US20130016583A1 - Correcting Aliasing of Pulsed Wave Doppler of Diagnostic Ultrasound - Google Patents
Correcting Aliasing of Pulsed Wave Doppler of Diagnostic Ultrasound Download PDFInfo
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- US20130016583A1 US20130016583A1 US13/341,928 US201113341928A US2013016583A1 US 20130016583 A1 US20130016583 A1 US 20130016583A1 US 201113341928 A US201113341928 A US 201113341928A US 2013016583 A1 US2013016583 A1 US 2013016583A1
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- tof
- aliasing
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- doppler
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S7/00—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
- G01S7/52—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S15/00
- G01S7/523—Details of pulse systems
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S15/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of acoustic waves, e.g. sonar systems
- G01S15/88—Sonar systems specially adapted for specific applications
- G01S15/89—Sonar systems specially adapted for specific applications for mapping or imaging
- G01S15/8906—Short-range imaging systems; Acoustic microscope systems using pulse-echo techniques
- G01S15/8979—Combined Doppler and pulse-echo imaging systems
- G01S15/8986—Combined Doppler and pulse-echo imaging systems with measures taken for suppressing velocity ambiguities, i.e. anti-aliasing
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S15/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of acoustic waves, e.g. sonar systems
- G01S15/02—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of acoustic waves, e.g. sonar systems using reflection of acoustic waves
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S15/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of acoustic waves, e.g. sonar systems
- G01S15/02—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of acoustic waves, e.g. sonar systems using reflection of acoustic waves
- G01S15/50—Systems of measurement, based on relative movement of the target
- G01S15/58—Velocity or trajectory determination systems; Sense-of-movement determination systems
Definitions
- CW Doppler and pulsed wave (PW) Doppler work with different ultrasound mechanisms.
- CW Doppler system detects reflected frequency in the area under the transducer.
- Doppler shift is calculated by extracting the transmitted frequency from reflected frequency. If the flow is toward the transducer, the reflected waves will be compressed, which generates higher reflected frequency and positive Doppler shift. Because of the separation of emitting and receiving components, continuously receiving reflected ultrasound pulses avoids it generating aliasing.
- PW Doppler uses only one PZT crystal in sending and receiving ultrasound pulses. Then it calculates the TOF of the ultrasound pulses corresponding to the depth of the gate. This brings its advantage of range specificity as well as its disadvantage of aliasing. Aliasing of PW Doppler can be explained with the insufficient Doppler sampling rate of the frequency domain analysis or misinterpreted TOF shift of the time domain analysis. But, the theory of frequency domain can not completely solve the aliasing. For time domain analysis, the PW Doppler works more like playing table tennis, because its transducer will emit the next ultrasound pulse after receiving the previously reflected one.
- the ultrasound system can calculate its TOF based on the ultrasound speed and the distance. If the ultrasound pulse hits a forward object, the object will interact with the pulse and shorten its traveling distance and TOF. So, there is a TOF shift between the detected TOF and calculated TOF. Faster the forward object is, the more TOF shift will be. Therefore, I use TOF shift to explain and rectify the aliasing of PW Doppler system.
- the object of the present invention is explaining the aliasing of PW Doppler with TOF shift of time domain analysis. Based on TOF shift theory, the aliasing can be completely corrected.
- the PW Doppler system calculates TOF according to the detecting depth and propagation speed.
- the forward flow will interact with ultrasound pulses and shorten their traveling distance and detected TOF. So, the Doppler shift is caused by TOF shift between calculated TOF and detected TOF, which is produced by forward flow.
- the Doppler system will misinterpret the reflected ultrasound pulses from the previously emitted pulses.
- the misinterpreted pulses have longer detected TOF, which generates negative TOF shift. So, the Doppler system account that the pulses are reflected from a reverse flow, which causes aliasing.
- the TOF shift is proportional to its spectrum, and aliasing TOF shift can be rectified to its correct registration. So, the aliasing can be completely corrected no matter how fast the flow velocity will be. At the same time, the method of TOF shift is more accurate in calculating flow velocity.
