US20120216516A1

US20120216516A1 - Exhaust purification system of internal combustion engine

Info

Publication number: US20120216516A1
Application number: US13/497,424
Authority: US
Inventors: Hiromasa Nishioka; Yoshihisa Tsukamoto; Kazuhiro Umemoto; Junichi Matsuo; Takamitsu Asanuma
Original assignee: Toyota Motor Corp
Current assignee: Toyota Motor Corp
Priority date: 2009-10-06
Filing date: 2009-10-06
Publication date: 2012-08-30
Also published as: CN102548645A; WO2011042993A1; EP2486972A1; CN102548645B; JPWO2011042993A1; JP5582146B2; EP2486972A4; EP2486972B1

Abstract

An internal combustion engine in which an SOx trap catalyst for trapping SOx contained in the exhaust gas is comprised of an upstream side catalyst and a downstream side catalyst into which the exhaust gas flowing out from the upstream side catalyst flows. The SOx storing material of the upstream side catalyst is mainly comprised of an alkali earth metal, while the SOx storing material of the downstream side catalyst is mainly comprised of an alkali metal.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to an exhaust purification system of an internal combustion engine.

BACKGROUND ART

In the past, as a catalyst able to remove NO_xunder a lean air-fuel ratio, an NO_xstorage catalyst which stores the NO_xwhich is contained in exhaust gas when the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas is lean and which releases the stored NO_xwhen the air-fuel ratio of the inflowing exhaust gas becomes rich has been known. As the exhaust purification system which uses this NO_xstorage catalyst, an exhaust purification system which comprises a low temperature type NO_xstorage catalyst which has a high NO_xstorage efficiency at a low temperature from 250° C. to 400° C. and a high temperature type NO_xstorage catalyst which has a high NO_xstorage efficiency at a high temperature of 400° C. to 600° C. arranged in series inside the engine exhaust passage is known (see Patent Literature 1). In this exhaust purification system, the NO_xstoring material of the high temperature type NO_xstorage catalyst is comprised of an alkali metal, while the NO_xstoring material of the low temperature type NO_xstorage catalyst is comprised of an alkali earth metal.
On the other hand, the fuel and lubrication oil which are used in internal combustion engines contain sulfur. Therefore, the exhaust gas contains SO_x. However, this SO_xacts to greatly lower the performance and durability of the aftertreatment device such as the NO_xstorage catalyst etc, which is arranged inside the engine exhaust passage. Therefore, the SO_xin the exhaust gas is preferably removed.
Therefore, an internal combustion engine which arranges an SO_xtrap catalyst which can trap the SO_xwhich is contained in the exhaust gas inside the engine exhaust passage upstream of a post treatment device is known (see Patent Literature 2). Inside this SO_xtrap catalyst, an alkali metal is mainly carried dispersed. When the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas which flows into the SO_xtrap catalyst is lean, the SO_xwhich is contained in the exhaust gas reacts with nitrates which are present at the surface part of the SO_xtrap catalyst and is trapped in the form of sulfates. On the other hand, in this internal combustion engine, when the sulfates of the surface part of the SOx trap catalyst increase and the SO_xtrap rate starts to fall, the SO_xtrap temperature of the catalyst is held at the melting point of the nitrates of the alkali metal or more, whereby the nitrates inside the SO_xtrap catalyst move to the surface of the SO_xtrap catalyst and are collected there. If nitrates are collected at the surface of the SO_xtrap catalyst, the SO₂in the exhaust gas reacts with the collected nitrates and is trapped well in the form of sulfates, whereby the NO_xtrap rate is restored.

CITATIONS LIST

Patent Literature

Patent Literature 1: Japanese Patent Publication (A) No. 2000-167356
Patent Literature 2: WO2008/004493A1

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

Technical Problem

However, with this SO_xtrap catalyst, the surface part of the catalyst is covered by sulfates of the alkali metal, so blocked by the sulfates, the SO₂in the exhaust gas can no longer diffuse inside the SO_xtrap catalyst. As a result, despite the SO_xtrap catalyst still having a sufficient trapping capacity, there is the problem that SO₂can no longer be trapped and therefore the trapping capacity of the SO_xtrap catalyst cannot be sufficiently utilized.
Note that, as described in Patent Literature 1, if the NO_xstoring material of the NO_xstorage catalyst is comprised of an alkali metal, when the temperature becomes high, the NO_xstorage efficiency becomes higher. As opposed to this, with an SO_xtrap catalyst which carries an alkali metal, when the temperature becomes high, the SO_xstorage efficiency falls. That is, between an NO_xstorage catalyst and an SO_xtrap catalyst, the storage efficiency with respect to temperature is completely opposite.

Solution to Problem

An object of the present invention is to provide an exhaust purification system of an internal combustion engine which can make sufficient use of the trapping capacity of an SO_xtrap catalyst.
According to the present invention, there is provided an exhaust purification system of an internal combustion engine in which an SO_xtrap catalyst having an SO_xstoring material is arranged in an engine exhaust passage and SO_xcontained in an exhaust gas is stored in the SO_xstoring material, wherein the SO_xtrap catalyst is comprised of an upstream side catalyst and a downstream side catalyst into which the exhaust gas flowing out from the upstream side catalyst flows, the SO_xstoring material of the upstream side catalyst is mainly comprised of an alkali earth metal, and the SO_xstoring material of the downstream side catalyst is mainly comprised of an alkali metal.

Advantageous Effects of Invention

The downstream side catalyst is lower in temperature than the upstream side catalyst. Therefore, at the downstream side catalyst, the nitrates of the alkali metal of the SO_xstoring material are kept from becoming a molten state. As a result, the trapping capacity of the downstream side catalyst can be sufficiently utilized for trapping SO_x. On the other hand, at the upstream side catalyst, the melting point of the nitrates of the alkali earth metal of the SO_xstoring material is high, so the nitrates of the alkali earth metal will usually not become a molten state. Therefore, storage of SO_xis not obstructed, so the trapping capacity of the upstream side catalyst can be sufficiently utilized for trapping SO_x. That is, it is possible to make sufficient use of the trapping capacity of the SO_xtrap catalyst to trap SO_x.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an overall view of a compression ignition type internal combustion engine.

