US20120297505A1 - Transgenic plants having increased biomass - Google Patents

Transgenic plants having increased biomass Download PDF

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US20120297505A1
US20120297505A1 US13/385,000 US201013385000A US2012297505A1 US 20120297505 A1 US20120297505 A1 US 20120297505A1 US 201013385000 A US201013385000 A US 201013385000A US 2012297505 A1 US2012297505 A1 US 2012297505A1
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seq
plant
biomass
nucleic acid
sequence
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Chuan-Yin Wu
Han-Suk Kim
Gerard Magpantay
Fasong Zhou
Julissa Sosa
Greg Nadzan
Roger I. Pennell
Mircea Achiriloaie
Wuyi Wang
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Ceres Inc
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Assigned to CERES, INC. reassignment CERES, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: SOSA, JULISSA, ACHIRILOAIE, MIRCEA, MAGPANTAY, GERARD, PENNELL, ROGER I., WANG, WUYI, WU, CHUAN-YIN, NADZAN, GREG
Assigned to CERES, INC. reassignment CERES, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: KIM, HAN-SUK, ZHOU, FASONG
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01H—NEW PLANTS OR NON-TRANSGENIC PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING THEM; PLANT REPRODUCTION BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
    • A01H5/00—Angiosperms, i.e. flowering plants, characterised by their plant parts; Angiosperms characterised otherwise than by their botanic taxonomy
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/415—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from plants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01H—NEW PLANTS OR NON-TRANSGENIC PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING THEM; PLANT REPRODUCTION BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
    • A01H5/00—Angiosperms, i.e. flowering plants, characterised by their plant parts; Angiosperms characterised otherwise than by their botanic taxonomy
    • A01H5/10—Seeds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
    • C12N15/82—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
    • C12N15/82—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)
    • C12N15/8241—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology
    • C12N15/8261—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
    • Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
    • Y02A40/146—Genetically Modified [GMO] plants, e.g. transgenic plants

Definitions

  • This document relates to methods and materials involved in modulating biomass levels in plants. For example, this document provides plants having increased biomass levels as well as materials and methods for making plants and plant products having increased biomass levels.
  • the present invention relates to methods of increasing biomass in plants and plants generated thereby.
  • Plants having increased and/or improved biomass are useful for agriculture, horticulture, biomass to energy conversion, paper production, plant product production, and other industries.
  • biomass for dedicated energy crops such as Panicum virgatum L. (switchgrass), Miscanthus ⁇ gigantus (miscanthus), Sorghum sp., and Saccharum sp. (sugar cane).
  • Panicum virgatum L. switchgrass
  • Miscanthus ⁇ gigantus micanthus
  • Sorghum sp. Sorghum sp.
  • Saccharum sp. saccharum sp.
  • This document provides methods and materials related to plants having modulated levels of biomass.
  • this document provides transgenic plants and plant cells having increased levels of biomass, nucleic acids used to generate transgenic plants and plant cells having increased levels of biomass, methods for making plants having increased levels of biomass, and methods for making plant cells that can be used to generate plants having increased levels of biomass.
  • Such plants and plant cells can be grown to produce, for example, plants having increased height, increased tiller number, or increased dry weight.
  • Plants having increased biomass levels may be useful to produce biomass for food and feed, which may benefit both humans and animals.
  • Plants having increased biomass levels may be useful in converting such biomass to a liquid fuel (e.g., ethanol), or other chemicals, or may be useful as a thermochemical fuel.
  • a liquid fuel e.g., ethanol
  • a method comprises growing a plant cell comprising an exogenous nucleic acid.
  • the exogenous nucleic acid comprises a regulatory region operably linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide.
  • the Hidden Markov Model (HMM) bit score of the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide is greater than about 130, 340, 530, 120, 635, 65, 100, 480, 145, 280, or 1000 using an HMM generated from the amino acid sequences depicted in one of FIG. 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , or 11 , respectively.
  • the plant has a difference in the level of biomass as compared to the corresponding level of biomass of a control plant that does not comprise the exogenous nucleic acid.
  • a method comprises growing a plant cell comprising an exogenous nucleic acid.
  • the exogenous nucleic acid comprises a regulatory region operably linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having 80 percent or greater sequence identity to an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 24, 25, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 63, 64, 66, 68, 70, 71, 72, 74, 75, 77, 79, 81, 82, 84, 86, 87, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 115, 117, 118, 120, 121, 122, 123, 125, 127, 129,
  • a method comprises growing a plant cell comprising an exogenous nucleic acid.
  • the exogenous nucleic acid comprises a regulatory region operably linked to a nucleotide sequence having 80 percent or greater sequence identity to a nucleotide sequence, or a fragment thereof, set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3, 5, 7, 9, 19, 21, 23, 26, 28, 31, 35, 42, 44, 46, 48, 52, 55, 57, 60, 62, 65, 67, 69, 73, 76, 78, 80, 83, 85, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 116, 119, 124, 126, 128, 130, 134, 136, 138, 140, 143, 148, 150, 157, 159, 161, 165, 167, 170, 172, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 187, 192, 197, 199, 201,
  • a method comprises introducing into a plant cell an exogenous nucleic acid that comprises a regulatory region operably linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide.
  • the HMM bit score of the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide is greater than about 130, 340, 530, 120, 635, 65, 100, 480, 145, 280, or 1000, using an HMM generated from the amino acid sequences depicted in one of FIG. 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , or 11 , respectively.
  • a plant produced from the plant cell has a difference in the level of biomass as compared to the corresponding level of biomass of a control plant that does not comprise the exogenous nucleic acid.
  • the HMM score of the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide is greater than about 340, using an HMM generated from the amino acid sequences depicted in FIG. 2 , wherein the polypeptide comprises a D of domain zinc finger, having at least 60 percent or greater (e.g., 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 99, or 100%) sequence identity to residues 130 to 192 of SEQ ID NO: 263, or D of domain zinc fingers identified in the sequence listing.
  • the HMM score of the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide is greater than about 530, using an HMM generated from the amino acid sequences depicted in FIG. 3 , wherein the polypeptide comprises a pytochelatin synthetase-like domain having at least 60 percent or greater (e.g., 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 99, or 100%) sequence identity to residues 44 to 208 of SEQ ID NO: 117, or pytochelatin synthetase-like domains identified in the sequence listing.
  • the HMM score of the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide is greater than about 120, using an HMM generated from the amino acid sequences depicted in FIG. 4 , wherein the polypeptide comprises a AP2 domain having at least 60 percent or greater (e.g., 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 99, or 100%) sequence identity to residues 32 to 83 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or AP2 domains identified in the sequence listing.
  • the HMM score of the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide is greater than about 635, using an HMM generated from the amino acid sequences depicted in FIG. 5 , wherein the polypeptide comprises a Aminotransferase class I and II domain having at least 60 percent or greater (e.g., 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 99, or 100%) sequence identity to residues 88 to 453 of SEQ ID NO: 645, or Aminotransferase class I and II domains identified in the sequence listing.
  • the HMM score of the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide is greater than about 100, using an HMM generated from the amino acid sequences depicted in FIG. 7 , wherein the polypeptide comprises a Myb-like DNA-binding domain having at least 60 percent or greater (e.g., 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 99, or 100%) sequence identity to residues 13 to 62 of SEQ ID NO: 323, or Myb-like DNA-binding domains identified in the sequence listing.
  • the HMM score of the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide is greater than about 480, using an HMM generated from the amino acid sequences depicted in FIG. 8 , wherein the polypeptide comprises an alpha/beta hydrolase fold domain having at least 60 percent or greater (e.g., 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 99, or 100%) sequence identity to residues 35 to 257 of SEQ ID NO: 595.
  • the HMM score of the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide is greater than about 145, using an HMM generated from the amino acid sequences depicted in FIG. 9 , wherein the polypeptide comprises a Rapid Alkalinization Factor (RALF) domain having at least 60 percent or greater (e.g., 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 99, or 100%) sequence identity to residues 57 to 129 of SEQ ID NO: 77, or RALF domains identified in the sequence listing.
  • RALF Rapid Alkalinization Factor
  • the HMM score of the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide is greater than about 280, using an HMM generated from the amino acid sequences depicted in FIG. 10 , wherein the polypeptide comprises a protein of unknown function (DUF640) domain having at least 60 percent or greater (e.g., 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 99, or 100%) sequence identity to residues 19 to 152 of SEQ ID NO: 209, or DUF640 domains identified in the sequence listing.
  • DUF640 protein of unknown function
  • the HMM score of the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide is greater than about 1000, using an HMM generated from the amino acid sequences depicted in FIG. 11 , wherein the polypeptide comprises a POT family domain having at least 60 percent or greater (e.g., 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 99, or 100%) sequence identity to residues 100 to 509 of SEQ ID NO: 426, or POT family domains identified in the sequence listing.
  • a method comprises introducing into a plant cell an exogenous nucleic acid that comprises a regulatory region operably linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having 80 percent or greater sequence identity to an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 24, 25, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 63, 64, 66, 68, 70, 71, 72, 74, 75, 77, 79, 81, 82, 84, 86, 87, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 115, 117, 118, 120, 121, 122, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 132, 133,
  • a plant produced from the plant cell has a difference in the level of biomass as compared to the corresponding level of biomass of a control plant that does not comprise the exogenous nucleic acid.
  • the polypeptide in any of the above methods can have the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 24, 25, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 63, 64, 66, 68, 70, 71, 72, 74, 75, 77, 79, 81, 82, 84, 86, 87, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 115, 117, 118, 120, 121, 122, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 132,
  • a method comprises introducing into a plant cell an exogenous nucleic acid, that comprises a regulatory region operably linked to a nucleotide sequence having 80 percent or greater sequence identity to a nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3, 5, 7, 9, 19, 21, 23, 26, 28, 31, 35, 42, 44, 46, 48, 52, 55, 57, 60, 62, 65, 67, 69, 73, 76, 78, 80, 83, 85, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 116, 119, 124, 126, 128, 130, 134, 136, 138, 140, 143, 148, 150, 157, 159, 161, 165, 167, 170, 172, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 187, 192, 197, 199, 201, 205, 208, 211, 213, 215, 2
  • Plant cells comprising an exogenous nucleic acid are provided herein.
  • the exogenous nucleic acid comprises a regulatory region operably linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide.
  • the HMM bit score of the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide is greater than about 130, 340, 530, 120, 635, 65, 100, 480, 145, 280, or 1000, using an HMM based on the amino acid sequences depicted in one of FIG. 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , or 11 .
  • the exogenous nucleic acid comprises a regulatory region operably linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having 80 percent or greater sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 24, 25, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 63, 64, 66, 68, 70, 71, 72, 74, 75, 77, 79, 81, 82, 84, 86, 87, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 115, 117,
  • a plant produced from the plant cell has a difference in the level of biomass as compared to the corresponding level of biomass of a control plant that does not comprise the exogenous nucleic acid.
  • the exogenous nucleic acid comprises a regulatory region operably linked to a nucleotide sequence having 80 percent or greater sequence identity to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 3, 5, 7, 9, 19, 21, 23, 26, 28, 31, 35, 42, 44, 46, 48, 52, 55, 57, 60, 62, 65, 67, 69, 73, 76, 78, 80, 83, 85, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 116, 119, 124, 126, 128, 130, 134, 136, 138, 140, 143, 148, 150, 157, 159, 161, 165, 167, 170, 172, 175, 177, 179
  • a plant produced from the plant cell has a difference in the level of biomass as compared to the corresponding level of biomass of a control plant that does not comprise the exogenous nucleic acid.
  • a transgenic plant comprising such a plant cell is also provided. Also provided is a plant biomass or seed product. The product comprises vegetative or embryonic tissue from a transgenic plant described herein.
  • an isolated nucleic acid comprises a nucleotide sequence having 80% or greater sequence identity to the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3, 5, 7, 9, 19, 21, 23, 26, 28, 31, 35, 42, 44, 46, 48, 52, 55, 57, 60, 62, 65, 67, 69, 73, 76, 78, 80, 83, 85, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 116, 119, 124, 126, 128, 130, 134, 136, 138, 140, 143, 148, 150, 157, 159, 161, 165, 167, 170, 172, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 187, 192, 197, 199, 201, 205, 208, 211, 213, 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 225, 2
  • an isolated nucleic acid comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having 80% or greater sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 24, 25, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 63, 64, 66, 68, 70, 71, 72, 74, 75, 77, 79, 81, 82, 84, 86, 87, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 115, 117, 118, 120, 121, 122, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 132, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 142, 144, 145, 146
  • methods of identifying a genetic polymorphism associated with variation in the level of biomass include providing a population of plants, and determining whether one or more genetic polymorphisms in the population are genetically linked to the locus for a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of the polypeptides depicted in FIGS. 1-11 and functional homologs thereof.
  • the correlation between variation in the level of biomass in a tissue in plants of the population and the presence of the one or more genetic polymorphisms in plants of the population is measured, thereby permitting identification of whether or not the one or more genetic polymorphisms are associated with such variation.
  • methods of making a plant line include determining whether one or more genetic polymorphisms in a population of plants is associated with the locus for one or more of the polypeptides depicted in FIGS. 1-11 and functional homologs of such polypeptides.
  • One or more plants in the population is identified in which the presence of at least one of the genetic polymorphism(s) is associated with variation in a biomass trait.
  • the above-described steps can be performed in either order.
  • One or more of the identified plants is then crossed with itself or a different plant to produce seed, and at least one progeny plant grown from such seed is crossed with itself or a different plant.
  • the steps of selfing and outcrossing are repeated for an additional 0-5 generations to make a plant line in which the at least one polymorphism is present.
  • the biomass trait can be yield of dry matter, and the plant population can be switchgrass plants.
  • the method includes modifying an endogenous biomass-modulating nucleic acid, the nucleic acid including a nucleotide sequence with an open reading frame having 80 percent or greater sequence identity to the nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 3, 5, 7, 9, 19, 21, 23, 26, 28, 31, 35, 42, 44, 46, 48, 52, 55, 57, 60, 62, 65, 67, 69, 73, 76, 78, 80, 83, 85, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 116, 119, 124, 126, 128, 130, 134, 136, 138, 140, 143, 148, 150, 157, 159, 161, 165, 167, 170, 172, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 187, 192, 197, 199,
  • the plant has a difference in the level of biomass as compared to the corresponding level of a control plant where the nucleic acid has not been modified.
  • the modification can be effected by introducing a genetic modification in the locus comprising the nucleic acid.
  • the method further can include selecting for plants having altered biomass.
  • the endogenous nucleic acid encodes a polypeptide having 80 percent or greater sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 24, 25, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 63, 64, 66, 68, 70, 71, 72, 74, 75, 77, 79, 81, 82, 84, 86, 87, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 115, 117, 118, 120, 121, 122, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 132, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 142, 144, 145, 146, 147
  • the endogenous nucleic acid comprises a nucleotide sequence with an open reading frame having 90 percent or greater sequence identity to the nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 3, 5, 7, 9, 19, 21, 23, 26, 28, 31, 35, 42, 44, 46, 48, 52, 55, 57, 60, 62, 65, 67, 69, 73, 76, 78, 80, 83, 85, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 116, 119, 124, 126, 128, 130, 134, 136, 138, 140, 143, 148, 150, 157, 159, 161, 165, 167, 170, 172, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 187, 192, 197, 199, 201, 205, 208, 211, 213, 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 225,
  • the endogenous nucleic acid comprises a nucleotide sequence with an open reading frame having 95 percent or greater sequence identity to the nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 3, 5, 7, 9, 19, 21, 23, 26, 28, 31, 35, 42, 44, 46, 48, 52, 55, 57, 60, 62, 65, 67, 69, 73, 76, 78, 80, 83, 85, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 116, 119, 124, 126, 128, 130, 134, 136, 138, 140, 143, 148, 150, 157, 159, 161, 165, 167, 170, 172, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 187, 192, 197, 199, 201, 205, 208, 211, 213, 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 225,
  • This document also features a method of producing a plant.
  • the method includes growing a plant cell containing a modified endogenous nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide, wherein the HMM bit score of the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide is greater than about 65, the HMM based on the amino acid sequences depicted in one of FIGS. 1-11 , and wherein the plant has a difference in the level of biomass as compared to the corresponding level of a control plant where the nucleic acid has not been modified.
  • this document features a plant cell containing a modified endogenous nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide, wherein the HMM bit score of the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide is greater than about 65, the HMM based on the amino acid sequences depicted in one of FIGS. 1-11 , and wherein a plant produced from the plant cell has a difference in the level of biomass as compared to the corresponding level of a control plant where the nucleic acid has not been modified.
  • the nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence with an open reading frame having 80 percent or greater sequence identity to the nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 3, 5, 7, 9, 19, 21, 23, 26, 28, 31, 35, 42, 44, 46, 48, 52, 55, 57, 60, 62, 65, 67, 69, 73, 76, 78, 80, 83, 85, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 116, 119, 124, 126, 128, 130, 134, 136, 138, 140, 143, 148, 150, 157, 159, 161, 165, 167, 170, 172, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 187, 192, 197, 199, 201, 205, 208, 211
  • the endogenous nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide having 80 percent or greater sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 24, 25, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 63, 64, 66, 68, 70, 71, 72, 74, 75, 77, 79, 81, 82, 84, 86, 87, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 115, 117, 118, 120, 121, 122, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 132, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 142, 144, 145,
  • this document features a method of modulating the level of biomass in a plant.
  • the method includes introducing into a plant cell an exogenous nucleic acid, the exogenous nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide having E.C. 2.6.1.83 activity.
  • a plant cell also is featured that includes an exogenous nucleic acid, where the exogenous nucleic acid encodes a polypeptide having E.C. 2.6.1.83 activity, and wherein a plant produced from the plant cell has a difference in the level of biomass as compared to the corresponding level of a control plant that does not comprise the nucleic acid.
  • FIG. 1 is an alignment of the amino acid sequence of CW00733 corresponding to Ceres Clone: 1384304 (SEQ ID NO: 554) with homologous and/or orthologous amino acid sequences.
  • a dash in an aligned sequence represents a gap, i.e., a lack of an amino acid at that position.
  • Identical amino acids or conserved amino acid substitutions among aligned sequences are identified by boxes.