- the PW Doppler will locate the detecting depth and calculate TOF according to ultrasound speed and traveling distance. As playing table tennis, the forward flow will shorten the TOF of ultrasound pulses, and PW system will interpret the shortened TOF between calculated TOF and detected TOF as the TOF shift, which is directly correlated to the flow velocity. As range ambiguity artifacts in ultrasound imaging caused by speed error, the ultrasound system misinterprets the changed TOF as a changed detecting depth. In PW Doppler system, the changed TOF shift is connected with flow velocity, and the faster the forward flow velocity is, the greater TOF shift will be.
- the current PW Doppler system calculates its pulse repetition frequency (PRF) based on the pulse traveling speed and its detecting depth, which is inversely proportional to its TOF. Its emitted PRF is inversely proportional to its calculated TOF and its reflected PRF is inversely proportional to its detected TOF. So, decreased detected TOF due to increased forward flow velocity is interpreted as increased reflected PRF. But, the actual emitted and reflected pulse frequency doesn't change because the transducer emits the next pulse after receives the previous one.
- PRF pulse repetition frequency
- the Doppler shift is directly related to its TOF shift. But, the Doppler shift is not proportional to its TOF shift.
- the aliasing is caused by too low Doppler sampling rate. If Doppler PRF is higher than its Nyquist limit (PRF/2), aliasing will occur. But, from my point of view, the aliasing is caused by too low detected TOF. For a forward flow, if the detected TOF is smaller than its detecting limits, the Doppler system will consider the reflected ultrasound pulse coming from previously emitted pulse with longer detected TOF. So, the TOF shift will be negative and the Doppler system misinterprets the pulses reflected from a reverse flow, which causes aliasing.
- the aliasing TOF shift better explains why at the point of aliasing limit, the aliasing TOF shift has the similar value to TOF shift but at the opposite site of baseline. As increasing flow velocity after the aliasing limit, the actual TOF value will be smaller, which produces the specific aliasing spectrum with spectral tip toward baseline.
- the Doppler system interprets it from a reversed flow.
- the Doppler system will misinterpret the reflected ultrasound pulse coming from the next emitted pulse.
- aliasing TOF shift for a reverse flow will be positive, and its value will be reduced as increased flow velocity, which produces an aliasing spectrum above the baseline with its tip toward baseline.
- the TOF shift for forward or reverse flow is limited within the value of one calculated TOF. If the TOF shift excesses the half of calculated TOF, the reflected ultrasound pulses are misinterpreted as aliasing.
- TOF shift better presents the spectrum of Doppler shift, and more accurately reflects its proportional relationship with the flow velocity. So, replacing Doppler shift with TOF shift in Doppler equation can more accurately calculate speed of blood.
- TOF shift can completely correct aliasing and accurately calculate flow velocity. So, it can be applied in PW Doppler with higher frequencies. It not only avoids aliasing but also improves the quality of grayscale anatomic images in future PW Doppler system.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
- Remote Sensing (AREA)
- Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
- Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Measurement Of Velocity Or Position Using Acoustic Or Ultrasonic Waves (AREA)
- Ultra Sonic Daignosis Equipment (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Ultrasonic Waves (AREA)
Abstract
Pulsed wave (PW) Doppler has the same emitted and reflected pulse frequency because it emits the next ultrasound pulse after receiving the previously reflected one. But, the forward blood flow will interact with the emitted ultrasound pulse and shorten its time of flight (TOF), which creates a positive TOF shift between the calculated TOF and detected TOF. If the velocity of forward flow is too fast and causes the TOF shift more than half of the calculated TOF, the reflected ultrasound pulses are considered as from the previously emitted pulses with longer TOF, which will show negative TOF shift and be misinterpreted as aliasing. This aliasing TOF shift can be completely rectified to its correct registration no matter how fast the forward flow velocity will be. So, the advantages of TOF shift theory can better quantitatively explain the spectral characteristics of PW Doppler, and more accurately calculate the flow velocity.