FIG. 2 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of an upstream side catalyst and a downstream side catalyst.

FIG. 3 is a view for explaining an SO_xstorage action.

FIG. 4 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a part A of FIG. 2.

FIG. 5 is a view which shows an SO_xtrapped amount.

FIG. 6 is a view which shows an injection timing of fuel.

FIG. 7 is a view which shows temperature elevation control.

FIG. 8 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of another embodiment which shows a part A of FIG. 2.

FIG. 9 is a view for explaining an adsorption action of SO₂.

FIG. 10 is a view for explaining an adsorption action of SO₂.

FIG. 11 is a view which shows an SO₂movement rate.

FIG. 12 is a time chart for explaining temperature elevation control of an SO_xtrap catalyst.

FIG. 13 is a view which shows a map of an amount SOXA of SO_xexhausted per unit time.

FIG. 14 is a flow chart for SO_xtrapping control.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 1 is an overall view of a compression ignition type internal combustion engine.
Referring to FIG. 1, 1 indicates an engine body, 2 a combustion chamber of each cylinder, 3 an electronically controlled fuel injector for injecting fuel into each combustion chamber 2, 4 an intake manifold, and 5 an exhaust manifold. The intake manifold 4 is connected through an intake duct 6 to an outlet of a compressor 7 a of an exhaust turbocharger 7, while the inlet of the compressor 7 a is connected through an intake air amount detector 8 to an air cleaner 9. Inside the intake duct 6, a throttle valve 10 which is driven by a step motor is arranged. Furthermore, around the intake duct 6, a cooling device 11 is arranged for cooling the intake air which flows through the inside of the intake duct 6. In the embodiment which is shown in FIG. 1, the engine cooling water is guided to the inside of the cooling device 11 and the engine cooling water is used to cool the intake air.
On the other hand, the exhaust manifold 5 is connected to an inlet of an exhaust turbine 7 b of the exhaust turbocharger 7, while the outlet of the exhaust turbine 7 b is connected to an inlet of an oxidation catalyst 12. An outlet of the oxidation catalyst 12 is connected to an inlet of the SO_xtrap catalyst 13, while an outlet of the SO_xtrap catalyst 13 is connected to an inlet of an NO_xstorage catalyst 14. An outlet of the NO_xstorage catalyst 14 is connected to a particulate filter 15.
As shown in FIG. 1, the SO_xtrap catalyst 13 is comprised of an upstream side catalyst 13 a and a downstream side catalyst 13 b into which the exhaust gas which flows out from the upstream side catalyst 13 a flows. In the example which is shown in FIG. 1, the upstream side catalyst 13 a and the downstream side catalyst 13 b are comprised of a pair of catalysts which are arranged at a distance from each other, but the upstream side catalyst 13 a and the downstream side catalyst 13 b may also be formed from a single monolithic catalyst which is integrally formed.
On the other hand, the exhaust manifold 5 and the intake manifold 4 are connected to each other through an exhaust gas recirculation (hereinafter referred to as “EGR”) passage 16. Inside the EGR passage 16, an electronically controlled EGR control valve 17 is arranged. Further, around the EGR passage 16, a cooling device 18 is arranged for cooling the EGR gas which flows through the inside of the EGR passage 16. In the embodiment which is shown in FIG. 1, the engine cooling water is guided to the inside of the cooling device 18 where the engine cooling water is used to cool the EGR gas. On the other hand, each fuel injector 3 is connected through a fuel feed line 19 to a common rail 20. This common rail 20 is fed with fuel from an electronic control type of variable discharge fuel pump 21. The fuel which is fed into the common rail 20 is fed through the fuel feed lines 19 to the fuel injectors 3.
The electronic control unit 30 is comprised of a digital computer which is provided with a ROM (read only memory) 32, RAM (random access memory) 33, CPU (microprocessor) 34, input port 35, and output port 36, which are connected with each other by a bidirectional bus 31. The SO_xtrap catalyst 13 has a temperature sensor 22 attached to it for detecting the temperature of the downstream side catalyst 13 b. The output signals of the temperature sensor 22 and the intake air amount detector 8 are input through corresponding AD converters 37 to the input port 35.
An accelerator pedal 40 has a load sensor 41 connected to it which generates an output voltage proportional to the amount of depression L of the accelerator pedal 40. The output voltage of the load sensor 41 is input through a corresponding AD converter 37 to the input port 35. Furthermore, the input port 35 has a crank angle sensor 42 connected to it for generating an output pulse every time a crankshaft rotates by for example 15°. On the other hand, the output port 36 is connected through the corresponding drive circuits 38 to the fuel injectors 3, step motor for driving the throttle valve 10, EGR control valve 16, and fuel pump 20.
Now then, in the compression ignition type internal combustion engine, the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas which is exhausted from the engine is normally lean. At this time, the NO_xwhich is contained in the exhaust gas is stored in the NO_xstorage catalyst 14. On the other hand, if the NO_xstorage amount of the NO_xstorage catalyst 14 approaches saturation, the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas which is exhausted from the engine is temporarily made rich whereby the NO_xwhich was stored in the NO_xstorage catalyst 14 is released and reduced.
In this case, if the exhaust gas which flows into the NO_xstorage catalyst 14 contains SO_x, this SO_xis stored in the NO_xstorage catalyst 14 and, as a result, the amount of NO_xwhich the NO_xstorage catalyst 14 can store gradually is reduced. Finally, the NO_xends up no longer being able to be stored. That is, the NO_xstorage catalyst 14 is poisoned by the SO_x. Therefore, in the embodiment which is shown in FIG. 1, to prevent the NO_xstorage catalyst 14 from being poisoned by SO_xin this way, the SO_xtrap catalyst 13 is arranged upstream of the NO_xstorage catalyst 14.
