US20130203764A1 - Treatment of cancer/inhibition of metastasis - Google Patents

Treatment of cancer/inhibition of metastasis Download PDF

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US20130203764A1
US20130203764A1 US13/879,146 US201013879146A US2013203764A1 US 20130203764 A1 US20130203764 A1 US 20130203764A1 US 201013879146 A US201013879146 A US 201013879146A US 2013203764 A1 US2013203764 A1 US 2013203764A1
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cells
ranolazine
cancer
hypoxia
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Mustafa Bilgin Ali Djamgoz
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DJAMGOZ MUSTAFA BA
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D295/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms
    • C07D295/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms
    • C07D295/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms substituted by carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
    • C07D295/145—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms substituted by carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals with the ring nitrogen atoms and the carbon atoms with three bonds to hetero atoms attached to the same carbon chain, which is not interrupted by carbocyclic rings
    • C07D295/15—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms substituted by carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals with the ring nitrogen atoms and the carbon atoms with three bonds to hetero atoms attached to the same carbon chain, which is not interrupted by carbocyclic rings to an acyclic saturated chain
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/13—Amines
    • A61K31/135—Amines having aromatic rings, e.g. ketamine, nortriptyline
    • A61K31/138—Aryloxyalkylamines, e.g. propranolol, tamoxifen, phenoxybenzamine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/16—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids
    • A61K31/165—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids having aromatic rings, e.g. colchicine, atenolol, progabide
    • A61K31/167—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids having aromatic rings, e.g. colchicine, atenolol, progabide having the nitrogen of a carboxamide group directly attached to the aromatic ring, e.g. lidocaine, paracetamol
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
    • A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
    • A61K31/425—Thiazoles
    • A61K31/428—Thiazoles condensed with carbocyclic rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/445—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine
    • A61K31/4458—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine only substituted in position 2, e.g. methylphenidate
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P13/00—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system
    • A61P13/08—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system of the prostate
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P15/00—Drugs for genital or sexual disorders; Contraceptives
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A61P35/04—Antineoplastic agents specific for metastasis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D241/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings
    • C07D241/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings not condensed with other rings
    • C07D241/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4-diazine or hydrogenated 1,4-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D277/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings
    • C07D277/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • C07D277/62—Benzothiazoles
    • C07D277/68—Benzothiazoles with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached in position 2
    • C07D277/82—Nitrogen atoms

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the treatment of cancer, and is particularly, but not exclusively, concerned with the treatment of metastatic cancer, such as breast or prostate cancer.
  • Progression of metastatic cancer is generally considered as comprising five phases, as follows:
  • VGSCs voltage-gated sodium channels
  • breast cancer it is the Nav1.5 channel which is expressed and in the case of prostate cancer it is the Nav1.7 channel.
  • VGSCs may be expressed in neonatal and/or adult form.
  • nNav1.5 neonatal form of the Nav1.5 channel
  • prostate cancer it is not currently known which form is expressed. In the absence of such channels, the cells do not have the potential for invasion and hence metastatic behaviour.
  • the genesis phase involves the growth of cancer cells which, from the outset, have metastatic potential.
  • the focus in the field has been to try to find a treatment for preventing metastasis by one or more of the following:
  • the present invention proposes a different approach.
  • Ranolazine and riluzole are both known for the treatment of cardiac conditions. It is further known that each of them differentially affects the magnitude of the transient and persistent parts of the VGSC currents, the effect being in a dose-dependent manner. High doses of these drugs completely block the VGSC currents. Doses of these, or any other drug, which would have the effect of completely blocking VGSC currents in cardiac tissue would be fatal to the patient because the heart requires these currents in order to carry out its function.
  • metastatic behaviour is inhibited or reduced in cancer by administering ranolazine or riluzole, or another substance, at an appropriate dosage to inhibit or reduce the persistent part of the VGSC current without blocking, or at least without completely blocking, the transient part.
  • ranolazine or riluzole or another substance
  • metastasis in cancer may be inhibited or reduced in this way without having to administer doses of drugs which would be fatal.
  • Riluzole has already been proposed in the treatment of certain cancers, in particular prostate cancer and melanoma. In both cases, it was proposed that riluzole should be administered in such a way that the cancerous cells are killed.
  • riluzole or ranolazine
  • riluzole is administered at a dosage level which will inhibit the persistent part of the VGSC current without blocking or completely blocking the transient part and without directly causing cell death.
  • metastatic behaviour may be inhibited or reduced without causing cell death may be a significant advantage since recent work has suggested that treating cancer by killing the cells may, at least in some cases, be counter-productive in the sense that whilst there will be a short term benefit, the cancer will nevertheless return and proliferate.
  • the invention provides the possibility of inhibiting or preventing metastatic behaviour without the potential problems which may arise from actually killing the cancer cells.
  • Metastatic behaviour involves several stages, namely:
  • ranolazine or riluzole at various dosage levels can increase the adhesiveness of the cells and/or reduce one or more of the lateral motility, transverse migration and invasiveness of the cells.
