US20130170950A1 - Variable shape inlet section for a nacelle assembly of a gas turbine engine - Google Patents
Variable shape inlet section for a nacelle assembly of a gas turbine engine Download PDFInfo
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- US20130170950A1 US20130170950A1 US13/777,300 US201313777300A US2013170950A1 US 20130170950 A1 US20130170950 A1 US 20130170950A1 US 201313777300 A US201313777300 A US 201313777300A US 2013170950 A1 US2013170950 A1 US 2013170950A1
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- section
- discrete
- thickness
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D17/00—Regulating or controlling by varying flow
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04D27/00—Control, e.g. regulation, of pumps, pumping installations or pumping systems specially adapted for elastic fluids
- F04D27/02—Surge control
- F04D27/0253—Surge control by throttling
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04D29/00—Details, component parts, or accessories
- F04D29/40—Casings; Connections of working fluid
- F04D29/52—Casings; Connections of working fluid for axial pumps
- F04D29/54—Fluid-guiding means, e.g. diffusers
- F04D29/56—Fluid-guiding means, e.g. diffusers adjustable
- F04D29/563—Fluid-guiding means, e.g. diffusers adjustable specially adapted for elastic fluid pumps
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T137/00—Fluid handling
- Y10T137/0536—Highspeed fluid intake means [e.g., jet engine intake]
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T137/00—Fluid handling
- Y10T137/0536—Highspeed fluid intake means [e.g., jet engine intake]
- Y10T137/0645—With condition responsive control means
Definitions
- This disclosure generally relates to a gas turbine engine, and more particularly to a gas turbine engine having a variable shape inlet section.
- air is pressurized in a compressor and mixed with fuel in a combustor for generating hot combustion gases.
- the hot combustion gases flow downstream through turbine stages which extract energy from the hot combustion gases.
- a fan section supplies air to the compressor.
- Combustion gases are discharged from the turbofan engine through a core exhaust nozzle and a quantity of fan air is discharged through an annular fan exhaust nozzle defined at least partially by a nacelle assembly surrounding the core engine.
- a majority of propulsion thrust is provided by the pressurized fan air which is discharged through the fan exhaust nozzle, while the remaining thrust is provided by the combustion gases discharged through the core exhaust nozzle.
- An inlet lip section located at the foremost end of the turbofan nacelle assembly is typically designed to enable operation of the turbofan engine and reduce separation of airflow from the internal and external flow surfaces of the inlet lip section during these diversified conditions.
- the nacelle assembly requires a “thick” inlet lip section to support operation of the engine during specific flight conditions, such as crosswind conditions, take-off conditions and the like.
- the “thick” inlet lip section may reduce the efficiency of the turbofan engine during normal cruise conditions of the aircraft, for example.
- the maximum diameter of the nacelle assembly is approximately 10-20% larger than required during cruise conditions. Since aircraft typically operate in cruise conditions for extended periods, turbofan efficiency gains can lead to substantially reduced fuel burn and emissions.
- a nacelle assembly having an adaptive structure to improve the performance of a turbofan gas turbine engine during diversified operability conditions.
- a method of improving the aerodynamic performance of an inlet section of a nacelle assembly of a gas turbine engine includes, among other things, sensing an operability condition, adjusting a leading edge of the inlet section in response to the step of sensing, and adjusting a thickness of the inlet section in response to the step of sensing.
- the leading edge is adjustable between a thin position and a blunt position and the step of adjusting the leading edge includes the step of moving the leading edge between the thin position and the blunt position.
- the thickness of the inlet section is adjustable between a first position and a second position and the step of adjusting the thickness includes adjusting the thickness between the first position and the second position.
- the second position is radially outward from the first position.
- the second position is radially inward from the first position.
- the inlet section includes a plurality of discrete sections circumferentially disposed about an engine longitudinal centerline axis and each having a leading edge and a body panel portion aft of the leading edge that includes an adaptive structure.
- the step of adjusting the thickness includes adjusting a thickness of each of the body panel portions in each of a radially outer direction and a radially inner direction relative to the engine longitudinal centerline axis to alter the adaptive structure.
- the adaptive structure of a first discrete section of the plurality of discrete sections is altered independently of the adaptive structure of a second discrete section of the plurality of discrete sections.
- the step of sensing is performed using a programmable controller.
- a method of influencing an adaptive structure of a plurality of discrete sections of a gas turbine engine includes, among other things, positioning the plurality of discrete sections circumferentially about an engine longitudinal centerline axis.
- Each of the plurality of discrete sections have a leading edge and a body panel portion aft of the leading edge that includes the adaptive structure.
- the method includes adjusting a thickness of at least one body panel portion in each of a radially outer direction and a radially inner direction relative to the engine longitudinal centerline axis to alter the adaptive structure.
- the method includes the step of identifying an operability condition prior to the step of adjusting.
- the method includes the step of moving the leading edge between a thin position and a blunt position.
- the adaptive structure of a first discrete section of the plurality of discrete sections is altered independently of the adaptive structure of a second discrete section of the plurality of discrete sections.
- the thickness of the first discrete section and the thickness of the second discrete section are adjusted uniformly.
- the thickness of the first discrete section and the thickness of the second discrete section are adjusted by a different thickness amount.
