US20120174750A1 - Armor materials, body armor articles and methods of manufacture - Google Patents
Armor materials, body armor articles and methods of manufacture Download PDFInfo
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- US20120174750A1 US20120174750A1 US11/923,316 US92331607A US2012174750A1 US 20120174750 A1 US20120174750 A1 US 20120174750A1 US 92331607 A US92331607 A US 92331607A US 2012174750 A1 US2012174750 A1 US 2012174750A1
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- Prior art keywords
- cells
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F41—WEAPONS
- F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
- F41H5/00—Armour; Armour plates
- F41H5/02—Plate construction
- F41H5/04—Plate construction composed of more than one layer
- F41H5/0442—Layered armour containing metal
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F41—WEAPONS
- F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
- F41H5/00—Armour; Armour plates
- F41H5/02—Plate construction
- F41H5/04—Plate construction composed of more than one layer
- F41H5/0414—Layered armour containing ceramic material
- F41H5/0421—Ceramic layers in combination with metal layers
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F41—WEAPONS
- F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
- F41H5/00—Armour; Armour plates
- F41H5/02—Plate construction
- F41H5/04—Plate construction composed of more than one layer
- F41H5/0492—Layered armour containing hard elements, e.g. plates, spheres, rods, separated from each other, the elements being connected to a further flexible layer or being embedded in a plastics or an elastomer matrix
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
- Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)
Abstract
An armor material, body armor articles, and methods of manufacturing the armor material are provided. In an embodiment, by way of example only, the armor material includes a first plate, a second plate, and a powder material. The first plate includes a layer comprising a metallic material. The second plate is spaced apart from the first plate and includes a layer comprising a ceramic material. The powder material is disposed between the first and the second plates, and comprises loose powder including at least one of a plurality of ceramic particles and a plurality of metallic particles.
Description
- The inventive subject matter generally relates to armor material, and more particularly relates to projectile-resistant armor material.
- Protective armor is used for protecting a person, vehicle or device from penetrating threats that may originate from devices used for explosive or ballistic events. Conventionally, the protective armor may be made of sheets of ceramic, metal, or a combination of these materials. Although these materials generally provide excellent protection, they may be improved. Specifically, it is desirable to provide a protective armor that may be more lightweight than conventional protective armor. Additionally, it is desirable to have a protective armor that may protect against various forms of projectile threats, such as solid particles and liquid molten metals. Moreover, it is desirable to have a protective armor made from material that is relatively inexpensive and simple to manufacture. Furthermore, other desirable features and characteristics of the inventive subject matter will become apparent from the subsequent detailed description of the inventive subject matter and the appended claims, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and this background of the inventive subject matter.
- An armor material, a body armor article, and methods of manufacturing the armor material are provided.
- In an embodiment, by way of example only, the armor material includes a first plate, a second plate, and a powder material. The first plate includes a layer comprising a metallic material. The second plate is spaced apart from the first plate and may include a layer comprising a ceramic material. The powder material is disposed between the first and the second plates, and comprises loose powder including at least one of a plurality of ceramic particles and a plurality of metallic particles.
- In another embodiment, by way of example only, the body armor article includes a panel. The panel includes an armor material that has a first plate, a second plate, and a powder material. The first plate includes a layer comprising a metallic material. The second plate is spaced apart from the first plate and includes a layer comprising a ceramic material. The powder material is disposed between the first and the second plates, and comprises loose powder including at least one of a plurality of ceramic particles and a plurality of metallic particles.
- In still another embodiment, by way of example only, the method includes placing and compacting loose powder material in selected cells of a plurality of cells between a first and a second plate.