Description
- Mechanism in Corecting Aliasing of Pulsed Wave Doppler of Diagnostic Ultrasound. Provisional patent, Application No.: U.S. 61/508,333; Filing Date: Jul. 15, 2011
- Not Applicable
- Not Applicable
- Continuous wave (CW) Doppler and pulsed wave (PW) Doppler work with different ultrasound mechanisms. By sending continuous waves, CW Doppler system detects reflected frequency in the area under the transducer. Doppler shift is calculated by extracting the transmitted frequency from reflected frequency. If the flow is toward the transducer, the reflected waves will be compressed, which generates higher reflected frequency and positive Doppler shift. Because of the separation of emitting and receiving components, continuously receiving reflected ultrasound pulses avoids it generating aliasing.
- However, the pulsed wave (PW) Doppler has different mechanism. PW Doppler uses only one PZT crystal in sending and receiving ultrasound pulses. Then it calculates the TOF of the ultrasound pulses corresponding to the depth of the gate. This brings its advantage of range specificity as well as its disadvantage of aliasing. Aliasing of PW Doppler can be explained with the insufficient Doppler sampling rate of the frequency domain analysis or misinterpreted TOF shift of the time domain analysis. But, the theory of frequency domain can not completely solve the aliasing. For time domain analysis, the PW Doppler works more like playing table tennis, because its transducer will emit the next ultrasound pulse after receiving the previously reflected one. If an ultrasound pulse hits on an object at a designated distance, the ultrasound system can calculate its TOF based on the ultrasound speed and the distance. If the ultrasound pulse hits a forward object, the object will interact with the pulse and shorten its traveling distance and TOF. So, there is a TOF shift between the detected TOF and calculated TOF. Faster the forward object is, the more TOF shift will be. Therefore, I use TOF shift to explain and rectify the aliasing of PW Doppler system.
- The object of the present invention is explaining the aliasing of PW Doppler with TOF shift of time domain analysis. Based on TOF shift theory, the aliasing can be completely corrected.
- In order to attain the above object, according to a first aspect of the present invention, the PW Doppler system calculates TOF according to the detecting depth and propagation speed. The forward flow will interact with ultrasound pulses and shorten their traveling distance and detected TOF. So, the Doppler shift is caused by TOF shift between calculated TOF and detected TOF, which is produced by forward flow.
- According to a second aspect of the present invention, if the forward flow is too fast, it increases the detected TOF shift more than half of the value of calculated TOF. The Doppler system will misinterpret the reflected ultrasound pulses from the previously emitted pulses. The misinterpreted pulses have longer detected TOF, which generates negative TOF shift. So, the Doppler system account that the pulses are reflected from a reverse flow, which causes aliasing.
- According to a third aspect of the present invention, the TOF shift is proportional to its spectrum, and aliasing TOF shift can be rectified to its correct registration. So, the aliasing can be completely corrected no matter how fast the flow velocity will be. At the same time, the method of TOF shift is more accurate in calculating flow velocity.
- Not Applicable
- The PW Doppler will locate the detecting depth and calculate TOF according to ultrasound speed and traveling distance. As playing table tennis, the forward flow will shorten the TOF of ultrasound pulses, and PW system will interpret the shortened TOF between calculated TOF and detected TOF as the TOF shift, which is directly correlated to the flow velocity. As range ambiguity artifacts in ultrasound imaging caused by speed error, the ultrasound system misinterprets the changed TOF as a changed detecting depth. In PW Doppler system, the changed TOF shift is connected with flow velocity, and the faster the forward flow velocity is, the greater TOF shift will be.
-
TOF shift=calculated TOF−detected TOF - In soft tissue:
-
- The current PW Doppler system calculates its pulse repetition frequency (PRF) based on the pulse traveling speed and its detecting depth, which is inversely proportional to its TOF. Its emitted PRF is inversely proportional to its calculated TOF and its reflected PRF is inversely proportional to its detected TOF. So, decreased detected TOF due to increased forward flow velocity is interpreted as increased reflected PRF. But, the actual emitted and reflected pulse frequency doesn't change because the transducer emits the next pulse after receives the previous one.
