US20130220816A1 - Removal of Glycerin From Biodiesel Using An Electrostatic Process - Google Patents
Removal of Glycerin From Biodiesel Using An Electrostatic Process Download PDFInfo
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- US20130220816A1 US20130220816A1 US13/857,594 US201313857594A US2013220816A1 US 20130220816 A1 US20130220816 A1 US 20130220816A1 US 201313857594 A US201313857594 A US 201313857594A US 2013220816 A1 US2013220816 A1 US 2013220816A1
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- electrostatic coalescer
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D17/00—Separation of liquids, not provided for elsewhere, e.g. by thermal diffusion
- B01D17/06—Separation of liquids from each other by electricity
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D17/00—Separation of liquids, not provided for elsewhere, e.g. by thermal diffusion
- B01D17/02—Separation of non-miscible liquids
- B01D17/04—Breaking emulsions
- B01D17/045—Breaking emulsions with coalescers
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C11/00—Separation by high-voltage electrical fields, not provided for in other groups of this subclass
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C3/00—Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapour, e.g. air, by electrostatic effect
- B03C3/02—Plant or installations having external electricity supply
- B03C3/04—Plant or installations having external electricity supply dry type
- B03C3/09—Plant or installations having external electricity supply dry type characterised by presence of stationary flat electrodes arranged with their flat surfaces at right angles to the gas stream
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C3/00—Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapour, e.g. air, by electrostatic effect
- B03C3/34—Constructional details or accessories or operation thereof
- B03C3/40—Electrode constructions
- B03C3/41—Ionising-electrodes
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C3/00—Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapour, e.g. air, by electrostatic effect
- B03C3/34—Constructional details or accessories or operation thereof
- B03C3/40—Electrode constructions
- B03C3/45—Collecting-electrodes
- B03C3/49—Collecting-electrodes tubular
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/02—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
- C10L1/026—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only for compression ignition
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C2201/00—Details of magnetic or electrostatic separation
- B03C2201/02—Electro-statically separating liquids from liquids
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C2201/00—Details of magnetic or electrostatic separation
- B03C2201/04—Ionising electrode being a wire
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C2201/00—Details of magnetic or electrostatic separation
- B03C2201/10—Ionising electrode has multiple serrated ends or parts
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C2201/00—Details of magnetic or electrostatic separation
- B03C2201/30—Details of magnetic or electrostatic separation for use in or with vehicles
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/10—Feedstock materials
- C10G2300/1011—Biomass
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
- Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P30/00—Technologies relating to oil refining and petrochemical industry
- Y02P30/20—Technologies relating to oil refining and petrochemical industry using bio-feedstock
Definitions
- This invention relates generally to electrostatic coalescers, and, more particularly, to an improved vertical coalescer to promote separation of glycerin from biodiesel.
- Newer continuous processes for biodiesel production using heterogeneous catalysts enable the transeterification reaction to proceed continuously.
- Such continuous processing requires the application of cost effective, time efficient, and complete separation of glycerin from the alkyl ester stream. Because no water is used in these newer solid catalytic processes, the quality of the glycerin is higher (about 98%) and its market value considerably greater than glycerin from homogeneous catalytic processes.
- the lower volume glycerin streams which typically range from less than 400 barrels per day to as much as 1,000 barrels per day, require a continuous, rapid separation for their economy.
- An electrostatic coalescer for promoting glycerin coalescence in biodiesel e comprises an vertically disposed vessel having a fluid inlet located at a lower portion, a first fluid outlet located at a bottom, and a second fluid outlet located at a top of the vessel.
- two or more vertically disposed first and second electrode surfaces are located in an upper portion of the vessel.
- the electrodes radially extend outward from and about a central longitudinal axis of the vessel.
- the vessel is at ground potential and a portion of one or more of the first electrode surfaces is in communication with an interior surface of the vessel.
- a portion of one or more of the second electrodes is in communication with a power supply.
- Various types of power supply and electric circuitry may be employed to create effective electric fields for coalescence of the glycerin droplets contained in the emulsion.
- Each first electrode surface lies adjacent to a second electrode surface, and each adjacent first and second electrode surfaces have substantially equal angular spacing therebetween.
- the first electrode surface preferably has a substantially uniform cross sectional area.
- the second electrode surface preferably has a teardrop-shaped cross sectional area.
- the electrostatic coalescer further comprises a circular-shaped distributor pipe or a distributor housing that serves to absorb momentum of the incoming emulsion stream.
- glycerin droplets coalesce. Once the droplets reach a size that overcomes gravity, the droplets fall to a glycerin phase located at a lower portion of the vessel.
- a level control monitors the glycerin phase and controls an outlet valve.
- the electrostatic coalescer comprises one or more horizontally disposed first electrode surfaces located in an upper portion of the vessel.
- the electrode surface may be a circular shaped bar grate. A portion of the electrode surface is in communication with an inner surface of the vessel, which is at ground potential.
- Two or more horizontally disposed second electrode surfaces are oriented substantially parallel to the first electrode surface and are located a substantially equal distance above and below the first electrode surface, respectively.
- a passageway through the first electrode surface allows for a connector to connect the two second electrode surfaces to one another without communicating with the first electrode surface.