- the plurality of discrete sections include at least a first discrete section and a second discrete section, and the step of adjusting the thickness is performed on one of the first discrete section and the second discrete section but not on the other of the first discrete section and the second discrete section.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a general sectional view of a gas turbine engine
- FIG. 2 illustrates a nacelle assembly of a gas turbine engine illustrated in FIG. 1 ;
- FIG. 3 illustrates a general perspective view of the nacelle assembly of a gas turbine engine shown in FIG. 1 ;
- FIG. 4A illustrates a first example position of a leading edge of an inlet section of the nacelle assembly
- FIG. 4B illustrates a second example position of the leading edge of the inlet section of the nacelle assembly
- FIG. 5 illustrates an example mechanism for manipulating an adaptive structure of an inlet section of a nacelle assembly
- FIG. 6 illustrates a side view of the inlet section of the nacelle assembly of a gas turbine engine.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a gas turbine engine 10 which includes (in serial flow communication) a fan section 14 , a low pressure compressor 15 , a high pressure compressor 16 , a combustor 18 , a high pressure turbine 20 and a low pressure turbine 22 .
- air is pulled into the gas turbine engine 10 by the fan section 14 , pressurized by the compressors 15 , 16 and is mixed with fuel and burned in a combustor 18 .
- Hot combustion gases generated within the combustor 18 flow through the high and low pressure turbines 20 , 22 which extract energy from the hot combustion gases.
- the high pressure turbine 20 utilizes the energy extracted from the hot combustion gases to power the high pressure compressor 16 through a high speed shaft 19
- the low pressure turbine 22 utilizes the energy extracted from the hot combustion gases to power the low pressure compressor 15 and the fan section 14 though a low speed shaft 21 .
- the invention is not limited to the two-spool gas turbine engine architecture described and may be used with other architectures, such as a single-spool axial design, a three-spool axial design and other architectures. That is, the present invention is applicable to any gas turbine engine, and to any application.
- the example gas turbine engine 10 is in the form of a high bypass ratio turbofan engine mounted within a nacelle assembly 26 , in which a significant amount of air pressurized by the fan section 14 bypasses the core engine 39 for the generation of propulsion thrust.
- the nacelle assembly 26 partially surrounds an engine casing 31 that houses the core engine 39 and its components.
- the airflow entering the fan section 14 may bypass the core engine 39 via a fan bypass passage 30 which extends between the nacelle assembly 26 and the engine casing 31 for receiving and communicating a discharge airflow F 1 .
- the high bypass flow arrangement provides a significant amount of thrust for powering the aircraft.
- the engine 10 may include a geartrain 23 that controls the speed of the rotating fan section 14 .
- the geartrain 23 can be any known gear system, such as a planetary gear system with orbiting planet gears, a planetary gear system with non-orbiting planet gears or other type of gear system.
- the geartrain 23 has a constant gear ratio. It should be understood, however, that the above parameters are only examples of a contemplated geared turbofan engine 10 . That is, the invention is applicable to traditional turbofan engines as well as other engine architectures.
- the discharge airflow F 1 is discharged from the engine 10 through a fan exhaust nozzle 33 .
- Core exhaust gases C are discharged from the core engine 39 through a core exhaust nozzle 32 disposed between the engine casing 31 and a center plug 34 disposed coaxially around a longitudinal centerline axis A of the gas turbine engine 10 .
- FIG. 2 illustrates an example inlet lip section 38 of the nacelle assembly 26 .
- the inlet lip section 38 is positioned near a forward segment 29 of the nacelle assembly 26 .
- a boundary layer 35 is associated with inlet lip section 38 .
- the boundary layer 35 represents an area adjacent to each of an inner and outer flow surface of the inlet lip section 38 at which the velocity gradient of airflow is zero. That is, the velocity profile of oncoming airflow F 2 goes from a free stream away from the boundary layer 35 to near zero at the boundary layer 35 due to friction forces that occur as the oncoming airflow F 2 passes over the outer and inner flow surfaces of the inlet lip section 38 .
- the inlet lip section 38 defines a contraction ratio.
- the contraction ratio represents a relative thickness of the inlet lip section 38 of the nacelle assembly 26 and is represented by the ratio of a highlight area H a (ring shaped area defined by highlight diameter D h ) and a throat area T a (ring shaped area defined by throat diameter D r ).
- a highlight area H a ring shaped area defined by highlight diameter D h
- a throat area T a ring shaped area defined by throat diameter D r
- “Thick” inlet lip section designs which are associated with large contraction ratios, increase the maximum diameter D max and increase the weight and drag penalties associated with the nacelle assembly 26 .
- a desired ratio of the maximum diameter Dmax relative to the highlight diameter D h is typically less than or equal to about 1.5, for example.
- a person of ordinary skill in the art would understand that other ratios of the maximum diameter Dmax relative to the highlight diameter D h are possible and will vary depending upon design specific parameters.
- the inlet lip section 38 includes a plurality of discrete sections 40 disposed circumferentially about the engine longitudinal centerline axis A.
- Each of the discrete sections 40 includes a leading edge 42 and a body panel portion 44 .
- Each discrete section 40 has an adaptive structure that is capable of a shape change.
- the inlet lip section 38 is sectioned into the plurality of discrete sections 40 to reduce the stiffness of the closed annular structure of the inlet lip section 38 and allow flexure thereof.
- Each discrete section 40 is designed to be capable of deformation (i.e., the materials remain within their elastic limits), yet simultaneously have the requisite stiffness to maintain a deformed shape while under aerodynamic and external pressure loads.
- each discrete section 40 could slightly overlap with adjacent discrete sections 40 to allow the shape change of the inlet lip section 38 to occur without interference.
- a fixed nacelle portion 41 is positioned downstream from the inlet lip section 38 .
- the discrete sections 40 are comprised of an aluminum alloy. In another example, the discrete sections are comprised of a titanium alloy. It should be understood that any deformable material may be utilized to form the discrete sections 40 . A person of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this description would be able to choose an appropriate material for the example discrete sections 40 of the inlet lip section 38 .
- Influencing the adaptive structure of the inlet lip section 38 during specific flight conditions to achieve a desired shape change increases the amount of airflow communicated through the gas turbine engine 10 and reduces the internal and external drag experienced by the inlet lip section 38 .