  • FIG. 1 and the other alignment figures provided herein were generated using the program MUSCLE version 3.52.
  • FIG. 2 is an alignment of the amino acid sequence of CW00319 corresponding to Ceres Annot: 544549 (SEQ ID NO: 263) with homologous and/or orthologous amino acid sequences.
  • FIG. 3 is an alignment of the amino acid sequence of CW00710 corresponding to Ceres Annot: 1355066 (SEQ ID NO: 117) with homologous and/or orthologous amino acid sequences.
  • FIG. 4 is an alignment of the amino acid sequence of CW00628 corresponding to an antisense sequence of Os01g58420, (SEQ ID NO: 1) with homologous and/or orthologous amino acid sequences.
  • FIG. 5 is an alignment of the amino acid sequence of CW00297 corresponding to Ceres Clone: 625057 (SEQ ID NO: 645) with homologous and/or orthologous amino acid sequences.
  • FIG. 6 is an alignment of the amino acid sequence of CW00604 corresponding to Ceres Clone:1356785 (SEQ ID NO: 253) with homologous and/or orthologous amino acid sequences.
  • FIG. 7 is an alignment of the amino acid sequence of CW00564 corresponding to Ceres Clone:638126 (SEQ ID NO: 323) with homologous and/or orthologous amino acid sequences.
  • FIG. 8 is an alignment of the amino acid sequence of CW00010 corresponding to Ceres Clone: 26006 (SEQ ID NO: 595) with homologous and/or orthologous amino acid sequences.
  • FIG. 9 is an alignment of the amino acid sequence of CW00469 corresponding to Ceres Clone: 4831 (SEQ ID NO: 77) with homologous and/or orthologous amino acid sequences.
  • FIG. 10 is an alignment of the amino acid sequence of CW00536 corresponding to Ceres Annot: 847799 (SEQ ID NO:209) with homologous and/or orthologous amino acid sequences.
  • FIG. 11 is an alignment of the amino acid sequence of CW00191 corresponding to Ceres Annot: 878355 (SEQ ID NO: 426) with homologous and/or orthologous amino acid sequences.
  • the invention features methods and materials related to modulating biomass levels in plants.
  • the plants may also have modulated levels of, for example, lignin, modified root architecture, modified herbicide resistance, modified carotenoid biosynthesis, or modulated cell wall content.
  • the methods can include transforming a plant cell with a nucleic acid encoding a biomass-modulating polypeptide, wherein expression of the polypeptide results in a modulated level of biomass.
  • Plant cells produced using such methods can be grown to produce plants having an increased or decreased biomass.
  • Such plants, and the seeds of such plants may be used to produce, for example, biomass having an increased value as a biofuel feedstock.
  • amino acid refers to one of the twenty biologically occurring amino acids and to synthetic amino acids, including D/L optical isomers.
  • Cell type-preferential promoter or “tissue-preferential promoter” refers to a promoter that drives expression preferentially in a target cell type or tissue, respectively, but may also lead to some transcription in other cell types or tissues as well.
  • Control plant refers to a plant that does not contain the exogenous nucleic acid present in a transgenic plant of interest, but otherwise has the same or similar genetic background as such a transgenic plant.
  • a suitable control plant can be a non-transgenic wild type plant, a non-transgenic segregant from a transformation experiment, or a transgenic plant that contains an exogenous nucleic acid other than the exogenous nucleic acid of interest.
  • Domains are groups of substantially contiguous amino acids in a polypeptide that can be used to characterize protein families and/or parts of proteins. Such domains have a “fingerprint” or “signature” that can comprise conserved primary sequence, secondary structure, and/or three-dimensional conformation. Generally, domains are correlated with specific in vitro and/or in vivo activities.
  • a domain can have a length of from 10 amino acids to 400 amino acids, e.g., 10 to 50 amino acids, or 25 to 100 amino acids, or 35 to 65 amino acids, or 35 to 55 amino acids, or 45 to 60 amino acids, or 200 to 300 amino acids, or 300 to 400 amino acids.
  • Down-regulation refers to regulation that decreases production of expression products (mRNA, polypeptide, or both) relative to basal or native states.
  • Exogenous with respect to a nucleic acid indicates that the nucleic acid is part of a recombinant nucleic acid construct, or is not in its natural environment.
  • an exogenous nucleic acid can be a sequence from one species introduced into another species, i.e., a heterologous nucleic acid. Typically, such an exogenous nucleic acid is introduced into the other species via a recombinant nucleic acid construct.
  • An exogenous nucleic acid can also be a sequence that is native to an organism and that has been reintroduced into cells of that organism.
  • exogenous nucleic acid that includes a native sequence can often be distinguished from the naturally occurring sequence by the presence of non-natural sequences linked to the exogenous nucleic acid, e.g., non-native regulatory sequences flanking a native sequence in a recombinant nucleic acid construct.
  • stably transformed exogenous nucleic acids typically are integrated at positions other than the position where the native sequence is found. It will be appreciated that an exogenous nucleic acid may have been introduced into a progenitor and not into the cell under consideration.
  • a transgenic plant containing an exogenous nucleic acid can be the progeny of a cross between a stably transformed plant and a non-transgenic plant. Such progeny are considered to contain the exogenous nucleic acid.
  • “Expression” refers to the process of converting genetic information of a polynucleotide into RNA through transcription, which is catalyzed by an enzyme, RNA polymerase, and into protein, through translation of mRNA on ribosomes.
  • Heterologous polypeptide refers to a polypeptide that is not a naturally occurring polypeptide in a plant cell, e.g., a transgenic Panicum virgatum plant transformed with and expressing the coding sequence for a nitrogen transporter polypeptide from a Zea mays plant.
  • isolated nucleic acid includes a naturally-occurring nucleic acid, provided one or both of the sequences immediately flanking that nucleic acid in its naturally-occurring genome is removed or absent.
  • an isolated nucleic acid includes, without limitation, a nucleic acid that exists as a purified molecule or a nucleic acid molecule that is incorporated into a vector or a virus.
  • Modulation of the level of biomass refers to the change in the level of the biomass that is observed as a result of expression of, or transcription from, an exogenous nucleic acid in a plant cell and/or plant. The change in level is measured relative to the corresponding level in control plants.
  • Nucleic acid and “polynucleotide” are used interchangeably herein, and refer to both RNA and DNA, including cDNA, genomic DNA, synthetic DNA, and DNA or RNA containing nucleic acid analogs.
  • a nucleic acid can be double-stranded or single-stranded (i.e., a sense strand or an antisense strand).
  • Non-limiting examples of polynucleotides include genes, gene fragments, exons, introns, messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA, siRNA, micro-RNA, ribozymes, cDNA, recombinant polynucleotides, branched polynucleotides, nucleic acid probes and nucleic acid primers.
  • mRNA messenger RNA
  • transfer RNA transfer RNA
  • ribosomal RNA siRNA
  • micro-RNA micro-RNA
  • ribozymes cDNA
  • recombinant polynucleotides branched polynucleotides
  • nucleic acid probes and nucleic acid primers include genes, gene fragments, exons, introns, messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA, siRNA, micro-RNA, ribozymes, cDNA, recombinant polynucleotides, branched polyn
  • “Operably linked” refers to the positioning of a regulatory region and a sequence to be transcribed in a nucleic acid so that the regulatory region is effective for regulating transcription or translation of the sequence.
  • the translation initiation site of the translational reading frame of the coding sequence is typically positioned between one and about fifty nucleotides downstream of the regulatory region.
  • a regulatory region can, however, be positioned as much as about 5,000 nucleotides upstream of the translation initiation site, or about 2,000 nucleotides upstream of the transcription start site.
  • Polypeptide refers to a compound of two or more subunit amino acids, amino acid analogs, or other peptidomimetics, regardless of post-translational modification, e.g., phosphorylation or glycosylation.
  • the subunits may be linked by peptide bonds or other bonds such as, for example, ester or ether bonds.
  • Full-length polypeptides, truncated polypeptides, point mutants, insertion mutants, splice variants, chimeric proteins, and fragments thereof are encompassed by this definition.
  • Progeny includes descendants of a particular plant or plant line. Progeny of an instant plant include seeds formed on F 1 , F 2 , F 3 , F 4 , F 5 , F 6 and subsequent generation plants, or seeds formed on BC 1 , BC 2 , BC 3 , and subsequent generation plants, or seeds formed on F 1 BC 1 , F 1 BC 2 , F 1 BC 3 , and subsequent generation plants.
  • the designation F 1 refers to the progeny of a cross between two parents that are genetically distinct.
  • the designations F 2 , F 3 , F 4 , F 5 and F 6 refer to subsequent generations of self- or sib-pollinated progeny of an F 1 plant.
  • regulatory region refers to a nucleic acid having nucleotide sequences that influence transcription or translation initiation and rate, and stability and/or mobility of a transcription or translation product. Regulatory regions include, without limitation, promoter sequences, enhancer sequences, response elements, protein recognition sites, inducible elements, protein binding sequences, 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions (UTR5), transcriptional start sites, termination sequences, polyadenylation sequences, introns, and combinations thereof.
  • a regulatory region typically comprises at least a core (basal) promoter.
  • a regulatory region also may include at least one control element, such as an enhancer sequence, an upstream element or an upstream activation region (UAR).
  • a suitable enhancer is a cis-regulatory element ( ⁇ 212 to ⁇ 154) from the upstream region of the octopine synthase (ocs) gene. Fromm et al., The Plant Cell, 1:977-984 (1989).
  • Up-regulation refers to regulation that increases the level of an expression product (mRNA, polypeptide, or both) relative to basal or native states.
  • Vector refers to a replicon, such as a plasmid, phage, or cosmid, into which another DNA segment may be inserted so as to bring about the replication of the inserted segment.
  • a vector is capable of replication when associated with the proper control elements.
  • the term “vector” includes cloning and expression vectors, as well as viral vectors and integrating vectors.
  • An “expression vector” is a vector that includes a regulatory region.
  • Polypeptides described herein include biomass-modulating polypeptides.
  • Biomass-modulating polypeptides can be effective to modulate biomass levels when expressed in a plant or plant cell.
  • Such polypeptides typically contain at least one domain indicative of biomass-modulating polypeptides, as described in more detail herein.
  • biomass-modulating polypeptides typically have an HMM bit score that is greater than 65 as described in more detail herein.
  • biomass-modulating polypeptides have greater than 80% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 24, 25, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 63, 64, 66, 68, 70, 71, 72, 74, 75, 77, 79, 81, 82, 84, 86, 87, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 115, 117, 118, 120, 121, 122, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 132, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 142, 144, 145, 146, 147, 149, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155
  • a biomass-modulating polypeptide can contain a D of domain-zinc finger (zf-D of), which is predicted to be characteristic of a biomass-modulating polypeptide.
  • SEQ ID NO: 263 sets forth the amino acid sequence of an Arabidopsis clone, identified herein as Ceres Annot: 544549 (SEQ ID NO: 262), that is predicted to encode a polypeptide containing a D of domain-zinc finger.
  • a biomass-modulating polypeptide can comprise a D of domain-zinc finger having 60 percent or greater sequence identity to residues 130 to 192 of SEQ ID NO: 263.
  • a biomass-modulating polypeptide can comprise a D of domain-zinc finger having 60 percent or greater sequence identity to the D of domain-zinc finger of one or more of the polypeptides set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 263, 264, 266, 268, 269, 271, 273, 275, 276, 278, 279, 281, 282, 283, 285, 287, 289, 291, 292, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 302, 304, 305, 306, 308, 310, 311, 312, 314, 315, 317, 319, 320, or 321.
  • the D of domain-zinc fingers of such sequences are set forth in the Sequence Listing.
  • Zinc finger (Znf) domains are relatively small protein motifs that bind one or more zinc atoms, and which usually contain multiple finger-like protrusions that make tandem contacts with their target molecule. They were first identified as a DNA-binding motif in transcription factor TFIIIA from Xenopus laevis , however they are now recognized to bind DNA, RNA, protein and/or lipid substrates. Their binding properties depend on the amino acid sequence of the finger domains and of the linker between fingers, as well as on the higher-order structures and the number of fingers. Znf domains are often found in clusters, where fingers can have different binding specificities. There are many superfamilies of Znf motifs, varying in both sequence and structure.
  • Znf motifs are stable scaffolds that have evolved specialized functions.
  • Znf-containing proteins function in gene transcription, translation, mRNA trafficking, cytoskeleton organization, epithelial development, cell adhesion, protein folding, chromatin remodeling and zinc sensing, to name but a few.
  • Zinc-binding motifs are stable structures, and they rarely undergo conformational changes upon binding their target.
  • DOF 1.3 orthologs may contain D of domain-zinc fingers.
  • a biomass-modulating polypeptide can contain a phytochelatin synthetase-like domain, which is predicted to be characteristic of a biomass-modulating polypeptide.
  • SEQ ID NO: 117 sets forth the amino acid sequence of an Arabidopsis clone, identified herein as Ceres Annot: 1355066 (SEQ ID NO: 116) that is predicted to encode a polypeptide containing a phytochelatin synthetase-like domain domain.
  • a biomass-modulating polypeptide can comprise a phytochelatin synthetase-like domain domain having 60 percent or greater sequence identity to residues 44 to 208 of SEQ ID NO: 117.
  • a biomass-modulating polypeptide can comprise a phytochelatin synthetase-like domain domain having 60 percent or greater sequence identity to the phytochelatin synthetase-like domain domain of one or more of the polypeptides set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 117, 118, 120, 121, 122, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 132, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 142, 144, 145, 146, 147, 149, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158, 160, 162, 163, 164, 166, 168, 169, 171, 173, 174, 176, 178, 180, 182, 184, 185, 186, 188, 189, 190, 191, 193, 194, 195, 196, 198, 200, 202, 203, 204, 206, or 207.
  • Phytochelatin synthase-like protein may be an enzyme responsible for the synthesis of heavy-metal-binding peptides (phytochelatins) from glutathione and related thiols.
  • the enzyme typically catalyses the deglycination of a GSH donor molecule.
  • the enzyme typically contains a catalytic triad of cysteine, histidine and aspartate residues.
  • a biomass-modulating polypeptide can contain an AP2 domain, which is predicted to be characteristic of a biomass-modulating polypeptide.
  • SEQ ID NO: 1 sets forth the amino acid sequence of an Oryza sativa clone, identified herein as Os01g58420 that is predicted to encode a polypeptide containing a AP2 domain.
  • a biomass-modulating polypeptide can comprise a AP2 domain having 60 percent or greater sequence identity to residues 32 to 83 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • a biomass-modulating polypeptide can comprise a AP2 domain having 60 percent or greater sequence identity to the AP2 domain of one or more of the polypeptides set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 24, 25, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 63, 64, 66, 68, 70, 71, 72, 74, or 75.
  • the AP2 domains of such sequences are set forth in the Sequence Listing.
  • an antisense sequence is expressed in a plant to modulate biomass as described herein.
  • an antisense nucleic acid sequence of Os01g58420 such as SEQ ID NO: 678, can be expressed in a plant to modulate biomass.
  • AP2 domain amino acid residues can bind to DNA and are typically found in transcription factor proteins.
  • a biomass-modulating polypeptide can contain an Aminotransferase class I and II domain, which is predicted to be characteristic of a biomass-modulating polypeptide.
  • SEQ ID NO: 645 sets forth the amino acid sequence of an Glycine max clone, identified herein as Ceres Clone:625057 (SEQ ID NO: 644), that is predicted to encode a polypeptide containing a Aminotransferase class I and II domain.
  • a biomass-modulating polypeptide can comprise an Aminotransferase class I and II domain having 60 percent or greater sequence identity to residues 88 to 453 of SEQ ID NO: 645.
  • a biomass-modulating polypeptide can comprise a Aminotransferase class I and II domain having 60 percent or greater sequence identity to the Aminotransferase class I and II domain of one or more of the polypeptides set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 645, 647, 649, 651, 652, 653, 655, 657, 659, 660, 662, 664, 666, 667, 669, 670, 671, 672, 673, 674, 675, 676, 677, or 689.
  • the Aminotransferase class I and II domains of such sequences are set forth in the Sequence Listing.
  • Aminotransferases share certain mechanistic features with other pyridoxal-phosphate dependent enzymes, such as the covalent binding of the pyridoxal-phosphate group to a lysine residue. On the basis of sequence similarity, these various enzymes can be grouped into class I and class II. Examples of polypeptides comprising Aminotransferase class I and II domains include LL-DAP polypeptides (EC 2.6.1.83) (Watanabe et al., Mechanism of Substrate Recognition and PLP-induced Conformational Changes in LL-Diaminopimelate aminotransferase from Arabidopsis thaliana. J. Mol. Biol. 384, 1314-1329 (2008)).
  • LL-DAP catalyzes the interconversion of LL-2,6-diaminoheptanedioate and 2-oxoglutarate to (S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate, L-glutamate, and water.
  • a biomass-modulating polypeptide can contain a Myb-like DNA-binding domain, which is predicted to be characteristic of a biomass-modulating polypeptide.
  • SEQ ID NO: 323 sets forth the amino acid sequence of an Glycine max clone, identified herein as Ceres Clone: 638126 (SEQ ID NO: 321), that is predicted to encode a polypeptide containing a Myb-like DNA-binding domain.
  • a biomass-modulating polypeptide can comprise a Myb-like DNA-binding domain having 60 percent or greater sequence identity to residues 13 to 62 of SEQ ID NO: 323.
  • a biomass-modulating polypeptide can comprise a Myb-like DNA-binding domain having 60 percent or greater sequence identity to the Myb-like DNA-binding domain of one or more of the polypeptides set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 323, 324, 326, 327, 329, 331, 332, 334, 336, 337, 338, 340, 342, 343, 345, 347, 349, 351, 353, 354, 356, 357, 359, 361, 363, 365, 367, 369, 371, 372, 374, 376, 378, 380, 382, 384, 386, 388, 390, 391, 393, 395, 397, 399, 401, 403, 405, 406, 407, 409, 411, 413, 415, 416, 417, 418, 420, 421, 422, or 424.
  • the Myb-like DNA-binding domains of such sequences are set forth in the Sequence Listing.