- The inventive subject matter will hereinafter be described in conjunction with the following drawing figures, wherein like numerals denote like elements, and
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FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of an armor material, according to an embodiment; -
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of an armor material, according to another embodiment; -
FIG. 3 is a side cross-sectional view of an armor material, according to still another embodiment; -
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the armor material inFIG. 3 taken along line 4-4, according an embodiment; -
FIG. 5 is a side cross-sectional view of an armor material, according to another embodiment; -
FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of the armor material inFIG. 5 taken along line 6-6, according an embodiment; -
FIG. 7 is a flow diagram of a method of manufacturing a armor material, according an embodiment; and -
FIG. 8 is a perspective view of an article of body armor, according to an embodiment. - The following detailed description is merely exemplary in nature and is not intended to limit the inventive subject matter or the application and uses of the inventive subject matter. Furthermore, there is no intention to be bound by any theory presented in the preceding background or the following detailed description.
-
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of anarmor material 100, according to an embodiment. Thearmor material 100 may be used to protect a person, vehicle, or a device from projectiles that may originate from an explosive or a ballistic threat. For example, thearmor material 100 may be used as body armor, or may be implemented into or used to cover a vehicle or a device. - In an embodiment, the
armor material 100 is configured to dissipate and absorb kinetic energy of a projectile by maintaining the projectile intact and/or by adding material to the projectile as it travels through thearmor material 100. Generally, thearmor material 100 includes afirst plate 102, asecond plate 104, and apowder material 106, according to an embodiment. As shown inFIG. 1 , thefirst plate 102 and thesecond plate 104 are spaced apart from each other, and thepowder material 106 is disposed therebetween. In an embodiment, the first andsecond plates second plate 104 and may be separate from or adhered thereto. Each of these components will now be described in more detail below. - The
first plate 102 may be initially impacted by the projectile and thus, is configured to absorb at least a portion of the kinetic energy therefrom. In an embodiment, thefirst plate 102 may be made of a metallic material, such as aluminum, titanium or steel. In an embodiment, thefirst plate 102 may have a thickness of between about 0.2 and about cm. In another embodiment, thefirst plate 102 may be a laminate and may include afirst layer 110 and asecond layer 112. Eachlayer layers other layer second layer 112 or an additional layer may comprise a ceramic material. Suitable ceramic materials include, but are not limited to, alumina, aluminum nitride, aluminosilicate, boron carbide, boron nitride silica, silicon nitride, silicon carbide, and zirconia. In an embodiment, where thefirst layer 110 is a soft metal such as aluminum and thesecond layer 112 is made of a relatively hard metal or ceramic material, thefirst layer 110 may facilitate projectile deformation (pancaking) on an outer surface of thearmor material 100 with minimal shear stress transmitted to thesecond layer 112. As a result, thesecond layer 112 may have an enhanced ability to resist projectile penetration. - The
powder material 106 is configured to absorb another portion of kinetic energy from the moving projectile to further reduce the speed at which the projectile is traveling, in an event in which the projectile passes through thefirst plate 102. In this regard, thepowder material 106 may be disposed between thefirst plate 102 and thesecond plate 104 as a loose powder or partially compacted powder. In this way, thepowder material 106 becomes compacted when impacted by the projectile. The work required for compaction of the powder thereby absorbs another portion of the impacting projectile's kinetic energy. In an embodiment, thepowder material 106 may be disposed between theplates powder material 106 is made. In another embodiment, thepowder material 106 may be precompacted, and may have a weight that may be about 50% of the weight of its solid form. In still other embodiments, it may be desirable for thepowder material 106 to have a compacted density that creates an even higher pressure when the projectile impacts the powder; for such embodiments, thepowder material 106 may be pre-compacted to a form a preform having a predetermined density, which may also facilitate packaging of the powder. For example, the powder may be precompacted to about 70% of the weight of the solid form. - The
second plate 104 may be configured to absorb at least a portion of the kinetic energy remaining in a projectile with which it comes into contact. For example, in an embodiment, thesecond plate 104 may be made of a ceramic material. Suitable ceramic materials include, but are not limited to, alumina, aluminum nitride, aluminosilicate, boron carbide, boron nitride, silica, silicon nitride, silicon carbide, zirconia, and sand (calcia-magnesia-alumina-silicate). In an embodiment, thesecond plate 104 may have a thickness of between about 0.1 and about 5 cm. In another embodiment, thesecond plate 104 may be a laminate and may include afirst layer 116 and asecond layer 118. Thelayers layers layers second layer 118 or an additional layer may comprise may be a metallic material, such as aluminum, titanium or steel. In an embodiment, thesecond plate 104 may make up a wall of a device or vehicle into which thearmor material 100 is being incorporated. - A fiber-composite fabric 108 (shown in phantom) may be positioned adjacent to the