-
- So, the Doppler shift is directly related to its TOF shift. But, the Doppler shift is not proportional to its TOF shift.
- Based on the current theory of aliasing, the aliasing is caused by too low Doppler sampling rate. If Doppler PRF is higher than its Nyquist limit (PRF/2), aliasing will occur. But, from my point of view, the aliasing is caused by too low detected TOF. For a forward flow, if the detected TOF is smaller than its detecting limits, the Doppler system will consider the reflected ultrasound pulse coming from previously emitted pulse with longer detected TOF. So, the TOF shift will be negative and the Doppler system misinterprets the pulses reflected from a reverse flow, which causes aliasing.
-
- So, for a forward flow, after exceeding the aliasing limit, its aliasing TOF shift is below the baseline and equals the value of actual TOF. The faster the flow is, the smaller the actual TOF will be. So, the value of aliasing Doppler shift will be smaller and is closer to the baseline. This tendency corresponds to the spectrum of aliasing, and also explains why the tip of aliasing spectrum is toward the baseline as increased flow velocity after passing its aliasing limit, which causes the inversely proportional relationship between the flow velocity and the value of aliasing TOF shift.
-
- So, for a forward flow, if the detected TOF is smaller than half of its calculated TOF, the aliasing will appear. It is similar to Nyquist limit with emitted PRF reaching the half of reflected PRF. The aliasing TOF shift better explains why at the point of aliasing limit, the aliasing TOF shift has the similar value to TOF shift but at the opposite site of baseline. As increasing flow velocity after the aliasing limit, the actual TOF value will be smaller, which produces the specific aliasing spectrum with spectral tip toward baseline.
- For a reverse flow, the detected TOF is greater than calculated TOF and TOF shift is negative. So, the Doppler system interprets it from a reversed flow. When the reverse flow is too fast, which makes the detected TOF excesses its aliasing limit, the Doppler system will misinterpret the reflected ultrasound pulse coming from the next emitted pulse.
-
- So, aliasing TOF shift for a reverse flow will be positive, and its value will be reduced as increased flow velocity, which produces an aliasing spectrum above the baseline with its tip toward baseline.
- At the point of aliasing limit:
-
- So, for a reverse flow, when its detected TOF is bigger than 1½ calculated TOF and its TOF shift approaches to ½ calculated TOF, it reaches to its aliasing limit and the reflected ultrasound pulses will be misinterpreted as from next emitted pulses, which causes aliasing.
- So, the TOF shift for forward or reverse flow is limited within the value of one calculated TOF. If the TOF shift excesses the half of calculated TOF, the reflected ultrasound pulses are misinterpreted as aliasing.
- Nowadays, several ways, such as (1) adjust the scale to its maximum, (2) select a lower frequency transducer, or (3) select a new ultrasonic view with a shallower sample volume, are used to improve aliasing. These measures will reduce the calculated TOF, which can counteract some aliasing value at some degrees. But, if the velocity of the blood is very high, these methods can not completely correct aliasing, which is still beyond its aliasing limit. Based on our TOF shift theory, aliasing can be completely corrected by rectifying its registration accuracy.
- For forward flow, after TOF shift excesses its aliasing limit:
-
Corrected TOF shift=calculated TOF−aliasing detected TOF - For reverse flow, after TOF shift excesses its aliasing limit:
-
Corrected TOF shift=aliasing detected TOF−calculated TOF - By modifying computer program of PW Doppler system to identify aliasing signals after exceeding the aliasing limit, their misinterpreted TOF can be rectified to their correct locations, which will completely correct aliasing no matter how fast the blood flow will be.
- Comparing PRF shift, TOF shift better presents the spectrum of Doppler shift, and more accurately reflects its proportional relationship with the flow velocity. So, replacing Doppler shift with TOF shift in Doppler equation can more accurately calculate speed of blood.
- The Doppler equation:
-
TOF shift=2×speed of blood×transducer frequency×cos Θ/propagation speed - TOF shift can completely correct aliasing and accurately calculate flow velocity. So, it can be applied in PW Doppler with higher frequencies. It not only avoids aliasing but also improves the quality of grayscale anatomic images in future PW Doppler system.