- the second electrode surface may comprise two or more rods of varying length, each rod oriented parallel to the other with each end of the rods lying a substantially equal distance from an opposing inner surface of the vessel.
- a power supply external to the vessel is in communication with one of the second electrode surfaces.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a vertical electrostatic coalescer having a circular conduit for distributing an inlet stream of biodiesel and glycerin and employing an electric field to coalesce the glycerin droplets in the biodiesel.
- the electric field comprises circumferentially arranged and vertically disposed electrode surfaces.
- FIG. 2 is a view of the electrostatic coalescer taken along section line 2 - 2 of FIG. 1 . Electrode surfaces having a charge alternate with and are substantially equally spaced between electrode surfaces at ground potential.
- FIG. 3 is a view taken along section line 3 - 3 of FIG. 1 .
- a circular conduit having an array of ports serves to absorb momentum of the inlet stream and substantially evenly distribute the stream into an interior of the coalescer.
- FIG. 4 is a view taken along section line 4 - 4 of FIG. 1 .
- a set of concentric rings provides support and spacing for the circumferentially arranged fin-shaped electrode surfaces
- FIG. 5 is view of a typical operating environment for the electrostatic coalescer.
- FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the vertical electrostatic coalescer having a distributor housing and employing an electric field.
- the electric field comprises horizontally disposed electrode surfaces, one surface having the same charge as a power supply, the other surface being at ground potential.
- FIG. 7 is a view of the electrostatic coalescer taken along section line 7 - 7 of FIG. 6 .
- An open, circular-shaped baffle helps to control turbulence and a flow of biodiesel to an outlet.
- FIG. 8 is a view taken along section line 8 - 8 of FIG. 6 .
- An electrode surface at charge comprises a plurality of different length rods, the rods being arranged in parallel with each rod end being a substantially equal distance from an opposing inner surface of the coalescer.
- FIG. 9 is a view taken along section line 9 - 9 of FIG. 6 .
- An electrode surface at ground potential comprises a circular bar grate having circular passageways therethrough.
- FIG. 10 is a view taken along section line 10 - 10 of FIG. 6 .
- FIG. 11 is a view taken along section line 11 - 11 of FIG. 6 .
- a distributor housing having an array of ports serves to absorb momentum of the inlet stream and substantially evenly distribute the stream into an interior of the coalescer.
- FIG. 12 is a view taken along section line 12 - 12 of FIG. 6 .
- An open, cylindrical-shaped baffle helps to control turbulence and a flow of coalesced glycerin to an outlet.
- FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the vertical electrostatic coalescer having a distributor housing and employing an electric field.
- the electric field includes a cylindrical wire screen having the same charge as a power supply and a centrally disposed, vertical closed cylinder being at ground potential.
- FIG. 14 is a view taken along section line 14 - 14 of FIG. 13 .
- an electrostatic coalescer 10 comprises a vertically oriented vessel 12 having an inlet 20 , a heavy component (glycerin) outlet 22 , and a lighter component (biodiesel) outlet 24 .
- a first electrode surface 70 and a second electrode surface 72 Positioned within vessel 12 is a first electrode surface 70 and a second electrode surface 72 .
- Electrode 70 is in communication with vessel 12 , which is at ground potential, via a set of tabs 76 . Because glycerin is such a poor conductor, it is preferable to add a ground in the form of a foraminous plate 96 , which is attached to vessel 12 and located in a lower portion of vessel 12 .
- Plate 96 may also be a wire screen or bar grate.
- Electrode 72 is connected by a conductor 94 to a power source (not shown).
- Conductor 94 enters an interior of vessel 12 through a contract rod 80 located on an exterior surface of vessel 12 .
- the power source is of a type well known in electrostatic coalescence and the electrical circuitry employed may incorporate multiple frequency wave forms.
- Electrodes 70 , 72 form an electric field within an interior of vessel 12 .
- the electrodes 70 , 72 are oriented so that the glycerin-in-biodiesel stream passes between and about adjacent pairs of electrodes 70 , 72 and through the electric field.
- each electrode 72 preferably has a teardrop-shaped cross sectional area and is suspended vertically by a pair of rings 64 , 66 that are oriented horizontally and arranged concentric to a central longitudinal axis of vessel 12 .
- Electrode 70 preferably has a substantially uniform cross sectional area.
- the rings 64 , 66 are suspended by three insulated hanger rods 62 which electrically insulate vessel 12 from a charge being applied to ring 64 at connection point 92 .
- Four substantially equally spaced spokes 68 connect rings 64 and 66 to one another.
- each electrode 72 radially extend outward in relation to a central longitudinal axis of vessel 12 so that each electrode 72 relative to each adjacent electrode 70 preferably has substantially the same angular spacing therebetween.
- An inner lateral edge and an outer lateral surface of each electrode 72 lies a substantially equal distance from an opposing inner surface of vessel 12 and the central longitudinal axis of vessel 12 , respectively.
- Each electrode 70 radially extend outward from a hollow cylindrical-body centralizer 74 .
- the electrodes 70 are preferably arranged so that each electrode 70 relative to each adjacent electrode 72 has substantially the same angular spacing therebetween.