  • a compound, composition or other substance which is used or intended to be used, in an appropriate dose, to inhibit or reduce the persistent part of the VGSC in metastatic cancer cells whilst leaving the transient part unaffected or only partially reduced, for inhibiting or reducing metastasis, preferably without directly causing cell death.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a timeline for cancer progression from primary tumorigenesis to formation of secondary tumours (metastases);
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of the cellular processes occurring during cancer initiation and progression to metastasis
  • FIG. 3 ( a ) is a sketch illustrating the current through VGSC's, showing both the transient and persistent parts of the current and also showing the current under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions;
  • FIG. 3 ( b ) is a sketch illustrating the effect of differing concentrations of ranolazine on the VGSC current components
  • FIG. 3 ( c ) is a sketch illustrating the effect of differing concentrations of riluzole on the VGSC current components
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of a cell adhesion measuring apparatus for measuring the adhesion of cells singly;
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of apparatus used for measuring the lateral motility of cells;
  • view (a) is a plan view from above of a cell culture dish containing a semi-confluent layer of cells;
  • view (b) is a schematic side sectional view of the plated cells;
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic side sectional view of apparatus used for measuring the transverse migration of cells
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic side sectional view of apparatus used for measuring the invasiveness of cells
  • FIG. 8 is a graph showing the concentration dependent effect of induced chemical hypoxia on the single-cell adhesion of human metastatic breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells;
  • FIG. 9 is a graph showing the dose-dependent effect of ranolazine on the single-cell adhesion of MDA-MB-231 cells under normoxia and chemically induced hypoxia;
  • FIG. 10 is a histogram showing the dose-dependent effects of ranolazine on the lateral motility of MDA-MB-231 cells under normoxia and hypoxia;
  • FIG. 11 is a histogram showing the dose-dependent effect of ranolazine on the transverse migration of MDA-MB-231 cells under normoxia and hypoxia;
  • FIG. 12 is a histogram showing the dose-dependent effect of ranolazine on the invasiveness of MDA-MB-231 cells under normoxia and hypoxia;
  • FIG. 13 is a series of histograms showing the dose-dependent effect of ranolazine on the invasiveness of MDA-MB-231 cells that have been pre-treated with ranolazine for different durations under hypoxia;
  • view (a) is a histogram showing the effect of 5 ⁇ M ranolazine for cells treated only for 24 hours during the assay (i.e., no pre-treatment);
  • view (b) is a histogram showing the effect of 5 ⁇ M ranolazine for cells pre-treated with the drug for 72 hours;
  • view (c) is a histogram showing the effect of 25 ⁇ M ranolazine for cells treated only for 24 hours during the assay (i.e., no pre-treatment);
  • view (d) is a histogram showing the effect of 5 ⁇ M ranolazine for cells pre-treated with the drug for 48 hours, and
  • view (e) is a histogram showing the effect of 5 ⁇ M ranolazine for cells pre
  • FIG. 14 is a series of histograms showing lack of effect of ranolazine on the growth of MDA-MB-231 cells under normoxia;
  • FIG. 15 is a histogram showing the lack of effect of ranolazine on the viability of MDA-MB-231 cells under normoxia
  • FIG. 16 is a histogram showing the dose-dependent effect of ranolazine on the transverse migration of rat strongly metastatic prostate cancer Mat-LyLu cells under normoxia and hypoxia;
  • FIG. 17 is a histogram showing the dose-dependent effect of ranolazine on the invasiveness of Mat-LyLu cells under normoxia and hypoxia;
  • FIG. 18 is a histogram showing the lack of effect of ranolazine on the proliferation of Mat-LyLu cells under normoxia and hypoxia;
  • FIG. 19 is a histogram showing the lack of effect of ranolazine on the viability of Mat-LyLu cells under normoxia and hypoxia;
  • FIG. 20 is a histogram showing the dose-dependent effect of riluzole on the lateral motility of MDA-MB-231 cells under normoxia and hypoxia;
  • FIG. 21 is a histogram showing the dose-dependent effect of riluzole on the transverse migration of MDA-MB-231 cells under normoxia and hypoxia;
  • FIG. 22 is a histogram showing the dose-dependent effect of riluzole on the invasiveness of MDA-MB-231 cells under normoxia and hypoxia;
  • FIG. 23 is a pair of histograms showing the comparative effect on the invasiveness of MDA-MB-231 pre-treated with 5 ⁇ M riluzole for >72 hours under hypoxia; view (a) is a histogram showing the effect of 5 ⁇ M riluzole for cells treated only for 24 hours during the assay (i.e., no pre-treatment); view (b) is a histogram showing the effect of 5 ⁇ M riluzole for cells pre-treated with the drug for 72 hours;
  • FIG. 24 is a histogram showing the dose-dependent effect of riluzole on the growth of MDA-MB-231 cells under normoxia
  • FIG. 25 is a histogram showing the dose-dependent effect of riluzole on the viability of MDA-MB-231 cells under normoxia
  • FIG. 26 is a histogram showing the dose-dependent effect of riluzole on the invasiveness of Mat-LyLu cells under normoxia and hypoxia;
  • FIG. 27 is a histogram showing the dose-dependent effect of riluzole on the growth of Mat-LyLu cells under normoxia and hypoxia, and
  • FIG. 28 is a histogram showing the dose-dependent effect of riluzole on the viability of Mat-LyLu cells under normoxia and hypoxia.
  • timeline 101 is a representation of three successive phases in the development of a tumour, namely a phase 102 prior to the development of cancerous cells, a phase 103 following phase 102 during which the genesis of cancer cells takes place and a phase 104 , following phase 103 , during which the cancerous cells proliferate so as to form a growing tumour.
  • the proliferation phase 104 may begin soon after the genesis phase 103 begins.