- the adaptive structure of the inlet lip section 38 is influenced by adjusting the shape of the leading edge 42 of each discrete section 40 (see FIGS. 4A and 4B ).
- the adaptive structure of the inlet lip section 38 is influenced by adjusting a thickness of the body panel portions 44 of each discrete section 40 (see FIG. 5 ).
- the adaptive structure of the inlet lip section 38 is influenced by adjusting both the leading edge 42 and the thickness of the body panel portion 44 of each discrete section 40 .
- FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate the adjustment of the leading edge 42 of a discrete section 40 of the inlet lip section 38 between a first position X (see FIG. 4A ) and a second position X′ (see FIG. 4B ).
- the first position X represents a “thin” inlet lip section 38 .
- the second position X′ represents a “blunt” inlet lip section 38 .
- Each leading edge 42 is moved between the first position X and the second position X′ via a rotary actuator 46 , for example.
- the rotary actuator 46 rotates in either a clockwise or counterclockwise direction to move a linkage assembly 48 and adjust the leading edge 42 between the first position X and the second position X′.
- the rotary actuator 46 and the linkage assembly 48 are mounted within a cavity 50 of each discrete section 40 .
- At least one linkage assembly 48 is provided within each discrete section 40 and includes a plurality of linkage arms 52 and a plurality of pivot points 54 .
- the rotary actuator 46 pivots, toggles, extends and/or flexes the linkage arms 52 of the linkage assembly 48 about the pivot points 54 to move the leading edge 42 between the “thin”, first position X and the “blunt”, second position X′.
- the present example is illustrated with a rotary actuator and linkage arms connected via pivot points, other mechanisms may be utilized to move the leading edges 42 of the discrete sections 40 between the first position X and the second position X′, including but not limited to linear actuators, bell cranks, etc.
- leading edge 42 is moveable to any position between the first position X and second position X′.
- the adaptive structure of the inlet lip section 38 is influenced by moving the leading edge 42 of each discrete section 40 between the first position X and the second position X′ in response to detecting an operability condition of the gas turbine engine 10 .
- the operability condition includes a take-off condition.
- the operability condition includes a climb condition.
- the operability condition includes a landing condition.
- the operability condition includes a high angle of attack condition. It should be understood that the adaptive structure of the inlet lip section 38 is adjustable in response to any operability condition experienced by the aircraft. Each leading edge 42 is positioned at/returned to the first position X during normal cruise conditions of the aircraft.
- a sensor 61 detects the operability condition and communicates with a controller 62 to translate the leading edge 42 between the first position X and the second position X′ and influence the adaptive structure of the inlet lip section 38 .
- this view is highly schematic.
- the illustrations of the movement of the inlet lip section 38 are shown exaggerated to better illustrate the adaptive structure thereof.
- a person of ordinary skill in the art would understand the distances the leading edge 42 should be moved between the position X and the second position X′ in response to sensing a specific operability condition.
- the senor 61 and the controller 62 may be programmed to detect any known operability condition and that each operability condition may be associated with a distinct position of the leading edge 42 of the inlet lip section 38 . That is, the sensor 61 and the controller 62 are operable to situate the leading edge 42 of each discrete section 40 at a position which corresponds to the operability condition that is detected. Also, the sensor can be replaced by any controller associated with the gas turbine engine 10 or an associated aircraft. In fact, the controller 62 itself can include the “sensor” and generate the signal to adjust the contour of the inlet lip section 38 .
- FIG. 5 illustrates the adjustment of a thickness T of a body panel portion 44 of each discrete section 40 to influence the adaptive structure of the inlet lip section 38 .
- the thickness T of the body panel 44 is adjustable between a “thin” inlet lip section 38 and a “thick” inlet lip section 38 , for example.
- An inner surface 70 and an outer surface 72 of each body panel portion 44 are moveable in a Y direction (i.e., radially outward) to adjust each discrete section 40 to a “thick” position.
- the inner and outer surfaces 70 , 72 are moveable in a Z direction to adjust each discrete section to a “thin” position.
- each body panel portion 44 The thickness T adjustment of each body panel portion 44 is achieved via a linear actuator 56 and a linkage assembly 58 .
- the linear actuator 56 and the linkage assembly 58 are received in the cavity 50 of each discrete section 40 .
- the present example is illustrated with a linear actuator and linkage arms connected via pivot points, other mechanisms may be utilized to adjust the thickness T of each body panel portion 44 .
- the linear actuator 56 includes an actuator arm 60 which is moveable in a R or L direction to move the linkage assembly 58 and thereby adjust the thickness of the body panel portion 44 .
- the linkage assembly 58 includes a plurality of linkages 64 and a plurality of pivot points 66 .
- the linear actuator 56 adjusts the thickness T of each body panel portion 44 by retracting, pivoting, toggling, extending and/or flexing the linkages 64 about each pivot point 66 .
- the actuator arm 60 of the linear actuator 56 moves in a R direction to retract the outer skin (i.e., move the outer skin in the Z direction) of the body panel portion 44 and provide a “thin” inlet lip section 38 .
- the actuator arm 60 of the linear actuator 56 is moved in a L direction to expand the outer skin (i.e., move the outer skin in the Y direction) of the body panel portion 44 and provide a “thick” inlet lip section 38 . That is, the thickness T of each body panel portion 44 is adjusted either radially outwardly or radially inwardly to provide a “thick” inlet lip section or a “thin” inlet lip section, respectively.
- each discrete section 40 is adjusted in response to detecting an operability condition.
- the operability condition includes a take-off condition.
- the operating condition includes a climb condition.