Claims (3)
1. Doppler shift of Pulsed wave Doppler is based on time of flight of ultrasound pulses
2. Aliasing is caused by misinterpreting time of flight shift of ultrasound signals
3. Aliasing can be completely rectified by correctly registering aliasing time of flight shift
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US13/341,928 US20130016583A1 (en) | 2011-07-15 | 2011-12-31 | Correcting Aliasing of Pulsed Wave Doppler of Diagnostic Ultrasound |
US14/532,125 US20150103629A1 (en) | 2011-07-15 | 2014-11-04 | Correction of detecting depth and calculation of speed of moving objects based on time of flight of ultrasound pulses |
US14/645,475 US9880272B2 (en) | 2011-07-15 | 2015-03-12 | Calculation of detecting depth and moving speed of objects with coded pulses based on speed changes of ultrasound/sound |
US14/692,777 US20150226843A1 (en) | 2011-07-15 | 2015-04-22 | Calculation of depth and speed of objects with coded pulses based on speed changes of ultrasound/sound |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US201161508333P | 2011-07-15 | 2011-07-15 | |
US13/341,928 US20130016583A1 (en) | 2011-07-15 | 2011-12-31 | Correcting Aliasing of Pulsed Wave Doppler of Diagnostic Ultrasound |
Related Parent Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US14/305,074 Continuation US20150362590A1 (en) | 2011-07-15 | 2014-06-16 | Calculating velocity of moving objects with time of flight of ultrasound pulses and rectifying detecting depth with reduced ultrasound speed |
Related Child Applications (3)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US14/532,125 Continuation US20150103629A1 (en) | 2011-07-15 | 2014-11-04 | Correction of detecting depth and calculation of speed of moving objects based on time of flight of ultrasound pulses |
US14/645,475 Continuation US9880272B2 (en) | 2011-07-15 | 2015-03-12 | Calculation of detecting depth and moving speed of objects with coded pulses based on speed changes of ultrasound/sound |
US14/692,777 Continuation US20150226843A1 (en) | 2011-07-15 | 2015-04-22 | Calculation of depth and speed of objects with coded pulses based on speed changes of ultrasound/sound |
Publications (1)
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US20130016583A1 true US20130016583A1 (en) | 2013-01-17 |
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US13/341,928 Abandoned US20130016583A1 (en) | 2011-07-15 | 2011-12-31 | Correcting Aliasing of Pulsed Wave Doppler of Diagnostic Ultrasound |
US14/532,125 Abandoned US20150103629A1 (en) | 2011-07-15 | 2014-11-04 | Correction of detecting depth and calculation of speed of moving objects based on time of flight of ultrasound pulses |
US14/645,475 Expired - Fee Related US9880272B2 (en) | 2011-07-15 | 2015-03-12 | Calculation of detecting depth and moving speed of objects with coded pulses based on speed changes of ultrasound/sound |
US14/692,777 Abandoned US20150226843A1 (en) | 2011-07-15 | 2015-04-22 | Calculation of depth and speed of objects with coded pulses based on speed changes of ultrasound/sound |
US15/613,308 Active 2034-12-31 US10324174B2 (en) | 2011-07-15 | 2017-06-05 | Two dimension and three dimension imaging with coded pulses based on speed changes of sound/ultrasound |
US17/388,175 Active 2035-05-18 US11609317B2 (en) | 2011-07-15 | 2021-07-29 | Two dimension and three dimension imaging based on speed changes of sound/ultrasound |
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US14/532,125 Abandoned US20150103629A1 (en) | 2011-07-15 | 2014-11-04 | Correction of detecting depth and calculation of speed of moving objects based on time of flight of ultrasound pulses |
US14/645,475 Expired - Fee Related US9880272B2 (en) | 2011-07-15 | 2015-03-12 | Calculation of detecting depth and moving speed of objects with coded pulses based on speed changes of ultrasound/sound |
US14/692,777 Abandoned US20150226843A1 (en) | 2011-07-15 | 2015-04-22 | Calculation of depth and speed of objects with coded pulses based on speed changes of ultrasound/sound |
