US20120058884A1 - Fiber including silica and metal oxide - Google Patents
Fiber including silica and metal oxide Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20120058884A1 US20120058884A1 US13/292,550 US201113292550A US2012058884A1 US 20120058884 A1 US20120058884 A1 US 20120058884A1 US 201113292550 A US201113292550 A US 201113292550A US 2012058884 A1 US2012058884 A1 US 2012058884A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- metal oxide
- fiber
- oxide phase
- carbon fiber
- phase
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 88
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 88
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 87
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 46
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 230000001699 photocatalysis Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 claims description 37
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 36
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 25
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002759 woven fabric Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000007146 photocatalysis Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 48
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 48
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 45
- -1 titanium alkoxide Chemical class 0.000 description 37
- 239000012702 metal oxide precursor Substances 0.000 description 23
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 21
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- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 9
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- OSVXSBDYLRYLIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorine dioxide Inorganic materials O=Cl=O OSVXSBDYLRYLIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910001914 chlorine tetroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- TVWHTOUAJSGEKT-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorine trioxide Chemical compound [O]Cl(=O)=O TVWHTOUAJSGEKT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QBWCMBCROVPCKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorous acid Chemical compound OCl=O QBWCMBCROVPCKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- ZEMPKEQAKRGZGQ-XOQCFJPHSA-N glycerol triricinoleate Natural products CCCCCC[C@@H](O)CC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](COC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CC[C@@H](O)CCCCCC)OC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CC[C@H](O)CCCCCC ZEMPKEQAKRGZGQ-XOQCFJPHSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AMQJEAYHLZJPGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Pentanol Chemical compound CCCCCO AMQJEAYHLZJPGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000003973 alkyl amines Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000005215 alkyl ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- YHWCPXVTRSHPNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N butan-1-olate;titanium(4+) Chemical compound [Ti+4].CCCC[O-].CCCC[O-].CCCC[O-].CCCC[O-] YHWCPXVTRSHPNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910001882 dioxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000003618 dip coating Methods 0.000 description 2
- POULHZVOKOAJMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O POULHZVOKOAJMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000003438 dodecyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004745 nonwoven fabric Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000000913 palmityl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 229920001983 poloxamer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001451 polypropylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010561 standard procedure Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003760 tallow Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003608 titanium Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- RUHCWQAFCGVQJX-RVWHZBQESA-N (3s,8s,9s,10r,13r,14s,17r)-3-hydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-17-[(2r)-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-1-one Chemical compound C1C=C2C[C@H](O)CC(=O)[C@]2(C)[C@@H]2[C@@H]1[C@@H]1CC[C@H]([C@H](C)CCCC(C)C)[C@@]1(C)CC2 RUHCWQAFCGVQJX-RVWHZBQESA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004178 (C1-C4) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000229 (C1-C4)alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (E)-8-Octadecenoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCC(O)=O WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QGLWBTPVKHMVHM-KTKRTIGZSA-N (z)-octadec-9-en-1-amine Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCCN QGLWBTPVKHMVHM-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 0 *.*.[1*][Si]([2*])(C)CC Chemical compound *.*.[1*][Si]([2*])(C)CC 0.000 description 1
- FJLUATLTXUNBOT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Hexadecylamine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCN FJLUATLTXUNBOT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HBXWUCXDUUJDRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-octadecoxyoctadecane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCOCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC HBXWUCXDUUJDRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PITRRWWILGYENJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[2-[2-[2-[2-(4-nonylphenoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethanol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCC1=CC=C(OCCOCCOCCOCCOCCO)C=C1 PITRRWWILGYENJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 20:1omega9c fatty acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9-Heptadecensaeure Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 244000060011 Cocos nucifera Species 0.000 description 1
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- IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene oxide Chemical compound C1CO1 IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- REYJJPSVUYRZGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Octadecylamine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCN REYJJPSVUYRZGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005642 Oleic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910011009 Ti(NO3)2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
- B01J21/06—Silicon, titanium, zirconium or hafnium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
- B01J21/063—Titanium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
- B01J21/18—Carbon
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/30—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
- B01J35/39—Photocatalytic properties
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/50—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their shape or configuration
- B01J35/58—Fabrics or filaments
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/60—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
- B01J35/61—Surface area
- B01J35/615—100-500 m2/g
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- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/60—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
- B01J35/61—Surface area
- B01J35/617—500-1000 m2/g
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/60—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
- B01J35/64—Pore diameter
- B01J35/647—2-50 nm
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
- B01J37/0215—Coating
- B01J37/0221—Coating of particles
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/72—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation
- C02F1/725—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation by catalytic oxidation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
- C02F2103/20—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated from animal husbandry
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2305/00—Use of specific compounds during water treatment
- C02F2305/10—Photocatalysts
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2307/00—Location of water treatment or water treatment device
- C02F2307/02—Location of water treatment or water treatment device as part of a bottle
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W10/00—Technologies for wastewater treatment
- Y02W10/30—Wastewater or sewage treatment systems using renewable energies
- Y02W10/37—Wastewater or sewage treatment systems using renewable energies using solar energy
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/249921—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
- Y10T428/249953—Composite having voids in a component [e.g., porous, cellular, etc.]