- the operability condition includes a high angle of attack condition.
- the operability condition includes a landing condition. It should be understood that the thickness of the body panel portion 44 may be adjusted to influence the adaptive structure of the inlet lip section 38 in response to any operability condition experienced by the aircraft. The thickness T is adjusted/returned to a “thin” position at cruise conditions of the aircraft.
- a sensor 61 detects the operability condition and communicates with a controller 62 to adjust the thickness T of each discrete section 40 .
- this view is highly schematic.
- the illustrations of the movement of the inlet lip section 38 are shown exaggerated to better illustrate the adaptive structure thereof. A person of ordinary skill in the art would understand the distances the thickness T should be adjusted in response to sensing a specific operability condition.
- the senor 61 and the controller 62 may be programmed to detect any known operability condition and that each operability condition may be associated with a distinct thickness T of the body panel portions 44 of the discrete sections 40 . That is, the sensor 61 and the controller 62 are operable to adjust the thickness T of each discrete section 40 to a position which corresponds to the operability condition that is detected.
- the thickness T of each discrete section 40 may be adjusted uniformly or differently about the circumference. In some instances, such as operating during strong cross-winds, for example, only certain discrete sections 40 may be adjusted, while other discrete sections 40 are left unchanged.
- the sensor can be replaced by any controller associated with the gas turbine engine 10 or an associated aircraft. In fact, the controller 62 itself can generate the signal to adjust the contour of the inlet lip section 38 .
- each discrete section 40 could include both types of mechanisms to achieve both a leading edge adjustment and a thickness adjustment of the inlet lip section 38 .
- a person of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure would be able to design the inlet lip section 38 to achieve a desired aerodynamic performance level.
- Influencing the adaptive structure of the inlet lip section 38 may also be achieved during diverse operating conditions by “drooping” a portion of the inlet lip section 38 relative to a remaining portion of the inlet lip section 38 (See FIG. 6 ).
- a portion of the discrete sections 40 positioned near a top portion 80 of the inlet lip section 38 are translated in an X direction and a portion of discrete sections 40 positioned near a bottom portion 82 of the inlet lip section 38 are translated in a Y direction to create a droop angle D relative to a plane 84 defined by the foremost end 86 of the inlet lip section 38 .
- the translations of the discrete sections 40 in the X and Y directions are achieved via adjustment of linkage assembly 48 (See FIGS.
- the droop angle D is between 2 to 6 degrees relative to the plane 84 , in one example.
- FIG. 6 illustrates the “droop” of the bottom portion 82 relative to the remaining portion of the inlet lip section 38 , it should be understood that any portion of the inlet lip section 38 may be drooped to improve the aircraft engine performance and reduce nacelle drag at all flight conditions.
- the adaptive inlet lip section 38 improves aerodynamic performance of the gas turbine engine 10 during all operability conditions experienced by the aircraft.
- the aircraft may be designed having a “thin” inlet lip section 38 (i.e., a slim line nacelle having a reduced contraction ratio is achieved).
- the nacelle assembly 26 is designed for specific cruise conditions of the aircraft. A reduced maximum diameter of the nacelle assembly 26 may therefore be achieved while reducing weight, reducing drag, reducing fuel burn and increasing the overall efficiency of the gas turbine engine 10 .
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Abstract
A method of improving the aerodynamic performance of an inlet section of a nacelle assembly of a gas turbine engine, according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure includes, among other things, (a) sensing an operability condition, (b) adjusting a leading edge of the inlet section in response to the step (a), and (c) adjusting a thickness of the inlet section in response to the step (a).
Description
- This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/769,749, which was filed on Jun. 28, 2007.
- This disclosure generally relates to a gas turbine engine, and more particularly to a gas turbine engine having a variable shape inlet section.
- In an aircraft gas turbine engine, such as a turbofan engine, air is pressurized in a compressor and mixed with fuel in a combustor for generating hot combustion gases. The hot combustion gases flow downstream through turbine stages which extract energy from the hot combustion gases. A fan section supplies air to the compressor.
- Combustion gases are discharged from the turbofan engine through a core exhaust nozzle and a quantity of fan air is discharged through an annular fan exhaust nozzle defined at least partially by a nacelle assembly surrounding the core engine. A majority of propulsion thrust is provided by the pressurized fan air which is discharged through the fan exhaust nozzle, while the remaining thrust is provided by the combustion gases discharged through the core exhaust nozzle.
- It is known in the field of aircraft gas turbine engines that the performance of a turbofan engine varies during diversified operability conditions experienced by the aircraft. An inlet lip section located at the foremost end of the turbofan nacelle assembly is typically designed to enable operation of the turbofan engine and reduce separation of airflow from the internal and external flow surfaces of the inlet lip section during these diversified conditions. For example, the nacelle assembly requires a “thick” inlet lip section to support operation of the engine during specific flight conditions, such as crosswind conditions, take-off conditions and the like. Disadvantageously, the “thick” inlet lip section may reduce the efficiency of the turbofan engine during normal cruise conditions of the aircraft, for example. As a result, the maximum diameter of the nacelle assembly is approximately 10-20% larger than required during cruise conditions. Since aircraft typically operate in cruise conditions for extended periods, turbofan efficiency gains can lead to substantially reduced fuel burn and emissions.
- Accordingly, it is desirable to provide a nacelle assembly having an adaptive structure to improve the performance of a turbofan gas turbine engine during diversified operability conditions.
- A method of improving the aerodynamic performance of an inlet section of a nacelle assembly of a gas turbine engine, according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure includes, among other things, sensing an operability condition, adjusting a leading edge of the inlet section in response to the step of sensing, and adjusting a thickness of the inlet section in response to the step of sensing.