- Centralizer 74 is arranged concentric to the central longitudinal axis of vessel 12 and has a conical-shaped end cap 78 at each end. End cap 78 prevents emulsion from entering an interior of centralizer 74 and serves to reduce turbulence within vessel 12 .
- a portion of an outer lateral edge of electrode 70 connects to a tab 74 located on an inner surface of vessel 12 .
- Adjacent pairs of electrode 70 form a space within which an electrode 72 is contained.
- Each electrode 72 has substantially equal angular spacing from each electrode 70 .
- the relative spacing and shape of electrodes 70 , 72 also work to control turbulence within vessel 12 .
- centralizer 74 functions as an electrode.
- an inner surface of vessel 12 functions as an electrode.
- the configuration and positioning of electrodes 70 and 72 relative to each other and to vessel 12 and centralizer 74 provides for a substantially uniform electric field preferably in a range of 2 to 8 kV per inch spacing between electrodes 70 and 72 .
- the glycerin-in-biodiesel stream flowing into inlet 20 is routed to a distributor conduit 30 , preferably circular shaped.
- Conduit 30 has an array of substantially evenly spaced circular-shaped ports 32 located about its periphery 30 a .
- Conduit 30 absorbs momentum of the incoming glycerin-in-biodiesel stream and reduces its velocity, thereby controlling turbulence within vessel 12 while distributing the stream substantially evenly within vessel 12 .
- the stream disperses into the interior of vessel 12 it migrates upwardly toward the electric field created by electrodes 70 and 72 .
- As the emulsion travels through the electric field a bulk of the dispersed glycerin coalesces.
- a float assembly 80 monitors the level of glycerin being collected. Once the level of glycerin reaches a predetermined level, a valve (not shown) opens and allows the glycerin to exit vessel 12 through outlet 22 .
- FIG. 5 illustrates a typical operating environment for the electrostatic coalescer 10 .
- the transesterification reaction occurs upstream from the coalescer, whether by the conventional process involving the admixture of triglycerides, methanol and the homogeneous alkaline catalyst, or by the newer process employing a heterogeneous, acid catalyst in which triglycerides and methanol are admixed and then stirred with the solid catalyst or passed over a fixed bed containing the solid catalyst.
- the feed to the electrostatic separator in either case, containing biodiesel and glycerin, will have been cooled and stripped of residual methanol and water, as appropriate.
- This feed to the electrostatic coalescer 10 will consist of biodiesel and glycerin in an approximate ratio by volume of 10:1.
- Electrodes 42 and 50 form an electric field. Electrode 42 is in communication with vessel 12 , which is at ground potential, via a fastener 44 that attaches electrode 42 to an internal brace 58 . Foraminous plate 96 is also at ground potential. Electrode 50 is connected to a power source (not shown) by a conductor 94 and is suspended by insulated hangers 62 that connect to an electrode supporting structure 46 .
- the electrodes 42 , 50 are each oriented in a horizontal plane, with a pair of electrodes 50 a and 50 b being positioned substantially parallel to and a substantially equal distance above and below electrode 42 , respectively.
- An insulated connector 46 connects electrodes 50 a and 50 b.
- electrode 50 preferably comprises a series of varying length rods 52 a , 52 b , each rod 52 a , 52 b being held by a pair of fasteners 54 and arranged so that adjacent rods 52 a , 52 b are parallel to one another and the end of each rod 52 a , 52 b lies a substantially equal distance from an opposing inner surface of vessel 12 .
- electrode 42 preferably comprises a circular-shaped bar grate being arranged concentric to vessel 12 and having two circular-shaped passageways 56 located on its interior surface. Insulated connector 50 passes through passageway 56 , thereby isolating electrodes 42 and 50 from one another. The relative spacing and shapes of electrodes 42 , 52 also work to control turbulence within vessel 12 .
- the glycerin-in-biodiesel stream flowing into inlet 20 is routed to pipe 38 having a tee at one end and being located within a distributor housing 34 .
- One end of the tee of pipe 38 mates against a bottom surface of housing 34 , the other end faces an array of substantially evenly spaced circular-shaped ports 36 located on an upper surface of housing 34 .
- Housing 34 and pipe 38 absorb momentum of the incoming glycerin-in-biodiesel stream and reduce its velocity, thereby controlling turbulence within vessel 12 while distributing the stream substantially evenly within vessel 12 .
- a circular-shaped open-top baffle 48 serves to control a flow of glycerin to outlet 22 .
- a circular-shaped open-bottom baffle serves to control the flow of biodiesel to outlet 24 .
- FIGS. 13 and 14 illustrate another embodiment of electrostatic coalescer 10 .
- electrodes 98 and 100 form an electric field.
- Electrode 98 is a foraminous surface, preferably a cylindrical wire screen, connected to a power source (not shown) by conductor 94 and suspended by insulated hangers 62 .
- Electrode 100 is a solid surface, preferably a hollow, closed end, cylinder in communication with vessel 12 , which is at ground potential, via a hanger assembly 102 .
- the electrodes 98 , 100 are each oriented in a vertical plane.
- Foraminous plate 96 is at ground potential.