second plate 104 and may be separate from or adhered thereto. The fiber-composite fabric 108 may serve to catch projectiles that still have kinetic energy and thereby block the projectile from completely traveling through thearmor material 100. The fiber-composite fabric 108 may be made from aramids, high molecular weight polyethylene fiber, or glass fiber. In an embodiment, the fiber-composite fabric 108 may be Spectra® fiber available through Honeywell International, Inc., Specialty Materials Group, of Morristown, N.J. - As mentioned briefly above, the
powder material 106 is disposed between thefirst plate 102 and thesecond plate 104 and comprises loose powder. Thepowder material 106 may include at least one of a plurality of ceramic particles and a plurality of metallic particles. Thus, in some embodiments, thepowder material 106 may be a mixture of ceramic particles and metallic particles. In an embodiment, thepowder material 106 occupies substantially all of a volume defined between the first and thesecond plates powder material 106 may be disposed in structures that are incorporated between the first and thesecond plates FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of anarmor material 200 including such a structure, according to an embodiment. Here, thepowder material 206 is contained in a plurality ofcells 214 disposed between afirst plate 202 and asecond plate 204. Although shown as being disposed in all of thecells 214, a portion of thecells 214 may not includepowder material 206, in other embodiments. In such case,spaces 217 may exist between thecells 214 that may not include thepowder material 106 to thereby maintain portions of thepowder material 206 separated from each other. In some embodiments, one or more different types ofpowder materials 206 may be used, and somecells 214 may be filled with a first type of material, whileother cells 214 may be filled with a second type of material. The use of different types of powders may allow selected areas of thearmor material 100 to compact at relatively different rates when impacted with a projectile, which may promote shear deformation (energy dissipation) to occur within a penetrating projectile. - The
cells 214 may have any one of numerous configurations. In an embodiment, thecells 214 are capsules having a predetermined shape. The capsules may be made of a material capable of deforming when impacted by the projectile to allow thepowder material 106 to be compacted. The capsules may be configured to plastically deform to thereby absorb at least a portion of the energy of the projectile. Suitable capsule materials include, but are not limited to glass, ceramic, plastic, aluminum, titanium, copper and steel. The predetermined shape of the capsules may be spherical, ovular, cubic, or hexagonal. In an embodiment, the capsules may have a diameter of between about 2 mm and about 50 mm. In another embodiment, the capsules may include awall 220 having a thickness of between about 0.1 mm and about 10 mm. -
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional side view of anarmor material 300 includingcells 314 in another configuration, andFIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the material 300 shown inFIG. 3 taken along line 4-4, according to an embodiment. Here, thecells 314 may be defined by a lattice structure that is disposed between first andsecond plates cell 314 has a diameter and a volume. In an embodiment, the diameter of eachcell 314 may be substantially identical to each other or may not be. In another embodiment, the cell diameters may be between about 2 mm and about 50 mm. Eachcell 314 may also have a cell cross-sectional shape. Although the cell cross-sectional shape in this embodiment is shown as being hexagonal, it will be appreciated that round or any other cell cross-sectional shape may alternatively be employed. - The
powder material 306 in this embodiment is disposed in at least a portion of thecells 314. In an embodiment, thepowder material 306 is disposed in substantially all of thecells 314 and fills substantially an entire volume of eachcell 314 occupied. In other embodiments, between about 5% and about 95% of the plurality ofcells 314 is filled with thepowder material 306. In another embodiment, thepowder material 306 is disposed in about 50% of the plurality ofcells 314, and occupies substantially an entire volume of eachoccupied cell 314. In any event, theoccupied cells 314 may form a pattern. For example, one or moreoccupied cells 314 may be interposed between two or more empty cells. - The
cells 314 shown inFIGS. 3 and 4 are positioned such that each has awall 320 having a height that extends between the first andsecond plates walls 320 may have thickness of between about 0.2 mm and about 10 mm. Such positioning may allow areas of thearmor material 300 to be impacted, while minimally affecting areas adjacent to the impacted areas. -
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of anarmor material 500 including a plurality ofcells 514 formed between afirst plate 502 and a second plate 504, andFIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of the material 500 shown inFIG. 5 taken along line 6-6, according to another embodiment. Here, thecells 514 havewalls 520 and form a corrugated pattern and are stacked inlayers walls 520 may be made of a metal alloy and may have thickness of between about 0.2 mm and about 10 mm and a height of between about 30% to about 80% of a total distance between theplates 502, 504. Although twolayers layers cells 514 that may or may not be substantially identically shaped and sized. In an embodiment, thelayers - In another embodiment, a first portion of the plurality of