  • FIG. 1 represents a situation in which initially the cells do not contain any functional VGSC's but at some point in time 105 the expression of functional VGSC begins. This may occur at any time after commencement of the genesis phase 103 .
  • Timeline 106 in FIG. 1 illustrates the phases which arise following time 105 , when the cancer becomes metastatic.
  • metastatic cells detach themselves from the tumour. Thereafter, in phase 108 , they invade and move through surrounding tissue in the same organ towards the circulation system, in particular the vascular and/or the lymphatic system. In phase 109 , the metastatic cells enter the circulation system which may then carry them to other organs in the body, at which they may cause the formation of secondary tumours.
  • reference number 200 represents a portion of an organ such as a breast or a prostate. Healthy cells 201 of the breast or prostate are shown as supported on a basement membrane 202 and surrounding a cancerous tumour 203 , which is assumed to have gone through the genesis phase 103 and into the proliferation phase 104 .
  • Certain cells 204 of the cancerous tumour 202 are shown as detaching from the tumour 203 and passing through a degraded region 202 a of the basement membrane 202 into adjacent region 205 of the organ containing the tumour 203 , which region may comprise mainly collagen fibres.
  • Cancer cells 206 which have become detached from the tumour and have passed through the basement membrane 202 , are shown passing through the region 205 towards a blood vessel 207 .
  • a cancerous cell 208 is shown migrating through the wall of the blood vessel 207 into the bloodstream 209 .
  • Cells 210 which have already entered the bloodstream, are shown as being carried within the bloodstream to a region 211 where cells 212 are shown as having migrated outwardly through the wall of the blood vessel 207 towards another organ 213 , such as the lymph glands or liver, in which they may form a secondary tumour (not shown).
  • another organ 213 such as the lymph glands or liver, in which they may form a secondary tumour (not shown).
  • Reference number 214 represents dormant cancerous cells which have simply settled in or adjacent to the wall of the blood vessel 207 .
  • the invention provides a treatment or means for preventing or reducing one or more of the metastatic behaviours of the cancer cells which takes place in the various phases described.
  • the invention provides a treatment or means for:
  • VGSCs cancerous cells which do not have functional VGSCs expressed therein do not behave invasively.
  • current passes through VGSCs in pulses, each of which comprises a transient or peak part followed by a much lower level persistent or late part.
  • one or more of the above metastatic behaviours is inhibited or reduced by inhibiting or reducing the persistent part of the current whilst not eliminating the peak part, so making it possible to use a drug which will preferentially reduce the persistent part of the current.
  • a known drug such as ranolazine or riluzole, previously used for inhibiting or reducing the persistent part of the VGSC current without eliminating the peak part is used for inhibiting or reducing metastatic behaviour in cancer, especially breast or prostate cancer.
  • VGSC current The nature of the VGSC current, and the effect on it of treatment with ranolazine or riluzole, will be further described with reference to FIGS. 3( a ), 3 ( b ) and 3 ( c ).
  • curve 301 shown as an unbroken line, represents a current pulse flowing through functional VGSC under normoxic conditions, the horizontal axis being time and the vertical axis being amplitude or magnitude of the current.
  • this current pulse comprises a peak or transient portion 302 and the persistent or late portion 303 .
  • the time period for which the persistent part 303 persists is very much greater than the time period of the transient part 302 although, since FIG. 3( a ) is a diagrammatic sketch rather than a curve actually obtained from experimental data, this is not shown in the figure.
  • Curve 304 shows a pulse of VGSC current under hypoxic conditions.
  • the peak part 305 of the current under hypoxic conditions is smaller than the peak part 301 under normoxic conditions, but the persistent part 306 under hypoxic conditions is greater than the persistent part 303 under normoxic conditions.
  • the difference between these curves under hypoxic and normoxic conditions is relevant, as will become clear from consideration of experimental results which are described below, because many of the cells in a cancerous tumour are hypoxic due to their partial isolation, by other cancerous cells, from the blood circulation system.
  • FIG. 3( b ) is a sketch illustrating the effect of increasing doses of ranolazine on the transient and persistent parts of the VGSC current respectively.
  • the horizontal axis represents the dosage level of ranolazine and the vertical axis represents the normalised VGSC current.
  • Solid line curve 305 represents the magnitude of the transient part of the current plotted against increasing dosage and broken line curve 306 represents the magnitude of the persistent part of the current against increasing dosage of ranolazine, dosage levels being indicated on the horizontal axis.
  • FIG. 3( c ) A similar effect with increasing doses of riluzole can be seen from FIG. 3( c ), in which solid line curve 308 represents the magnitude of the transient part of the current plotted against increasing doses of riluzole and the broken line curve 310 represents the magnitude of the persistent part of the current.
  • Therapeutically acceptable doses of riluzole for human beings include the range from 1 ⁇ M to 10 ⁇ M.
  • the reduction in the magnitude of the persistent part of the current is substantially more than the reduction in the magnitude of the transient part.
  • FIGS. 3( b ) and 3 ( c ) are sketches to illustrate the currents rather than being based upon the specific experimental results.
  • Tables 1 and 2 summarise the results of experiments with various dosage levels of ranolazine on human breast cancer and rat prostate cancer cells (rat prostate cells being similar to human prostate cells).
  • Tables 3 and 4 summarise the results obtained by treating cells of the same cell lines with various dosage levels of riluzole.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of the single-cell adhesion measurement apparatus (SCAMA) first described in the paper by Palmer et al. (2008).