The upstream side catalyst 13 a and the downstream side catalyst 13 b of the SO_xtrap catalyst 13 have the same cross-sectional shapes. FIG. 2 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the upstream side catalyst 13 a and the downstream side catalyst 13 b at the cross-section vertical to the direction of flow of the exhaust gas. In FIG. 2, 50 shows the base member of the honeycomb structure which is formed from for example cordierite. Due to this base member 50, a large number of exhaust gas channels 51 are formed extending straight in the direction of flow of the exhaust gas. At the inner circumference of the base member 50 which defines the exhaust gas channels 51, a coating layer 52 comprised of aggregates of fine powder is formed.
FIG. 3 schematically shows enlarged a cross-section of the surface part of the fine powder. In FIG. 3, 53 shows a catalyst carrier which is comprised of for example alumina. On this catalyst carrier 53, a precious metal catalyst 54 and an SO_xstoring material 55 are carried. In the example which is shown in FIG. 3, this precious metal catalyst 54 is comprised of platinum Pt.
On the other hand, the stronger the SO_xstoring material 55 in basicity, the higher the SO_xstorage ability. Therefore, as the SO_xstoring material 55, it can be said that a strongly basic alkali metal is preferably used. However, if using an alkali metal as the SO_xstoring material 55, when the temperature of the SO_xstoring material 55 becomes higher, the problem arises that the SO_xtrapping ability of the SO_xtrap catalyst 13 ends up falling. Next, this will be explained with reference to the example of the case of use of potassium, which is one type of alkali meal, as the SO_xstoring material 55.
FIGS. 4(A) and (B) are enlarged cross-sectional views of the coating layer 52 of the part which is shown by the arrow A in FIG. 2. Inside this coating layer 52, platinum Pt and potassium K are contained dispersed. In FIGS. 4(A) and (B), the black dots schematically show the dispersed state of the potassium K.
Now then, FIG. 4(A) shows when the SO_xtrap catalyst 13 is new. At this time, inside the coating layer 52, potassium K is uniformly dispersed. Further, at this time, the potassium K inside of the coating layer 52 bonds with the CO₂in the atmosphere to form carbonates K₂CO₃. If the engine is operated, the NO which is contained in a large amount in the exhaust gas is oxidized on the platinum Pt. Next, it is taken into the coating layer 52 and dispersed inside the coating layer 52 in the form of nitric acid ions NO₃ ⁻. The nitric acid ions NO₃ ⁻ are stronger in acidity than the carbonic acid ions CO₃ ⁻, therefore the carbonic acid ions CO₃ ⁻ which are bonded with the potassium K are replaced with nitric acid ions NO₃ ⁻, so nitrates KNO₃are produced in the coating layer 52.
On the other hand, if the engine is operated, the SO_xcontained in the exhaust gas, that is, the SO₂, is oxidized on the platinum Pt. Next, it is taken into the coating layer 52 in the form of sulfuric acid ions SO₄ ²⁻. In this regard, the concentration of SO_xwhich is contained in the exhaust gas is considerably lower than the concentration of NO_x, therefore around when the SO_xis taken into the coating layer 52 in the form of sulfuric acid ions SO₄ ²⁻, most of the potassium K inside the coating layer 52 has become nitrates KNO₃. Therefore, the SO₂is taken into the coating layer 52 at which the nitrates KNO₃are produced in the form of sulfuric acid ions SO₄ ²⁻.
In this case, sulfuric acid ions SO₄ ²⁻ are stronger in acidity than nitric acid ions NO₃ ⁻. Therefore, at this time, the nitric acid ions NO₃ ⁻ which are bonded with the potassium K are replaced with sulfuric acid ions SO₄ ²⁻, so sulfates K₂SO₄are formed inside the coating layer 52. In this way, SO_xis trapped inside the SO_xtrap catalyst 13. In this case, the sulfates K₂SO₄are, first, formed at the surface part of the coating layer 52.
On the other hand, the nitrates KNO₃inside the coating layer 52 become a molten state when the temperature of the coating layer 52 becomes the melting point of the nitrates KNO₃or more. At this time, if sulfates K₂SO₄are produced at the surface part of the coating layer 52, the surface part of the coating layer 52 becomes strongly acidic. As a result, the nitrates KNO₃move through the inside of the coating layer 52 toward the surface of the coating layer 52 and, as shown in FIG. 4(B), the potassium K is collected in the form of nitrates KNO₃at the surface part of the coating layer 52.
These nitrates KNO₃react with the sulfuric acid ions SO₄ ²⁻ which are derived from the SO₂in the exhaust gas and become sulfates K₂SO₄. As a result, a layer of sulfates K₂SO₄is formed at the surface part of the coating layer 52. However, if, in this way, a layer of sulfates K₂SO₄is formed at the surface part of the coating layer 52, the SO₂in the exhaust gas is obstructed by the layer of the sulfates K₂SO₄and can no longer disperse through the inside of the coating layer 52. Therefore, the SO_xstoring material 55 inside the coating layer 52 can no longer be actively utilized for storing SO_x. Therefore, when using an alkali metal as the SO_xstoring material 55, it is necessary to prevent the temperature of the coating layer 52 from exceeding the melting point of the nitrates of the alkali metal.
In the present invention, as the alkali metal for the SO_xstoring material 55, at least one metal which is selected from lithium Li, sodium Na, and potassium K is used. The melting points of the carbonates, nitrates, and sulfates of these alkali metals are shown in the following table:


	Melting		Melting		Melting
Carbonate	point	Nitrate	point	Sulfate	point

Li₂CO₃	618° C.	LiNO₃	261° C.	Li₂SO₄	860° C.
Na₂CO₃	851° C.	NaNO₃	308° C.	Na₂SO₄	884° C.
K₂CO₃	891° C.	KNO₃	333° C.	K₂SO₄	1069° C.

From the above table, it is learned that the melting point of the alkali metal nitrates is from about 260° C. to 340° C. and is considerably lower than the melting point of the carbonates and sulfates.
On the other hand, it is also possible to use an alkali earth metal such as barium Ba or calcium Ca as the SO_xstoring material 55. The melting points of the carbonates, nitrates, and sulfates of alkali earth metal are shown in the following table.