  • a biomass-modulating polypeptide can contain an alpha/beta hydrolase fold domain, which is predicted to be characteristic of a biomass-modulating polypeptide.
  • SEQ ID NO: 595 sets forth the amino acid sequence of an Arabidopsis clone, identified herein as Ceres Clone: 26006 (SEQ ID NO: 594), that is predicted to encode a polypeptide containing an alpha/beta hydrolase fold domain.
  • a biomass-modulating polypeptide can comprise an alpha/beta hydrolase fold domain having 60 percent or greater sequence identity to residues 35 to 257 of SEQ ID NO: 595.
  • a biomass-modulating polypeptide can comprise an alpha/beta hydrolase fold domain having 60 percent or greater sequence identity to the alpha/beta hydrolase fold domain of one or more of the polypeptides set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 595, 597, 598, 600, 602, 603, 604, 605, 606, 608, 609, 610, 611, 613, 615, 616, 618, 619, 620, 622, 623, 625, 627, 629, 630, 632, 633, 634, 636, 637, 638, 639, 641, 642, 643, or 691.
  • the alpha/beta hydrolase fold domains of such sequences are set forth in the Sequence Listing.
  • the alpha/beta hydrolase fold is common to a number of hydrolytic enzymes of widely differing phylogenetic origin and catalytic function.
  • the core of each enzyme is an alpha/beta-sheet (rather than a barrel), containing 8 strands connected by helices.
  • the enzymes are believed to have diverged from a common ancestor, preserving the arrangement of the catalytic residues. All have a catalytic triad, the elements of which are borne on loops, which are the best conserved structural features of the fold.
  • a biomass-modulating polypeptide can contain a Rapid Alkalinization Factor (RALF) domain, which is predicted to be characteristic of a biomass-modulating polypeptide.
  • SEQ ID NO: 77 sets forth the amino acid sequence of an Arabidopsis clone, identified herein as Ceres Clone: 4831 (SEQ ID NO: 76), that is predicted to encode a polypeptide containing a RALF domain.
  • a biomass-modulating polypeptide can comprise a RALF domain having 60 percent or greater sequence identity to residues 57 to 129 of SEQ ID NO: 77.
  • a biomass-modulating polypeptide can comprise a RALF domain having 60 percent or greater sequence identity to the RALF domain of one or more of the polypeptides set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 77, 79, 81, 82, 84, 86, 87, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, or 115.
  • the RALF domains of such sequences are set forth in the Sequence Listing.
  • RALF domains are typically found in 5-kDa ubiquitous polypeptides in plants, which have been reported to play a role in the arrest of root growth and development in some plants.
  • a biomass-modulating polypeptide can contain a DUF640 domain, which is predicted to be characteristic of a biomass-modulating polypeptide.
  • SEQ ID NO: 209 sets forth the amino acid sequence of an Arabidopsis clone, identified herein as Ceres Annot: 847799 (SEQ ID NO: 208), that is predicted to encode a polypeptide containing a DUF640 domain.
  • a biomass-modulating polypeptide can comprise a DUF640 domain having 60 percent or greater sequence identity to residues 19 to 152 of SEQ ID NO: 209.
  • a biomass-modulating polypeptide can comprise a DUF640 domain having 60 percent or greater sequence identity to the DUF640 domain of one or more of the polypeptides set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 209, 210, 212, 214, 216, 218, 220, 222, 224, 226, 228, 230, 232, 234, 236, 238, 239, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, or 251.
  • the DUF640 domains of such sequences are set forth in the Sequence Listing.
  • a biomass-modulating polypeptide can contain a PTR2 POT family domain, which is predicted to be characteristic of a biomass-modulating polypeptide.
  • SEQ ID NO: 426 sets forth the amino acid sequence of an Arabidopsis clone, identified herein as Ceres Annot: 878355 (SEQ ID NO: 425), that is predicted to encode a polypeptide containing a PTR2 POT family domain.
  • a biomass-modulating polypeptide can comprise a PTR2 POT family domain having 60 percent or greater sequence identity to residues 100 to 509 of SEQ ID NO: 426.
  • a biomass-modulating polypeptide can comprise a PTR2 POT family domain having 60 percent or greater sequence identity to the PTR2 POT family domain of one or more of the polypeptides set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 426, 428, 429, 430, 431, 433, 435, 436, 437, 438, 439, 440, 442, 444, 446, 447, 448, 449, 450, 452, 453, 454, 455, 456, 457, 459, 461, 463, 464, 466, 467, 468, 470, 472, 474, 476, 478, 479, 480, 482, 483, 484, 486, 488, 490, 492, 493, 495, 497, 499, 500, 501, 502, 503, 504, 506, 508, 509, 511, 513, 515, 516, 517, 518, 519, 521, 523, 525, 526, 528, 529, 531,
  • a POT protein as described herein can comprise an N-terminus signal peptide.
  • the signal peptide may be specific for a plasma membrane.
  • the signal peptide may be specific for a endoplasmic reticulum membrane or a chloroplast membrane. Examples of signal peptides are shown in the Sequence Listing of the application. Bioinformatics techniques can be employed to predict the presence and type of transit peptides.
  • WoLF PSORT can be used to predict signal peptides (Horton et al., 2007 “WoLF PSORT: Protein Localization Predictor”, Nucleic Acids Research, doi:10.1093/nar/gkm259, 2007; Horton et al., 2006 “Protein Subcellular Localization Prediction with WoLF PSORT”, Proceedings of the 4th Annual Asia Pacific Bioinformatics Conference APBC06, Taipei, Taiwan. pp. 39-48, 2006). Examples of signal peptides from sequences in the public domain can be obtained from a WoLF PSORT analysis of a sequence which provides numerous orthologous signal peptides.
  • signal peptides and related sorting signals In eukaryotic organisms, there are several types of signal peptides and related sorting signals all of which involve membrane translocation and/or insertion.
  • signal peptides specific for the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are co-translational
  • signal peptides specific for the mitochondria or chloroplast are post-translational, but unfolded by chaperones.
  • an N-terminal signal with variable length hydrophobic section causes proteins to be co-translationally transported through or into the endoplasmic reticulum membrane.
  • N-terminal signals are mostly independent of carrier proteins.
  • Such signal peptides are typically interchangeable between different proteins, are typically cleaved, and are typically limited to about the first 90 amino acid residues.
  • a POT protein as described herein can comprise a C-terminal sorting signal.
  • C-terminal sorting signals include, but are not limited to, KDEL (soluble) or KKXX (membrane protein) signal for ER retention, SKL for peroxisomal targeting (soluble), NPIR for vacuole, and LPXTG for bacterial cell wall.
  • a POT protein as described herein can comprise an internal sorting signal. Such signals include nuclear localization signals that occur on the surface of a folded protein but can be anywhere on the 1-dimensional sequence.
  • a POT protein as described herein can comprise an N-terminus signal peptide that is about 95, 90, 85, 80, 75, 70, 65, 60, 55, 50, 45, 40, 35, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10, or 5 amino acids in length beginning from the N-terminus of said POT protein.
  • a POT protein as described herein is lacking all or part of an N-terminus signal peptide.
  • a POT protein as described herein can have an N-terminus signal peptide removed and replaced with a different an N-terminus signal peptide.
  • one skilled in the art can remove or synthesize a sequence without the 45 N-terminus amino acids of SEQ ID NO: (426) and add, through fusion techniques or through synthesis, another signal peptide with specificity for the same or a different target membrane.
  • a biomass-modulating polypeptide is truncated at the amino- or carboxy-terminal end of a naturally occurring polypeptide.
  • a truncated polypeptide may retain certain domains of the naturally occurring polypeptide while lacking others.
  • length variants that are up to 5 amino acids shorter or longer typically exhibit the biomass-modulating activity of a truncated polypeptide.
  • a truncated polypeptide is a dominant negative polypeptide. Expression in a plant of such a truncated polypeptide confers a difference in the level of biomass of a plant as compared to the corresponding level of a control plant that does not comprise the truncation.
  • one or more functional homologs of a reference biomass-modulating polypeptide defined by one or more of the Pfam descriptions indicated above are suitable for use as biomass-modulating polypeptides.
  • a functional homolog is a polypeptide that has sequence similarity to a reference polypeptide, and that carries out one or more of the biochemical or physiological function(s) of the reference polypeptide.
  • a functional homolog and the reference polypeptide may be natural occurring polypeptides, and the sequence similarity may be due to convergent or divergent evolutionary events. As such, functional homologs are sometimes designated in the literature as homologs, or orthologs, or paralogs.
  • Variants of a naturally occurring functional homolog may themselves be functional homologs.
  • Functional homologs can also be created via site-directed mutagenesis of the coding sequence for a biomass-modulating polypeptide, or by combining domains from the coding sequences for different naturally-occurring biomass-modulating polypeptides (“domain swapping”).
  • domain swapping domains from the coding sequences for different naturally-occurring biomass-modulating polypeptides.
  • the term “functional homolog” is sometimes applied to the nucleic acid that encodes a functionally homologous polypeptide.
  • Functional homologs can be identified by analysis of nucleotide and polypeptide sequence alignments. For example, performing a query on a database of nucleotide or polypeptide sequences can identify homologs of biomass-modulating polypeptides. Sequence analysis can involve BLAST, Reciprocal BLAST, or PSI-BLAST analysis of nonredundant databases using a biomass-modulating polypeptide amino acid sequence as the reference sequence. Amino acid sequence is, in some instances, deduced from the nucleotide sequence. Those polypeptides in the database that have greater than 40% sequence identity are candidates for further evaluation for suitability as a biomass-modulating polypeptide.
  • Amino acid sequence similarity allows for conservative amino acid substitutions, such as substitution of one hydrophobic residue for another or substitution of one polar residue for another. If desired, manual inspection of such candidates can be carried out in order to narrow the number of candidates to be further evaluated. Manual inspection can be performed by selecting those candidates that appear to have domains present in biomass-modulating polypeptides, e.g., conserved functional domains.
  • conserveed regions can be identified by locating a region within the primary amino acid sequence of a biomass-modulating polypeptide that is a repeated sequence, forms some secondary structure (e.g., helices and beta sheets), establishes positively or negatively charged domains, or represents a protein motif or domain. See, e.g., the Pfam web site describing consensus sequences for a variety of protein motifs and domains on the World Wide Web at sanger.ac.uk/Software/Pfam/ and pfam.janelia.org/. A description of the information included at the Pfam database is described in Sonnhammer et al., Nucl.
  • conserveed regions also can be determined by aligning sequences of the same or related polypeptides from closely related species. Closely related species preferably are from the same family. In some embodiments, alignment of sequences from two different species is adequate.
  • polypeptides that exhibit at least about 40% amino acid sequence identity are useful to identify conserved regions.
  • conserved regions of related polypeptides exhibit at least 45% amino acid sequence identity (e.g., at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90% amino acid sequence identity).
  • a conserved region exhibits at least 92%, 94%, 96%, 98%, or 99% amino acid sequence identity.
  • Examples of amino acid sequences of functional homologs of the polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO: 554 are provided in FIG. 1 and in the Sequence Listing.
  • Such functional homologs include, for example, CeresAnnot:564098 (SEQ ID NO: 556), CeresAnnot:1443290 (SEQ ID NO: 558), CeresClone:1042157 (SEQ ID NO: 560), CeresClone:1919714 (SEQ ID NO: 562), GI:157336039 (SEQ ID NO: 563), CeresAnnot:8454153 (SEQ ID NO: 565), CeresAnnot:1722302 (SEQ ID NO: 567), CeresAnnot:8733140 (SEQ ID NO: 569), CeresAnnot:1452096 (SEQ ID NO: 571), CeresClone:1645639 (SEQ ID NO: 573), GI:157344920 (SEQ ID NO: 574),
  • a functional homolog of SEQ ID NO: 554 has an amino acid sequence with at least 45% sequence identity, e.g., 50%, 52%, 56%, 59%, 61%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity, to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 554.
  • Examples of amino acid sequences of functional homologs of the polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO: 263 are provided in FIG. 2 and in the Sequence Listing.
  • Such functional homologs include, for example, GI:157355009 (SEQ ID NO: 264), CeresAnnot:1464457 (SEQ ID NO: 266), CeresClone:1584660 (SEQ ID NO: 268), GI:115474149 (SEQ ID NO: 269), CeresAnnot:8636233 (SEQ ID NO:271), CeresClone:1777035 (SEQ ID NO: 273), CeresClone:1990929 (SEQ ID NO: 275), GI:194692166 (SEQ ID NO: 276), CeresAnnot:1458507 (SEQ ID NO: 278), GI:147780712 (SEQ ID NO:279), CeresAnnot:8642924 (SEQ ID NO: 281), GI:11545
  • a functional homolog of SEQ ID NO: 263 has an amino acid sequence with at least 45% sequence identity, e.g., 50%, 52%, 56%, 59%, 61%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity, to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 263.
  • Examples of amino acid sequences of functional homologs of the polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO: 117 are provided in FIG. 3 and in the Sequence Listing.
  • Such functional homologs include, for example, GI:90657534 (SEQ ID NO: 118), CeresClone:1237946 (SEQ ID NO: 120), GI:118488472 (SEQ ID NO: 121), GI:38194917 (SEQ ID NO: 122), GI:157341292 (SEQ ID NO: 123), CeresClone:1957107 (SEQ ID NO: 125), CeresAnnot:8640603 (SEQ ID NO: 127), CeresClone:829440 (SEQ ID NO: 129), CeresClone:285169 (SEQ ID NO: 131), GI:116790012 (SEQ ID NO: 132), GI:157356290 (SEQ ID NO: 133), CeresAnnot:1450186 (S
  • a functional homolog of SEQ ID NO: 117 has an amino acid sequence with at least 45% sequence identity, e.g., 50%, 52%, 56%, 59%, 61%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity, to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 117.
  • Examples of amino acid sequences of functional homologs of the polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 are provided in FIG. 4 and in the Sequence Listing.
  • Such functional homologs include, for example, GI:84795244 (SEQ ID NO:2), CeresClone:1725396 (SEQ ID NO:4), CeresAnnot:8669118 (SEQ ID NO:6), CeresClone:280241 (SEQ ID NO:8), CeresClone:1712594 (SEQ ID NO:10), GI:190361125 (SEQ ID NO:11), GI:4099921 (SEQ ID NO:12), GI:147844573 (SEQ ID NO:13), GI:67906426 (SEQ ID NO:14), GI:57012757 (SEQ ID NO:15), GI:56567583 (SEQ ID NO:16), GI:84795246 (SEQ ID NO:17), GI:84795248 (SEQ ID NO:18
  • a functional homolog of SEQ ID NO: 1 has an amino acid sequence with at least 45% sequence identity, e.g., 50%, 52%, 56%, 59%, 61%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity, to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • Such functional homologs include, for example CeresClone:1925947 (SEQ ID NO: 647), CeresAnnot:1514501 (SEQ ID NO:649), CeresAnnot:849672 (SEQ ID NO:651), GI:157355942 (SEQ ID NO:652), GI:115452503 (SEQ ID NO: 653), CeresClone:1790933 (SEQ ID NO:655), CeresAnnot:8641620 (SEQ ID NO:657), CeresClone:281497 (SEQ ID NO:659), GI:168013851 (SEQ ID NO: 660), CeresClone:143214 (SEQ ID NO:662), CeresClone:1781022 (SEQ ID NO:664), CeresClone:61
  • a functional homolog of SEQ ID NO: 645 has an amino acid sequence with at least 45% sequence identity, e.g., 50%, 52%, 56%, 59%, 61%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity, to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 645.
  • Examples of amino acid sequences of functional homologs of the polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO: 253 are provided in FIG. 6 and in the Sequence Listing.
  • Such functional homologs include, for example, CeresClone:951785 (SEQ ID NO: 255), CeresAnnot:1440346 (SEQ ID NO: 257), CeresClone:1085177 (SEQ ID NO: 259), or CeresClone:157151 (SEQ ID NO: 261).
  • a functional homolog of SEQ ID NO: 253 has an amino acid sequence with at least 45% sequence identity, e.g., 50%, 52%, 56%, 59%, 61%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity, to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 253.
  • Examples of amino acid sequences of functional homologs of the polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO: 323 are provided in FIG. 7 and in the Sequence Listing.
  • Such functional homologs include, for example, GI:157340812 (SEQ ID NO:324), CeresAnnot:1460824 (SEQ ID NO:326), GI:145356202 (SEQ ID NO:327), CeresClone:477814 (SEQ ID NO:329), CeresClone:1914387 (SEQ ID NO:331), GI:7981380 (SEQ ID NO:332), CeresClone:1910072 (SEQ ID NO:334), CeresClone:331755 (SEQ ID NO:336), GI:124360540 (SEQ ID NO:337), GI:157335318 (SEQ ID NO:338), CeresAnnot:1503394 (SEQ ID NO:340), CeresAnnot:1442707 (S
  • a functional homolog of SEQ ID NO: 323 has an amino acid sequence with at least 45% sequence identity, e.g., 50%, 52%, 56%, 59%, 61%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity, to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 323.
  • Examples of amino acid sequences of functional homologs of the polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO: 595 are provided in FIG. 8 and in the Sequence Listing.
  • Such functional homologs include, for example, CeresClone:644331 (SEQ ID NO: 597), GI:15227859 (SEQ ID NO: 598), CeresAnnot:1504349 (SEQ ID NO: 600), CeresAnnot:1265088 (SEQ ID NO: 602), (SEQ ID NO: 603), GI:125527987 (SEQ ID NO: 604), GI:14279437 (SEQ ID NO: 605), ES902065 (SEQ ID NO: 606), CeresClone:1065042 (SEQ ID NO: 608), GI:157329790 (SEQ ID NO: 609), GI:15227861 (SEQ ID NO: 610), GI:146272407 (SEQ ID NO: 611), CeresClone:95094
  • a functional homolog of SEQ ID NO: 595 has an amino acid sequence with at least 45% sequence identity, e.g., 50%, 52%, 56%, 59%, 61%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity, to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 595.
  • Examples of amino acid sequences of functional homologs of the polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO: 77 are provided in FIG. 9 and in the Sequence Listing.