- Y10T428/249978—Voids specified as micro
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
- Y10T428/2913—Rod, strand, filament or fiber
- Y10T428/2915—Rod, strand, filament or fiber including textile, cloth or fabric
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
- Y10T428/2913—Rod, strand, filament or fiber
- Y10T428/2933—Coated or with bond, impregnation or core
- Y10T428/294—Coated or with bond, impregnation or core including metal or compound thereof [excluding glass, ceramic and asbestos]
- Y10T428/2958—Metal or metal compound in coating
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
- Y10T442/30—Woven fabric [i.e., woven strand or strip material]
- Y10T442/3049—Including strand precoated with other than free metal or alloy
Definitions
- metal oxide such as titanium oxide may be used as photocatalyst by absorbing light energy. Using such effect, there have been attempts to remove environmental pollution such as the sources of air pollution and water pollution. In the past, it was general to use metal oxide by fixing it in a carrier such as metal, ceramic and activated carbon. However, in the case of fixing a photocatalyst on a surface, the photocatalyst can detach from the carrier. Also, it is not easy to change photocatalyst according to the shape of a reactor because the photocatalyst is fixed. In the case of using photocatalyst in a fixed carrier, it is not easy to replace photocatalyst whose activity is lowered because of aging and repetitive uses.
- FIG. 1 is a flow chart of an illustrative embodiment of a method for preparing a fiber.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an illustrative embodiment of a device having a fabric pad. 1 .
- FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an illustrative embodiment of an apparatus using a fabric pad.
- a method for preparing a fiber may include providing a solution containing at least one metal oxide precursor and/or at least one metal oxide to a carbon fiber, drying the carbon fiber to immobilize the metal oxide precursor and/or the metal oxide on a surface of the carbon fiber, providing a polycarbosilane melt to the carbon fiber, and heating the carbon fiber to obtain a fiber including silica and metal oxide.
- a solution containing at least one metal oxide precursor and/or at least one metal oxide to a carbon fiber
- drying the carbon fiber to immobilize the metal oxide precursor and/or the metal oxide on a surface of the carbon fiber
- providing a polycarbosilane melt to the carbon fiber
- heating the carbon fiber to obtain a fiber including silica and metal oxide.
- a fiber may include silica and metal oxide, where the fiber include a silica phase formed in a core of the fiber, and where the fiber includes a metal oxide phase formed on a surface of the fiber.
- an apparatus may include at least one fabric pad prepared from a fiber including silica and metal oxide, where the fiber includes a silica phase formed in a core of the fiber, and where the fiber include a metal oxide phase formed on a surface of the fiber, and at least one device for fixing the fabric pad.
- a solution containing at least one metal oxide precursor and/or at least one metal oxide may be provided to a carbon fiber.
- a variety of suitable methods may be employed for providing a solution to the carbon fiber.
- a solution may be coated on a surface of the carbon fiber using methods such as dip coating, spray coating and the like.
- a carbon fiber may include only carbon atoms.
- a carbon fiber may be prepared by pyrolyzing a fiber spun out of an organic precursor in the form of a fiber, under inert conditions. In one embodiment, the heating of the pyrolyzing process is carried out at a temperature of about 1000° C. to about 3000° C.