cells 514 in thefirst layer 522 includespowder material 506, while a second portion of the plurality ofcells 514 in thefirst layer 522 is empty. In still another embodiment, the cells of thefirst layer 522 may have an opening that communicates with an opening formed in the cells of thesecond layer 524. The opening may have a width that is slightly smaller (e.g. about 10% smaller) than the size of a particle of thepowder material 506 so that flow of thepowder material 506 may occur by back extrusion after the powder is nearly fully compacted. Thearmor material 500 may be further configured such that a first portion of the plurality ofcells 514 in thefirst layer 522 may include thepowder material 506. In an embodiment, the plurality ofcells 514 in thesecond layer 524 communicating with the first portion of the plurality ofcells 514 in thefirst layer 522 may not initially includepowder material 506. Thus, when thearmor material 500 is subjected to projectile impact, thepowder material 506 can flow from thefirst layer 522 to thesecond layer 524 to provide an improved ability to absorb the projectiles' energy and also to withstand repeated impacts. In another embodiment, those cells in thesecond layer 524, which may oppose the filled cells of thefirst layer 522 may be filled withpowder material 506. Thelayers powder material 506 having a melting point that is greater than the molten projectile. As a result, the compacted powder-filled cells form a high-melting point barrier to molten projectiles. Additionally, energy from the impact of the molten projectile may dissipate due to the powder compaction, friction between sliding cells of thelayers - In any case, the
powder material powder material powder material powder material powder material - The type of powder selected for use may depend on an ability of the powder to obtain maximum absorption of the projectile energy and on the probable type of projectile. In an embodiment, the
powder material powder material powder material armor material powder material 106 may be a mixture of metallic particles and ceramic particles. It will be appreciated that a ratio of metallic particles to ceramic particles may be selected based on a predicted likelihood of a particular threat that may be encountered. - To maintain the
powder material powder material powder material powder material - In an embodiment, the organic additive, either the foam, glue, or another material, may be formulated to vaporize due to heat energy resulting from compaction of the
powder material armor material powder material 106 upon projectile impact. The plastics may further be formulated to vaporize due to the compaction of thepowder material 106. Suitable low-melting plastics include, but are not limited to polyacrylonitrile butadiene styrene, nylon, nylon6, polypropylene, polystyrene, polytetra fluoro ethylene, polyfloride and polychloride. - The armor materials discussed above may be manufactured using any suitable method. One example of a
suitable method 700 is provided inFIG. 7 . First, the powder material is formulated,step 702. The powder material may be formulated according to any of the embodiments described previously, and the formulation may depend on the anticipated type of projectile threat that may be encountered. The powder material is placed between two plates,step 704. In an embodiment, the plates may be placed adjacent to and spaced apart from one another and may be attached to each other by one or more walls or other attachment means. The powder material in loose powder form may be disposed in selected one of a plurality of cells and compacted to a desired density. In another embodiment, a lattice structure defining a plurality of cells may be included, and the lattice structure is attached to one or both plates, either by brazing, welding, bolts, or other means. The powder material in loose powder form is then placed in selected ones of the cells of the lattice structure and compacted to a desired density. In an embodiment in which the lattice structure is attached only to one plate, another plate is attached to the lattice structure to maintain the powder material in the cells. In still another embodiment, the powder material is placed in a plurality of capsules, and the capsules are disposed between the two plates. Next, the fiber composite fabric is attached to one of the plates,step 706. In an embodiment, the fiber composite fabric is adhered to the plate using epoxy, or other type of adhesive. - After manufacture, the armor material may be incorporated into any article that may be worn on a person or may be incorporated into a vehicle. For example,
FIG. 8 is a perspective view of a body armor article 800. The body armor article 800 may include thearmor material material fabric 802, 804 that are attached to each other to form a vest (as depicted inFIG. 8 ). The two sheets offabric 802, 804 may form apocket 806 therebetween within which one ormore panels 808 is disposed. Thepanels 808 may be made of thematerial - Armor materials have now been provided that may be more lightweight than conventional armor materials. Additionally, the armor materials may be used as a shield against solid and/or molten and liquid projectile threats by providing a compactable, alloyable, and collapsible structure. The structure may be used to absorb kinetic energy of a projectile, while either adding material thereto. Moreover, the armor materials may be relatively simple and inexpensive to manufacture, compared to conventional materials.
