transporter
    Myo9b Isoform 1 of Myosin-IXb
    Setd2 SET domain containing 2
    Gphn Gephyrin
    Erf ETS domain-containing transcription factor ERF
    Spnb2 Isoform
    2 of Spectrin beta chain brain 1
    Phip PH-interacting protein
    Sdpr Serum deprivation-response protein
    Tcof1 Treacle protein
    Pwp1 Periodic tryptophan protein 1 homolog
    Rb/1 Isoform Long of Retinoblastoma-like protein 1
    Eef1b2 Elongation factor 1-beta
    Phactr4 Isoform
    1 of Phosphatase and actin regulator 4
    C230081A13Rik Tyrosine-protein kinase-protein kinase SgK269
    Ahnak2 Putative uncharacterized protein
    Table 11. Proteins with downregulated phosphorylation identified in the rapamycin and Ku-0063794 screen.

Claims (29)

1. A method for determining mTOR kinase activity in a cancer cell, the method comprising
(a) obtaining a cancer cell from a subject diagnosed to have a cancer,
(b) determining the level of Grb10 phosphorylation in the cell, and
(c) comparing the level of Grb10 phosphorylation to a reference level, wherein if the level of Grb10 phosphorylation in the cell is higher than the reference level, then the cell is determined to exhibit an elevated level of mTOR kinase activity.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising selecting a method of treatment based on the cell exhibiting an elevated level of mTOR kinase activity.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein if the cell is determined to exhibit an elevated level of mTOR kinase activity, then the selected method of treatment comprises administering an effective amount of an mTOR kinase inhibitor to the subject.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the method of treatment further comprises administering an effective amount of a compound that stabilizes Grb10 or that inhibits the degradation of Grb10 and/or an effective amount of a PI3K inhibitor to the subject.
5. The method of claim 3, wherein the mTOR inhibitor is an allosteric mTOR kinase inhibitor or a catalytic mTOR kinase inhibitor.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein the allosteric mTOR kinase inhibitor is rapamycin or a rapamycin analog, or wherein the catalytic mTOR kinase inhibitor is an ATP-competitive mTOR kinase inhibitor.
7. The method of claim 3, wherein the mTOR inhibitor is an mTORC1 inhibitor or an mTORC1/2 inhibitor.
8-10. (canceled)
11. The method of claim 3, wherein the mTOR inhibitor is a dual PI3K/mTOR kinase inhibitor.
12-13. (canceled)
14. The method of claim 4, wherein the PI3K inhibitor is a dual PI3K/mTOR kinase inhibitor.
15. (canceled)
16. The method of claim 3, wherein the method of treatment further comprises administering an effective amount of an Akt inhibitor to the subject.
17. (canceled)
18. The method of claim 4, wherein the compound that inhibits the degradation of Grb10 is a ubiquitin ligase inhibitor.
19. The method of claim 18, wherein the ubiquitin ligase inhibitor is an E3 ubiquitin ligase inhibitor.
20. The method of claim 2, further comprising carrying out the selected method of treatment.
21. A method for selecting a treatment of a cancer, the method comprising,
(a) obtaining a cancer cell from a subject diagnosed to have a cancer exhibiting an elevated level of mTOR activity,
(b) determining the level of Grb10 expression in the cell, and
(c) comparing the level of Grb10 expression to a reference level, wherein if the level of Grb10 expression in the cell is higher than the reference level, then the cell is determined to exhibit a high risk of expressing an elevated level of PI3K, Akt, and/or MAPK activity upon being contacted with an mTORC1 inhibitor.
22. The method of claim 21, the method further comprising selecting a method of treatment based on the cell exhibiting a high risk of expressing an elevated level of PI3K, Akt, and/or MAPK activity upon being contacted with an mTORC1 inhibitor.
23. The method of claim 22, wherein the method of treatment comprises
administering (i) an effective amount of an mTOR kinase inhibitor and/or (ii) an effective amount of an IGF1R, EGFR, PI3K, Akt, MEK, and/or RSK inhibitors and/or of a compound stabilizing Grb10 to the subject, or
administering an effective amount of a dual or multi-target inhibitor that inhibits mTOR and inhibits IGFR, EGFR, PI3K, Akt, MEK, and/or RSK and/or of a compound stabilizing Grb10 to the subject.
24-40. (canceled)
41. A method for determining mTOR kinase activity in a cell, the method comprising
(a) determining the level of phosphorylation of a plurality of phosphorylation sites disclosed in Table 1, 2, 3, 7, or 8, or 11 in the cell; and
(b) comparing the level of phosphorylation determined in step (a) to a reference level, wherein
(i) if the level of phosphorylation determined in step (b) is higher than the reference level, then the cell is determined to exhibit an elevated level of mTOR kinase activity, or
(ii) if the level of phosphorylation determined in step (b) is equal or lower than the reference level, then the cell is determined to not exhibit an elevated level of mTOR kinase activity.
42-78. (canceled)
79. A method for determining mTOR kinase activity in a cell, the method comprising
(a) determining the level of phosphorylation of a phosphorylation site disclosed in Table 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, or 11 in the cell; and
(b) comparing the level of phosphorylation determined in step (a) to a reference level, and
(i) if the level of phosphorylation determined in step (b) is higher than the reference level, then the cell is determined to exhibit an elevated level of mTOR kinase activity, or
(ii) if the level of phosphorylation determined in step (b) is equal or lower than the reference level, then the cell is determined to not exhibit an elevated level of mTOR kinase activity.
80-126. (canceled)
127. A method of identifying an mTOR kinase inhibitor, the method comprising
(a) contacting an mTOR kinase with a polypeptide comprising a phosphorylation site disclosed in Table 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, or 11 under conditions suitable for the mTOR kinase to phosphorylate the phosphorylation site in the presence of a candidate agent,
(b) determining the level of phosphorylation at the phosphorylation site,
(c) comparing the level of phosphorylation determined in step (b) to a reference level, wherein if the level determined in step (b) is lower than the reference level, then the candidate agent is identified as an mTOR kinase inhibitor.
128-139. (canceled)
140. A method for determining mTOR kinase activity in a cell, the method comprising
(a) obtaining a cell from a subject,
(b) determining the level of phosphorylation of a protein selected from the group consisting of Grb10, FOXK1, ZEB2, NDRG3, LARP1, SRPK2, CDK12, MIB1, and IBTK in the cell, and
(c) comparing the level of phosphorylation of the protein to a reference level, wherein if the level of phosphorylation of the protein in the cell is higher than the reference level, then the cell is determined to exhibit an elevated level of mTOR kinase activity.
141-148. (canceled)
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