- a carbon fiber may include carbon of at a purity of about 92% to about 99.99%.
- a carbon fiber may be classified into a cellulose carbon fiber (rayon carbon fiber), an acrylonitrile carbon fiber, a phenol carbon fiber, a pitch carbon fiber, a polyvinylalcohol carbon fiber and the like, according to a type of an organic precursor.
- a cellulose carbon fiber rayon carbon fiber
- an acrylonitrile carbon fiber a phenol carbon fiber
- a pitch carbon fiber a polyvinylalcohol carbon fiber and the like
- a carbon fiber may be prepared from an appropriate organic precursor using standard methods.
- a structure of a carbon fiber may vary depending on a type of a precursor used, a method of heating the precursor, a temperature of the heating, and whether drawing is performed or not when heating.
- One skilled in the art may obtain a carbon fiber with desirable structure by properly modifying such conditions.
- an average diameter of the carbon fibers ranges from about 1 mm or less. In other embodiments, the carbon fiber diameter ranges from about 500 pm or less. In still other embodiments, the carbon fiber diameter ranges from about 100 ⁇ m or less. In yet other embodiments, the carbon fiber diameter ranges from about 50 ⁇ m or less, or even about 1 ⁇ m or less in still further embodiments. Further, in some embodiments a specific surface area of a carbon fiber may range from about 200 m 2 /g to about 3000 m 2 /g. In other embodiments the carbon fiber may have different specific surface area.
- a carbon fiber may be in the form of one-dimensional filament or yarn.
- a carbon fiber may be manufactured in a desirable form.
- carbon fiber may be in the form of a fiber bundle, bulky fiber, woven fabric, non-woven fabric, braided fabric, paper, felt and the like.
- a variety of suitable metal oxide precursors capable of providing metal oxide having desirable properties may be used.
- a metal oxide precursor may include at least one metal element such as Ti, Zn, Al, Y, Li, B, Na, Ba, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, W, Pt, Au, Ce or any combination thereof, accordingly, claimed subject matter is not limited in this regard.
- a metal oxide precursor may be provided in the form of metal alkoxide, metal halide or metal salt; however, claimed subject matter is not limited in this regard.
- the metal oxide precursor may provide metal oxide by oxidization.
- At least one titanium oxide precursor may be used.
- titanium oxide precursor may include titanium alkoxide, titanium halide, titanium salt and the like however, claimed subject matter is not limited in this regard.
- titanium alkoxide may include titanium tetra-methoxide, titanium tetra-ethoxide, titanium tetra-isopropoxide, titanium tetra-butoxide, titanium monomethoxy-triisopropoxide, titanium dimethoxy-diisopropoxide and the like.
- titanium halide may include titanium tetra-fluoride, titanium tetra-chloride, titanium tetra-bromide, titanium tetra-iodide and the like.
- titanium salt may include Ti(ClO) 2 , Ti(ClO) 3 , Ti(ClO) 4 , Ti(ClO 2 ) 2 , Ti(ClO 2 ) 3 , Ti(ClO 2 ) 4 , Ti(ClO 3 ) 2 , Ti(ClO 3 ) 3 , Ti(ClO 3 ) 4 , Ti(ClO 4 ) 2 , Ti(ClO 4 ) 3 , Ti(ClO 4 ) 4 , Ti(CO 3 ) 2 , Ti(HCO 3 ) 2 , Ti(HCO 3 ) 3 , Ti(HCO 3 ) 4 , Ti(HPO 4 ) 2 , Ti(NO 2 ) 2 , Ti(NO 2 ) 3 , Ti(NO 2 ) 4 , Ti(NO 3 ) 2 , Ti(NO 3 ) 3 , Ti(NO 3 ) 4 , Ti(SO 3 ) 2 , Ti(SO 4 ) 2 , Ti(SO
- An amount of metal oxide formed on a surface of a prepared fiber may vary depending on the concentration of at least one metal oxide precursor and/or at least one metal oxide in a solution.
- the amount of metal oxide may be further varied by repeating the number of coatings, etc.
- an amount of metal oxide in a solution may be about 0.1 M to about 1 M. In other embodiments, different concentrations of metal oxide in the solution may be used.