- While at least one exemplary embodiment has been presented in the foregoing detailed description of the inventive subject matter, it should be appreciated that a vast number of variations exist. It should also be appreciated that the exemplary embodiment or exemplary embodiments are only examples, and are not intended to limit the scope, applicability, or configuration of the inventive subject matter in any way. Rather, the foregoing detailed description will provide those skilled in the art with a convenient road map for implementing an exemplary embodiment of the inventive subject matter. It being understood that various changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements described in an exemplary embodiment without departing from the scope of the inventive subject matter as set forth in the appended claims.
Claims (20)
1. An armor material, comprising:
a first plate including a layer comprising a metallic material;
a second plate spaced apart from the first plate, the second plate including a layer comprising a ceramic material; and
a powder material disposed between the first and the second plates, the powder material comprising loose powder including at least one of a plurality of ceramic particles and a plurality of metallic particles.
2. The armor material of claim 1 , wherein the first plate further includes a ceramic layer.
3. The armor material of claim 1 , wherein the second plate further includes a metal layer.
4. The armor material of claim 1 , wherein the powder material is precompacted to a density of between about 30% and about 70% of a density of a solid form of the powder material.
5. The armor material of claim 1 , wherein the powder material further contains one or more organic additives.
6. The armor material of claim 1 , further comprising a plurality of cells disposed between the first plate and the second plate, wherein the powder material is disposed within at least a portion of the plurality of cells.
7. The armor material of claim 6 , wherein the powder material is disposed in between about 5% and about 95% of the plurality of cells.
8. The armor material of claim 6 , wherein each cell of the plurality of cells has a height extending between the first plate and the second plate, and each cell having the powder material disposed therein has a volume that is substantially occupied by the powder material.
9. The armor material of claim 6 , wherein the plurality of cells are disposed in a plurality of layers, the plurality of layers including a first layer of cells and a second layer of cells disposed over the first layer of cells, the first and second layers of cells disposed between the first and second plates.
10. The armor material of claim 9 , wherein each cell of the plurality of cells of the first layer of cells has an opening that communicates with an opening of a corresponding cell of a plurality of cells of the second layer of cells, and at least a portion of the plurality of cells of the first layer of cells includes loose powder.
11. The armor material of claim 10 , wherein the plurality of cells of the second layer of cells communicating with the first layer of cells do not include the powder material.
12. The armor material of claim 6 , wherein the plurality of cells comprises a plurality of capsules containing the powder material.
13. The armor material of claim 1 , wherein the powder material comprises a first type of powder and a second type of powder, the first type of powder is disposed in a first portion of the plurality of cells, and the second type of powder is disposed in a second portion of the plurality of cells.
14. The armor material of claim 1 , further comprising:
a fiber composite fabric disposed adjacent at least a portion of the second plate.