  • Such functional homologs include, for example, CeresClone:1387948 (SEQ ID NO: 79), CeresClone:1937714 (SEQ ID NO: 81), GI:157345132 (SEQ ID NO: 82), CeresClone:464828 (SEQ ID NO: 84), CeresAnnot:1451368 (SEQ ID NO: 86), GI:37695575 (SEQ ID NO: 87), GI:116790033 (SEQ ID NO: 88), CeresClone:1346042 (SEQ ID NO: 90), CeresClone:1118610 (SEQ ID NO: 92), CeresClone:982000 (SEQ ID NO: 94), CeresClone:959670 (SEQ ID NO: 96), CeresC
  • a functional homolog of SEQ ID NO: 77 has an amino acid sequence with at least 45% sequence identity, e.g., 50%, 52%, 56%, 59%, 61%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity, to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 77.
  • Examples of amino acid sequences of functional homologs of the polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO: 209 are provided in FIG. 10 and in the Sequence Listing.
  • Such functional homologs include, for example, GI:116780542 (SEQ ID NO: 210), CeresClone:1848017 (SEQ ID NO: 212), CeresAnnot:1466494 (SEQ ID NO: 214), CeresAnnot:1449022 (SEQ ID NO: 216), CeresAnnot:1482911 (SEQ ID NO: 218), CeresClone:1118987 (SEQ ID NO: 220), CeresClone:1073674 (SEQ ID NO: 222), CeresClone:1084747 (SEQ ID NO: 224), CeresClone:536345 (SEQ ID NO: 226), CeresClone:1650005 (SEQ ID NO: 228), CeresAnnot:8453882 (SEQ ID NO
  • a functional homolog of SEQ ID NO: 209 has an amino acid sequence with at least 45% sequence identity, e.g., 50%, 52%, 56%, 59%, 61%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity, to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 209.
  • Examples of amino acid sequences of functional homologs of the polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO: 426 are provided in FIG. 11 and in the Sequence Listing.
  • Such functional homologs include, for example, CeresAnnot:1472338_Pb (SEQ ID NO: 428), GI:157344683_Vv (SEQ ID NO: 429), GI:87240677 Mt (SEQ ID NO: 430), GI:115448297_Os (SEQ ID NO: 431), CeresClone:1844568_Pv (SEQ ID NO: 433), CeresClone:797829_Tm (SEQ ID NO: 435), GI:168033816_Pp (SEQ ID NO: 436), GI:116788004_Ps (SEQ ID NO: 437), GI:149900503_Ha (SEQ ID NO: 438), GI:4102839_S1 (SEQ ID NO: 439), GI:31088360
  • a functional homolog of SEQ ID NO: 426 has an amino acid sequence with at least 45% sequence identity, e.g., 50%, 52%, 56%, 59%, 61%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity, to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 426.
  • variants of biomass-modulating polypeptides typically have 10 or fewer conservative amino acid substitutions within the primary amino acid sequence, e.g., 7 or fewer conservative amino acid substitutions, 5 or fewer conservative amino acid substitutions, or between 1 and 5 conservative substitutions.
  • a useful variant polypeptide can be constructed based on one of the alignments set forth in FIG. 1 , FIG. 2 , FIG. 3 , FIG. 4 , FIG. 5 , FIG. 6 , FIG. 7 , FIG. 8 , FIG. 9 , FIG. 10 , or FIG. 11 and/or homologs identified in the Sequence Listing.
  • Such a polypeptide includes the conserved regions, arranged in the order depicted in the Figure from amino-terminal end to carboxy-terminal end. Such a polypeptide may also include zero, one, or more than one amino acid in positions marked by dashes. When no amino acids are present at positions marked by dashes, the length of such a polypeptide is the sum of the amino acid residues in all conserved regions. When amino acids are present at a position marked by dashes, such a polypeptide has a length that is the sum of the amino acid residues in all conserved regions and all dashes.
  • useful biomass-modulating polypeptides include those that fit a Hidden Markov Model based on the polypeptides set forth in any one of FIGS. 1-11 .
  • a Hidden Markov Model is a statistical model of a consensus sequence for a group of functional homologs. See, Durbin et al., Biological Sequence Analysis: Probabilistic Models of Proteins and Nucleic Acids , Cambridge University.
  • HMM is generated by the program HMMER 2.3.2 with default program parameters, using the sequences of the group of functional homologs as input.
  • the multiple sequence alignment is generated by ProbCons (Do et al., Genome Res., 15(2):330-40 (2005)) version 1.11 using a set of default parameters: -c, —consistency REPS of 2; -ir, —iterative-refinement REPS of 100; -pre, —pre-training REPS of 0.
  • ProbCons is a public domain software program provided by Stanford University.
  • HMM The default parameters for building an HMM (hmmbuild) are as follows: the default “architecture prior” (archpri) used by MAP architecture construction is 0.85, and the default cutoff threshold (idlevel) used to determine the effective sequence number is 0.62.
  • HMMER 2.3.2 was released Oct. 3, 2003 under a GNU general public license, and is available from various sources on the World Wide Web such as hmmer.janelia.org; hmmer.wustl.edu; and fr.com/hmmer232/.
  • Hmmbuild outputs the model as a text file.
  • the HMM for a group of functional homologs can be used to determine the likelihood that a candidate biomass-modulating polypeptide sequence is a better fit to that particular HMM than to a null HMM generated using a group of sequences that are not structurally or functionally related.
  • the likelihood that a candidate polypeptide sequence is a better fit to an HMM than to a null HMM is indicated by the HMM bit score, a number generated when the candidate sequence is fitted to the HMM profile using the HMMER hmmsearch program.
  • the default E-value cutoff (E) is 10.0
  • the default bit score cutoff (T) is negative infinity
  • the default number of sequences in a database (Z) is the real number of sequences in the database
  • the default E-value cutoff for the per-domain ranked hit list (domE) is infinity
  • the default bit score cutoff for the per-domain ranked hit list (domT) is negative infinity.
  • a high HMM bit score indicates a greater likelihood that the candidate sequence carries out one or more of the biochemical or physiological function(s) of the polypeptides used to generate the HMM.
  • a high HMM bit score is at least 20, and often is higher. Slight variations in the HMM bit score of a particular sequence can occur due to factors such as the order in which sequences are processed for alignment by multiple sequence alignment algorithms such as the ProbCons program. Nevertheless, such HMM bit score variation is minor.
  • biomass-modulating polypeptides discussed below fit the indicated HMM with an HMM bit score greater than to 65.(e.g., greater than 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 140, 200, 300, 500, 1000, 1500, or 2000).
  • the HMM bit score of a biomass-modulating polypeptide discussed below is about 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 95% of the HMM bit score of a functional homolog provided in the Sequence Listing of this application.
  • a biomass-modulating polypeptide discussed below fits the indicated HMM with an HMM bit score greater than 210, and has a domain indicative of a biomass-modulating polypeptide.
  • a biomass-modulating polypeptide discussed below fits the indicated HMM with an HMM bit score greater than 210, and has 65% or greater sequence identity (e.g., 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% sequence identity) to an amino acid sequence shown in any one of FIGS. 1-11 .
  • polypeptides are shown in the sequence listing that have HMM bit scores greater than 130 when fitted to an HMM generated from the amino acid sequences set forth in FIG. 1 are identified in the Sequence Listing of this application.
  • Such polypeptides include, for example, SEQ ID NOs: 554, 556, 558, 560, 562, 563, 565, 567, 569, 571, 573, 574, 575, 577, 579, 581, 583, 585, 587, 589, 591, or 593.
  • polypeptides are shown in the sequence listing that have HMM bit scores greater than 340 when fitted to an HMM generated from the amino acid sequences set forth in FIG. 2 are identified in the Sequence Listing of this application.
  • Such polypeptides include, for example, SEQ ID NOs: 263, 264, 266, 268, 269, 271, 273, 275, 276, 278, 279, 281, 282, 283, 285, 287, 289, 291, 292, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 302, 304, 305, 306, 308, 310, 311, 312, 314, 315, 317, 319, 320, or 321.
  • polypeptides are shown in the sequence listing that have HMM bit scores greater than 530 when fitted to an HMM generated from the amino acid sequences set forth in FIG. 3 are identified in the Sequence Listing of this application.
  • Such polypeptides include, for example, SEQ ID NOs: 117, 118, 120, 121, 122, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 132, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 142, 144, 145, 146, 147, 149, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158, 160, 162, 163, 164, 166, 168, 169, 171, 173, 174, 176, 178, 180, 182, 184, 185, 186, 188, 189, 190, 191, 193, 194, 195, 196, 198, 200, 202, 203, 204, 206, or 207.
  • polypeptides are shown in the sequence listing that have HMM bit scores greater than 120 when fitted to an HMM generated from the amino acid sequences set forth in FIG. 4 are identified in the Sequence Listing of this application.
  • Such polypeptides include, for example, SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 24, 25, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 63, 64, 66, 68, 70, 71, 72, 74, or 75.
  • polypeptides are shown in the sequence listing that have HMM bit scores greater than 635 when fitted to an HMM generated from the amino acid sequences set forth in FIG. 5 are identified in the Sequence Listing of this application.
  • Such polypeptides include, for example, SEQ ID NOs: 645, 647, 649, 651, 652, 653, 655, 657, 659, 660, 662, 664, 666, 667, 669, 670, 671, 672, 673, 674, 675, 676, 677, or 689.
  • polypeptides are shown in the sequence listing that have HMM bit scores greater than 65 when fitted to an HMM generated from the amino acid sequences set forth in FIG. 6 are identified in the Sequence Listing of this application.
  • Such polypeptides include, for example, SEQ ID NOs: 255, 257, 259, or 261.
  • polypeptides are shown in the sequence listing that have HMM bit scores greater than 100 when fitted to an HMM generated from the amino acid sequences set forth in FIG. 7 are identified in the Sequence Listing of this application.
  • Such polypeptides include, for example, SEQ ID NOs: 323, 324, 326, 327, 329, 331, 332, 334, 336, 337, 338, 340, 342, 343, 345, 347, 349, 351, 353, 354, 356, 357, 359, 361, 363, 365, 367, 369, 371, 372, 374, 376, 378, 380, 382, 384, 386, 388, 390, 391, 393, 395, 397, 399, 401, 403, 405, 406, 407, 409, 411, 413, 415, 416, 417, 418, 420, 421, 422, or 424.
  • polypeptides are shown in the sequence listing that have HMM bit scores greater than 480 when fitted to an HMM generated from the amino acid sequences set forth in FIG. 8 are identified in the Sequence Listing of this application.
  • Such polypeptides include, for example, SEQ ID NOs: 595, 597, 598, 600, 602, 603, 604, 605, 606, 608, 609, 610, 611, 613, 615, 616, 618, 619, 620, 622, 623, 625, 627, 629, 630, 632, 633, 634, 636, 637, 638, 639, 641, 642, 643, or 691.
  • polypeptides are shown in the sequence listing that have HMM bit scores greater than 145 when fitted to an HMM generated from the amino acid sequences set forth in FIG. 9 are identified in the Sequence Listing of this application.
  • Such polypeptides include, for example, SEQ ID NOs: 77, 79, 81, 82, 84, 86, 87, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, or 115.
  • polypeptides are shown in the sequence listing that have HMM bit scores greater than 280 when fitted to an HMM generated from the amino acid sequences set forth in FIG. 10 are identified in the Sequence Listing of this application.
  • Such polypeptides include, for example, SEQ ID NOs: 209, 210, 212, 214, 216, 218, 220, 222, 224, 226, 228, 230, 232, 234, 236, 238, 239, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, or 251.
  • polypeptides are shown in the sequence listing that have HMM bit scores greater than 1000 when fitted to an HMM generated from the amino acid sequences set forth in FIG. 11 are identified in the Sequence Listing of this application.
  • Such polypeptides include, for example, SEQ ID NOs: 426, 428, 429, 430, 431, 433, 435, 436, 437, 438, 439, 440, 442, 444, 446, 447, 448, 449, 450, 452, 453, 454, 455, 456, 457, 459, 461, 463, 464, 466, 467, 468, 470, 472, 474, 476, 478, 479, 480, 482, 483, 484, 486, 488, 490, 492, 493, 495, 497, 499, 500, 501, 502, 503, 504, 506, 508, 509, 511, 513, 515, 516, 517, 518, 519, 521, 523, 525, 526, 5
  • a biomass-modulating polypeptide has an amino acid sequence with at least 45% sequence identity, e.g., 50%, 52%, 56%, 59%, 61%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity, to one of the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 24, 25, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 63, 64, 66, 68, 70, 71, 72, 74, 75, 77, 79, 81, 82, 84, 86, 87, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 115, 117, 118, 120,
  • Polypeptides having such a percent sequence identity often have a domain indicative of a biomass-modulating polypeptide and/or have an HMM bit score that is greater than 65, as discussed above.
  • Percent sequence identity refers to the degree of sequence identity between any given reference sequence, e.g., SEQ ID NO: 1, and a candidate biomass-modulating sequence.
  • a candidate sequence typically has a length that is from 80 percent to 200 percent of the length of the reference sequence, e.g., 82, 85, 87, 89, 90, 93, 95, 97, 99, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, or 200 percent of the length of the reference sequence.
  • a percent identity for any candidate nucleic acid or polypeptide relative to a reference nucleic acid or polypeptide can be determined as follows.
  • a reference sequence e.g., a nucleic acid sequence or an amino acid sequence
  • ClustalW version 1.83, default parameters
  • ClustalW calculates the best match between a reference and one or more candidate sequences, and aligns them so that identities, similarities and differences can be determined. Gaps of one or more residues can be inserted into a reference sequence, a candidate sequence, or both, to maximize sequence alignments.
  • word size 2; window size: 4; scoring method: percentage; number of top diagonals: 4; and gap penalty: 5.
  • gap opening penalty 10.0; gap extension penalty: 5.0; and weight transitions: yes.
  • the ClustalW output is a sequence alignment that reflects the relationship between sequences.
  • ClustalW can be run, for example, at the Baylor College of Medicine Search Launcher site on the World Wide Web (searchlauncher.bcm.tmc.edu/multi-align/multi-align.html) and at the European Bioinformatics Institute site on the World Wide Web (ebi.ac.uk/clustalw).
  • the sequences are aligned using ClustalW, the number of identical matches in the alignment is divided by the length of the reference sequence, and the result is multiplied by 100. It is noted that the percent identity value can be rounded to the nearest tenth. For example, 78.11, 78.12, 78.13, and 78.14 are rounded down to 78.1, while 78.15, 78.16, 78.17, 78.18, and 78.19 are rounded up to 78.2.
  • a biomass-modulating polypeptide has an amino acid sequence with at least 45% sequence identity, e.g., 50%, 52%, 56%, 59%, 61%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity, to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 554.
  • Amino acid sequences of polypeptides having greater than 45% sequence identity to the polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO: 554 are provided in FIG. 1 and in the Sequence Listing.
  • a biomass-modulating polypeptide has an amino acid sequence with at least 45% sequence identity, e.g., 50%, 52%, 56%, 59%, 61%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity, to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 263.
  • Amino acid sequences of polypeptides having greater than 45% sequence identity to the polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO: 263 are provided in FIG. 2 and in the Sequence Listing.
  • a biomass-modulating polypeptide has an amino acid sequence with at least 45% sequence identity, e.g., 50%, 52%, 56%, 59%, 61%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity, to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 117.
  • Amino acid sequences of polypeptides having greater than 45% sequence identity to the polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO: 117 are provided in FIG. 3 and in the Sequence Listing.
  • a biomass-modulating polypeptide has an amino acid sequence with at least 45% sequence identity, e.g., 50%, 52%, 56%, 59%, 61%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity, to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • Amino acid sequences of polypeptides having greater than 45% sequence identity to the polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 are provided in FIG. 4 and in the Sequence Listing.
  • a biomass-modulating polypeptide has an amino acid sequence with at least 45% sequence identity, e.g., 50%, 52%, 56%, 59%, 61%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity, to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 645.
  • Amino acid sequences of polypeptides having greater than 45% sequence identity to the polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO: 645 are provided in FIG. 5 and in the Sequence Listing.
  • a biomass-modulating polypeptide has an amino acid sequence with at least 45% sequence identity, e.g., 50%, 52%, 56%, 59%, 61%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity, to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 253.
  • Amino acid sequences of polypeptides having greater than 45% sequence identity to the polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO: 253 are provided in FIG. 6 and in the Sequence Listing.
  • a biomass-modulating polypeptide has an amino acid sequence with at least 45% sequence identity, e.g., 50%, 52%, 56%, 59%, 61%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity, to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 323.
  • Amino acid sequences of polypeptides having greater than 45% sequence identity to the polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO: 323 are provided in FIG. 7 and in the Sequence Listing.
  • a biomass-modulating polypeptide has an amino acid sequence with at least 45% sequence identity, e.g., 50%, 52%, 56%, 59%, 61%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity, to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 595.
  • Amino acid sequences of polypeptides having greater than 45% sequence identity to the polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO: 595 are provided in FIG. 8 and in the Sequence Listing.
  • a biomass-modulating polypeptide has an amino acid sequence with at least 45% sequence identity, e.g., 50%, 52%, 56%, 59%, 61%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity, to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 77.
  • Amino acid sequences of polypeptides having greater than 45% sequence identity to the polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO: 77 are provided in FIG. 9 and in the Sequence Listing.
  • a biomass-modulating polypeptide has an amino acid sequence with at least 45% sequence identity, e.g., 50%, 52%, 56%, 59%, 61%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity, to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 209.
  • Amino acid sequences of polypeptides having greater than 45% sequence identity to the polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO: 209 are provided in FIG. 10 and in the Sequence Listing.
  • a biomass-modulating polypeptide has an amino acid sequence with at least 45% sequence identity, e.g., 50%, 52%, 56%, 59%, 61%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity, to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 426.
  • Amino acid sequences of polypeptides having greater than 45% sequence identity to the polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO: 426 are provided in FIG. 11 and in the Sequence Listing.
  • a biomass-modulating polypeptide can include additional amino acids that are not involved in biomass modulation, and thus such a polypeptide can be longer than would otherwise be the case.
  • a biomass-modulating polypeptide can include a purification tag, a chloroplast transit peptide, a mitochondrial transit peptide, an amyloplast peptide, or a leader sequence added to the amino or carboxy terminus.