	Melting		Melting		Melting
Carbonate	point	Nitrate	point	Sulfate	point

BaCO₃	811° C.	Ba(NO₃)₂	592° C.	BaSO₄	1580° C.
CaCO₃	825° C.	Ca(NO₃)₂	561° C.	CaSO₄	1460° C.

From the above table, it is learned that the melting point of the nitrates of an alkali earth metal is from about 560° C. to 600° C. and is lower than the melting point of the carbonates and sulfates and that the melting point of the nitrates of an alkali earth metal is considerably higher than the melting point of the nitrates of an alkali metal.
Now then, the SO_xtrap catalyst 13 is for example prepared by dipping the base member 50 of the SO_xtrap catalyst 13 in acetic acid or another solvent in which an alkali metal is dissolved so as to coat the base member 50 with the alkali metal. The curves K, Batk, and Ba in FIG. 5 show the relationships between the SO_xtrapped amount of the SO_xtrap catalyst 13 and the catalyst temperature TC of the SO_xtrap catalyst 13 in the case of dissolving potassium K, barium Ba and potassium K, and barium Ba in the solvent in exactly the dissolvable amounts. That is, FIG. 5 shows the relationships between the SO_xtrapped amount and the catalyst temperature TC in the case of making the SO_xtrap catalyst 13 carry potassium K, barium Ba and potassium K, and barium Ba as much as possible. Note that, in FIG. 5, Tm shows the melting point of potassium nitrate KNO₃.
Now then, the higher the catalyst temperature TC, the easier it is for the SO_xcontained in the exhaust gas to disperse into the coating layer 52. Therefore, basically, the higher the catalyst temperature TC, the more the SO_xtrapped amount increases. However, as explained above, when the SO_xstoring material 55 includes an alkali metal, if the nitrates of the alkali metal become molten in state, the nitrates will collect at the surface part of the SO_xtrap catalyst 13 and a layer of alkali metal sulfates which obstructs the storage of SO_xwill be formed at the surface part of the SO_xtrap catalyst 13. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 5 by the broken line, when using potassium K as the SO_xstoring material 55, if the catalyst temperature TC exceeds the melting point Tm of the nitrates of potassium K, the SO_xtrapped amount starts to fall due to formation of a layer of potassium sulfate K₂SO₄.
In this case, the amount of potassium sulfate K₂SO₄which is produced at the surface part of the coating layer 52 increases the higher the catalyst temperature TC, therefore, as shown in FIG. 5, the higher the catalyst temperature TC, the more the SO_xtrapped amount is reduced. On the other hand, even when using both an alkali metal and an alkali earth metal as the SO_xstoring material 55, so long as an alkali metal is contained, a layer of sulfates of the alkali metal which obstructs the storage of SO_xis formed at the surface part of the coating layer 52. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 5 by the dot and dash line, even when using both barium Ba and potassium K as the SO_xstoring material 55, if catalyst temperature TC exceeds the melting point Tm of nitrates of potassium K, the higher the catalyst temperature TC, the less the SO_xtrapped amount.
On the other hand, as explained earlier, the melting point of nitrates of an alkali earth metal is considerably higher than the melting point of nitrates of an alkali metal. Therefore, when using an alkali earth metal as the SO_xstoring material 55, usually a layer of sulfates of an alkali earth metal which obstructs the storage of SO_xis not formed at the surface part of the coating layer 52. Therefore, as shown by the solid line in FIG. 5, when using barium Ba as the SO_xstoring material 55, the SO_xtrapped amount increases as the catalyst temperature TC increases.
Now, as will be understood from FIG. 5, when the catalyst temperature TC is lower than the melting point Tm of the nitrates of potassium K, a larger SO_xtrapped amount is obtained when using potassium K as the SO_xstoring material 55 compared with when using barium Ba as the SO_xstoring material 55. Further, compared with barium
Ba, potassium K is stronger in strength in holding the stored SO_x. Therefore, when the catalyst temperature TC is lower than the melting point Tm of nitrates of potassium K, it can be said to be preferable to use potassium K, that is, an alkali metal, as the SO_xstoring material 55.
As opposed to this, if the catalyst temperature TC becomes higher than the melting point Tm of nitrates of potassium K, as will be understood from FIG. 5, the SO_xtrapped amount becomes higher when using barium Ba as the SO_xstoring material 55 compared with when using potassium K as the SO_xstoring material 55. Therefore, when the catalyst temperature TC is higher than the melting point of nitrates of potassium K, it is preferable to use barium Ba, that is, an alkali earth metal, as the SO_xstoring material 55.
Now then, if comparing the upstream side catalyst 13 a and the downstream side catalyst 13 b of the SO_xtrap catalyst 13, the catalyst temperature TC of the upstream side catalyst 13 a becomes higher than the catalyst temperature TC of the downstream side catalyst 13 b. Therefore, from FIG. 5, it is learned that as the SO_xstoring material 55 of the upstream side catalyst 13 a, an alkali earth metal such as barium Ba is preferably used, while as the SO_xstoring material 55 of the downstream side catalyst 13 b, an alkali metal such as potassium K is preferably used. Therefore, in the present invention, the SO_xstoring material 55 of the upstream side catalyst 13 a is mainly comprised of an alkali earth metal, while the SO_xstoring material 55 of the downstream side catalyst 13 b is mainly comprised of an alkali metal.
Note that, as will be understood from FIG. 5, when the catalyst temperature TC is lower than the melting point Tm of the nitrates of potassium K, the SO_xtrapped amount becomes highest when configuring the SO_xstoring material 55 from both barium Ba and potassium K, that is, from both an alkali earth metal and alkali metal. Therefore, the SO_xstoring material 55 of the downstream side catalyst 13 b is preferably comprised of an alkali metal and an alkali earth metal.
On the other hand, as explained earlier, when NO_xshould be released from the NO_xstorage catalyst 14, the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas which is exhausted from the engine is temporarily made rich. In this case, in the embodiment according to the present invention, as shown in FIG. 6, the combustion chambers 2 are injected from the fuel injectors 3 with additional fuel W in addition to the combustion-use fuel M so that the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas which is exhausted from the engine is made rich. Note that, in FIG. 6, the abscissa indicates the crank angle. This additional fuel W is injected at the timing when it burns, but does not appear as engine output, that is, slightly before ATDC 90° after compression top dead center. If the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas is made rich by making the additional fuel W burn in this way, SO_xis prevented from being released from the SO_xtrap catalyst 13.