15. The armor material of claim 14 , wherein the fiber composite fabric comprises a material selected from the group consisting of aramid, polyethylene fiber, and glass fiber.
16. A body armor article comprising:
a panel comprising an armor material including:
a first plate including a layer comprising a metallic material;
a second plate spaced apart from the first plate, the second plate including a layer comprising a ceramic material; and
a powder material disposed between the first and the second plates, the powder material comprising loose powder including at least one of a plurality of ceramic particles and a plurality of metallic particles.
17. The body armor article of claim 16 , further comprising a plurality of panels attached together to form a vest.
18. The body armor article of claim 16 , further comprising a plurality of cells disposed between the first plate and the second plate, wherein the powder material is disposed within at least a portion of the plurality of cells.
19. The body armor article of claim 16 , further comprising a fiber composite fabric disposed adjacent at least a portion of the second plate.
20. The body armor article of claim 16 , wherein the powder material comprises a first type of powder and a second type of powder, the first type of powder is disposed in a first portion of the plurality of cells, and the second type of powder is disposed in a second portion of the plurality of cells.
Priority Applications (1)
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US11/923,316 US20120174750A1 (en) | 2007-10-24 | 2007-10-24 | Armor materials, body armor articles and methods of manufacture |
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US11/923,316 US20120174750A1 (en) | 2007-10-24 | 2007-10-24 | Armor materials, body armor articles and methods of manufacture |
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US20120174750A1 true US20120174750A1 (en) | 2012-07-12 |
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US11/923,316 Abandoned US20120174750A1 (en) | 2007-10-24 | 2007-10-24 | Armor materials, body armor articles and methods of manufacture |
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Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US8789454B1 (en) * | 2010-04-12 | 2014-07-29 | The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Multi-ply heterogeneous armor with viscoelastic layers and cylindrical armor elements |
US20170197873A1 (en) * | 2014-06-06 | 2017-07-13 | The Royal Institution For The Advancement Of Learning/Mcgill University | Methods and systems relating to enhancing material toughness |
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US6042663A (en) * | 1976-03-03 | 2000-03-28 | Royal Ordnance Plc | Propellant compositions with nitrocellulose and a polymer |
US6537654B1 (en) * | 1999-11-04 | 2003-03-25 | Sgl Technik Gmbh | Protection products and armored products made of fiber-reinforced composite material with ceramic matrix |
US6895851B1 (en) * | 2003-06-16 | 2005-05-24 | Ceramics Process Systems | Multi-structure metal matrix composite armor and method of making the same |
US7104177B1 (en) * | 2000-01-11 | 2006-09-12 | Aghajanian Michael K | Ceramic-rich composite armor, and methods for making same |
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2007
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US6042663A (en) * | 1976-03-03 | 2000-03-28 | Royal Ordnance Plc | Propellant compositions with nitrocellulose and a polymer |
US6537654B1 (en) * | 1999-11-04 | 2003-03-25 | Sgl Technik Gmbh | Protection products and armored products made of fiber-reinforced composite material with ceramic matrix |
US7104177B1 (en) * | 2000-01-11 | 2006-09-12 | Aghajanian Michael K | Ceramic-rich composite armor, and methods for making same |
US6895851B1 (en) * | 2003-06-16 | 2005-05-24 | Ceramics Process Systems | Multi-structure metal matrix composite armor and method of making the same |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US8789454B1 (en) * | 2010-04-12 | 2014-07-29 | The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Multi-ply heterogeneous armor with viscoelastic layers and cylindrical armor elements |
US20150061182A1 (en) * | 2010-04-12 | 2015-03-05 | The Government Of The Us, As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Method for forming cylindrical armor elements |
US9297617B2 (en) * | 2010-04-12 | 2016-03-29 | The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Method for forming cylindrical armor elements |
US9400146B1 (en) | 2010-04-12 | 2016-07-26 | The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Method for forming cylindrical armor elements |
US20170197873A1 (en) * | 2014-06-06 | 2017-07-13 | The Royal Institution For The Advancement Of Learning/Mcgill University | Methods and systems relating to enhancing material toughness |
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