  • SCAMA single-cell adhesion measurement apparatus
  • Human breast cancer cells from the MDA-MB-231 cell line were plated at a density of 2.5 ⁇ 10 4 cells/ml and left to settle in a cell culture dish 401 for 48 hours prior to measurements. Medium was removed and 2 ml of the drug under study was applied for 10 minutes. Adhesion was measured using a glass micropipette 402 connected to a vacuum pump 403 via plastic tubing 404 . The tip of the micropipette was drawn to about 20 ⁇ m (range, 17-24 ⁇ m) tip diameter. The vacuum pump was used to create negative pressure inside a reservoir 405 so that the negative pressure could be applied to the tip of the micropipette by pressing the thumb to the open end of a sealable T-piece 406 . The cells were observed using a 20 ⁇ microscope objective 407 under the illumination of a lamp 408 . The pressure was measured using a digital manometer 409 connected to a computer 410 via a RS232 cable 411 .
  • the micropipette 402 was positioned on the periphery of a single cell.
  • the negative pressure was applied to the cell under investigation and, at the exact moment that the cell was observed to be detached from the culture dish 401 , the pressure was released by opening the T-piece 406 .
  • the negative pressure required to detach the cell was recorded on the computer as a pressure spike.
  • the peak of the spike (“detachment negative pressure” (DNP)) was used as a measure of the cell's adhesiveness. Using this technique, several recordings could be made from a single dish within minutes.
  • hypoxia was chemically induced by application of hydrogen peroxide (1-500 ⁇ M) for the final 24 hours before testing.
  • the pharmacological agent was washed off, fresh medium was added and the plate was incubated for a further 10 minutes prior to re-measurement. Each treatment was carried out on at least two dishes of cells, at least 100 cells per dish were measured, and the experiment was repeated three times (with corresponding controls).
  • FIG. 5( a ) is a plan view from above of a cell culture dish 501 having a semi-confluent layer of cells 502 on its surface, the cells being in an aqueous medium 503 .
  • a “wound-heal (“scratch”)” test was carried out, in which a scratch 504 of ⁇ 0.5 mm was made through the layer of cells, as shown in FIG. 5( b ) which is a side sectional view of the cell culture dish.
  • FIG. 6 shows a schematic side sectional view of a migration chamber 601 having a Transwell® insert 602 separating the chamber into two sections which, for convenience, will be referred to as the upper 603 and lower 604 sections of the chamber.
  • the insert 602 has a migration filter membrane 605 in its base with 8 ⁇ m pores 606 extending therethrough.
  • Cells 607 were plated at a density of 2 ⁇ 10 4 /ml on the filter membrane 605 and placed under a growth medium 608 containing 1% foetal bovine serum (FBS). A chemotactic gradient was created across the filter membrane 605 by placing growth medium 609 containing 10% FBS in the lower section 604 of the chamber.
  • FBS foetal bovine serum
  • the number of cells migrating to the underside of the insert 602 was determined using crystal violet staining. Migrated cells were fixed for 15 minutes with ice-cold methanol. Then 0.5% crystal violet (in 25% methanol) was added for 15 minutes. The inserts were swabbed again and then washed in water and allowed to dry. Cells were then counted using twelve separate fields of view per insert ( ⁇ 200 magnification).
  • This assay is an extension of the transverse migration assay described above.
  • the cells need both (i) to move as in the transverse migration assay and (ii) secrete a proteolytic enzyme to digest their surroundings.
  • the ability of cells to invade neighbouring tissues by enzyme secretion was therefore assessed by using a layer of MatrigelTM (BD Biosciences) spread across the porous membrane of a Transwell® insert.
  • MatrigelTM is composed of laminin, collagen IV, nidogen/enactin and proteoglycan—a composition comparable to basement membrane proteins.
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic side sectional view of an invasion chamber 701 having a Transwell® insert 702 separating the chamber into upper 703 and lower 704 sections.
  • the insert 702 has a migration filter membrane 705 in its base with 8 ⁇ m pores 706 extending therethrough.
  • a layer 707 of MatrigelTM is shown coating the filter membrane 705 .
  • Cells 708 were plated at a density of 2 ⁇ 10 4 /ml onto the MatrigelTM layer 707 in 24-well plates (Becton-Dickinson) according to the manufacturers' instructions. 50 ⁇ l MatrigelTM was seeded at a 1:7 dilution (10 mg/ml stock) onto the inserts and left overnight. Prior to seeding with the cells the MatrigelTM was rehydrated using medium with no additions. This medium was removed prior to seeding the cells.
  • the number of cells invading to the underside of the insert 702 was determined using crystal violet staining. Invaded cells were fixed for 15 minutes with ice-cold methanol. Then 0.5% crystal violet (in 25% methanol) was added for 15 minutes. The inserts were swabbed again and then washed in water and allowed to dry. Cells were then counted using twelve separate fields of view per insert ( ⁇ 200 magnification). If the difference in the average number of cells invading the two control inserts was more than 40%, the experiment was rejected.