- In a further non-limiting embodiment of the foregoing method, the leading edge is adjustable between a thin position and a blunt position and the step of adjusting the leading edge includes the step of moving the leading edge between the thin position and the blunt position.
- In a further non-limiting embodiment of either of the foregoing methods, the thickness of the inlet section is adjustable between a first position and a second position and the step of adjusting the thickness includes adjusting the thickness between the first position and the second position.
- In a further non-limiting embodiment of any of the foregoing methods, the second position is radially outward from the first position.
- In a further non-limiting embodiment of any of the foregoing methods, the second position is radially inward from the first position.
- In a further non-limiting embodiment of any of the foregoing methods, the inlet section includes a plurality of discrete sections circumferentially disposed about an engine longitudinal centerline axis and each having a leading edge and a body panel portion aft of the leading edge that includes an adaptive structure. The step of adjusting the thickness includes adjusting a thickness of each of the body panel portions in each of a radially outer direction and a radially inner direction relative to the engine longitudinal centerline axis to alter the adaptive structure.
- In a further non-limiting embodiment of any of the foregoing methods, the adaptive structure of a first discrete section of the plurality of discrete sections is altered independently of the adaptive structure of a second discrete section of the plurality of discrete sections.
- In a further non-limiting embodiment of any of the foregoing methods, the step of sensing is performed using a programmable controller.
- A method of influencing an adaptive structure of a plurality of discrete sections of a gas turbine engine according to another exemplary aspect of the present disclosure includes, among other things, positioning the plurality of discrete sections circumferentially about an engine longitudinal centerline axis. Each of the plurality of discrete sections have a leading edge and a body panel portion aft of the leading edge that includes the adaptive structure. The method includes adjusting a thickness of at least one body panel portion in each of a radially outer direction and a radially inner direction relative to the engine longitudinal centerline axis to alter the adaptive structure.
- In a further non-limiting embodiment of the foregoing method, the method includes the step of identifying an operability condition prior to the step of adjusting.
- In a further non-limiting embodiment of either of the foregoing methods, the method includes the step of moving the leading edge between a thin position and a blunt position.
- In a further non-limiting embodiment of any of the foregoing methods, the adaptive structure of a first discrete section of the plurality of discrete sections is altered independently of the adaptive structure of a second discrete section of the plurality of discrete sections.
- In a further non-limiting embodiment of any of the foregoing methods, the thickness of the first discrete section and the thickness of the second discrete section are adjusted uniformly.
- In a further non-limiting embodiment of any of the foregoing methods, the thickness of the first discrete section and the thickness of the second discrete section are adjusted by a different thickness amount.
- In a further non-limiting embodiment of any of the foregoing methods, the plurality of discrete sections include at least a first discrete section and a second discrete section, and the step of adjusting the thickness is performed on one of the first discrete section and the second discrete section but not on the other of the first discrete section and the second discrete section.
- The various features and advantages of this disclosure will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description. The drawings that accompany the detailed description can be briefly described as follows.
-
FIG. 1 illustrates a general sectional view of a gas turbine engine; -
FIG. 2 illustrates a nacelle assembly of a gas turbine engine illustrated inFIG. 1 ; -
FIG. 3 illustrates a general perspective view of the nacelle assembly of a gas turbine engine shown inFIG. 1 ; -
FIG. 4A illustrates a first example position of a leading edge of an inlet section of the nacelle assembly; -
FIG. 4B illustrates a second example position of the leading edge of the inlet section of the nacelle assembly; -
FIG. 5 illustrates an example mechanism for manipulating an adaptive structure of an inlet section of a nacelle assembly; and -
FIG. 6 illustrates a side view of the inlet section of the nacelle assembly of a gas turbine engine. -
FIG. 1 illustrates agas turbine engine 10 which includes (in serial flow communication) afan section 14, alow pressure compressor 15, ahigh pressure compressor 16, acombustor 18, ahigh pressure turbine 20 and alow pressure turbine 22. During operation, air is pulled into thegas turbine engine 10 by thefan section 14, pressurized by thecompressors combustor 18. Hot combustion gases generated within thecombustor 18 flow through the high andlow pressure turbines - In a two-spool gas turbine engine architecture, the
high pressure turbine 20 utilizes the energy extracted from the hot combustion gases to power thehigh pressure compressor 16 through ahigh speed shaft 19, and thelow pressure turbine 22 utilizes the energy extracted from the hot combustion gases to power thelow pressure compressor 15 and thefan section 14 though alow speed shaft 21. However, the invention is not limited to the two-spool gas turbine engine architecture described and may be used with other architectures, such as a single-spool axial design, a three-spool axial design and other architectures. That is, the present invention is applicable to any gas turbine engine, and to any application. - The example
gas turbine engine 10 is in the form of a high bypass ratio turbofan engine mounted within anacelle assembly 26, in which a significant amount of air pressurized by thefan section 14 bypasses thecore engine 39 for the generation of propulsion thrust. Thenacelle assembly 26 partially surrounds anengine casing 31 that houses thecore engine 39 and its components. The airflow entering thefan section 14 may bypass thecore engine 39 via afan bypass passage 30 which extends between thenacelle assembly 26 and theengine casing 31 for receiving and communicating a discharge airflow F1. The high bypass flow arrangement provides a significant amount of thrust for powering the aircraft. - The