- electrostatic coalescer 10 has been described with a certain degree of particularity, many changes may be made in the details of construction and the arrangement of components without departing from the spirit and scope of this disclosure. The invention, therefore, is limited only by the scope of the attached claims, including the full range of equivalency to which each element thereof is entitled.
Abstract
A vertical electrostatic coalescer comprises a first and second electrode surface and a horizontally disposed foraminous surface. The first electrode surface and horizontally disposed foraminous surface are at ground potential. The first and second electrode surfaces share the same planar orientation relative to the central longitudinal axis of the vessel. The unique arrangement of the vessel and opposing pairs of first and second electrode surfaces provides for a substantially uniform voltage field around a perimeter of the vessel and an effective voltage field for coalescence within a center of the vessel. A circular-shaped distributor pipe or a distributor housing serves to absorb momentum of the incoming emulsion stream and distribute the stream into an interior of the vessel.
Description
- This application is not based upon any pending domestic or international patent applications.
- This invention relates generally to electrostatic coalescers, and, more particularly, to an improved vertical coalescer to promote separation of glycerin from biodiesel.
- Conventional biodiesel production employs homogeneous alkaline catalysts to transform seed oils or animal fats into fatty acid alkyl esters and glycerin. The normal volume ratio of alkyl esters to glycerin is 10:1. Separating the glycerin from the ester layers by capitalizing on their different specific gravities-1.26 kg/L for glycerin and 0.86-0.90 kg/L for esters—is common but cost inefficient.
- Large quantities of water are required to remove glycerin and spent catalyst from the ester layer, which tends to reduce the market value of the glycerin byproduct. Static or centrifugal separators are difficult to manage and tedious to operate, lending considerable risk to the quality of the final alkyl ester product, which must meet ASTM specifications (D6751-07b) before any use in on-road vehicles as biodiesel.
- Newer continuous processes for biodiesel production using heterogeneous catalysts enable the transeterification reaction to proceed continuously. Such continuous processing requires the application of cost effective, time efficient, and complete separation of glycerin from the alkyl ester stream. Because no water is used in these newer solid catalytic processes, the quality of the glycerin is higher (about 98%) and its market value considerably greater than glycerin from homogeneous catalytic processes. The lower volume glycerin streams, which typically range from less than 400 barrels per day to as much as 1,000 barrels per day, require a continuous, rapid separation for their economy.
- Recent tests conducted by the inventors have shown that glycerin can be readily and rapidly coalesced by an electrostatic field and the separation rate is increased by the development of large glycerin droplets. Although electrostatic coalescence is a proven, effective method for crude oil dehydration, electrostatic coalescers are not well-suited for biodiesel production. These crude oil coalescers are typically large, horizontally oriented vessels. A need exists, therefore, for smaller, vertically oriented, electrostatic coalescers to promote the separation of glycerin from alky fatty acid esters in the continuous production of biodiesel.
- An electrostatic coalescer for promoting glycerin coalescence in biodiesel e comprises an vertically disposed vessel having a fluid inlet located at a lower portion, a first fluid outlet located at a bottom, and a second fluid outlet located at a top of the vessel. In a preferred embodiment, two or more vertically disposed first and second electrode surfaces are located in an upper portion of the vessel. The electrodes radially extend outward from and about a central longitudinal axis of the vessel. The vessel is at ground potential and a portion of one or more of the first electrode surfaces is in communication with an interior surface of the vessel. A portion of one or more of the second electrodes is in communication with a power supply. Various types of power supply and electric circuitry may be employed to create effective electric fields for coalescence of the glycerin droplets contained in the emulsion.
- Each first electrode surface lies adjacent to a second electrode surface, and each adjacent first and second electrode surfaces have substantially equal angular spacing therebetween. The first electrode surface preferably has a substantially uniform cross sectional area. The second electrode surface preferably has a teardrop-shaped cross sectional area. The unique arrangement of the vessel and opposing pairs of first and second electrode surfaces provides for a substantially uniform AC voltage field around a perimeter of the vessel and an effective DC field for coalescence within a center of the vessel. A field in the range of 2 kV/inch to 8 kV/inch is preferable for coalescing the glycerin.
- The electrostatic coalescer further comprises a circular-shaped distributor pipe or a distributor housing that serves to absorb momentum of the incoming emulsion stream. An array of ports located about a periphery of the distributor pipe—or an array of ports located on an upper surface of the housing—substantially evenly distributes the stream into an interior of the vessel. As the glycerin-in-biodiesel stream enters the electric field established by the electrode surfaces, glycerin droplets coalesce. Once the droplets reach a size that overcomes gravity, the droplets fall to a glycerin phase located at a lower portion of the vessel. A level control monitors the glycerin phase and controls an outlet valve.
- In another preferred embodiment, the electrostatic coalescer comprises one or more horizontally disposed first electrode surfaces located in an upper portion of the vessel. The electrode surface may be a circular shaped bar grate. A portion of the electrode surface is in communication with an inner surface of the vessel, which is at ground potential. Two or more horizontally disposed second electrode surfaces are oriented substantially parallel to the first electrode surface and are located a substantially equal distance above and below the first electrode surface, respectively. A passageway through the first electrode surface allows for a connector to connect the two second electrode surfaces to one another without communicating with the first electrode surface. The second electrode surface may comprise two or more rods of varying length, each rod oriented parallel to the other with each end of the rods lying a substantially equal distance from an opposing inner surface of the vessel. A power supply external to the vessel is in communication with one of the second electrode surfaces.