Further, in the embodiment according to the present invention, when the particulate filter 15 should be regenerated, a temperature elevation action of the particulate filter 15 is performed. This temperature elevation action is for example performed by retarding the timing of fuel injection from the fuel injectors 3 so as to make the exhaust gas temperature rise. Note that, when performing such a temperature elevation action, the catalyst temperature TC of the downstream side catalyst 13 b has to be prevented from exceeding the melting point of the nitrates of potassium K. Therefore, in the embodiment according to the present invention, as shown in FIG. 7, even if such temperature elevation control is performed, the catalyst temperature TC of the downstream side catalyst 13 b is maintained at less than the melting point Tm of the nitrates of the alkali metal which are contained in the SO_xstoring material of the downstream side catalyst 13 b.
Next, referring to FIG. 8 to FIG. 14, another embodiment will be explained. Note that, in this embodiment as well, the SO_xtrap catalyst 13 is comprised of an upstream side catalyst 13 a and a downstream side catalyst 13 b into which exhaust gas which flows out from the upstream side catalyst 13 a flows, and the SO_xstoring material of the upstream side catalyst 13 a is mainly comprised of an alkali earth metal, while the SO_xstoring material of the downstream side catalyst 13 b is mainly comprised of an alkali metal.
First, referring to FIG. 8, this FIG. 8 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the coating layer 52 of the part shown by the arrow A in FIG. 2. As shown in FIG. 8, in this embodiment, the coating layer 52 is formed by a catalyst carrier 60 which has countless pores 61. In this embodiment, this catalyst carrier 60 is comprised over 90 percent by ceria CeO₂. Further, at the surfaces of the pores 61, as shown by the black dots, countless particles of the SO_xstoring material 62 are carried dispersed. Note that, in this embodiment, as the SO_xstoring material 62 of the upstream side catalyst 13 a, barium Ba is used, while as the SO_xstoring material 62 of the downstream side catalyst 13 b, barium Ba and potassium K are used.
FIGS. 9(A) and (B) schematically show the surface part of a pore 61 of the upstream side catalyst 13 a, that is, the surface part of the catalyst carrier 60, while FIG. 10 schematically shows the surface part of a pore 61 of the downstream side catalyst 13 b, that is, the surface part of the catalyst carrier 60. If the catalyst carrier 60 of the upstream side catalyst 13 a carries barium Ba, this barium Ba bonds with the CO₂in the atmosphere to form carbonates BaCO₃. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 9(A), the SO_xstoring material 62 which is carried on the catalyst carrier 60 takes the form of carbonates BaCO₃. Similarly, if the catalyst carrier 60 of the downstream side catalyst 13 b carries barium Ba and potassium K, the barium Ba and potassium K bond with the CO₂in the atmosphere to become the carbonates BaCO₃and K₂CO₃. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 10, the SO_xstoring material 62 which is carried on the catalyst carrier 60 takes the form of carbonates BaCO₃and K₂CO₃.
At the upstream side catalyst 13 a and the downstream side catalyst 13 b, SO_xis trapped by similar mechanisms. Therefore, referring to FIGS. 9(A) and (B) and FIG. 10, the SO_xtrapping mechanism of the upstream side catalyst 13 a and the SO_xtrapping mechanism of the downstream side catalyst 13 b will be simultaneously explained.
The majority of the SO_xwhich is contained in exhaust gas is SO₂. This SO₂is oxidized when contacting platinum or another precious metal catalyst and becomes SO₃. The SO₂does not react with the carbonates BaCO₃or K₂CO₃as SO₂as is. When the SO₂is oxidized and becomes SO₃, this SO₃reacts with the carbonates and becomes sulfates. That is, if the SO₂is oxidized, it is stored in the SO_xstoring material 60 in the form of sulfates.
However, in this embodiment, the catalyst carrier 60 does not carry a precious metal catalyst like platinum which can oxidize SO₂. Therefore, the SO₂which is contained in exhaust gas enters the pores 61 without being oxidized. On the other hand, exhaust gas is in a state of oxygen excess. Therefore, the cerium Ce which forms the catalyst carrier 60 takes the form of ceria CeO₂as shown in FIG. 9(A) and FIG. 10.
SO₂and ceria CeO₂easily electrically bond. Therefore, if the SO₂which enters the pores 61 encounters the ceria CeO₂, the SO₂is chemically adsorbed at the ceria CeO₂such as shown in FIG. 9(A) and FIG. 10. That is, the SO₂which enters the pores 61 is chemically adsorbed on the catalyst carrier 60 inside the pores 61. In this case, it is believed that the SO₂is successively chemically adsorbed on the catalyst carrier 60 from the inlet parts of the pores 61 toward the insides. Therefore, finally, the SO₂is chemically adsorbed on the catalyst carrier 60 up to the deepest parts of the pores 61. It is experimentally confirmed that the SO₂is adsorbed on the catalyst carrier comprised of ceria CeO₂in this way.
On the other hand, it is experimentally confirmed that if making the temperature of the SO_xtrap catalyst 13 rise to about 200° C. or more in the state with the SO₂chemically adsorbed on the catalyst carrier 60 in this way, the SO₂disappears and sulfates BaSO₄or K₂SO₄are produced. In this case, the process by which the SO₂which chemically bonds with the ceria CeO₂becomes sulfates BaSO₄or K₂SO₄is not clear, but probably the following reaction occurs.
That is, if making the temperature of the SO_xtrap catalyst 13 rise to about 200° C. or more, the SO₂which was chemically adsorbed on the ceria CeO₂robs oxygen from the ceria CeO₂, passes through SO₃, and becomes SO₄. The cerium Ce which robs the oxygen is reduced in valence from tetravalent to trivalent and becomes ceria Ce₂O₃. On the other hand, the acidic SO₄which is produced immediately moves to the nearby basic SO_xstoring material 62 or moves on the ceria, then reaches the SO_xstoring material 62. Sulfuric acid SO₄is stronger in acidity than carbonic acid CO₃therefore at this time, at the upstream side catalyst 13 a, as shown in FIG. 9(B), if SO₄reaches the carbonates BaCO₃, the carbonic acid CO₃which bonds with the barium Ba is replaced with sulfuric acid SO₄, so sulfates BaSO₄are produced in the coating layer 52.