US15/613,308 Active 2034-12-31 US10324174B2 (en) | 2011-07-15 | 2017-06-05 | Two dimension and three dimension imaging with coded pulses based on speed changes of sound/ultrasound |
US17/388,175 Active 2035-05-18 US11609317B2 (en) | 2011-07-15 | 2021-07-29 | Two dimension and three dimension imaging based on speed changes of sound/ultrasound |
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CN111208201A (en) * | 2020-03-18 | 2020-05-29 | 东莞市唯美陶瓷工业园有限公司 | Nondestructive testing method and device for damage strength of inorganic nonmetal plate and storage medium |
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US10416679B2 (en) * | 2017-06-27 | 2019-09-17 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Method and apparatus for object surface estimation using reflections delay spread |
TWI700507B (en) * | 2018-10-24 | 2020-08-01 | 精準基因生物科技股份有限公司 | Time-of-flight ranging device and time-of-flight ranging method |
CN111198382B (en) * | 2018-11-16 | 2022-07-12 | 精準基因生物科技股份有限公司 | Time-of-flight distance measuring sensor and time-of-flight distance measuring method |
CN110661975B (en) * | 2019-10-10 | 2021-10-26 | Oppo广东移动通信有限公司 | Image encoding and decoding method and device, electronic equipment and storage medium |
US11906468B2 (en) * | 2021-04-23 | 2024-02-20 | Evident Canada, Inc. | Acoustic profiling techniques for non-destructive testing |
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US6262942B1 (en) * | 1999-03-26 | 2001-07-17 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Turbulence-resolving coherent acoustic sediment flux probe device and method for using |
US20040006436A1 (en) * | 2002-07-02 | 2004-01-08 | Morgen Gerald P. | Ultrasonic system and technique for fluid characterization |
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GB9502087D0 (en) * | 1995-02-02 | 1995-03-22 | Croma Dev Ltd | Improvements relating to pulse echo distance measurement |
US7850611B2 (en) * | 2004-09-20 | 2010-12-14 | Innervision Medical Technologies Inc. | System and methods for improved ultrasound imaging |
DE102009049067A1 (en) * | 2009-10-12 | 2011-04-14 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Method and apparatus for improved ultrasonic transit time difference measurement |
-
2011
- 2011-12-31 US US13/341,928 patent/US20130016583A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2014
- 2014-11-04 US US14/532,125 patent/US20150103629A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2015
- 2015-03-12 US US14/645,475 patent/US9880272B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2015-04-22 US US14/692,777 patent/US20150226843A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2017
- 2017-06-05 US US15/613,308 patent/US10324174B2/en active Active
-
2021
- 2021-07-29 US US17/388,175 patent/US11609317B2/en active Active
Patent Citations (2)
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US6262942B1 (en) * | 1999-03-26 | 2001-07-17 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Turbulence-resolving coherent acoustic sediment flux probe device and method for using |
US20040006436A1 (en) * | 2002-07-02 | 2004-01-08 | Morgen Gerald P. | Ultrasonic system and technique for fluid characterization |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
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Nitzpon et al. A New Pulsed-Wave Doppler Ultrasound System to Measure Blood Velocities Beyond the Nyquist Limit. IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control. 42(2):265-279. March 1995. * |
Cited By (1)
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CN111208201A (en) * | 2020-03-18 | 2020-05-29 | 东莞市唯美陶瓷工业园有限公司 | Nondestructive testing method and device for damage strength of inorganic nonmetal plate and storage medium |
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US20210356573A1 (en) | 2021-11-18 |
US20170285151A1 (en) | 2017-10-05 |
US11609317B2 (en) | 2023-03-21 |
US20150185318A1 (en) | 2015-07-02 |
US20150226843A1 (en) | 2015-08-13 |
US10324174B2 (en) | 2019-06-18 |
US20150103629A1 (en) | 2015-04-16 |
US9880272B2 (en) | 2018-01-30 |
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