  • Cells were seeded at a density of 5 ⁇ 10 4 cells/ml in 35 mm Falcon tissue culture dishes. After treatment with a given drug, the medium was removed and replaced with 800 ⁇ l of growth medium and 200 ⁇ l 0.4% trypan blue (Sigma, Dorset, UK) and incubated for 10 minutes in the incubator. The trypan blue was removed and the cells were washed once with 3 ml growth medium. For each treatment, cells from 30 random fields of view were counted under 100 ⁇ magnification. The number of dead cells, stained blue, was counted in each field of view. The data were expressed as percentages of living cells out of the total number of cells in given fields of view. The percentages were averaged and differences between control and treatment were compared from at least three independent experiments.
  • the medium was then removed from the chambers and replaced with 0.5 ml dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 0.063 ml glycine buffer (0.1 M glycine and 0.1 M NaCl; pH 10.5). Absorbance at 570 nm was determined 15 minutes after the addition of the glycine buffer. Results were calculated as means of nine repeats of each of the treatment vs. control spectrophotometer readings from individual invasion wells.
  • DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
  • glycine buffer 0.1 M glycine and 0.1 M NaCl; pH 10.5
  • hypoxia was induced chemically by application of hydrogen peroxide (1-500 ⁇ M) for 24 hours.
  • Human breast cancer cells from the MDA-MB-231 cell line were plated in a cell culture dish at a density of 2.5 ⁇ 10 4 cells/ml and left to settle for 48 hours prior to measurements.
  • the cells were subjected to hydrogen peroxide concentrations of 1 ⁇ M, 10 ⁇ M and 100 ⁇ M and the negative pressure required to detach cells from the bottom of the cell culture dish was measured.
  • concentration of hydrogen peroxide measurements were taken on at least two dishes of cells for at least 100 cells per dish. The experiment was repeated three times and the measurements of detachment negative pressure are presented in FIG. 8 as means ⁇ SEM.
  • the data point 801 shows that cells exposed to hydrogen peroxide at a concentration of 1 ⁇ M had a mean detachment negative pressure of approximately ⁇ 9%
  • data point 802 shows that cells exposed to hydrogen peroxide at a concentration of 10 ⁇ M had a mean detachment negative pressure of approximately ⁇ 14%
  • data point 803 shows that cells exposed to hydrogen peroxide at a concentration of 100 ⁇ M had a mean detachment negative pressure of approximately ⁇ 20%.
  • Single-cell adhesion was measured using the technique described above and illustrated in FIG. 4 for human MDA-MB-231 cells exposed to different concentrations of ranolazine and under normoxic and hypoxic conditions.
  • Ranolazine increased the substrate adhesion of cells under normoxia in a dose dependent manner.
  • the dose-dependent increase in the adhesion of cells was even more marked under hypoxia—See FIG. 9 .
  • the vertical axis represents a measure of the adhesion of cells.
  • Human breast cancer cells from the MDA-MB-231 cell line were plated in cell culture dishes at a density of 2.5 ⁇ 10 4 cells/ml and left to settle for 48 hours prior to measurements.
  • ranolazine In the normoxia experiments (curve 901 ), different dishes of the plated cells were treated with ranolazine at concentrations of 0.1 ⁇ M, 0.5 ⁇ M, 1 ⁇ M, 10 ⁇ M, 20 ⁇ M and 100 ⁇ M. At the lowest concentration of 0.1 ⁇ M, ranolazine had no effect on the adhesion of the cells. At concentrations of 0.5 ⁇ M, 1 ⁇ M, 10 ⁇ M, 20 ⁇ M and 100 ⁇ M of Ranolazine, the adhesion increased in a dose dependent manner; the amount of increase in adhesion appeared to level off at a concentration of 100 ⁇ M Ranolazine.
  • hypoxia was chemically induced by treating the cells with hydrogen peroxide (50 ⁇ mol) for 24 hours.
  • Different dishes of the plated cells were treated with ranolazine at concentrations of 0.1 ⁇ M ⁇ M, 10 ⁇ M and 100 ⁇ M
  • ranolazine Even at the lowest concentration of 0.1 ⁇ M ranolazine the adhesion of the hypoxic cells and the adhesion increased and continued to increase in a dose dependent manner for concentrations of Ranolazine of 1 ⁇ M 10 ⁇ M and 100 ⁇ M
  • the amount of increase in adhesion appeared to level off at a concentration of 100 ⁇ M.
  • Ranolazine and the curves for normoxic and hypoxic experiments appeared to converge at around this concentration.
  • the vertical axis represents the motility index of the measured cells, with a reference point for normal motility being represented by the control sample (block 1001 of the histogram) of MDA-MB-231 cells under normoxia and without drug, normalised to 100%.
  • the control sample block 1001 of the histogram
  • the set of results for experiments conducted under normoxia is plotted on the left-hand side and the set of results for experiments conducted under hypoxia is plotted on the right-hand side.
  • the concentration of ranolazine used increases from left to right.
  • Block 1005 is the result obtained for the control sample (without drug) for MDA-MB-231 cells under conditions of hypoxia. From a comparison of blocks 1001 and 1005 it can be seen that hypoxia increased motility.
  • the motility of the cells was measured after treating them with no drug (control) and ranolazine at concentrations of 1 ⁇ M, 10 ⁇ M and 100 ⁇ M.
  • the results are shown in FIG. 10 as blocks 1005 , 1006 , 1007 and 1008 , respectively.
  • Increasing the concentration of ranolazine reduced the lateral motility of the cells and each concentration of ranolazine tested gave a statistically significant reduction in lateral motility of the cells.
  • Transverse migration of the cells was measured using the technique described above and illustrated in FIG. 6 .