- A better understanding of the invention will be obtained from the following description of the preferred embodiments and the claims, taken in conjunction with the attached drawings.
-
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a vertical electrostatic coalescer having a circular conduit for distributing an inlet stream of biodiesel and glycerin and employing an electric field to coalesce the glycerin droplets in the biodiesel. The electric field comprises circumferentially arranged and vertically disposed electrode surfaces. -
FIG. 2 is a view of the electrostatic coalescer taken along section line 2-2 ofFIG. 1 . Electrode surfaces having a charge alternate with and are substantially equally spaced between electrode surfaces at ground potential. -
FIG. 3 is a view taken along section line 3-3 ofFIG. 1 . A circular conduit having an array of ports serves to absorb momentum of the inlet stream and substantially evenly distribute the stream into an interior of the coalescer. -
FIG. 4 is a view taken along section line 4-4 ofFIG. 1 . A set of concentric rings provides support and spacing for the circumferentially arranged fin-shaped electrode surfaces -
FIG. 5 is view of a typical operating environment for the electrostatic coalescer. -
FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the vertical electrostatic coalescer having a distributor housing and employing an electric field. The electric field comprises horizontally disposed electrode surfaces, one surface having the same charge as a power supply, the other surface being at ground potential. -
FIG. 7 is a view of the electrostatic coalescer taken along section line 7-7 ofFIG. 6 . An open, circular-shaped baffle helps to control turbulence and a flow of biodiesel to an outlet. -
FIG. 8 is a view taken along section line 8-8 ofFIG. 6 . An electrode surface at charge comprises a plurality of different length rods, the rods being arranged in parallel with each rod end being a substantially equal distance from an opposing inner surface of the coalescer. -
FIG. 9 is a view taken along section line 9-9 ofFIG. 6 . An electrode surface at ground potential comprises a circular bar grate having circular passageways therethrough. -
FIG. 10 is a view taken along section line 10-10 ofFIG. 6 . -
FIG. 11 is a view taken along section line 11-11 ofFIG. 6 . A distributor housing having an array of ports serves to absorb momentum of the inlet stream and substantially evenly distribute the stream into an interior of the coalescer. -
FIG. 12 is a view taken along section line 12-12 ofFIG. 6 . An open, cylindrical-shaped baffle helps to control turbulence and a flow of coalesced glycerin to an outlet. -
FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the vertical electrostatic coalescer having a distributor housing and employing an electric field. The electric field includes a cylindrical wire screen having the same charge as a power supply and a centrally disposed, vertical closed cylinder being at ground potential. -
FIG. 14 is a view taken along section line 14-14 ofFIG. 13 . - An electrostatic coalescer as described below is not limited in its application to the details illustrated in the accompanying drawings. The coalescer is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or carried out in a variety of ways. The phraseology and terminology employed herein, therefore, are for purposes of description and not limitation. Elements illustrated in the drawings are identified by the following numbers:
- 10 Electrostatic coalescer
- 12 Vessel
- 14 Vessel top
- 16 Vessel bottom
- 18 Contact rod
- 20 Emulsion inlet
- 22 Glycerin outlet
- 24 Biodiesel outlet
- 26 Support leg
- 28 Baffle
- 30 Distributor conduit
- 32 Port
- 34 Distributor housing
- 36 Port
- 38 Pipe with tee outlet
- 40 Brace
- 42 Electrode
- 44 Fastener
- 46 Insulated connector
- 48 Support
- 50 Electrode
- 52 Rod
- 54 Fastener
- 56 Passageway
- 58 Brace
- 60 Insulated hanger
- 62 Insulated hanger
- 64 Ring
- 66 Ring
- 68 Spoke
- 70 Electrode
- 72 Electrode
- 74 Centralizer
- 76 Tab
- 78 Cap
- 80 Float assembly
- 88 Baffle
- 90 Power source
- 92 High voltage connection
- 94 Conductor
- 96 Foraminous plate
- 98 Electrode
- 100 Electrode
- 102 Hangar assembly
- Referring to
FIG. 1 , in a preferred embodiment anelectrostatic coalescer 10 comprises a vertically orientedvessel 12 having aninlet 20, a heavy component (glycerin)outlet 22, and a lighter component (biodiesel)outlet 24. Positioned withinvessel 12 is afirst electrode surface 70 and asecond electrode surface 72.Electrode 70 is in communication withvessel 12, which is at ground potential, via a set oftabs 76. Because glycerin is such a poor conductor, it is preferable to add a ground in the form of aforaminous plate 96, which is attached tovessel 12 and located in a lower portion ofvessel 12.Plate 96 may also be a wire screen or bar grate.Electrode 72 is connected by aconductor 94 to a power source (not shown).Conductor 94 enters an interior ofvessel 12 through acontract rod 80 located on an exterior surface ofvessel 12. The power source is of a type well known in electrostatic coalescence and the electrical circuitry employed may incorporate multiple frequency wave forms. For more detailed information on power sources and related circuitry used in electrostatic coalescence, review U.S. Pat. No. 6,860,979, entitled “Dual Frequency Electrostatic Coalescence” and issued to Gary W. Sams on Aug. 7, 2002, and application Ser. No. 11/057,900, entitled “Multiple Frequency Electrostatic Coalescence,” filed Feb. 15, 2005, by Gary W. Sams, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference. -