On the other hand, at this time, at the downstream side catalyst 13 b, when the produced SO₄reaches the carbonates BaCO₃or K₂CO₃, the carbonic acid CO₃which bonds with the barium Ba or the potassium K is replaced with sulfuric acid SO₄, so the sulfates BaSO₄and K₂SO₄are produced in the coating layer 52.
Sulfates BaSO₄or K₂SO₄are stable and hard to break down, therefore once sulfates are formed, the sulfates are held inside the coating layer 52 as sulfates. That is, SO₂is trapped in the form of sulfates inside the SO_xtrap catalyst 13. In this embodiment, the SO₂which enters the pores 61 diffuses in a broad range inside the pores 61 and is chemically adsorbed on the catalyst carrier 60, so the SO_xstoring material 62 as a whole which diffuses inside the pores 61 is used to store the SO₂, therefore it is possible to actually utilize the trapping capacity of the SO_xtrap catalyst 13.
As explained above, it is believed that if the temperature of the SO_xtrap catalyst 13 exceeds about 200° C., the chemically adsorbed SO₂starts to move toward the SO_xstoring material 62. FIG. 11 shows the relationship between the rate of movement of SO₂which is derived from experiments and the temperature TC of the SO_xtrap catalyst 13. From FIG. 11, it will be understood that when the temperature TC of the SO_xtrap catalyst 13 is about 200° C. or less, there is almost no movement of SO₂toward the SO_xstoring material 62 and that when the temperature TC of the SO_xtrap catalyst 13 exceeds about 200° C., substantially all of the adsorbed SO₂moves toward the SO_xstoring material 62.
The temperature TC of the SO_xtrap catalyst 13 when the adsorbed SO₂starts to move toward the SO_xstoring material 62 is called the “adsorbed SO₂movement start temperature” in the present Description. This adsorbed SO₂movement start temperature is the temperature which is determined from the chemical adsorption energy of SO₂. In the embodiment according to the present invention, this adsorbed SO₂movement start temperature is about 200° C. as will be understood from FIG. 11.
Now, to make the SO₂which is contained in the exhaust gas be suitably chemically adsorbed, it is preferable to form the catalyst carrier 60 from an oxygen absorbing and releasing material such as ceria which changes in oxidation state in exhaust gas. As the metal which forms the oxygen absorbing and releasing material, it is possible to use iron Fe in addition to cerium Ce. This iron Fe also becomes the two oxidized states with different valences, that is, FeO and Fe₂O₃, in the exhaust gas.
Further, instead of a metal oxide such as ceria or iron oxide, it is also possible to use palladium Pd which becomes the two oxidized states with different valences, that is, Pd and PdO, in exhaust gas. Further, while not changing in valence in exhaust gas, it is also possible to use alumina Al₂O₃with the SO₂adsorption action.
That is, if expressed including all of these, in this embodiment, SO₂adsorption-use oxides which are able to adsorb SO₂are used for adsorbing the SO₂. In this embodiment, the SO₂adsorption-use oxides are comprised of metal oxides. As explained earlier, the metal oxides are preferably comprised of an oxygen absorbing and releasing material which changes in oxidation state in exhaust gas.
As the SO₂adsorption-use oxides, ceria is used. When this ceria accounts for over 90 percent of the catalyst carrier 60, as explained above, the adsorbed SO₂movement start temperature becomes about 200° C. However, this adsorbed SO₂movement start temperature changes depending on the SO₂adsorption-use oxides used and amount of use. Further, depending on the SO₂adsorption-use oxides and amounts used, sometimes the amount of SO₂movement will not rapidly rise with respect to the rise in temperature TC of the SO_xtrap catalyst 13 as shown in FIG. 11, but will slowly rise. In this case, the catalyst temperature TC when the amount of SO₂movement is constant rises to, for example, 50 percent is made the adsorbed SO₂movement start temperature. That is, the adsorbed SO₂movement start temperature is the temperature which is preset as the most suitable as the temperature which represents the movement start temperature of SO₂. This adsorbed SO₂movement start temperature changes in various ways in accordance with the adsorption-use oxides used and the amount used.
On the other hand, as explained earlier, in the embodiment according to the present invention, the catalyst carrier 60 does not carry a precious metal catalyst like platinum which can oxidize SO₂. However, when the trapping capacity of the SO_xtrap catalyst 13 can be sufficiently utilized even if a small amount of SO₂is oxidized, it is possible to make the catalyst carrier 60 carry a small amount of a precious metal catalyst such as platinum.
Now then, when the temperature of the SO_xtrap catalyst 13 is lower than the adsorbed SO₂movement start temperature, the SO₂continues to be adsorbed on the SO₂adsorption-use oxides, that is, the catalyst carrier 60. As opposed to this, when the temperature of the SO_xtrap catalyst 13 rises to the adsorbed SO₂movement start temperature or more, the adsorbed SO₂is converted to sulfates.
If the adsorbed SO₂is converted to sulfates, the SO₂adsorption amount becomes zero and the ceria gradually changes from Ce₂O₃to CeO₂. When the temperature of the SO_xtrap catalyst 13 is higher than the adsorbed SO₂movement start temperature, it is believed that SO₂starts to move and becomes sulfates just when being adsorbed on the catalyst carrier 60. When the temperature of the SO_xtrap catalyst 13 exceeds the adsorbed SO₂movement start temperature, then again becomes less than the adsorbed SO₂movement start temperature, the adsorption action of the SO₂on the catalyst carrier 60 is again started.
In this way, the SO₂which is adsorbed at the catalyst carrier 60 when the temperature of the SO_xtrap catalyst 13 is lower than the adsorbed SO₂movement start temperature, is converted to sulfates when the temperature of the SO_xtrap catalyst 13 becomes the adsorbed SO₂movement start temperature or more, the action of conversion of this adsorbed SO₂to sulfates is repeated, and the SO₂in the exhaust gas is trapped at the SO_xtrap catalyst 13 in the form of sulfates. In this way, the action of converting the adsorbed SO₂to sulfates is repeated so that the SO₂in the exhaust gas continues to be adsorbed at the SO_xtrap catalyst 13. This is one feature of this embodiment.