  • the vertical axis represents relative values for transverse migration of the measured cells, with a reference point for normal transverse migration being represented by the control sample (block 1101 ) of MDA-MB-231 cells under normoxia and without drug, normalised to 100%.
  • the set of results for experiments conducted under normoxia is plotted on the left-hand side and the set of results for experiments conducted under hypoxia is plotted on the right-hand side.
  • the concentration of ranolazine used increases from left to right.
  • Block 1105 is the result obtained for the control sample (without drug) for MDA-MB-231 cells under conditions of hypoxia. From a comparison of blocks 1101 and 1105 it can be seen that hypoxia increased transverse migration.
  • the migration of the cells was measured after treating them with no drug (control) and ranolazine at concentrations of 1 ⁇ M, 10 ⁇ M and 100 ⁇ M.
  • the results are shown in FIG. 10 as blocks 1105 , 1106 , 1107 and 1108 , respectively.
  • Ranolazine at concentrations of 1 ⁇ M and 10 ⁇ M reduced the transverse migration of the cells in a statistically significant way; ranolazine at a concentration of 100 ⁇ M also reduced the transverse migration of the cells, but the reduction was not statistically significant.
  • the invasiveness of the cells was measured using the technique described above and illustrated in FIG. 7 .
  • the vertical axis represents relative values for invasiveness of the measured cells, with a reference point for normal invasiveness being represented by the control sample (block 1201 ) of MDA-MB-231 cells under normoxia and without drug, normalised to 100%.
  • the set of results for experiments conducted under normoxia is plotted on the left-hand side and the set of results for experiments conducted under hypoxia is plotted on the right-hand side.
  • the concentration of ranolazine used increases from left to right.
  • FIG. 12 also includes results for an additional pair of controls, labelled in the drawing as blocks 1202 and 1208 .
  • additional controls cells were exposed to the toxin tetrodotoxin (TTX) whose binding site is located at the pore opening of the VGSC.
  • the TTX measurement is a positive control confirming that sodium channel activity is indeed contributing (potentiating) the metastatic cell behaviour under investigation.
  • TTX toxin tetrodotoxin
  • Block 1207 is the result obtained for the control sample (without drug) for MDA-MB-231 cells under conditions of hypoxia. From a comparison of blocks 1201 and 1207 it can be seen that hypoxia increased invasiveness.
  • the migration of the cells was measured after treating them with no drug (control) and ranolazine at concentrations of 5 ⁇ M, 10 ⁇ M, 20 ⁇ M, 50 ⁇ M and 300 ⁇ M.
  • the results are shown in FIG. 12 as blocks 1207 , 1209 , 1210 , 1211 , 1212 and 1213 , respectively.
  • Treatment with ranolazine reduced the migration of the cells at concentrations of 20 ⁇ M, 50 ⁇ M and 300 ⁇ M, but the effect of ranolazine at concentrations of 5 ⁇ M and 10 ⁇ M was not statistically significant.
  • FIGS. 13( a ) and ( b ) show the effect of 5 ⁇ M ranolazine (ran) on invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells under conditions of hypoxia in vitro.
  • the histograms indicate the number of MDA-MB-231 cells invading following treatment with 5 ⁇ M ranolazine for different periods in comparison to corresponding control conditions (i.e. no ranolazine applied).
  • block 1301 represents the invasiveness result obtained under control conditions (no drug) for cells invading over the 24 hour duration of the assay (i.e., effectively no pre-treatment was used).
  • Block 1302 represents the invasiveness result for cells treated with 5 ⁇ M ranolazine and invading over the 24 hour duration of the assay (no pre-treatment). The effect on invasiveness of cells treated with 5 ⁇ M ranolazine was not statistically significant.
  • block 1303 represents the invasiveness result obtained under control conditions (no drug) for cells invading over the 24 hour duration of the assay (i.e., effectively no pre-treatment was used).
  • Block 1304 represents the invasiveness result for cells pre-treated with 5 ⁇ M ranolazine for 72 hours and invading over the 24 hour duration of the assay. There was a very significant reduction in the invasiveness of cells pre-treated with 5 ⁇ M ranolazine for 72 hours.
  • the number of “cells invading” denotes the average of cell number counted in 24 randomly chosen fields of view from two separate inserts (experiments).
  • FIG. 13( c ) to ( e ) show the effect of 25 ⁇ M ranolazine (ran) on invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells under conditions of hypoxia in vitro.
  • the histograms indicate the number of MDA-MB-231 cells invading following treatment with 25 ⁇ M ranolazine for different periods in comparison to corresponding control conditions (i.e. no ranolazine applied).
  • block 1305 represents the invasiveness result obtained under control conditions (no drug) for cells invading over the 24 hour duration of the assay (i.e., effectively no pre-treatment was used).
  • Block 1306 represents the invasiveness result for cells treated with 25 ⁇ M ranolazine and invading over the 24 hour duration of the assay (no pre-treatment). Cells treated with 5 ⁇ M ranolazine were less invasive than untreated cells in a statistically significant way.
  • block 1307 represents the invasiveness result obtained under control conditions for cells maintained for 24 hours without drug and invading over the following 24 hours prior to measurement.
  • Block 1308 represents the invasiveness result for cells pre-treated for 24 hours with 25 ⁇ M ranolazine and invading over the following 24 hours prior to measurement. Cells pre-treated with 25 ⁇ M ranolazine for 24 hours before commencing the 24 hour long assay were significantly less invasive than untreated cells.