engine 10 may include ageartrain 23 that controls the speed of the rotatingfan section 14. The geartrain 23 can be any known gear system, such as a planetary gear system with orbiting planet gears, a planetary gear system with non-orbiting planet gears or other type of gear system. In the disclosed example, thegeartrain 23 has a constant gear ratio. It should be understood, however, that the above parameters are only examples of a contemplated gearedturbofan engine 10. That is, the invention is applicable to traditional turbofan engines as well as other engine architectures. - The discharge airflow F1 is discharged from the
engine 10 through afan exhaust nozzle 33. Core exhaust gases C are discharged from thecore engine 39 through acore exhaust nozzle 32 disposed between theengine casing 31 and acenter plug 34 disposed coaxially around a longitudinal centerline axis A of thegas turbine engine 10. -
FIG. 2 illustrates an exampleinlet lip section 38 of thenacelle assembly 26. Theinlet lip section 38 is positioned near aforward segment 29 of thenacelle assembly 26. Aboundary layer 35 is associated withinlet lip section 38. Theboundary layer 35 represents an area adjacent to each of an inner and outer flow surface of theinlet lip section 38 at which the velocity gradient of airflow is zero. That is, the velocity profile of oncoming airflow F2 goes from a free stream away from theboundary layer 35 to near zero at theboundary layer 35 due to friction forces that occur as the oncoming airflow F2 passes over the outer and inner flow surfaces of theinlet lip section 38. - The
inlet lip section 38 defines a contraction ratio. The contraction ratio represents a relative thickness of theinlet lip section 38 of thenacelle assembly 26 and is represented by the ratio of a highlight area Ha (ring shaped area defined by highlight diameter Dh) and a throat area Ta (ring shaped area defined by throat diameter Dr). Currently industry standards typically require a contraction ratio of approximately 1.33 to reduce the separation of oncoming airflow F2 from the outer and inner flow surfaces of theinlet lip section 38 during engine operation, but other contraction ratios may be feasible. “Thick” inlet lip section designs, which are associated with large contraction ratios, increase the maximum diameter Dmax and increase the weight and drag penalties associated with thenacelle assembly 26. In addition, a desired ratio of the maximum diameter Dmax relative to the highlight diameter Dh is typically less than or equal to about 1.5, for example. A person of ordinary skill in the art would understand that other ratios of the maximum diameter Dmax relative to the highlight diameter Dh are possible and will vary depending upon design specific parameters. - Referring to
FIG. 3 , theinlet lip section 38 includes a plurality ofdiscrete sections 40 disposed circumferentially about the engine longitudinal centerline axis A. Each of thediscrete sections 40 includes aleading edge 42 and abody panel portion 44. Eachdiscrete section 40 has an adaptive structure that is capable of a shape change. Theinlet lip section 38 is sectioned into the plurality ofdiscrete sections 40 to reduce the stiffness of the closed annular structure of theinlet lip section 38 and allow flexure thereof. Eachdiscrete section 40 is designed to be capable of deformation (i.e., the materials remain within their elastic limits), yet simultaneously have the requisite stiffness to maintain a deformed shape while under aerodynamic and external pressure loads. In addition, as would be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure, eachdiscrete section 40 could slightly overlap with adjacentdiscrete sections 40 to allow the shape change of theinlet lip section 38 to occur without interference. A fixednacelle portion 41 is positioned downstream from theinlet lip section 38. - In one example, the
discrete sections 40 are comprised of an aluminum alloy. In another example, the discrete sections are comprised of a titanium alloy. It should be understood that any deformable material may be utilized to form thediscrete sections 40. A person of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this description would be able to choose an appropriate material for the examplediscrete sections 40 of theinlet lip section 38. - Influencing the adaptive structure of the
inlet lip section 38 during specific flight conditions to achieve a desired shape change increases the amount of airflow communicated through thegas turbine engine 10 and reduces the internal and external drag experienced by theinlet lip section 38. In one example, the adaptive structure of theinlet lip section 38 is influenced by adjusting the shape of the leadingedge 42 of each discrete section 40 (seeFIGS. 4A and 4B ). In another example, the adaptive structure of theinlet lip section 38 is influenced by adjusting a thickness of thebody panel portions 44 of each discrete section 40 (seeFIG. 5 ). In yet another example, the adaptive structure of theinlet lip section 38 is influenced by adjusting both theleading edge 42 and the thickness of thebody panel portion 44 of eachdiscrete section 40. -
FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate the adjustment of the leadingedge 42 of adiscrete section 40 of theinlet lip section 38 between a first position X (seeFIG. 4A ) and a second position X′ (seeFIG. 4B ). The first position X represents a “thin”inlet lip section 38. The second position X′ represents a “blunt”inlet lip section 38. Each leadingedge 42 is moved between the first position X and the second position X′ via arotary actuator 46, for example. Therotary actuator 46 rotates in either a clockwise or counterclockwise direction to move alinkage assembly 48 and adjust theleading edge 42 between the first position X and the second position X′. Therotary actuator 46 and thelinkage assembly 48 are mounted within acavity 50 of eachdiscrete section 40. - At least one
linkage assembly 48 is provided within eachdiscrete section 40 and includes a plurality oflinkage arms 52 and a plurality of pivot points 54. Therotary actuator 46 pivots, toggles, extends and/or flexes thelinkage arms 52 of thelinkage assembly 48 about the pivot points 54 to move the leadingedge 42 between the “thin”, first position X and the “blunt”, second position X′. Although the present example is illustrated with a rotary actuator and linkage arms connected via pivot points, other mechanisms may be utilized to move theleading edges 42 of thediscrete sections 40 between the first position X and the second position X′, including but not limited to linear actuators, bell cranks, etc. A person of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure will be able to implement an appropriate actuator assembly to manipulate theleading edge 42 of eachdiscrete section 40. In addition, it should be understood that the leadingedge 42 is moveable to any position between the first position X and second position X′. - The adaptive structure of the