Electrodes vessel 12. Theelectrodes electrodes FIGS. 2 and 4 , eachelectrode 72 preferably has a teardrop-shaped cross sectional area and is suspended vertically by a pair ofrings vessel 12.Electrode 70 preferably has a substantially uniform cross sectional area. Therings insulated hanger rods 62 which electrically insulatevessel 12 from a charge being applied to ring 64 atconnection point 92. Four substantially equally spacedspokes 68 connect rings 64 and 66 to one another. - The
electrodes 72 radially extend outward in relation to a central longitudinal axis ofvessel 12 so that eachelectrode 72 relative to eachadjacent electrode 70 preferably has substantially the same angular spacing therebetween. An inner lateral edge and an outer lateral surface of eachelectrode 72 lies a substantially equal distance from an opposing inner surface ofvessel 12 and the central longitudinal axis ofvessel 12, respectively. Through the above arrangement,electrodes 72 carry a charge but remain insulated fromvessel 12 andelectrode 70. - Each
electrode 70 radially extend outward from a hollow cylindrical-body centralizer 74. Theelectrodes 70 are preferably arranged so that eachelectrode 70 relative to eachadjacent electrode 72 has substantially the same angular spacing therebetween.Centralizer 74 is arranged concentric to the central longitudinal axis ofvessel 12 and has a conical-shapedend cap 78 at each end.End cap 78 prevents emulsion from entering an interior ofcentralizer 74 and serves to reduce turbulence withinvessel 12. - A portion of an outer lateral edge of
electrode 70 connects to atab 74 located on an inner surface ofvessel 12. Adjacent pairs ofelectrode 70 form a space within which anelectrode 72 is contained. Eachelectrode 72 has substantially equal angular spacing from eachelectrode 70. The relative spacing and shape ofelectrodes vessel 12. Additionally, because an exterior surface ofcentralizer 74 is in contact with an inner lateral edge ofelectrode 70,centralizer 74 functions as an electrode. Similarly, an inner surface ofvessel 12 functions as an electrode. The configuration and positioning ofelectrodes vessel 12 andcentralizer 74 provides for a substantially uniform electric field preferably in a range of 2 to 8 kV per inch spacing betweenelectrodes - Returning to
FIG. 1 , and also referring toFIG. 3 , the glycerin-in-biodiesel stream flowing intoinlet 20 is routed to adistributor conduit 30, preferably circular shaped.Conduit 30 has an array of substantially evenly spaced circular-shapedports 32 located about itsperiphery 30 a.Conduit 30 absorbs momentum of the incoming glycerin-in-biodiesel stream and reduces its velocity, thereby controlling turbulence withinvessel 12 while distributing the stream substantially evenly withinvessel 12. As the stream disperses into the interior ofvessel 12 it migrates upwardly toward the electric field created byelectrodes - As the coalesced droplets grow in size, gravity overcomes the electric field that suspends the droplets between the
electrodes vessel 12. Afloat assembly 80 monitors the level of glycerin being collected. Once the level of glycerin reaches a predetermined level, a valve (not shown) opens and allows the glycerin to exitvessel 12 throughoutlet 22. -
FIG. 5 illustrates a typical operating environment for theelectrostatic coalescer 10. The transesterification reaction occurs upstream from the coalescer, whether by the conventional process involving the admixture of triglycerides, methanol and the homogeneous alkaline catalyst, or by the newer process employing a heterogeneous, acid catalyst in which triglycerides and methanol are admixed and then stirred with the solid catalyst or passed over a fixed bed containing the solid catalyst. Once the reaction is complete, the feed to the electrostatic separator in either case, containing biodiesel and glycerin, will have been cooled and stripped of residual methanol and water, as appropriate. This feed to theelectrostatic coalescer 10 will consist of biodiesel and glycerin in an approximate ratio by volume of 10:1. - Referring now to
FIG. 6 , another preferred embodiment ofelectrostatic coalescer 10 is illustrated. In this embodiment,electrodes 42 and 50 form an electric field.Electrode 42 is in communication withvessel 12, which is at ground potential, via afastener 44 that attacheselectrode 42 to aninternal brace 58.Foraminous plate 96 is also at ground potential. Electrode 50 is connected to a power source (not shown) by aconductor 94 and is suspended byinsulated hangers 62 that connect to anelectrode supporting structure 46. Theelectrodes 42, 50 are each oriented in a horizontal plane, with a pair ofelectrodes electrode 42, respectively. Aninsulated connector 46 connectselectrodes - As illustrated in
FIGS. 8 and 10 , electrode 50 preferably comprises a series of varyinglength rods rod adjacent rods rod vessel 12. As illustrated inFIG. 9 ,electrode 42 preferably comprises a circular-shaped bar grate being arranged concentric tovessel 12 and having two circular-shapedpassageways 56 located on its interior surface. Insulated connector 50 passes throughpassageway 56, thereby isolatingelectrodes 42 and 50 from one another. The relative spacing and shapes ofelectrodes 42, 52 also work to control turbulence withinvessel 12. - Returning to
FIG. 6 , and also referring toFIGS. 7 , 11, and 12, the glycerin-in-biodiesel stream flowing intoinlet 20 is routed topipe 38 having a tee at one end and being located within adistributor housing 34. One end of the tee ofpipe 38 mates against a bottom surface ofhousing 34, the other end faces an array of substantially evenly spaced circular-shapedports 36 located on an upper surface ofhousing 34.Housing 34 andpipe 38 absorb momentum of the incoming glycerin-in-biodiesel stream and reduce its velocity, thereby controlling turbulence withinvessel 12 while distributing the stream substantially evenly withinvessel 12. - As the stream disperses into the interior of