  • block 1309 represents the invasiveness result obtained under control conditions for cells maintained for 48 hours without drug and invading over the following 24 hours prior to measurement.
  • Block 1310 represents the invasiveness result for cells pre-treated for 48 hours with 25 ⁇ M ranolazine and invading over the following 24 hours prior to measurement. Cells pre-treated with 25 ⁇ M ranolazine for 48 hours before commencing the 24 hour long assay were again significantly less invasive than untreated cells.
  • the number of “cells invading” in the histograms of FIGS. 13( c ) to ( e ) denotes the average of cell number counted in 24 randomly chosen fields of view from two separate experiments.
  • pre-treatment of the cells with ranolazine led to a statistically significant reduction in their invasiveness.
  • Such pre-treatment of the cells with the drug in an in vitro test is considered to be representative of in vivo treatment, where the patient receives a continual therapeutic dose of the drug.
  • the vertical axis represents the total cell number in a plated sample, with reference points for normal growth being represented by the control samples (blocks 1401 , 1405 and 1409 ) of MDA-MB-231 cells under normoxia and without drug at commencement, after 24 hours and after 48 hours, respectively.
  • the control samples blocks 1401 , 1405 and 1409
  • the control samples blocks 1401 , 1405 and 1409
  • the control samples blocks 1401 , 1405 and 1409
  • the number of cells was measured after treating them with no drug (control) and ranolazine at concentrations of 1 ⁇ M, 10 ⁇ M and 100 ⁇ M.
  • the results are shown in FIG. 14 as blocks 1401 , 1402 , 1403 at 1404 , respectively. Increasing the concentration of ranolazine had no effect upon the cell number at commencement.
  • the motility of the cells was measured after treating them with no drug (control) and ranolazine at concentrations of 1 ⁇ M, 10 ⁇ M and 100 ⁇ M.
  • the results are shown in FIG. 10 as blocks 1005 , 1006 , 1007 and 1008 , respectively.
  • Increasing the concentration of ranolazine reduced the lateral motility of the cells, with the result that each concentration of ranolazine being statistically significant.
  • ranolazine under hypoxia did not affect the growth of the MDA-MB-231 cells (results not shown in FIG. 14 ).
  • the vertical axis represents the relative viability of cells in a plated sample, with a reference point for normal viability being represented by the control sample (block 1501 ) of MDA-MB-231 cells under normoxia and without drug.
  • the concentration of ranolazine with which different samples of the cells were treated is plotted across the horizontal axis, increasing from left to right.
  • Transverse migration of the cells was measured using the technique described above and illustrated in FIG. 6 .
  • the vertical axis represents relative values for transverse migration of the measured cells, with a reference point for normal transverse migration being represented by the control sample (block 1601 ) of Mat-LyLu cells under normoxia and without drug, normalised to 100%.
  • the control sample block 1601
  • the set of results for experiments conducted under normoxia is plotted on the left-hand side and the set of results for experiments conducted under hypoxia is plotted on the right-hand side.
  • the concentration of ranolazine used increases from left to right.
  • FIG. 16 also includes results for an additional pair of controls, labelled in the drawing as blocks 1602 and 1607 .
  • additional controls cells were exposed to the toxin tetrodotoxin (TTX) whose binding site is located at the pore opening of the VGSC.
  • TTX toxin tetrodotoxin
  • the TTX measurement is a positive control confirming that sodium channel activity is indeed contributing to (potentiating) the metastatic cell behaviour under investigation.
  • TTX toxin tetrodotoxin
  • Block 1606 is the result obtained for the control sample (without drug) for Mat-LyLu cells under conditions of hypoxia. From a comparison of blocks 1601 and 1606 it can be seen that hypoxia increased transverse migration.
  • Rat prostate cancer cells from the Mat-LyLu cell line were treated with different concentrations of ranolazine under normoxia, and hypoxia.
  • the migration of the cells was measured after treating them with no drug (control) and ranolazine at concentrations of 20 ⁇ M, 50 ⁇ M and 300 ⁇ M.
  • the results are shown in FIG. 16 as blocks 1601 , 1603 , 1604 and 1605 , respectively.
  • Increasing the concentration of ranolazine reduced the transverse migration of the cells at concentrations of ranolazine of 20 ⁇ M and 50 ⁇ M.
  • the effect of ranolazine on transverse migration at a concentration of 300 ⁇ M was not statistically significant.
  • the migration of the cells was measured after treating them with no drug (control) and ranolazine at concentrations of 20 ⁇ M, 50 ⁇ M and 300 ⁇ M.
  • the results are shown in FIG. 16 as blocks 1606 , 1608 , 1609 and 1610 , respectively.
  • Ranolazine at concentrations of 20 ⁇ M, 50 ⁇ M and 300 ⁇ M each reduced the transverse migration of the cells in a statistically significant way.
  • the invasiveness of the cells was measured using the technique described above and illustrated in FIG. 7 .
  • the vertical axis represents relative values for invasiveness of the measured cells, with a reference point for normal invasiveness being represented by the control sample (block 1701 ) of Mat-LyLu cells under normoxia and without drug, normalised to 100%.
  • the set of results for experiments conducted under normoxia is plotted on the left-hand side and the set of results for experiments conducted under hypoxia is plotted on the right-hand side.
  • the concentration of ranolazine used increases from left to right.