inlet lip section 38 is influenced by moving the leadingedge 42 of eachdiscrete section 40 between the first position X and the second position X′ in response to detecting an operability condition of thegas turbine engine 10. In one example, the operability condition includes a take-off condition. In another example, the operability condition includes a climb condition. In yet another example, the operability condition includes a landing condition. In still another example, the operability condition includes a high angle of attack condition. It should be understood that the adaptive structure of theinlet lip section 38 is adjustable in response to any operability condition experienced by the aircraft. Each leadingedge 42 is positioned at/returned to the first position X during normal cruise conditions of the aircraft. - A
sensor 61 detects the operability condition and communicates with acontroller 62 to translate theleading edge 42 between the first position X and the second position X′ and influence the adaptive structure of theinlet lip section 38. Of course, this view is highly schematic. In addition, the illustrations of the movement of theinlet lip section 38 are shown exaggerated to better illustrate the adaptive structure thereof. A person of ordinary skill in the art would understand the distances the leadingedge 42 should be moved between the position X and the second position X′ in response to sensing a specific operability condition. - It should be understood that the
sensor 61 and thecontroller 62 may be programmed to detect any known operability condition and that each operability condition may be associated with a distinct position of the leadingedge 42 of theinlet lip section 38. That is, thesensor 61 and thecontroller 62 are operable to situate theleading edge 42 of eachdiscrete section 40 at a position which corresponds to the operability condition that is detected. Also, the sensor can be replaced by any controller associated with thegas turbine engine 10 or an associated aircraft. In fact, thecontroller 62 itself can include the “sensor” and generate the signal to adjust the contour of theinlet lip section 38. -
FIG. 5 illustrates the adjustment of a thickness T of abody panel portion 44 of eachdiscrete section 40 to influence the adaptive structure of theinlet lip section 38. The thickness T of thebody panel 44 is adjustable between a “thin”inlet lip section 38 and a “thick”inlet lip section 38, for example. Aninner surface 70 and anouter surface 72 of eachbody panel portion 44 are moveable in a Y direction (i.e., radially outward) to adjust eachdiscrete section 40 to a “thick” position. In addition, the inner andouter surfaces - The thickness T adjustment of each
body panel portion 44 is achieved via alinear actuator 56 and alinkage assembly 58. Thelinear actuator 56 and thelinkage assembly 58 are received in thecavity 50 of eachdiscrete section 40. Although the present example is illustrated with a linear actuator and linkage arms connected via pivot points, other mechanisms may be utilized to adjust the thickness T of eachbody panel portion 44. - The
linear actuator 56 includes anactuator arm 60 which is moveable in a R or L direction to move thelinkage assembly 58 and thereby adjust the thickness of thebody panel portion 44. Thelinkage assembly 58 includes a plurality oflinkages 64 and a plurality of pivot points 66. Thelinear actuator 56 adjusts the thickness T of eachbody panel portion 44 by retracting, pivoting, toggling, extending and/or flexing thelinkages 64 about eachpivot point 66. In one example, theactuator arm 60 of thelinear actuator 56 moves in a R direction to retract the outer skin (i.e., move the outer skin in the Z direction) of thebody panel portion 44 and provide a “thin”inlet lip section 38. In another example, theactuator arm 60 of thelinear actuator 56 is moved in a L direction to expand the outer skin (i.e., move the outer skin in the Y direction) of thebody panel portion 44 and provide a “thick”inlet lip section 38. That is, the thickness T of eachbody panel portion 44 is adjusted either radially outwardly or radially inwardly to provide a “thick” inlet lip section or a “thin” inlet lip section, respectively. - The thickness of each
discrete section 40 is adjusted in response to detecting an operability condition. In one example, the operability condition includes a take-off condition. In another example, the operating condition includes a climb condition. In another example, the operability condition includes a high angle of attack condition. In still another example, the operability condition includes a landing condition. It should be understood that the thickness of thebody panel portion 44 may be adjusted to influence the adaptive structure of theinlet lip section 38 in response to any operability condition experienced by the aircraft. The thickness T is adjusted/returned to a “thin” position at cruise conditions of the aircraft. - A
sensor 61, as is shown inFIGS. 4 a and 4 b, detects the operability condition and communicates with acontroller 62 to adjust the thickness T of eachdiscrete section 40. Of course, this view is highly schematic. In addition, the illustrations of the movement of theinlet lip section 38 are shown exaggerated to better illustrate the adaptive structure thereof. A person of ordinary skill in the art would understand the distances the thickness T should be adjusted in response to sensing a specific operability condition. - It should be understood that the
sensor 61 and thecontroller 62 may be programmed to detect any known operability condition and that each operability condition may be associated with a distinct thickness T of thebody panel portions 44 of thediscrete sections 40. That is, thesensor 61 and thecontroller 62 are operable to adjust the thickness T of eachdiscrete section 40 to a position which corresponds to the operability condition that is detected. The thickness T of eachdiscrete section 40 may be adjusted uniformly or differently about the circumference. In some instances, such as operating during strong cross-winds, for example, only certaindiscrete sections 40 may be adjusted, while otherdiscrete sections 40 are left unchanged. Also, the sensor can be replaced by any controller associated with thegas turbine engine 10 or an associated aircraft. In fact, thecontroller 62 itself can generate the signal to adjust the contour of theinlet lip section 38. - Although illustrated in
FIGS. 4 and 5 as having only a single mechanism for adjusting the shape of the inlet lip section 38 (i.e., one of arotary actuator 46 with alinkage assembly 48 or alinear actuator 56 with a linkage assembly 58), it should be understood that eachdiscrete section 40 could include both types of mechanisms to achieve both a leading edge adjustment and a thickness adjustment of theinlet lip section 38. A person of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure would be able to design theinlet lip section 38 to achieve a desired aerodynamic performance level. - Influencing the adaptive structure of the