That is, in this embodiment, the upstream side catalyst 13 a and the downstream side catalyst 13 b include SO₂adsorption-use oxides 60 which can adsorb the SO₂contained in exhaust gas and an SO_xstoring material 62 which can store SO_xin the form of sulfates. In the upstream side catalyst 13 a and the downstream side catalyst 13 b, the SO₂contained in the exhaust gas is adsorbed at the SO₂adsorption-use oxides 60 without being oxidized, and when the temperature of the catalyst becomes higher than the adsorbed SO₂movement start temperature where the SO₂adsorbed at the SO₂adsorption-use oxides 60 starts to move toward the corresponding SO_xstoring material 62, the SO₂adsorbed at the SO₂adsorption-use oxides 60 are oxidized and stored in the form of sulfates in the corresponding SO_xstoring material 62. During engine operation, the temperatures of the upstream side catalyst 13 a and the downstream side catalyst 13 b are repeatedly made to change from the adsorbed SO₂movement start temperature or less to the adsorbed SO₂movement start temperature or more.
Note that, in this embodiment as well, to prevent a layer of alkali metal sulfates which obstructs storage of SO_xfrom being formed at the surface layer part of the coating layer 52 of the downstream side catalyst 13 b, the catalyst temperature TC of the downstream side catalyst 13 b is maintained at the melting point of the alkali metal nitrates or less.
FIG. 12 to FIG. 14 show an example of SO_xtrapping control. First, referring to FIG. 12, FIG. 12 shows the change in the temperature TC of the downstream side catalyst 13 b, the change in the adsorbed amount ΣSO_xof SO₂which is adsorbed on the catalyst carrier 60 of the downstream side catalyst 13 b, and the timing of temperature elevation control for raising the temperatures of the upstream side catalyst 13 a and the downstream side catalyst 13 b. Note that, in FIG. 12, TX shows the adsorbed SO₂movement start temperature, while SW shows the allowable limit of the amount of SO₂adsorption.
The amount SOXA of SO₂adsorption is calculated from the amount SOXA of SO_xwhich is exhausted from the engine per unit time. This amount SOXA of SO_xis for example stored as a function of the engine load L and the engine speed N in the form of the map such as shown in FIG. 13 in advance in the ROM 32. Further, the temperature elevation control is performed by for example making the exhaust temperature rise by injecting additional fuel into the combustion chambers 2 in addition to the main fuel or retarding the injection timing of the main fuel.
When the SO_xadsorption amount ΣSO_xis at the allowable limit value SW or less like at the time t₁of FIG. 12, if the temperature TC of the downstream side catalyst 13 b exceeds the adsorbed SO₂movement start temperature TX, the SO₂adsorption amount ΣSO_xis made zero, then the SO₂adsorption amount ΣSO_xis maintained at zero while the catalyst temperature TC is the adsorbed SO₂movement start temperature TX or more. At this time, the SO₂adsorption amount of the upstream side catalyst 13 a also becomes zero. On the other hand, when the catalyst temperature TC is the adsorbed SO₂movement start temperature TX or less like at the time t₂of FIG. 12, if the SO₂adsorption amount ΣSO_xexceeds the allowable limit value SW, the SO₂adsorption amount approaches saturation, so it is necessary to convert the adsorbed SO₂to sulfates. Therefore, at this time, temperature elevation control of the upstream side catalyst 13 a and the downstream side catalyst 13 b is performed until the catalyst temperature TC exceeds the adsorbed SO₂movement start temperature TX.
In this SO_xtrapping control, when the temperature TC of the downstream side catalyst 13 b does not exceed the adsorbed SO₂movement start temperature TX for a predetermined period, temperature elevation control of the upstream side catalyst 13 a and the downstream side catalyst 13 b is performed so that the temperatures of the upstream side catalyst 13 a and the downstream side catalyst 13 b exceed the adsorbed SO₂movement start temperature TX. However, in this case, when the temperature of the upstream side catalyst 13 a or both the temperature of the upstream side catalyst 13 a and the temperature of the downstream side catalyst 13 b do not exceed the adsorbed SO₂movement start temperature for a predetermined period, temperature elevation control of the upstream side catalyst 13 a and the downstream side catalyst 13 b may be performed so that the temperatures of the upstream side catalyst 13 a and the downstream side catalyst 13 b exceed the adsorbed SO₂movement start temperature TX.
Note that, in the example which is shown in FIG. 12, the above-mentioned predetermined period is made the period from when the SO₂adsorption amount ΣSO_xstarts to rise to when the allowable limit value SW is reached. That is, in the example which is shown in FIG. 12, a calculating means is provided for calculating the SO₂adsorption amount ΣSO_xand when the calculated SO₂adsorption amount ΣSO_xexceeds the predetermined allowable limit value SW, temperature elevation control of the upstream side catalyst 13 a and the downstream side catalyst 13 b is performed.
FIG. 14 shows the SO_xtrapping control routine. Note that, this routine is executed by interruption every predetermined time period.
Referring to FIG. 14, first, at step 70, the amount SOXA of SO_xwhich is exhausted per unit time is calculated from the map which is shown in FIG. 13. Next, at step 71, the value of the exhausted SO_xamount SOXA multiplied with the ratio K of adsorption (<1.0) at the downstream side catalyst 13 b, that is, SOXA·K, is added to the SO₂adsorption amount ΣSO_x. Next, at step 72, it is judged if the temperature elevation flag which is set when the SO_xtrap catalyst 13 should be elevated in temperature has been set. When the temperature elevation flag is not set, the routine proceeds to step 73 where it is judged if the temperature TC of the downstream side catalyst 13 b is higher than the adsorbed SO₂movement start temperature TX. When TC>TX, the routine proceeds to step 74 where ΣSO_xis cleared.
As opposed to this, when it is judged at step 73 that TC≦TX, the routine proceeds to step 75 where it is judged if the SO₂adsorption amount ΣSO_xexceeds the allowable limit value SW. When ΣSO_x>SW, the routine proceeds to step 76 where the temperature elevation flag is set. When the temperature elevation flag is set, at the next processing cycle, the routine proceeds to step 72 to step 77 where temperature elevation control of the SO_xtrap catalyst 13 is performed. Next, at step 78, it is judged if the temperature TC of the downstream side catalyst 13 b becomes higher than the adsorbed SO₂movement start temperature TX. When TC>TX, the routine proceeds to step 79 where ΣSO_xis cleared, then at step 80, the temperature elevation flag is reset.