  • FIG. 17 also includes results for an additional pair of controls, labelled in the drawing as blocks 1702 and 1707 .
  • additional controls cells were exposed to the toxin tetrodotoxin (TTX) whose binding site is located at the pore opening of the VGSC.
  • TTX toxin tetrodotoxin
  • the TTX measurement is a positive control confirming that sodium channel activity is indeed contributing (potentiating) the metastatic cell behaviour under investigation.
  • TTX toxin tetrodotoxin
  • Block 1706 is the result obtained for the control sample (without drug) for Mat-LyLu cells under conditions of hypoxia. From a comparison of blocks 1701 and 1706 , it does not appear that hypoxia affected the invasiveness of the cells.
  • I Rat prostate cancer cells from the Mat-LyLu cell line were treated with different concentrations of ranolazine under normoxia, and hypoxia. In the normoxia experiments, the invasiveness of the cells was measured after treating them with no drug (control) and ranolazine at concentrations of 20 ⁇ M, 50 ⁇ M and 300 ⁇ M. The results are shown in FIG. 17 as blocks 1701 , 1703 , 1704 and 1705 , respectively. Treatment with ranolazine reduced the migration of the cells in a statistically significant way at each of the tested concentrations of ranolazine.
  • the migration of the cells was measured after treating them with no drug (control) and ranolazine at concentrations of 20 ⁇ M, 50 ⁇ M and 300 ⁇ M.
  • the results are shown in FIG. 17 as blocks 1706 , 1708 , 17091710 , respectively.
  • Treatment with ranolazine reduced the migration of the cells in a statistically significant way at each of the tested concentrations of ranolazine.
  • the vertical axis represents the total cell number in a plated sample, with a reference point for normal growth being represented by the control sample (blocks 1801 ) of Mat-LyLu cells under normoxia and without drug normalised to 100%.
  • the control sample blocks 1801
  • the set of results for experiments conducted under normoxia is plotted on the left-hand side and the search of results for experiments conducted under hypoxia is plotted on the right-hand side.
  • the concentration of ranolazine used increases from left to right. Note that the term “growth” includes cell proliferation and cell death.
  • the number of cells was measured after treating them for 24 hours with no drug (control) and ranolazine at concentrations of 20 ⁇ M, 50 ⁇ M and 300 ⁇ M.
  • the results are shown in FIG. 18 as blocks 1805 , 1806 , 1807 and 1808 , respectively.
  • Increasing the concentration of ranolazine did not result in any statistically significant effect on the number of cells at concentrations of ranolazine of 20 ⁇ M and 50 ⁇ M.
  • a concentration of ranolazine of 300 ⁇ M there was a reduction in the number of cells.
  • Block 2001 of the histogram shows the motility index for the control sample of MDA-MB-231 cells under normoxia and without drug, normalised to 100%.
  • Block 2005 is the corresponding control sample (without drug) for MDA-MB-231 cells under conditions of hypoxia. From a comparison of blocks 2001 and 2005 it can be seen that hypoxia increased motility significantly.
  • Block 2101 represents the proportion of transverse migration observed for the control sample of MDA-MB-231 cells under normoxia and without drug, normalised to 100%.
  • Block 2105 is the corresponding control sample (without drug) for MDA-MB-231 cells under conditions of hypoxia. From a comparison of blocks 2101 and 2105 , it appeared that hypoxia increased transverse migration but the increase was not statistically significant for the number of test runs completed.
  • riluzole [1 ⁇ M], [10 ⁇ M], and [100 ⁇ M]
  • normoxia treatment with riluzole reduced the transverse migration of the cells in a statistically significant way at concentrations of 1 ⁇ M and 100 ⁇ M.
  • hypoxia increasing the concentration of riluzole reduced the transverse migration in a statistically significant way.
  • the invasiveness of the cells was measured using the technique described above and illustrated in FIG. 7 . Results are shown in FIG. 22 .
  • Riluzole at a concentration of 5 ⁇ M significantly inhibited invasiveness even without pre-treatment.
  • the number of “cells invading” denotes the average of cell number counted in 24 randomly chosen fields of view from two separate inserts (experiments).
  • the invasiveness of the cells was measured using the same technique as described above for Example 6 with the cells being pre-treated for 72 hours with riluzole at a concentration of 5 ⁇ M. Results are shown in FIG. 23 . Cells pre-treated with riluzole for 72 hours at a concentration of 5 ⁇ M also showed significantly inhibited invasiveness. As above, the number of “cells invading” denotes the average of cell number counted in 24 randomly chosen fields of view from two separate inserts.
  • ranolazine under hypoxia did not affect the growth of the MDA-MB-231 cells (results not shown in FIG. 25 ).
  • block 2601 shows the invasion index for the control sample of Mat-LyLu cells under normoxia and without drug, normalised to 100%.
  • Block 2604 is the corresponding control sample (without drug) for Mat-LyLu cells under conditions of hypoxia. From a comparison of blocks 2601 and 2604 it can be seen that hypoxia increased invasion in a statistically significant way.
  • the invention has been described mainly in relation to breast and prostate cancer, it is applicable to all metastatic cancers which express voltage gated sodium channels.

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US20230202994A1 (en) 2023-06-29
CA2851694A1 (en) 2012-04-19
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US20160096812A1 (en) 2016-04-07
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IL225689A0 (he) 2013-06-27
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JP2013539778A (ja) 2013-10-28
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