  • a biomass-modulating polypeptide includes an amino acid sequence that functions as a reporter, e.g., a green fluorescent protein or yellow fluorescent protein.
  • Nucleic acids described herein include nucleic acids that are effective to modulate biomass levels when transcribed in a plant or plant cell. Such nucleic acids include, without limitation, those that encode a biomass-modulating polypeptide and those that can be used to inhibit expression of a biomass-modulating polypeptide via a nucleic acid based method.
  • Nucleic acids encoding biomass-modulating polypeptides are described herein.
  • Examples of such nucleic acids include SEQ ID NOs: 3, 5, 7, 9, 19, 21, 23, 26, 28, 31, 35, 42, 44, 46, 48, 52, 55, 57, 60, 62, 65, 67, 69, 73, 76, 78, 80, 83, 85, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 116, 119, 124, 126, 128, 130, 134, 136, 138, 140, 143, 148, 150, 157, 159, 161, 165, 167, 170, 172, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 187, 192, 197, 199, 201, 205, 208, 211, 213, 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 225, 227, 229, 231, 233, 235, 237,
  • a nucleic acid also can be a fragment that is at least 40% (e.g., at least 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, or 99%) of the length of the full-length nucleic acid set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 3, 5, 7, 9, 19, 21, 23, 26, 28, 31, 35, 42, 44, 46, 48, 52, 55, 57, 60, 62, 65, 67, 69, 73, 76, 78, 80, 83, 85, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 116, 119, 124, 126, 128, 130, 134, 136, 138, 140, 143, 148, 150, 157, 159, 161, 165, 167, 170, 172, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 187, 192, 197, 199, 201, 205, 208, 211
  • a biomass-modulating nucleic acid can comprise the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 553.
  • a biomass-modulating nucleic acid can be a variant of the nucleic acid having the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 553.
  • a biomass-modulating nucleic acid can have a nucleotide sequence with at least 80% sequence identity, e.g., 81%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity, to the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 553.
  • a biomass-modulating nucleic acid can comprise the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 262.
  • a biomass-modulating nucleic acid can be a variant of the nucleic acid having the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 262.
  • a biomass-modulating nucleic acid can have a nucleotide sequence with at least 80% sequence identity, e.g., 81%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity, to the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 262.
  • a biomass-modulating nucleic acid can comprise the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 116.
  • a biomass-modulating nucleic acid can be a variant of the nucleic acid having the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 116.
  • a biomass-modulating nucleic acid can have a nucleotide sequence with at least 80% sequence identity, e.g., 81%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity, to the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 116.
  • a biomass-modulating nucleic acid can comprise the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 678.
  • a biomass-modulating nucleic acid can be a variant of the nucleic acid having the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 678.
  • a biomass-modulating nucleic acid can have a nucleotide sequence with at least 80% sequence identity, e.g., 81%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity, to the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 678.
  • a biomass-modulating nucleic acid can comprise the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 644.
  • a biomass-modulating nucleic acid can be a variant of the nucleic acid having the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 644.
  • a biomass-modulating nucleic acid can have a nucleotide sequence with at least 80% sequence identity, e.g., 81%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity, to the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 644.
  • a biomass-modulating nucleic acid can comprise the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 252.
  • a biomass-modulating nucleic acid can be a variant of the nucleic acid having the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 252.
  • a biomass-modulating nucleic acid can have a nucleotide sequence with at least 80% sequence identity, e.g., 81%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity, to the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 252.
  • a biomass-modulating nucleic acid can comprise the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 322.
  • a biomass-modulating nucleic acid can be a variant of the nucleic acid having the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 322.
  • a biomass-modulating nucleic acid can have a nucleotide sequence with at least 80% sequence identity, e.g., 81%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity, to the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 322.
  • a biomass-modulating nucleic acid can comprise the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 594.
  • a biomass-modulating nucleic acid can be a variant of the nucleic acid having the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 594.
  • a biomass-modulating nucleic acid can have a nucleotide sequence with at least 80% sequence identity, e.g., 81%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity, to the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 594.
  • a biomass-modulating nucleic acid can comprise the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 76.
  • a biomass-modulating nucleic acid can be a variant of the nucleic acid having the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 76.
  • a biomass-modulating nucleic acid can have a nucleotide sequence with at least 80% sequence identity, e.g., 81%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity, to the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 76.
  • a biomass-modulating nucleic acid can comprise the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 208.
  • a biomass-modulating nucleic acid can be a variant of the nucleic acid having the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 208.
  • a biomass-modulating nucleic acid can have a nucleotide sequence with at least 80% sequence identity, e.g., 81%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity, to the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 208.
  • a biomass-modulating nucleic acid can comprise the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 425.
  • a biomass-modulating nucleic acid can be a variant of the nucleic acid having the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 425.
  • a biomass-modulating nucleic acid can have a nucleotide sequence with at least 80% sequence identity, e.g., 81%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity, to the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 425.
  • Isolated nucleic acid molecules can be produced by standard techniques. For example, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques can be used to obtain an isolated nucleic acid containing a nucleotide sequence described herein. PCR can be used to amplify specific sequences from DNA as well as RNA, including sequences from total genomic DNA or total cellular RNA. Various PCR methods are described, for example, in PCR Primer: A Laboratory Manual , Dieffenbach and Dveksler, eds., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1995. Generally, sequence information from the ends of the region of interest or beyond is employed to design oligonucleotide primers that are identical or similar in sequence to opposite strands of the template to be amplified.
  • PCR polymerase chain reaction
  • Isolated nucleic acids also can be chemically synthesized, either as a single nucleic acid molecule (e.g., using automated DNA synthesis in the 3′ to 5′ direction using phosphoramidite technology) or as a series of oligonucleotides.
  • one or more pairs of long oligonucleotides can be synthesized that contain the desired sequence, with each pair containing a short segment of complementarity (e.g., about 15 nucleotides) such that a duplex is formed when the oligonucleotide pair is annealed.
  • DNA polymerase is used to extend the oligonucleotides, resulting in a single, double-stranded nucleic acid molecule per oligonucleotide pair, which then can be ligated into a vector.
  • Isolated nucleic acids of the invention also can be obtained by mutagenesis of, e.g., a naturally occurring DNA.
  • a nucleic acid encoding one of the biomass-modulating polypeptides described herein can be used to express the polypeptide in a plant species of interest, typically by transforming a plant cell with a nucleic acid having the coding sequence for the polypeptide operably linked in sense orientation to one or more regulatory regions. It will be appreciated that because of the degeneracy of the genetic code, a number of nucleic acids can encode a particular biomass-modulating polypeptide; i.e., for many amino acids, there is more than one nucleotide triplet that serves as the codon for the amino acid. Thus, codons in the coding sequence for a given biomass-modulating polypeptide can be modified such that optimal expression in a particular plant species is obtained, using appropriate codon bias tables for that species.
  • expression of a biomass-modulating polypeptide inhibits one or more functions of an endogenous polypeptide.
  • a nucleic acid that encodes a dominant negative polypeptide can be used to inhibit protein function.
  • a dominant negative polypeptide typically is mutated or truncated relative to an endogenous wild type polypeptide, and its presence in a cell inhibits one or more functions of the wild type polypeptide in that cell, i.e., the dominant negative polypeptide is genetically dominant and confers a loss of function.
  • the mechanism by which a dominant negative polypeptide confers such a phenotype can vary but often involves a protein-protein interaction or a protein-DNA interaction.
  • a dominant negative polypeptide can be an enzyme that is truncated relative to a native wild type enzyme, such that the truncated polypeptide retains domains involved in binding a first protein but lacks domains involved in binding a second protein. The truncated polypeptide is thus unable to properly modulate the activity of the second protein. See, e.g., US 2007/0056058.
  • a point mutation that results in a non-conservative amino acid substitution in a catalytic domain can result in a dominant negative polypeptide. See, e.g., US 2005/032221.
  • a dominant negative polypeptide can be a transcription factor that is truncated relative to a native wild type transcription factor, such that the truncated polypeptide retains the DNA binding domain(s) but lacks the activation domain(s).
  • a truncated polypeptide can inhibit the wild type transcription factor from binding DNA, thereby inhibiting transcription activation.
  • Polynucleotides and recombinant constructs described herein can be used to inhibit expression of a biomass-modulating polypeptide in a plant species of interest. See, e.g., Matzke and Birchler, Nature Reviews Genetics 6:24-35 (2005); Akashi et al., Nature Reviews Mol. Cell. Biology 6:413-422 (2005); Mittal, Nature Reviews Genetics 5:355-365 (2004); and Nature Reviews RNA interference collection , October 2005 on the World Wide Web at nature.com/reviews/focus/mai.
  • RNA interference RNA interference
  • TLS transcriptional gene silencing
  • Suitable polynucleotides include full-length nucleic acids encoding biomass-modulating polypeptides or fragments of such full-length nucleic acids. In some embodiments, a complement of the full-length nucleic acid or a fragment thereof can be used.
  • a fragment is at least 10 nucleotides, e.g., at least 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 30, 35, 40, 50, 80, 100, 200, 500 nucleotides or more.
  • higher homology can be used to compensate for the use of a shorter sequence.
  • Antisense technology is one well-known method.
  • a nucleic acid of a gene to be repressed is cloned and operably linked to a regulatory region and a transcription termination sequence so that the antisense strand of RNA is transcribed.
  • the recombinant construct is then transformed into plants, as described herein, and the antisense strand of RNA is produced.
  • the nucleic acid need not be the entire sequence of the gene to be repressed, but typically will be substantially complementary to at least a portion of the sense strand of the gene to be repressed.
  • a nucleic acid in another method, can be transcribed into a ribozyme, or catalytic RNA, that affects expression of an mRNA.
  • Ribozymes can be designed to specifically pair with virtually any target RNA and cleave the phosphodiester backbone at a specific location, thereby functionally inactivating the target RNA.
  • Heterologous nucleic acids can encode ribozymes designed to cleave particular mRNA transcripts, thus preventing expression of a polypeptide.
  • Hammerhead ribozymes are useful for destroying particular mRNAs, although various ribozymes that cleave mRNA at site-specific recognition sequences can be used.
  • Hammerhead ribozymes cleave mRNAs at locations dictated by flanking regions that form complementary base pairs with the target mRNA. The sole requirement is that the target RNA contains a 5′-UG-3′ nucleotide sequence.
  • the construction and production of hammerhead ribozymes is known in the art. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,254,678 and WO 02/46449 and references cited therein.
  • Hammerhead ribozyme sequences can be embedded in a stable RNA such as a transfer RNA (tRNA) to increase cleavage efficiency in vivo.
  • tRNA transfer RNA
  • RNA endoribonucleases which have been described, such as the one that occurs naturally in Tetrahymena thermophile , can be useful. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,987,071 and 6,423,885.
  • RNAi can also be used to inhibit the expression of a gene.
  • a construct can be prepared that includes a sequence that is transcribed into an RNA that can anneal to itself, e.g., a double stranded RNA having a stem-loop structure.
  • one strand of the stem portion of a double stranded RNA comprises a sequence that is similar or identical to the sense coding sequence or a fragment thereof of a biomass-modulating polypeptide, and that is from about 10 nucleotides to about 2,500 nucleotides in length.
  • the length of the sequence that is similar or identical to the sense coding sequence can be from 10 nucleotides to 500 nucleotides, from 15 nucleotides to 300 nucleotides, from 20 nucleotides to 100 nucleotides, or from 25 nucleotides to 100 nucleotides.
  • the other strand of the stem portion of a double stranded RNA comprises a sequence that is similar or identical to the antisense strand or a fragment thereof of the coding sequence of the biomass-modulating polypeptide, and can have a length that is shorter, the same as, or longer than the corresponding length of the sense sequence.
  • one strand of the stem portion of a double stranded RNA comprises a sequence that is similar or identical to the 3′ or 5′ untranslated region, or a fragment thereof, of an mRNA encoding a biomass-modulating polypeptide
  • the other strand of the stem portion of the double stranded RNA comprises a sequence that is similar or identical to the sequence that is complementary to the 3′ or 5′ untranslated region, respectively, or a fragment thereof, of the mRNA encoding the biomass-modulating polypeptide.
  • one strand of the stem portion of a double stranded RNA comprises a sequence that is similar or identical to the sequence of an intron, or a fragment thereof, in the pre-mRNA encoding a biomass-modulating polypeptide
  • the other strand of the stem portion comprises a sequence that is similar or identical to the sequence that is complementary to the sequence of the intron, or a fragment thereof, in the pre-mRNA.
  • the loop portion of a double stranded RNA can be from 3 nucleotides to 5,000 nucleotides, e.g., from 3 nucleotides to 25 nucleotides, from 15 nucleotides to 1,000 nucleotides, from 20 nucleotides to 500 nucleotides, or from 25 nucleotides to 200 nucleotides.
  • the loop portion of the RNA can include an intron or a fragment thereof.
  • a double stranded RNA can have zero, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, or more stem-loop structures.
  • Methods for using RNAi to inhibit the expression of a gene are known to those of skill in the art. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,034,323; 6,326,527; 6,452,067; 6,573,099; 6,753,139; and 6,777,588. See also WO 97/01952; WO 98/53083; WO 99/32619; WO 98/36083; and U.S. Patent Publications 20030175965, 20030175783, 20040214330, and 20030180945.
  • Constructs containing regulatory regions operably linked to nucleic acid molecules in sense orientation can also be used to inhibit the expression of a gene.
  • the transcription product can be similar or identical to the sense coding sequence, or a fragment thereof, of a biomass-modulating polypeptide.
  • the transcription product also can be unpolyadenylated, lack a 5′ cap structure, or contain an unspliceable intron.
  • a construct containing a nucleic acid having at least one strand that is a template for both sense and antisense sequences that are complementary to each other is used to inhibit the expression of a gene.
  • the sense and antisense sequences can be part of a larger nucleic acid molecule or can be part of separate nucleic acid molecules having sequences that are not complementary.
  • the sense or antisense sequence can be a sequence that is identical or complementary to the sequence of an mRNA, the 3′ or 5′ untranslated region of an mRNA, or an intron in a pre-mRNA encoding a biomass-modulating polypeptide, or a fragment of such sequences.
  • the sense or antisense sequence is identical or complementary to a sequence of the regulatory region that drives transcription of the gene encoding a biomass-modulating polypeptide. In each case, the sense sequence is the sequence that is complementary to the antisense sequence.
  • the sense and antisense sequences can be a length greater than about 10 nucleotides (e.g., 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, or more nucleotides).
  • an antisense sequence can be 21 or 22 nucleotides in length.
  • the sense and antisense sequences range in length from about 15 nucleotides to about 30 nucleotides, e.g., from about 18 nucleotides to about 28 nucleotides, or from about 21 nucleotides to about 25 nucleotides.
  • an antisense sequence is a sequence complementary to an mRNA sequence, or a fragment thereof, encoding a biomass-modulating polypeptide described herein.
  • the sense sequence complementary to the antisense sequence can be a sequence present within the mRNA of the biomass-modulating polypeptide.
  • sense and antisense sequences are designed to correspond to a 15-30 nucleotide sequence of a target mRNA such that the level of that target mRNA is reduced.
  • a construct containing a nucleic acid having at least one strand that is a template for more than one sense sequence can be used to inhibit the expression of a gene.
  • a construct containing a nucleic acid having at least one strand that is a template for more than one antisense sequence can be used to inhibit the expression of a gene.
  • a construct can contain a nucleic acid having at least one strand that is a template for two sense sequences and two antisense sequences.
  • the multiple sense sequences can be identical or different, and the multiple antisense sequences can be identical or different.
  • a construct can have a nucleic acid having one strand that is a template for two identical sense sequences and two identical antisense sequences that are complementary to the two identical sense sequences.
  • an isolated nucleic acid can have one strand that is a template for (1) two identical sense sequences 20 nucleotides in length, (2) one antisense sequence that is complementary to the two identical sense sequences 20 nucleotides in length, (3) a sense sequence 30 nucleotides in length, and (4) three identical antisense sequences that are complementary to the sense sequence 30 nucleotides in length.
  • the constructs provided herein can be designed to have a suitable arrangement of sense and antisense sequences. For example, two identical sense sequences can be followed by two identical antisense sequences or can be positioned between two identical antisense sequences.
  • a nucleic acid having at least one strand that is a template for one or more sense and/or antisense sequences can be operably linked to a regulatory region to drive transcription of an RNA molecule containing the sense and/or antisense sequence(s).
  • a nucleic acid can be operably linked to a transcription terminator sequence, such as the terminator of the nopaline synthase (nos) gene.
  • two regulatory regions can direct transcription of two transcripts: one from the top strand, and one from the bottom strand. See, for example, Yan et al., Plant Physiol., 141:1508-1518 (2006). The two regulatory regions can be the same or different.
  • RNA molecules can form double-stranded RNA molecules that induce degradation of the target RNA.
  • a nucleic acid can be positioned within a T-DNA or plant-derived transfer DNA (P-DNA) such that the left and right T-DNA border sequences or the left and right border-like sequences of the P-DNA flank, or are on either side of, the nucleic acid. See, US 2006/0265788.
  • the nucleic acid sequence between the two regulatory regions can be from about 15 to about 300 nucleotides in length.
  • the nucleic acid sequence between the two regulatory regions is from about 15 to about 200 nucleotides in length, from about 15 to about 100 nucleotides in length, from about 15 to about 50 nucleotides in length, from about 18 to about 50 nucleotides in length, from about 18 to about 40 nucleotides in length, from about 18 to about 30 nucleotides in length, or from about 18 to about 25 nucleotides in length.
  • a suitable nucleic acid can be a nucleic acid analog.
  • Nucleic acid analogs can be modified at the base moiety, sugar moiety, or phosphate backbone to improve, for example, stability, hybridization, or solubility of the nucleic acid. Modifications at the base moiety include deoxyuridine for deoxythymidine, and 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytidine and 5-bromo-2′-deoxycytidine for deoxycytidine. Modifications of the sugar moiety include modification of the 2′ hydroxyl of the ribose sugar to form 2′-O-methyl or 2′-O-allyl sugars.