REFERENCE SIGNS LIST

4 . . . intake manifold
5 . . . exhaust manifold
12 . . . oxidation catalyst
13 . . . SO_xtrap catalyst
13 a . . . upstream side catalyst
13 b . . . downstream side catalyst
14 . . . NO_xstorage catalyst
50 . . . base member
51 . . . exhaust gas channel
52 . . . coating layer
53, 60 . . . catalyst carrier
54 . . . precious metal catalyst
55, 62 . . . SO_xstoring material

Claims

1. An exhaust purification system of an internal combustion engine in which an SO_xtrap catalyst having an SO_xstoring material is arranged in an engine exhaust passage and SO_xcontained in an exhaust gas is stored in the SO_xstoring material, wherein the SO_xtrap catalyst is comprised of an upstream side catalyst and a downstream side catalyst into which the exhaust gas flowing out from the upstream side catalyst flows, the SO_xstoring material of the upstream side catalyst is mainly comprised of an alkali earth metal, and the SO_xstoring material of the downstream side catalyst is mainly comprised of an alkali metal.

2. An exhaust purification system of an internal combustion engine as claimed in claim 1, wherein, in the SO_xtrap catalyst, in the case where the SO_xstoring material contains an alkali metal, when nitrates of the alkali metal become a molten state, the nitrates collect at a surface part of the SO_xtrap catalyst and form a layer of sulfates of the alkali metal, which obstructs the storage of SO_x, at the surface part of the SO_xtrap catalyst.

3. An exhaust purification system of an internal combustion engine as claimed in claim 1, wherein the SO_xstorage material of the downstream side catalyst is comprised of an alkali metal and an alkali earth metal.

4. An exhaust purification system of an internal combustion engine as claimed in claim 1, wherein the upstream side catalyst and the downstream side catalyst are comprised of a single monolithic catalyst which is integrally formed or is comprised of a pair of catalysts which are arranged at a distance from each other.

5. An exhaust purification system of an internal combustion engine as claimed in claim 1, wherein a temperature of the downstream side catalyst is maintained at less than a melting point of nitrates of the alkali metal which is contained in the SO_xstoring material of the downstream side catalyst.

6. An exhaust purification system of an internal combustion engine as claimed in claim 1, wherein a precious metal catalyst is carried out the upstream side catalyst and the downstream side catalyst.

7. An exhaust purification system of an internal combustion engine as claimed in claim 1, wherein the upstream side catalyst and the downstream side catalyst contain SO₂adsorption-use oxides which can adsorb SO₂contained in exhaust gas, and wherein at the upstream side catalyst and the downstream side catalyst, the SO₂contained in the exhaust gas is adsorbed at the SO₂adsorption-use oxides without being oxidized, and when a temperature of the catalyst becomes higher than an adsorbed SO₂movement start temperature where the SO₂adsorbed at the SO₂adsorption-use oxides starts to move toward the corresponding SO_xstoring material, the SO₂adsorbed at the SO₂adsorption-use oxides is oxidized and stored in the corresponding SO_xstoring material in the form of sulfates, the temperatures of the upstream side catalyst and the downstream side catalyst being made to repeatedly change from the adsorbed SO₂movement start temperature or less to the adsorbed SO₂movement start temperature or more during engine operation.

8. An exhaust purification system of an internal combustion engine as claimed in claim 7, wherein said SO₂adsorption-use oxides are comprised of metal oxides, and the metal oxides are comprised of an oxygen absorbing and releasing material which changes in state of oxidation in the exhaust gas.

9. An exhaust purification system of an internal combustion engine as claimed in claim 8, wherein a metal which forms the oxygen absorbing and releasing material is comprised of cerium Ce or iron Fe.

10. An exhaust purification system of an internal combustion engine as claimed in claim 7, wherein when one or both of the temperature of the upstream side catalyst and the temperature of the downstream side catalyst do not exceed the adsorbed SO₂movement start temperature for a predetermined period, a temperature elevation action of the upstream side catalyst and the downstream side catalyst is performed so that the temperatures of the upstream side catalyst and the downstream side catalyst exceed the adsorbed SO₂movement start temperature.

11. An exhaust purification system of an internal combustion engine as claimed in claim 10, wherein calculating means for calculating an adsorption amount of SO₂adsorbed at the SO₂adsorption-use oxides, and the temperature elevation action of the upstream side catalyst and the downstream side catalyst is performed when the calculated SO₂adsorption amount exceeds a predetermined allowable limit value.