vessel 12 it migrates upwardly toward the electric field created byelectrodes 42 and 50. As the stream travels through electric field F, a bulk of the dispersed glycerin coalesces. As the coalesced droplets grow in size, gravity overcomes the electric field F that suspends the droplets between theelectrodes 42 and 50 and the droplets fall to a glycerin phase collecting at a bottom 16 ofvessel 12. A circular-shaped open-top baffle 48 serves to control a flow of glycerin tooutlet 22. Similarly, a circular-shaped open-bottom baffle serves to control the flow of biodiesel tooutlet 24. -
FIGS. 13 and 14 illustrate another embodiment ofelectrostatic coalescer 10. In this embodiment,electrodes Electrode 98 is a foraminous surface, preferably a cylindrical wire screen, connected to a power source (not shown) byconductor 94 and suspended byinsulated hangers 62.Electrode 100 is a solid surface, preferably a hollow, closed end, cylinder in communication withvessel 12, which is at ground potential, via ahanger assembly 102. Theelectrodes Foraminous plate 96 is at ground potential. - While
electrostatic coalescer 10 has been described with a certain degree of particularity, many changes may be made in the details of construction and the arrangement of components without departing from the spirit and scope of this disclosure. The invention, therefore, is limited only by the scope of the attached claims, including the full range of equivalency to which each element thereof is entitled.
Claims (14)
1-16. (canceled)
17. An electrostatic coalescer for promoting glycerin coalescence in a biodiesel stream comprising:
an elongated, closed, vertically disposed vessel having a fluid inlet located at a lower portion, a first fluid outlet located at a lower portion of said vessel and a second fluid outlet located at a top portion of said vessel;
at least one horizontally disposed first electrode surface located in an upper portion of said vessel, a portion of said first electrode surface being in communication with an interior surface of said vessel;
a plurality of horizontally disposed second electrode surfaces being connectable to each other and located substantially parallel to and a substantially equal distance above and below said first electrode surface,
a power supply external to said vessel and in communication with said second electrode surfaces;
whereby said first and second electrode surfaces establish effectively a voltage field around a perimeter portion of said vessel and in a center portion of said vessel, the voltage field serving to coalesce glycerin in the stream to augment separation thereof from the stream.
18. An electrostatic coalescer according to claim 17 further comprising a horizontally disposed foraminous surface located in a lower portion of said vessel and in communication with an interior surface of said vessel.
19. An electrostatic coalescer according to claim 17 further comprising at least one of said first electrode surfaces and said second electrode surfaces having a grid arrangement.
20. An electrostatic coalescer according to claim 17 , said second electrode surface comprising a plurality of rods oriented substantially parallel to one another, each rod having a first and second end, said first and second ends being a substantially equal distance from an opposing interior surface of said vessel.
21. An electrostatic coalescer according to claim 17 further comprising one or more connector passageways, said passageway being located on an interior surface of said first electrode surface and allowing for one or more connectors connectable to said second electrode surface to pass therethrough.
22. An electrostatic coalescer according to claim 17 wherein a voltage between each opposing pair of first and second electrode surfaces is in a range of 2 kV/inch to 8 kV/inch.
23. An electrostatic coalescer according to claim 17 further comprising a distributer housing, said distributor housing being connectable to said inlet and having an array of ports located at an upper portion of said distributor housing.
24. An electrostatic coalescer according to claim 17 further comprising a level control located in a lower portion of said vessel.
25. An electrostatic coalescer for promoting glycerin coalescence in a biodiesel stream comprising:
an elongated, closed, vertically disposed vessel having a fluid inlet located at a lower portion, a first fluid outlet located at a lower portion of said vessel and a second fluid outlet located at a top portion of said vessel;
a vertically disposed cylindrical-shaped first electrode surface located in an upper portion of said vessel and arranged about a central longitudinal axis of said vessel, a portion of said first electrode surface being in communication with an interior surface of said vessel;
a vertically disposed cylindrical-shaped second electrode surface located in an upper portion of said vessel and arranged about said first electrode surface with a circumferential space therebetween;
a power supply external to said vessel and being in communication with said second electrode surfaces;
whereby said first and second electrode surfaces establish effectively a voltage field around a perimeter portion of said vessel and in a center portion of said vessel, the voltage field serving to coalesce glycerin in the stream to augment separation thereof from the stream.