  • the deoxyribose phosphate backbone can be modified to produce morpholino nucleic acids, in which each base moiety is linked to a six-membered morpholino ring, or peptide nucleic acids, in which the deoxyphosphate backbone is replaced by a pseudopeptide backbone and the four bases are retained. See, for example, Summerton and Weller, Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev., 7:187-195 (1997); Hyrup et al., Bioorgan. Med. Chem., 4:5-23 (1996).
  • the deoxyphosphate backbone can be replaced with, for example, a phosphorothioate or phosphorodithioate backbone, a phosphoroamidite, or an alkyl phosphotriester backbone.
  • a recombinant nucleic acid construct can comprise a nucleic acid encoding a biomass-modulating polypeptide as described herein, operably linked to a regulatory region suitable for expressing the biomass-modulating polypeptide in the plant or cell.
  • a nucleic acid can comprise a coding sequence that encodes a biomass-modulating polypeptides as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 24, 25, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 63, 64, 66, 68, 70, 71, 72, 74, 75, 77, 79, 81, 82, 84, 86, 87, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 115, 117, 118, 120, 121, 122, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 132, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 142, 144, 145, 146, 147, 149, 151
  • nucleic acids encoding biomass-modulating polypeptides are set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3, 5, 7, 9, 19, 21, 23, 26, 28, 31, 35, 42, 44, 46, 48, 52, 55, 57, 60, 62, 65, 67, 69, 73, 76, 78, 80, 83, 85, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 116, 119, 124, 126, 128, 130, 134, 136, 138, 140, 143, 148, 150, 157, 159, 161, 165, 167, 170, 172, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 187, 192, 197, 199, 201, 205, 208, 211, 213, 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 225, 227, 229, 231, 233, 235, 237, 240, 252, 254, 256, 25
  • the biomass-modulating polypeptide encoded by a recombinant nucleic acid can be a native biomass-modulating polypeptide, or can be heterologous to the cell.
  • the recombinant construct contains a nucleic acid that inhibits expression of a biomass-modulating polypeptide, operably linked to a regulatory region. Examples of suitable regulatory regions are described in the section entitled “Regulatory Regions.”
  • Vectors containing recombinant nucleic acid constructs such as those described herein also are provided.
  • Suitable vector backbones include, for example, those routinely used in the art such as plasmids, viruses, artificial chromosomes, BACs, YACs, or PACs.
  • Suitable expression vectors include, without limitation, plasmids and viral vectors derived from, for example, bacteriophage, baculoviruses, and retroviruses.
  • the vectors provided herein also can include, for example, origins of replication, scaffold attachment regions (SARs), and/or markers.
  • a marker gene can confer a selectable phenotype on a plant cell.
  • a marker can confer biocide resistance, such as resistance to an antibiotic (e.g., kanamycin, G418, bleomycin, or hygromycin), or an herbicide (e.g., glyphosate, chlorsulfuron or phosphinothricin).
  • an expression vector can include a tag sequence designed to facilitate manipulation or detection (e.g., purification or localization) of the expressed polypeptide.
  • Tag sequences such as luciferase, ⁇ -glucuronidase (GUS), green fluorescent protein (GFP), glutathione S-transferase (GST), polyhistidine, c-myc, hemagglutinin, or FlagTM tag (Kodak, New Haven, Conn.) sequences typically are expressed as a fusion with the encoded polypeptide.
  • GUS green fluorescent protein
  • GST glutathione S-transferase
  • polyhistidine c-myc
  • hemagglutinin hemagglutinin
  • FlagTM tag Kodak, New Haven, Conn.
  • regulatory regions to be included in a recombinant construct depends upon several factors, including, but not limited to, efficiency, selectability, inducibility, desired expression level, and cell- or tissue-preferential expression. It is a routine matter for one of skill in the art to modulate the expression of a coding sequence by appropriately selecting and positioning regulatory regions relative to the coding sequence. Transcription of a nucleic acid can be modulated in a similar manner.
  • Some suitable regulatory regions initiate transcription only, or predominantly, in certain cell types.
  • Methods for identifying and characterizing regulatory regions in plant genomic DNA are known, including, for example, those described in the following references: Jordano et al., Plant Cell, 1:855-866 (1989); Bustos et al., Plant Cell, 1:839-854 (1989); Green et al., EMBO J., 7:4035-4044 (1988); Meier et al., Plant Cell, 3:309-316 (1991); and Zhang et al., Plant Physiology, 110:1069-1079 (1996).
  • a regulatory region may meet criteria for one classification based on its activity in one plant species, and yet meet criteria for a different classification based on its activity in another plant species.
  • a promoter can be said to be “broadly expressing” when it promotes transcription in many, but not necessarily all, plant tissues.
  • a broadly expressing promoter can promote transcription of an operably linked sequence in one or more of the shoot, shoot tip (apex), and leaves, but weakly or not at all in tissues such as roots or stems.
  • a broadly expressing promoter can promote transcription of an operably linked sequence in one or more of the stem, shoot, shoot tip (apex), and leaves, but can promote transcription weakly or not at all in tissues such as reproductive tissues of flowers and developing seeds.
  • Non-limiting examples of broadly expressing promoters that can be included in the nucleic acid constructs provided herein include the p326, YP0144, YP0190, p13879, YP0050, p32449, 21876, YP0158, YP0214, YP0380, PT0848, and PT0633 promoters.
  • CaMV 35S promoter the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter
  • MAS mannopine synthase
  • 1′ or 2′ promoters derived from T-DNA of Agrobacterium tumefaciens the figwort mosaic virus 34S promoter
  • actin promoters such as the rice actin promoter
  • ubiquitin promoters such as the maize ubiquitin-1 promoter.
  • the CaMV 35S promoter is excluded from the category of broadly expressing promoters.
  • Root-active promoters confer transcription in root tissue, e.g., root endodermis, root epidermis, or root vascular tissues.
  • root-active promoters are root-preferential promoters, i.e., confer transcription only or predominantly in root tissue.
  • Root-preferential promoters include the YP0128, YP0275, PT0625, PT0660, PT0683, and PT0758 promoters.
  • Other root-preferential promoters include the PT0613, PT0672, PT0688, and PT0837 promoters, which drive transcription primarily in root tissue and to a lesser extent in ovules and/or seeds.
  • root-preferential promoters include the root-specific subdomains of the CaMV 35S promoter (Lam et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 86:7890-7894 (1989)), root cell specific promoters reported by Conkling et al., Plant Physiol., 93:1203-1211 (1990), and the tobacco RD2 promoter.
  • promoters that drive transcription in maturing endosperm can be useful. Transcription from a maturing endosperm promoter typically begins after fertilization and occurs primarily in endosperm tissue during seed development and is typically highest during the cellularization phase. Most suitable are promoters that are active predominantly in maturing endosperm, although promoters that are also active in other tissues can sometimes be used.
  • Non-limiting examples of maturing endosperm promoters that can be included in the nucleic acid constructs provided herein include the napin promoter, the Arcelin-5 promoter, the phaseolin promoter (Bustos et al., Plant Cell, 1(9):839-853 (1989)), the soybean trypsin inhibitor promoter (Riggs et al., Plant Cell, 1(6):609-621 (1989)), the ACP promoter (Baerson et al., Plant Mol.
  • zein promoters such as the 15 kD zein promoter, the 16 kD zein promoter, 19 kD zein promoter, 22 kD zein promoter and 27 kD zein promoter.
  • Osgt-1 promoter from the rice glutelin-1 gene (Zheng et al., Mol. Cell. Biol., 13:5829-5842 (1993)), the beta-amylase promoter, and the barley hordein promoter.
  • Other maturing endosperm promoters include the YP0092, PT0676, and PT0708 promoters.
  • Promoters that are active in ovary tissues such as the ovule wall and mesocarp can also be useful, e.g., a polygalacturonidase promoter, the banana TRX promoter, the melon actin promoter, YP0396, and PT0623.
  • promoters that are active primarily in ovules include YP0007, YP0111, YP0092, YP0103, YP0028, YP0121, YP0008, YP0039, YP0115, YP0119, YP0120, and YP0374.
  • regulatory regions can be used that are active in polar nuclei and/or the central cell, or in precursors to polar nuclei, but not in egg cells or precursors to egg cells. Most suitable are promoters that drive expression only or predominantly in polar nuclei or precursors thereto and/or the central cell.
  • a pattern of transcription that extends from polar nuclei into early endosperm development can also be found with embryo sac/early endosperm-preferential promoters, although transcription typically decreases significantly in later endosperm development during and after the cellularization phase. Expression in the zygote or developing embryo typically is not present with embryo sac/early endosperm promoters.
  • Promoters that may be suitable include those derived from the following genes: Arabidopsis viviparous-1 (see, GenBank No. U93215); Arabidopsis atmycl (see, Urao, Plant Mol. Biol., 32:571-57 (1996); Conceicao, Plant, 5:493-505 (1994)); Arabidopsis FIE (GenBank No. AF129516); Arabidopsis MEA; Arabidopsis FIS2 (GenBank No. AF096096); and FIE 1.1 (U.S. Pat. No. 6,906,244).
  • Arabidopsis viviparous-1 see, GenBank No. U93215
  • Arabidopsis atmycl see, Urao, Plant Mol. Biol., 32:571-57 (1996); Conceicao, Plant, 5:493-505 (1994)
  • Arabidopsis FIE GeneBank No. AF129516
  • Arabidopsis MEA Arabidopsis
  • promoters that may be suitable include those derived from the following genes: maize MAC1 (see, Sheridan, Genetics, 142:1009-1020 (1996)); maize Cat3 (see, GenBank No. L05934; Abler, Plant Mol. Biol., 22:10131-1038 (1993)).
  • Other promoters include the following Arabidopsis promoters: YP0039, YP0101, YP0102, YP0110, YP0117, YP0119, YP0137, DME, YP0285, and YP0212.
  • Other promoters that may be useful include the following rice promoters: p530c10, pOsFIE2-2, pOsMEA, pOsYp102, and pOsYp285.
  • Embryo-preferential promoters include the barley lipid transfer protein (Ltp1) promoter ( Plant Cell Rep 20:647-654 (2001)), YP0097, YP0107, YP0088, YP0143, YP0156, PT0650, PT0695, PT0723, PT0838, PT0879, and PT0740.
  • Ltp1 barley lipid transfer protein
  • Promoters active in photosynthetic tissue confer transcription in green tissues such as leaves and stems. Most suitable are promoters that drive expression only or predominantly in such tissues. Examples of such promoters include the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RbcS) promoters such as the RbcS promoter from eastern larch ( Larix laricina ), the pine cab6 promoter (Yamamoto et al., Plant Cell Physiol., 35:773-778 (1994)), the Cab-1 promoter from wheat (Fejes et al., Plant Mol.
  • RbcS ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase
  • promoters that have high or preferential activity in vascular bundles include YP0087, YP0093, YP0108, YP0022, and YP0080.
  • Other vascular tissue-preferential promoters include the glycine-rich cell wall protein GRP 1.8 promoter (Keller and Baumgartner, Plant Cell, 3(10):1051-1061 (1991)), the Commelina yellow mottle virus (CoYMV) promoter (Medberry et al., Plant Cell, 4(2):185-192 (1992)), and the rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) promoter (Dai et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 101(2):687-692 (2004)).
  • GRP 1.8 promoter Keller and Baumgartner, Plant Cell, 3(10):1051-1061 (1991)
  • CoYMV Commelina yellow mottle virus
  • RTBV rice tungro bacilliform virus
  • Inducible promoters confer transcription in response to external stimuli such as chemical agents or environmental stimuli.
  • inducible promoters can confer transcription in response to hormones such as giberellic acid or ethylene, or in response to light or drought.
  • drought-inducible promoters include YP0380, PT0848, YP0381, YP0337, PT0633, YP0374, PT0710, YP0356, YP0385, YP0396, YP0388, YP0384, PT0688, YP0286, YP0377, PD1367, and PD0901.
  • nitrogen-inducible promoters examples include PT0863, PT0829, PT0665, and PT0886.
  • shade-inducible promoters examples include PRO924 and PT0678.
  • An example of a promoter induced by salt is rd29A (Kasuga et al. (1999) Nature Biotech 17: 287-291).
  • Basal promoter is the minimal sequence necessary for assembly of a transcription complex required for transcription initiation.
  • Basal promoters frequently include a “TATA box” element that may be located between about 15 and about 35 nucleotides upstream from the site of transcription initiation.
  • Basal promoters also may include a “CCAAT box” element (typically the sequence CCAAT) and/or a GGGCG sequence, which can be located between about 40 and about 200 nucleotides, typically about 60 to about 120 nucleotides, upstream from the transcription start site.
  • a stem promoter may be specific to one or more stem tissues or specific to stem and other plant parts.
  • Stem promoters may have high or preferential activity in, for example, epidermis and cortex, vascular cambium, procambium, or xylem.
  • Examples of stem promoters include YP0018 which is disclosed in US20060015970 and CryIA(b) and CryIA(c) (Braga et al. 2003, Journal of New Seeds 5:209-221).
  • promoters include, but are not limited to, shoot-preferential, callus-preferential, trichome cell-preferential, guard cell-preferential such as PT0678, tuber-preferential, parenchyma cell-preferential, and senescence-preferential promoters.
  • Promoters designated YP0086, YP0188, YP0263, PT0758, PT0743, PT0829, YP0119, and YP0096 may also be useful.
  • a 5′ untranslated region can be included in nucleic acid constructs described herein.
  • a 5′ UTR is transcribed, but is not translated, and lies between the start site of the transcript and the translation initiation codon and may include the +1 nucleotide.
  • a 3′ UTR can be positioned between the translation termination codon and the end of the transcript.
  • UTRs can have particular functions such as increasing mRNA stability or attenuating translation. Examples of 3′ UTRs include, but are not limited to, polyadenylation signals and transcription termination sequences, e.g., a nopaline synthase termination sequence.
  • more than one regulatory region may be present in a recombinant polynucleotide, e.g., introns, enhancers, upstream activation regions, transcription terminators, and inducible elements.
  • more than one regulatory region can be operably linked to the sequence of a polynucleotide encoding a biomass-modulating polypeptide.
  • Regulatory regions such as promoters for endogenous genes, can be obtained by chemical synthesis or by subcloning from a genomic DNA that includes such a regulatory region.
  • a nucleic acid comprising such a regulatory region can also include flanking sequences that contain restriction enzyme sites that facilitate subsequent manipulation.
  • the invention also features transgenic plant cells and plants comprising at least one recombinant nucleic acid construct described herein.
  • a plant or plant cell can be transformed by having a construct integrated into its genome, i.e., can be stably transformed. Stably transformed cells typically retain the introduced nucleic acid with each cell division.
  • a plant or plant cell can also be transiently transformed such that the construct is not integrated into its genome. Transiently transformed cells typically lose all or some portion of the introduced nucleic acid construct with each cell division such that the introduced nucleic acid cannot be detected in daughter cells after a sufficient number of cell divisions. Both transiently transformed and stably transformed transgenic plants and plant cells can be useful in the methods described herein.
  • Transgenic plant cells used in methods described herein can constitute part or all of a whole plant. Such plants can be grown in a manner suitable for the species under consideration, either in a growth chamber, a greenhouse, or in a field. Transgenic plants can be bred as desired for a particular purpose, e.g., to introduce a recombinant nucleic acid into other lines, to transfer a recombinant nucleic acid to other species, or for further selection of other desirable traits. Alternatively, transgenic plants can be propagated vegetatively for those species amenable to such techniques. As used herein, a transgenic plant also refers to progeny of an initial transgenic plant provided the progeny inherits the transgene. Seeds produced by a transgenic plant can be grown and then selfed (or outcrossed and selfed) to obtain seeds homozygous for the nucleic acid construct.
  • Transgenic plants can be grown in suspension culture, or tissue or organ culture.
  • solid and/or liquid tissue culture techniques can be used.
  • transgenic plant cells can be placed directly onto the medium or can be placed onto a filter that is then placed in contact with the medium.
  • transgenic plant cells can be placed onto a flotation device, e.g., a porous membrane that contacts the liquid medium.
  • a solid medium can be, for example, Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing agar and a suitable concentration of an auxin, e.g., 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and a suitable concentration of a cytokinin, e.g., kinetin.
  • a reporter sequence encoding a reporter polypeptide having a reporter activity can be included in the transformation procedure and an assay for reporter activity or expression can be performed at a suitable time after transformation.
  • a suitable time for conducting the assay typically is about 1-21 days after transformation, e.g., about 1-14 days, about 1-7 days, or about 1-3 days.
  • the use of transient assays is particularly convenient for rapid analysis in different species, or to confirm expression of a heterologous biomass-modulating polypeptide whose expression has not previously been confirmed in particular recipient cells.
  • nucleic acids into monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants are known in the art, and include, without limitation, Agrobacterium -mediated transformation, viral vector-mediated transformation, electroporation and particle gun transformation, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,538,880; 5,204,253; 6,329,571 and 6,013,863. If a cell or cultured tissue is used as the recipient tissue for transformation, plants can be regenerated from transformed cultures if desired, by techniques known to those skilled in the art.
  • a population of transgenic plants can be screened and/or selected for those members of the population that have a trait or phenotype conferred by expression of the transgene. For example, a population of progeny of a single transformation event can be screened for those plants having a desired level of expression of a biomass-modulating polypeptide or nucleic acid. Physical and biochemical methods can be used to identify expression levels.
  • RNA transcripts include Southern analysis or PCR amplification for detection of a polynucleotide; Northern blots, 51 RNase protection, primer-extension, or RT-PCR amplification for detecting RNA transcripts; enzymatic assays for detecting enzyme or ribozyme activity of polypeptides and polynucleotides; and protein gel electrophoresis, Western blots, immunoprecipitation, and enzyme-linked immunoassays to detect polypeptides.
  • Other techniques such as in situ hybridization, enzyme staining, and immunostaining also can be used to detect the presence or expression of polypeptides and/or polynucleotides. Methods for performing all of the referenced techniques are known.
  • a population of plants comprising independent transformation events can be screened for those plants having a desired trait, such as a modulated level of biomass. Selection and/or screening can be carried out over one or more generations, and/or in more than one geographic location.
  • transgenic plants can be grown and selected under conditions which induce a desired phenotype or are otherwise necessary to produce a desired phenotype in a transgenic plant.