inlet lip section 38 may also be achieved during diverse operating conditions by “drooping” a portion of theinlet lip section 38 relative to a remaining portion of the inlet lip section 38 (SeeFIG. 6 ). In one example, a portion of thediscrete sections 40 positioned near atop portion 80 of theinlet lip section 38 are translated in an X direction and a portion ofdiscrete sections 40 positioned near abottom portion 82 of theinlet lip section 38 are translated in a Y direction to create a droop angle D relative to aplane 84 defined by theforemost end 86 of theinlet lip section 38. The translations of thediscrete sections 40 in the X and Y directions are achieved via adjustment of linkage assembly 48 (SeeFIGS. 4 a and 4 b), the linkage assembly 58 (SeeFIG. 5 ) or a combination of both thelinkage assembly 48 and thelinkage assembly 58. The droop angle D is between 2 to 6 degrees relative to theplane 84, in one example. AlthoughFIG. 6 illustrates the “droop” of thebottom portion 82 relative to the remaining portion of theinlet lip section 38, it should be understood that any portion of theinlet lip section 38 may be drooped to improve the aircraft engine performance and reduce nacelle drag at all flight conditions. - The adaptive
inlet lip section 38 improves aerodynamic performance of thegas turbine engine 10 during all operability conditions experienced by the aircraft. In addition, because of the shape changing capabilities of theinlet lip section 38, the aircraft may be designed having a “thin” inlet lip section 38 (i.e., a slim line nacelle having a reduced contraction ratio is achieved). As a result, thenacelle assembly 26 is designed for specific cruise conditions of the aircraft. A reduced maximum diameter of thenacelle assembly 26 may therefore be achieved while reducing weight, reducing drag, reducing fuel burn and increasing the overall efficiency of thegas turbine engine 10. - The foregoing description shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in any limiting sense. A worker of ordinary skill in the art would recognize that certain modifications would come within the scope of this disclosure. For that reason, the following claims should be studied to determine the true scope and content of this invention.
Claims (15)
1. A method of improving the aerodynamic performance of an inlet section of a nacelle assembly of a gas turbine engine, comprising the steps of:
(a) sensing an operability condition;
(b) adjusting a leading edge of the inlet section in response to said step (a); and
(c) adjusting a thickness of the inlet section in response to said step (a).
2. The method as recited in claim 1 , wherein the leading edge is adjustable between a thin position and a blunt position and said step (b) includes the step of:
moving the leading edge between the thin position and the blunt position.
3. The method as recited in claim 1 , wherein the thickness of the inlet section is adjustable between a first position and a second position and said step (c) includes the step of:
adjusting the thickness between the first position and the second position.
4. The method as recited in claim 3 , wherein the second position is radially outward from the first position.
5. The method as recited in claim 3 , wherein the second position is radially inward from the first position.
6. The method as recited in claim 1 , wherein the inlet section includes a plurality of discrete sections circumferentially disposed about an engine longitudinal centerline axis and each having a leading edge and a body panel portion aft of the leading edge that includes an adaptive structure, wherein said step (c) includes adjusting a thickness of each of the body panel portions in each of a radially outer direction and a radially inner direction relative to the engine longitudinal centerline axis to alter the adaptive structure.
7. The method as recited in claim 6 , wherein the adaptive structure of a first discrete section of the plurality of discrete sections is altered independently of the adaptive structure of a second discrete section of the plurality of discrete sections.
8. The method as recited in claim 1 , wherein said step (a) is performed using a programmable controller.
9. A method of influencing an adaptive structure of a plurality of discrete sections of a gas turbine engine, comprising the steps of:
positioning the plurality of discrete sections circumferentially about an engine longitudinal centerline axis, each of the plurality of discrete sections having a leading edge and a body panel portion aft of the leading edge that includes the adaptive structure; and
adjusting a thickness of at least one body panel portion in each of a radially outer direction and a radially inner direction relative to the engine longitudinal centerline axis to alter the adaptive structure.
10. The method as recited in claim 9 , comprising the step of identifying an operability condition prior to the step of adjusting.
11. The method as recited in claim 9 , comprising the step of moving the leading edge between a thin position and a blunt position.
12. The method as recited in claim 9 , wherein the adaptive structure of a first discrete section of the plurality of discrete sections is altered independently of the adaptive structure of a second discrete section of the plurality of discrete sections.
13. The method as recited in claim 12 , wherein the thickness of the first discrete section and the thickness of the second discrete section are adjusted uniformly.
14. The method as recited in claim 12 , wherein the thickness of the first discrete section and the thickness of the second discrete section are adjusted by a different thickness amount.
15. The method as recited in claim 9 , wherein the plurality of discrete sections include at least a first discrete section and a second discrete section, and said step of adjusting the thickness is performed on one of the first discrete section and the second discrete section but not on the other of the first discrete section and the second discrete section.
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US13/777,300 US20130170950A1 (en) | 2007-06-28 | 2013-02-26 | Variable shape inlet section for a nacelle assembly of a gas turbine engine |
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US11/769,749 US8402739B2 (en) | 2007-06-28 | 2007-06-28 | Variable shape inlet section for a nacelle assembly of a gas turbine engine |
US13/777,300 US20130170950A1 (en) | 2007-06-28 | 2013-02-26 | Variable shape inlet section for a nacelle assembly of a gas turbine engine |
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US11/769,749 Division US8402739B2 (en) | 2007-06-28 | 2007-06-28 | Variable shape inlet section for a nacelle assembly of a gas turbine engine |
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US13/777,300 Abandoned US20130170950A1 (en) | 2007-06-28 | 2013-02-26 | Variable shape inlet section for a nacelle assembly of a gas turbine engine |
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US20090003997A1 (en) | 2009-01-01 |
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