26. An electrostatic coalescer according to claim 25 further comprising a horizontally disposed foraminous surface located in a lower portion of said vessel and in communication with an interior surface of said vessel;
27. An electrostatic coalescer according to claim 25 wherein a portion of said first electrode surface comprises a hollow closed end body and a portion of said second electrode surface comprises a foraminous surface.
28. An electrostatic coalescer according to claim 25 further comprising a circular-shaped distributor conduit, said distributor conduit being in communication with said fluid inlet and having an array of ports.
29. An electrostatic coalescer according to claim 25 further comprising a level control located in a lower portion of said vessel.
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US13/857,594 US20130220816A1 (en) | 2008-10-30 | 2013-04-05 | Removal of Glycerin From Biodiesel Using An Electrostatic Process |
US15/073,109 US20160199755A1 (en) | 2008-10-30 | 2016-03-17 | Removal Of Glycerin From Biodiesel Using An Electrostatic Process |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US12/261,208 US8414756B2 (en) | 2008-10-30 | 2008-10-30 | Removal of glycerin from biodiesel using an electrostatic process |
US13/857,594 US20130220816A1 (en) | 2008-10-30 | 2013-04-05 | Removal of Glycerin From Biodiesel Using An Electrostatic Process |
Related Parent Applications (1)
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US12/261,208 Division US8414756B2 (en) | 2008-10-30 | 2008-10-30 | Removal of glycerin from biodiesel using an electrostatic process |
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US15/073,109 Division US20160199755A1 (en) | 2008-10-30 | 2016-03-17 | Removal Of Glycerin From Biodiesel Using An Electrostatic Process |
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US13/857,594 Abandoned US20130220816A1 (en) | 2008-10-30 | 2013-04-05 | Removal of Glycerin From Biodiesel Using An Electrostatic Process |
US15/073,109 Abandoned US20160199755A1 (en) | 2008-10-30 | 2016-03-17 | Removal Of Glycerin From Biodiesel Using An Electrostatic Process |
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US12/261,208 Expired - Fee Related US8414756B2 (en) | 2008-10-30 | 2008-10-30 | Removal of glycerin from biodiesel using an electrostatic process |
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US15/073,109 Abandoned US20160199755A1 (en) | 2008-10-30 | 2016-03-17 | Removal Of Glycerin From Biodiesel Using An Electrostatic Process |
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CA (1) | CA2742261A1 (en) |
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Cited By (1)
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KR102153430B1 (en) * | 2020-06-10 | 2020-09-08 | 무진기공주식회사 | Biodiesel separation tank that detects layer separation using electrical conductivity and acceleration of layer separation using high voltage and low current when manufacturing bio heavy oil and bio diesel |
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CA2826817C (en) | 2011-03-09 | 2019-01-15 | Benefuel Inc. | Systems and methods for making bioproducts |
NL2008071C2 (en) * | 2012-01-02 | 2013-07-03 | Taxon B V | Electrostatic coalescer and method for electrostatic coalescence. |
KR101550022B1 (en) | 2014-03-13 | 2015-09-07 | 삼성중공업 주식회사 | Inline type electrostatic coalescer for separating water droplet from oil and separating system including this |
FI127065B (en) * | 2015-12-22 | 2017-10-31 | Outotec Finland Oy | ELECTROCHEMICAL REACTOR FOR WATER TREATMENT, WATER TREATMENT EQUIPMENT AND USE OF SUCH ELECTROCHEMICAL REACTOR |
DE102017200938A1 (en) | 2017-01-20 | 2018-07-26 | Mahle International Gmbh | Fuel filter device |
KR102116369B1 (en) * | 2018-11-26 | 2020-05-28 | 무진기공주식회사 | Glycerine separation method in biodiesel manufacturing process |
CN111544926A (en) * | 2020-05-14 | 2020-08-18 | 重庆工商大学 | High-voltage pulse electric field demulsification ejector device with self-rotating stirring impeller |
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KR102153430B1 (en) * | 2020-06-10 | 2020-09-08 | 무진기공주식회사 | Biodiesel separation tank that detects layer separation using electrical conductivity and acceleration of layer separation using high voltage and low current when manufacturing bio heavy oil and bio diesel |
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CA2742261A1 (en) | 2010-05-06 |
EP2349521A4 (en) | 2014-05-21 |
US20100108523A1 (en) | 2010-05-06 |
US8414756B2 (en) | 2013-04-09 |
BRPI0914518A2 (en) | 2015-12-15 |
EP2349521A1 (en) | 2011-08-03 |
MX2011004580A (en) | 2011-06-21 |
WO2010051131A1 (en) | 2010-05-06 |
US20160199755A1 (en) | 2016-07-14 |
JP2012507598A (en) | 2012-03-29 |
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Owner name: CAMERON SOLUTIONS INC., TEXAS Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:NATIONAL TANK COMPANY;REEL/FRAME:030416/0671 Effective date: 20100304 Owner name: NATIONAL TANK COMPANY, TEXAS Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:SAMS, GARY W.;RANDHAVA, SARABJIT S.;SUMMERS, WILLIAM A.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:030409/0253 Effective date: 20081027 |
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