  • selection and/or screening can be applied during a particular developmental stage in which the phenotype is expected to be exhibited by the plant. Selection and/or screening can be carried out to choose those transgenic plants having a statistically significant difference in a biomass level relative to a control plant that lacks the transgene. Selected or screened transgenic plants have an altered phenotype as compared to a corresponding control plant, as described in the “Transgenic Plant Phenotypes” section herein.
  • the polynucleotides and vectors described herein can be used to transform a number of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants and plant cell systems, including species from one of the following families: Acanthaceae, Alliaceae, Alstroemeriaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Apocynaceae, Arecaceae, Asteraceae, Berberidaceae, Bixaceae, Brassicaceae, Bromeliaceae, Cannabaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Cephalotaxaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Colchicaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Dioscoreaceae, Ephedraceae, Erythroxylaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Linaceae, Lycopodiaceae, Malvaceae, Melanthiaceae, Musaceae, Myrtaceae, Nyssaceae, Papaverace
  • Suitable species may include members of the genus Abelmoschus, Abies, Acer, Agrostis, Allium, Alstroemeria, Ananas, Andrographis, Andropogon, Artemisia, Arundo, Atropa, Berberis, Beta, Bixa, Brassica, Calendula, Camellia, Camptotheca, Cannabis, Capsicum, Carthamus, Catharanthus, Cephalotaxus, Chrysanthemum, Cinchona, Citrullus, Coffea, Colchicum, Coleus, Cucumis, Cucurbita, Cynodon, Datura, Dianthus, Digitalis, Dioscorea, Elaeis, Ephedra, Erianthus, Erythroxylum, Eucalyptus, Festuca, Fragaria, Galanthus, Glycine, Gossypium, Helianthus, Hevea, Hordeum, Hyoscyamus, Jatropha, Lactuca, Linum, Lolium
  • Suitable species include Panicum spp., Sorghum spp., Miscanthus spp., Saccharum spp., Erianthus spp., Populus spp., Andropogon gerardii (big bluestem), Pennisetum purpureum (elephant grass), Phalaris arundinacea (reed canarygrass), Cynodon dactylon (bermudagrass), Festuca arundinacea (tall fescue), Spartina pectinata (prairie cord-grass), Medicago sativa (alfalfa), Arundo donax (giant reed), Secale cereale (rye), Salix spp. (willow), Eucalyptus spp. (eucalyptus), Triticosecale (triticum—wheat X rye) and bamboo.
  • Suitable species also include Helianthus annuus (sunflower), Carthamus tinctorius (safflower), Jatropha curcas (jatropha), Ricinus communis (castor), Elaeis guineensis (palm), Linum usitatissimum (flax), and Brassica juncea.
  • Suitable species also include Beta vulgaris (sugarbeet), and Manihot esculenta (cassaya)
  • Suitable species also include Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato), Lactuca sativa (lettuce), Musa paradisiaca (banana), Solanum tuberosum (potato), Brassica oleracea (broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts), Camellia sinensis (tea), Fragaria ananassa (strawberry), Theobroma cacao (cocoa), Coffea arabica (coffee), Vitis vinifera (grape), Ananas comosus (pineapple), Capsicum annum (hot & sweet pepper), Allium cepa (onion), Cucumis melo (melon), Cucumis sativus (cucumber), Cucurbita maxima (squash), Cucurbita moschata (squash), Spinacea oleracea (spinach), Citrullus lanatus (watermelon), Abelmoschus esculentus (okra), and Solanum melongena
  • Suitable species also include Papaver somniferum (opium poppy), Papaver orientale, Taxus baccata, Taxus brevifolia, Artemisia annua, Cannabis sativa, Camptotheca acuminate, Catharanthus roseus, Vinca rosea, Cinchona officinalis, Colchicum autumnale, Veratrum californica, Digitalis lanata, Digitalis purpurea, Dioscorea spp., Andrographis paniculata, Atropa belladonna, Datura stomonium, Berberis spp., Cephalotaxus spp., Ephedra sinica, Ephedra spp., Erythroxylum coca, Galanthus wornorii, Scopolia spp., Lycopodium serratum ( Huperzia serrata ), Lycopodium spp., Rauwolfia serpentina, Rauwolfia spp., Sanguinaria canadensis, Hyoscy
  • Suitable species also include Parthenium argentatum (guayule), Hevea spp. (rubber), Mentha spicata (mint), Mentha piperita (mint), Bixa orellana , and Alstroemeria spp.
  • Suitable species also include Rosa spp. (rose), Dianthus caryophyllus (carnation), Petunia spp. (petunia) and Poinsettia pulcherrima (poinsettia).
  • Suitable species also include Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco), Lupinus albus (lupin), Uniola paniculata (oats), bentgrass ( Agrostis spp.), Populus tremuloides (aspen), Pinus spp. (pine), Abies spp. (fir), Acer spp. (maple), Hordeum vulgare (barley), Poa pratensis (bluegrass), Lolium spp. (ryegrass) and Phleum pratense (timothy).
  • a suitable species can be a wild, weedy, or cultivated Pennisetum species such as, but not limited to, Pennisetum alopecuroides, Pennisetum arnhemicum, Pennisetum caffrum, Pennisetum clandestinum, Pennisetum divisum, Pennisetum glaucum, Pennisetum latifolium, Pennisetum macrostachyum, Pennisetum macrourum, Pennisetum orientate, Pennisetum pedicellatum, Pennisetum polystachion, Pennisetum polystachion ssp.
  • Pennisetum alopecuroides Pennisetum arnhemicum, Pennisetum caffrum, Pennisetum clandestinum, Pennisetum divisum, Pennisetum glaucum, Pennisetum latifolium, Pennisetum macrostachyum, Pennisetum macrourum, Pennisetum orientate, Pennisetum pedicellatum, Penniset
  • a suitable species can be a wild, weedy, or cultivated Miscanthus species and/or variety such as, but not limited to, Miscanthus ⁇ giganteus, Miscanthus sinensis, Miscanthus ⁇ ogiformis, Miscanthus floridulus, Miscanthus transmorrisonensis, Miscanthus oligostachyus, Miscanthus nepalensis, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Miscanthus ⁇ giganteus ‘Amuri’, Miscanthus ⁇ giganteus ‘Nagara’, Miscanthus ⁇ giganteus ‘Illinois’, Miscanthus sinensis var.
  • Miscanthus transmorrisonensis Miscanthus condensatus, Miscanthus yakushimanum, Miscanthus var. ‘Alexander’, Miscanthus var. ‘Adagio’, Miscanthus var . ‘Autumn Light’, Miscanthus var. ‘Cabaret’, Miscanthus var. ‘Condensatus’, Miscanthus var. ‘Cosmopolitan’, Miscanthus var. ‘Dixieland’, Miscanthus var. ‘Gilded Tower’ (U.S. Pat. No. PP14,743), Miscanthus var. ‘Gold Bar’ (U.S. Pat. No.
  • a suitable species can be a wild, weedy, or cultivated sorghum species and/or variety such as, but not limited to, Sorghum almum, Sorghum amplum, Sorghum angustum, Sorghum arundinaceum, Sorghum bicolor (such as bicolor, guinea, caudatum, kafir, and durra), Sorghum brachypodum, Sorghum bulbosum, Sorghum burmahicum, Sorghum controversum, Sorghum drummondii, Sorghum ecarinatum, Sorghum exstans, Sorghum grande, Sorghum halepense, Sorghum interjectum, Sorghum intrans, Sorghum laxiflorum, Sorghum leiocladum, Sorghum macrospermum, Sorghum matarankense, Sorghum miliaceum, Sorghum nigrum, Sorghum nitidum, Sorghum plumosum, Sorghum prop
  • the methods and compositions can be used over a broad range of plant species, including species from the dicot genera Brassica, Carthamus, Glycine, Gossypium, Helianthus, Jatropha, Parthenium, Populus , and Ricinus ; and the monocot genera Elaeis, Festuca, Hordeum, Lolium, Oryza, Panicum, Pennisetum, Phleum, Poa, Saccharum, Secale, Sorghum, Triticosecale, Triticum , and Zea .
  • a plant is a member of the species Panicum virgatum (switchgrass), Sorghum bicolor (sorghum, sudangrass), Miscanthus giganteus (miscanthus), Saccharum sp. (energycane), Populus balsamifera (poplar), Zea mays (corn), Glycine max (soybean), Brassica napus (canola), Triticum aestivum (wheat), Gossypium hirsutum (cotton), Oryza sativa (rice), Helianthus annuus (sunflower), Medicago sativa (alfalfa), Beta vulgaris (sugarbeet), or Pennisetum glaucum (pearl millet).
  • the polynucleotides and vectors described herein can be used to transform a number of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants and plant cell systems, wherein such plants are hybrids of different species or varieties of a specific species (e.g., Saccharum sp. X Miscanthus sp., Sorghum sp. X Miscanthus sp., e.g., Panicum virgatum ⁇ Panicum amarum, Panicum virgatum ⁇ Panicum amarulum , and Pennisetum purpureum ⁇ Pennisetum typhoidum ).
  • Saccharum sp. X Miscanthus sp. Sorghum sp. X Miscanthus sp.
  • Panicum virgatum ⁇ Panicum amarum Panicum virgatum ⁇ Panicum amarulum
  • Pennisetum purpureum ⁇ Pennisetum typhoidum Penn
  • a plant in which expression of a biomass-modulating polypeptide is modulated can have increased levels of biomass in plants.
  • a biomass-modulating polypeptide described herein can be expressed in a transgenic plant, resulting in increased levels of vegetative tissue.
  • the biomass level can be increased by at least 2 percent, e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, or more than 60 percent, as compared to the biomass level in a corresponding control plant that does not express the transgene.
  • a plant in which expression of a biomass-modulating polypeptide is modulated can have decreased levels of seed production.
  • the level can be decreased by at least 2 percent, e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, or more than 35 percent, as compared to the seed production level in a corresponding control plant that does not express the transgene.
  • Increases in seed production in such plants can provide improved nutritional availability in geographic locales where intake of plant foods is often insufficient, or for biofuel production.
  • decreases in biomass in such plants can be useful in situations where vegetative tissues are not the primary plant part that is harvested for human or animal consumption (i.e., seeds are harvested).
  • a plant in which expression of a biomass-modulating polypeptide is modulated can have increased or decreased levels of biomass in one or more plant tissues, e.g., vegetative tissues, reproductive tissues, or root tissues.
  • the biomass level can be increased by at least 2 percent, e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, or more than 60 percent, as compared to the biomass level in a corresponding control plant that does not express the transgene.
  • a plant in which expression of a biomass-modulating polypeptide is modulated can have decreased levels of biomass in one or more plant tissues.
  • the biomass level can be decreased by at least 2 percent, e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, or more than 35 percent, as compared to the biomass level in a corresponding control plant that does not express the transgene.
  • Increases in biomass in such plants can provide improved food quantity, or improved energy production. Decreases in biomass can provide more efficient partitioning of nutrients to plant part(s) that are harvested for human or animal consumption.
  • a difference in the amount of biomass in a transgenic plant or cell relative to a control plant or cell is considered statistically significant at p ⁇ 0.05 with an appropriate parametric or non-parametric statistic, e.g., Chi-square test, Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney test, or F-test.
  • a difference in the amount of biomass is statistically significant at p ⁇ 0.01, p ⁇ 0.005, or p ⁇ 0.001.
  • a statistically significant difference in, for example, the amount of biomass in a transgenic plant compared to the amount of a control plant indicates that the recombinant nucleic acid present in the transgenic plant results in altered biomass levels.
  • the phenotype of a transgenic plant is evaluated relative to a control plant.
  • a plant is said “not to express” a polypeptide when the plant exhibits less than 10%, e.g., less than 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.1%, 0.01%, or 0.001%, of the amount of polypeptide or mRNA encoding the polypeptide exhibited by the plant of interest.
  • Expression can be evaluated using methods including, for example, RT-PCR, Northern blots, 51 RNase protection, primer extensions, Western blots, protein gel electrophoresis, immunoprecipitation, enzyme-linked immunoassays, chip assays, and mass spectrometry.
  • a polypeptide is expressed under the control of a tissue-preferential or broadly expressing promoter, expression can be evaluated in the entire plant or in a selected tissue. Similarly, if a polypeptide is expressed at a particular time, e.g., at a particular time in development or upon induction, expression can be evaluated selectively at a desired time period.
  • This document also features plant cells and plants in which an endogenous biomass-modulating nucleic acid described herein has been modified (e.g., a regulatory region, intron, or coding region of the biomass-modulating nucleic acid has been modified).
  • the biomass of such plants is altered relative to the corresponding level of a control plant in which the endogenous nucleic acid is not modified.
  • Such plants are referred to herein as modified plants and may be used to produce, for example, increased amounts of biomass.
  • Endogenous nucleic acid can be modified by homologous recombination techniques.
  • sequence specific endonucleases e.g., zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs)
  • ZFNs zinc finger nucleases
  • meganucleases can be used to stimulate homologous recombination at endogenous plant genes. See, e.g., Townsend et al., Nature 459:442-445 (2009); Tovkach et al., Plant J., 57:747-757 (2009); and Lloyd et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 102:2232-2237 (2005).
  • ZFNs engineered to create DNA double strand breaks at specific loci can be used to make targeted sequence changes in endogenous plant genes.
  • an endogenous plant gene can be replaced with a variant containing one or more mutations (e.g., produced using site-directed mutagenesis or directed evolution).
  • endogenous nucleic acids can be modified by methylation or demethylation such that the expression of the modified endogenous nucleic acid is altered.
  • a double stranded RNA can be used to activate gene expression by targeting noncoding regulatory regions in gene promoters. See Shibuya et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 106(5): 1660-1665 (2009); and Li et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 103(46):17337-42 (2006).
  • endogenous nucleic acids can be modified using activation tagging.
  • a vector containing multiple copies of an enhancer element from the constitutively active promoter of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S gene can be used to activate an endogenous gene. See, Weigel et al., Plant Physiology, 122:1003-1013 (2000).
  • endogenous nucleic acids can be modified by introducing an engineered transcription activation/repression factor (e.g., zinc finger protein transcription factor, or ZFP TF.
  • an engineered transcription activation/repression factor e.g., zinc finger protein transcription factor, or ZFP TF. See, for example, the world wide web at sangamo.com/tech/tech_plat_over.html#whatarezfp).
  • An engineered transcription activation/repression factor (such as ZFP TF) can activate, repress, or switch the target endogenous biomass gene expression by binding specifically to the promoter region or coding region of the endogenous gene.
  • endogenous nucleic acids can be modified by mutagenesis.
  • Genetic mutations can be introduced within regenerable plant tissue using one or more mutagenic agents.
  • Suitable mutagenic agents include, for example, ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS), N-nitroso-N-ethylurea (ENU), methyl N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), ethidium bromide, diepoxybutane, ionizing radiation, x-rays, UV rays and other mutagens known in the art.
  • Suitable types of mutations include, for example, insertions or deletions of nucleotides, and transitions or transversions in the endogenous nucleic acid sequence.
  • TILLING (Targeted Induced Local Lesions In Genomes) can be used to produce plants having a modified endogenous nucleic acid.
  • TILLING combines high-density mutagenesis with high-throughput screening methods. See, for example, McCallum et al., Nat Biotechnol 18: 455-457 (2000); reviewed by Stemple, Nat Rev Genet. 5(2):145-50 (2004).
  • an endogenous nucleic acid can be modified via a gene silencing technique. See, for example, the section herein regarding “Inhibition of Expression of a Biomass-Modulating Polypeptide.”
  • a population of plants can be screened and/or selected for those members of the population that have a modified nucleic acid.
  • a population of plants also can be screened and/or selected for those members of the population that have a trait or phenotype conferred by expression of the modified nucleic acid.
  • a population of plants can be screened for those plants having a desired trait, such as a modulated level of biomass.
  • a population of progeny can be screened for those plants having a desired level of expression of a biomass-modulating polypeptide or nucleic acid. Physical and biochemical methods can be used to identify modified nucleic acids and/or expression levels as described with transgenic plants.
  • Selection and/or screening can be carried out over one or more generations, and/or in more than one geographic location.
  • plants can be grown and selected under conditions which induce a desired phenotype or are otherwise necessary to produce a desired phenotype in a modified plant.
  • selection and/or screening can be applied during a particular developmental stage in which the phenotype is expected to be exhibited by the plant.
  • Selection and/or screening can be carried out to choose those modified plants having a statistically significant difference in a biomass level relative to a control plant in which the nucleic acid has not been modified.
  • Selected or screened modified plants have an altered phenotype as compared to a corresponding control plant, as described in the “Transgenic Plant Phenotypes” section herein.
  • a plant or plant cell in which an endogenous biomass-modulating nucleic acid has been modified is not transgenic for that particular nucleic acid, it will be appreciated that such a plant or cell may contain transgenes.
  • a modified plant can contain a transgene for other traits, such as herbicide tolerance or insect resistance.
  • a modified plant can contain one or more transgenes that, in conjuction with modifications of one or more endogenous nucleic acids, exhibits an increase in biomass.
  • modified plant cells can constitute part or all of a whole plant.
  • Such plants can be grown in the same manner as described for transgenic plants and can be bred or propagated in the same manner as described for transgenic plants.
  • SSR polymorphisms that are useful in such methods include simple sequence repeats (SSRs, or microsatellites), rapid amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPDs), single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs).
  • SSR polymorphisms can be identified, for example, by making sequence specific probes and amplifying template DNA from individuals in the population of interest by PCR. For example, PCR techniques can be used to enzymatically amplify a genetic marker associated with a nucleotide sequence conferring a specific trait (e.g., nucleotide sequences described herein).
  • PCR can be used to amplify specific sequences from DNA as well as RNA, including sequences from total genomic DNA or total cellular RNA.
  • reverse transcriptase can be used to synthesize complementary DNA (cDNA) strands.
  • cDNA complementary DNA
  • sequence information from polynucleotides flanking the region of interest or beyond is employed to design oligonucleotide primers that are identical or similar in sequence to opposite strands of the template to be amplified.
  • Primers are typically 14 to 40 nucleotides in length, but can range from 10 nucleotides to hundreds of nucleotides in length.
  • Template and amplified DNA is repeatedly denatured at a high temperature to separate the double strand, then cooled to allow annealing of primers and the extension of nucleotide sequences through the microsatellite, resulting in sufficient DNA for detection of PCR products. If the probes flank an SSR in the population, PCR products of different sizes will be produced. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,766,847.
  • PCR products can be qualitative or quantitatively analyzed using several techniques. For example, PCR products can be stained with a fluorescent molecule (e.g., PicoGreen® or OliGreen®) and detected in solution using spectrophotometry or capillary electrophoresis. In some cases, PCR products can be separated in a gel matrix (e.g., agarose or polyacrylamide) by electrophoresis, and size-fractionated bands comprising PCR products can be visualized using nucleic acid stains. Suitable stains can fluoresce under UV light (e.g., Ethidium bromide, GR Safe, SYBR® Green, or SYBR® Gold).
  • a fluorescent molecule e.g., PicoGreen® or OliGreen®
  • PCR products can be separated in a gel matrix (e.g., agarose or polyacrylamide) by electrophoresis, and size-fractionated bands comprising PCR products can be visualized using nucleic acid stains. Suitable stains can fluoresce under UV
  • the results can be visualized via transillumination or epi-illumination, and an image of the fluorescent pattern can be acquired using a camera or scanner, for example.
  • the image can be processed and analyzed using specialized software (e.g., ImageJ) to measure and compare the intensity of a band of interest against a standard loaded on the same gel.
  • specialized software e.g., ImageJ
  • SSR polymorphisms can be identified by using PCR product(s) as a probe against Southern blots from different individuals in the population. See, U. H. Refseth et al., (1997) Electrophoresis 18: 1519. Briefly, PCR products are separated by length through gel electrophoresis and transferred to a membrane. SSR-specific DNA probes, such as oligonucleotides labeled with radioactive, fluorescent, or chromogenic molecules, are applied to the membrane and hybridize to bound PCR products with a complementary nucleotide sequence. The pattern of hybridization can be visualized by autoradiography or by development of color on the membrane, for example.
  • PCR products can be quantified using a real-time thermocycler detection system.
  • Quantitative real-time PCR can use a fluorescent dye that forms a DNA-dye-complex (e.g., SYBR® Green), or a fluorophore-containing DNA probe, such as single-stranded oligonucleotides covalently bound to a fluorescent reporter or fluorophore (e.g. 6-carboxyfluorescein or tetrachlorofluorescin) and quencher (e.g., tetramethylrhodamine or dihydrocyclopyrroloindole tripeptide minor groove binder).
  • the fluorescent signal allows detection of the amplified product in real time, thereby indicating the presence of a sequence of interest, and allowing quantification of the copy number of a sequence of interest in cellular DNA or expression level of a sequence of interest from cellular mRNA.
  • total DNA can be digested with a methylation-sensitive enzyme (e.g., PstI).
  • PstI methylation-sensitive enzyme
  • the digested DNA can be separated by size on a preparative gel.
  • Polynucleotide fragments 500 to 2000 bp
  • a plasmid vector e.g., pUC18
  • Southern blots of plasmid digests can be probed with total sheared DNA to select clones that hybridize to single- and low-copy sequences. Additional restriction endonucleases can be tested to increase the number of polymorphisms detected.
  • AFLPs The identification of AFLPs is discussed, for example, in EP 0 534 858 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,878,215.
  • total cellular DNA is digested with one or more restriction enzymes.
  • Restriction halfsite-specific adapters are ligated to all restriction fragments and the fragments are selectively amplified with two PCR primers that have corresponding adaptor and restriction site specific sequences.
  • the PCR products can be visualized after size-fractionation, as described above.
  • the methods are directed to breeding a plant line.
  • Such methods use genetic polymorphisms identified as described above in a marker assisted breeding program to facilitate the development of lines that have a desired alteration in the biomass trait.
  • a suitable genetic polymorphism is identified as being associated with variation for the trait, one or more individual plants are identified that possess the polymorphic allele correlated with the desired variation. Those plants are then used in a breeding program to combine the polymorphic allele with a plurality of other alleles at other loci that are correlated with the desired variation.
  • Techniques suitable for use in a plant breeding program are known in the art and include, without limitation, backcrossing, mass selection, pedigree breeding, bulk selection, crossing to another population and recurrent selection.
  • each identified plants is selfed or crossed a different plant to produce seed which is then germinated to form progeny plants.
  • At least one such progeny plant is then selfed or crossed with a different plant to form a subsequent progeny generation.
  • the breeding program can repeat the steps of selfing or outcrossing for an additional 0 to 5 generations as appropriate in order to achieve the desired uniformity and stability in the resulting plant line, which retains the polymorphic allele.
  • analysis for the particular polymorphic allele will be carried out in each generation, although analysis can be carried out in alternate generations if desired.
  • selection for other useful traits is also carried out, e.g., selection for fungal resistance or bacterial resistance. Selection for such other traits can be carried out before, during or after identification of individual plants that possess the desired polymorphic allele.
  • Transgenic plants provided herein have various uses in the agricultural and energy production industries. For example, transgenic plants described herein can be used to make animal feed and food products. Such plants, however, are often particularly useful as a feedstock for energy production.
  • Transgenic plants described herein often produce higher yields of grain and/or biomass per hectare, relative to control plants that lack the exogenous nucleic acid. In some embodiments, such transgenic plants provide equivalent or even increased yields of grain and/or biomass per hectare relative to control plants when grown under conditions of reduced inputs such as fertilizer and/or water. Thus, such transgenic plants can be used to provide yield stability at a lower input cost and/or under environmentally stressful conditions such as drought. In some embodiments, plants described herein have a composition that permits more efficient processing into free sugars, and subsequently ethanol, for energy production.
  • such plants provide higher yields of ethanol, butanol, dimethyl ether, other biofuel molecules, and/or sugar-derived co-products per kilogram of plant material, relative to control plants.
  • processing efficiencies are believed to be derived from the composition of the plant material, including, but not limited to, content of glucan, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.
  • Seeds from transgenic plants described herein can be conditioned and bagged in packaging material by means known in the art to form an article of manufacture.
  • Packaging material such as paper and cloth are well known in the art.
  • a package of seed can have a label, e.g., a tag or label secured to the packaging material, a label printed on the packaging material, or a label inserted within the package, that describes the nature of the seeds therein.
  • T 0 plant regenerated from transformed tissue culture
  • T 1 first generation progeny of self-pollinated T 0 plants
  • T 2 second generation progeny of self-pollinated T 1 plants
  • T 3 third generation progeny of self-pollinated T 2 plants.
  • nucleic acids that were isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana plants: CeresAnnot: 544549 (SEQ ID NO:262), CeresAnnot: 1355066 (SEQ ID NO:116), CeresClone: 1356785 (SEQ ID NO:252), CeresClone: 26006 (SEQ ID NO:594), CeresClone: 4831 (SEQ ID NO:76), CeresAnnot: 847799 (SEQ ID NO:208), and CeresAnnot: 878355 (SEQ ID NO:425).
  • the following nucleic acids were isolated from Zea mays plants: CeresClone: 1384304 (SEQ ID NO:553).
  • the following nucleic acids were isolated from Oryza sativa plants: antisense sequence (SEQ ID NO:678). CeresClone: 638126 (SEQ ID NO:322) was isolated from Glycine max plants.
  • Each isolated nucleic acid described above was cloned into a Ti plasmid vector containing a phosphinothricin acetyltransferase gene which confers FinaleTM resistance to transformed plants.
  • Constructs were made using the above mentioned nucleic acids that contained each operably linked to a 326 promoter construct was introduced into callus cells of the rice cultivar Kitaake by an Agrobacterium -mediated transformation protocol.
  • Approximately 20-30 independent T 0 transgenic plants were generated from each transformation, as well as for the control plasmid (empty vector).
  • Preliminary phenotypic analysis indicated that T 0 transformants did not show any significant phenotypic anomalies in vegetative organs, with a few exceptions where some plants appeared small with reduced fertility, most likely due to tissue culture effects.
  • T 0 plants were grown in a greenhouse, allowed to self-pollinate, and T 1 seeds collected.
  • T 1 and T 2 plants were grown in a field. The presence of each construct was confirmed by PCR.
  • Rice seeds were soaked for 3-4 days before spring germination and transplanted to the field about one month later in Langfang, China. The distance between rows was 25 cm and the distance between plants was 15 cm.
  • the combined fertilizer (16N-16P-16K) was applied at 25 kg/mu (666.7 m 2 ) just before transplanting. 12.5 kg/mu of urea was applied at two times during the growing season prior to panicle development.
  • Biomass (Dry weight) measurements for CW00733, CW00710, CW00628, CW00604, CW00564, CW00469, and CW00536 were collected from T 1 plants that were grown.
  • the stems with leaves and leaf sheaths but without panicles were dried in a greenhouse for at least a month, and then weighed for each plant (all tillers weighed together for each plant).
  • Measurements for CW00191, CW00297, and CW00319 were collected from T 2 plants that were grown.
  • the stems with leaves and leaf sheaths but with panicles separated were dried in a room for at least a month, and then weighed for each plant (all tillers weighed together for each plant). Tiller number was counted after 4 months of growth.
  • T 1 seed from one event of CW00733 containing CeresClone:1384304 was analyzed as described in Example 1.
  • the plant height, biomass, and panicle weight of transgenic T 1 plants in comparison to plants not containing the transgene grown at the same location is shown in Table 1.
  • Each table data row corresponds to a field row.
  • the data points represent an average of 10 transgenic plants (1 row of same event) and an average of 40 control plants (4 rows).
  • An increase in biomass, height and panicle weight was shown in comparison to plants not containing the transgene.
  • the plant height (cm), yield (measured as g/per panicles of 16 plants), and biomass (measured as g of stem only (no inflorescence or root)) of transgenic T 2 CW00733 plants in comparison to plants not containing the transgene grown (WT) at the same location are shown in Table 2.
  • Results from CW00604 events (Example 7) also are shown in Table 2. An increase in height and biomass was observed.
  • Biomass from plants grown from T 2 and T 3 seed from one event of CW00319 containing Ceres Annot: 544549 was analyzed as described in Example 1.
  • the average biomass of transgenic T 2 and T 3 plants in comparison to plants not containing the transgene grown at the same location is shown in Table 3.
  • the low nitrogen plots and control plots were each replicated 3 times in randomized block design, having transgenic plants representing multiple events and controls. Each plot contained 40 plants.
  • Each of the biomass values presented in Table 3 represents an average of 30 plants measured. The results show a measured increase in biomass for transgenic plants under low nitrogen conditions in comparison to plants not containing the transgene.
  • T 1 seed from one event of CW00710 containing Ceres Annot: 1355066 was analyzed as described in Example 1.
  • the plant height, biomass, and panicle weight of transgenic T 1 plants in comparison to plants not containing the transgene grown at the same location is shown in Table 4.
  • the table data row corresponds to a field row.
  • the data points represent an average of 10 transgenic plants (1 row of same event) and an average of 40 control plants (4 rows). An increase in biomass and height was shown in comparison to plants not containing the transgene.
  • T 1 seed from one event of CW00628 containing SEQ ID NO: 678 RNAi construct was analyzed as described in Example 1.
  • the plant height, biomass, and panicle weight of transgenic T 1 plants in comparison to plants not containing the transgene grown at the same location is shown in Table 5.
  • the table data row corresponds to a field row.
  • the data points represent an average of 10 transgenic plants (1 row of same event) and an average of 40 control plants (4 rows). An increase in biomass and height was shown in comparison to plants not containing the transgene.
  • Biomass from plants grown from T 2 and T 3 seed from one event of CW00297 containing Ceres Clone: 625057 was analyzed as described in Example 1.
  • the average biomass of transgenic T 2 and T 3 plants in comparison to plants not containing the transgene grown at the same location is shown in Table 6.
  • the low nitrogen plots and control plots were each replicated 3 times in randomized block design, having transgenic plants representing multiple events and controls. Each plot contained 40 plants.
  • Each of the biomass values presented in Table 6 represents an average of 30 plants measured. The results show a measured increase in biomass for transgenic plants under normal and low nitrogen conditions in comparison to plants not containing the transgene.
  • T 1 seed from one event of CW00604 containing Ceres Clone: 1356785 was analyzed as described in Example 1.
  • the plant height, biomass, and panicle weight of transgenic T 1 plants in comparison to plants not containing the transgene grown at the same location is shown in Table 7.
  • Each table data row corresponds to a field row.
  • the data points represent an average of 10 transgenic plants (1 row of same event) and an average of 40 control plants (4 rows).
  • An increase in biomass, height and panicle weight was shown in comparison to plants not containing the transgene.
  • An increase in height and biomass also was observed for T 2 plants. See Table 2.
  • T 1 seed from one event of CW00564 containing Ceres Clone: 638126 was analyzed as described in Example 1.
  • the plant height, biomass, and panicle weight of transgenic T 1 plants in comparison to plants not containing the transgene grown at the same location is shown in Table 8.
  • the table data row corresponds to a field row.
  • the data points represent an average of 10 transgenic plants (1 row of same event) and an average of 40 control plants (4 rows).
  • An increase in biomass, height, and panicle weight was shown in comparison to plants not containing the transgene.
  • the plant height (cm), yield (measured as g/per panicles of 16 plants), and biomass (measured as g of stem only (no inflorescence or root)) of transgenic T 2 CW00564 plants in comparison to plants not containing the transgene grown (WT) at the same location are shown in Table 9.
  • Results from CW00469 events (Example 10) also are shown in Table 9. An increase in height, yield, and biomass was observed.
  • T 1 seed from three events of CW00010 containing Ceres Clone: 26006 was analyzed as described in Example 1.
  • the plant height, biomass, tiller number, flowering time, and panicle weight of transgenic T 1 plants in comparison to plants not containing the transgene grown at the same location is shown in Tables 10, 11, and 12.
  • the data points represent an average of 10 transgenic plants (1 row of same event) and an average of 40 control plants (4 rows).
  • An increase in biomass, height, tiller number, and panicle weight was shown in comparison to plants not containing the transgene.
  • T 1 seed from one event of CW00469 containing Ceres Clone: 4831 was analyzed as described in Example 1.
  • the plant height, biomass, and panicle weight of transgenic T 1 plants in comparison to plants not containing the transgene grown at the same location is shown in Table 13.
  • the table data row corresponds to a field row.
  • the data points represent an average of 10 transgenic plants (1 row of same event) and an average of 40 control plants (4 rows).
  • An increase in biomass, height, and panicle weight was shown in comparison to plants not containing the transgene.
  • An increase in height, yield, and biomass was shown in T 2 plants (see Table 9).
  • T 1 seed from 16 events of CW00536 containing Ceres Annot: 847799 was analyzed as described in Example 1.
  • the plant height and panicle weight of transgenic T 1 plants in comparison to plants not containing the transgene grown at the same location is shown in Tables 14 and 15.
  • the data points represent an average of 16 events with 15 transgenic plants per event and an average of several hundred control plants. An increase in height and panicle weight was shown in comparison to plants not containing the transgene.
  • Biomass from plants grown from T 2 and T 3 seed from one event of CW00191 containing CeresAnnot:878355 was analyzed as described in Example 1.
  • the average biomass of transgenic T 2 and T 3 plants in comparison to plants not containing the transgene grown at the same location is shown in Table 16.
  • the low nitrogen plots and control plots were each replicated 3 times in randomized block design, having transgenic plants representing multiple events and controls. Each plot contained 40 plants.
  • Each of the biomass values presented in Table 16 represents an average of 30 plants measured. The results show a measured increase in biomass for transgenic plants under normal and low nitrogen conditions in comparison to plants not containing the transgene.
  • a candidate sequence was considered a functional homolog of a reference sequence if the candidate and reference sequences encoded proteins having a similar function and/or activity.
  • a process known as Reciprocal BLAST (Rivera et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95:6239-6244 (1998)) was used to identify potential functional homolog sequences from databases consisting of all available public and proprietary peptide sequences, including NR from NCBI and peptide translations from Ceres clones.
  • a specific reference polypeptide was searched against all peptides from its source species using BLAST in order to identify polypeptides having BLAST sequence identity of 80% or greater to the reference polypeptide and an alignment length of 85% or greater along the shorter sequence in the alignment.
  • the reference polypeptide and any of the aforementioned identified polypeptides were designated as a cluster.
  • the BLASTP version 2.0 program from Washington University at Saint Louis, Mo., USA was used to determine BLAST sequence identity and E-value.
  • the BLASTP version 2.0 program includes the following parameters: 1) an E-value cutoff of 1.0e-5; 2) a word size of 5; and 3) the -postsw option.
  • the BLAST sequence identity was calculated based on the alignment of the first BLAST HSP (High-scoring Segment Pairs) of the identified potential functional homolog sequence with a specific reference polypeptide. The number of identically matched residues in the BLAST HSP alignment was divided by the HSP length, and then multiplied by 100 to get the BLAST sequence identity.
  • the HSP length typically included gaps in the alignment, but in some cases gaps were excluded.
  • the main Reciprocal BLAST process consists of two rounds of BLAST searches; forward search and reverse search.
  • a reference polypeptide sequence “polypeptide A,” from source species SA was BLASTed against all protein sequences from a species of interest.
  • Top hits were determined using an E-value cutoff of 10 ⁇ 5 and a sequence identity cutoff of 35%. Among the top hits, the sequence having the lowest E-value was designated as the best hit, and considered a potential functional homolog or ortholog. Any other top hit that had a sequence identity of 80% or greater to the best hit or to the original reference polypeptide was considered a potential functional homolog or ortholog as well. This process was repeated for all species of interest.
  • top hits identified in the forward search from all species were BLASTed against all protein sequences from the source species SA.
  • a top hit from the forward search that returned a polypeptide from the aforementioned cluster as its best hit was also considered as a potential functional homolog.
  • Functional homologs were identified by manual inspection of potential functional homolog sequences. Representative functional homologs for SEQ ID NO: 554, 263, 117, 1, 645, 253, 323, 595, 77, 209, and 426 are shown in FIGS. 1-11 , respectively. Additional exemplary homologs are correlated to certain Figures in the Sequence Listing.
  • HMMs Hidden Markov Models

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