- At least one metal oxide precursor and/or at least one metal oxide may be dissolved in a variety of suitable organic solvents.
- the solvent may be water, alcohol (for example, methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, pentanol and combinations thereof), or any combination thereof.
- a surface of a carbon fiber is coated with a solution containing at least one metal oxide (for example, titanium oxide).
- a crystalline of a metal oxide phase coated on a surface of the fiber may be improved, since a metal oxide having a pre-determined crystalline is used.
- the metal oxide solution includes only one metal element.
- metal oxide solution may include two or more metal elements.
- various ratios of each metal oxide may be employed.
- two or more metal elements may be used in a same amount by mole, or, in other embodiments, one of metal elements may have a higher concentration than that of the other metal elements.
- the concentration may be differentiated by doping the main metal oxide phase on the surface of the fiber.
- a carbon fiber is coated with a solution containing at least one metal oxide precursor and/or at least one metal oxide.
- the coated carbon fiber may then be dried.
- the carbon fiber may be dried using standard methods of drying such as, for example, with unheated air (or other gas or gases), heated air or gas, sunlight, infrared light and the like. Drying may be carried out at a temperature of about 0° C. to about 150° C., in one embodiment. In other embodiments, the drying may be carried out at room temperature to about 150° C.
- a solvent may be evaporated and at least one metal oxide precursor and/or at least one metal oxide may be fixed on the surface of a carbon fiber.
- an additional surfactant is used as described below.
- a surface of a carbon fiber is coated with a solution containing at least one metal oxide precursor and/or at least one metal oxide and the additional surfactant. In one embodiment, at least a part of the surfactant may be evaporated by the drying process.
- polycarbosilane melt may be provided to a carbon fiber where at least one metal oxide precursor and/or at least one metal oxide are/is provided.
- Polycarbosilane may be prepared by a variety of common methods.
- examples of polycarbosilane may include a polycarbosilane having a main chain of the following formula:
- R1, R2 may include, independently of one another, H, hydroxy, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy or phenyl; and n may be an integer between 1 and 30.
- a softening temperature of polycarbosilane may be above room temperature; for example from about 50° C. to about 300° C. In view of processability, the softening temperature may within the above range.
- a molecular weight of the polycarbosilane may range from about 100 to about 50000. In other embodiments, the molecular weight of the polycarbosilane may range from about 200 to about 30000. In yet other embodiments, the molecular weight of the polycarbosilane may range from about 200 to about 20000, or may even range from about 1000 to about 10000 in still other embodiments.
- a polycarbosilane melt may be formed by heating at a temperature above a softening point.
- the melt may be coated on the surface of a carbon fiber by a variety of common methods such as, for example, dip coating, spray coating, and the like.
- a carbon fiber whereon polycarbosilane is coated may be obtained by coating a surface of a carbon fiber with polycarbosilane melt, and cooling it below the polycarbosilane's softening temperature.
- a fiber including metal oxide may be obtained by heating a carbon fiber whereon metal oxide precursor and/or metal oxide, polycarbosilane and the like are coated.
- the heating may be carried out in air or other gas or gases, including oxygen gas or combinations thereof.
- the heating may be carried out at a temperature ranging from about 300° C. to about 1500° C.
- carbon in a carbon fiber may be oxidized and eliminated from the fiber in the form of carbon dioxide by heating.
- a metal oxide precursor may be oxidized to form metal oxide on a surface of the fiber.
- Polycarbosilane may move to inside of the fiber and space between metal oxides (or metal oxide precursors) during heating. Polycarbosilane may be oxidized, to form silica (silicon dioxide).
- a fiber prepared by heating may include silica and metal oxide.
- the fiber may include a silica phase formed in a core of the fiber, and a metal oxide phase formed on a surface of the fiber.
- the fiber may include oxide of metal such as Ti, Zn, Al, Y, Li, B, Na, Ba, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, W, Pt, Au, Ce or any combination thereof.
- titanium oxide may be formed on a surface of a fiber by using a titanium oxide precursor as a metal oxide precursor.
- titanium oxide may be used as photocatalyst decompose organic materials (e.g., see Nature, vol. 238 (1972), 37-38) by exposing titanium oxide to light.
- titanium oxide embodiments may be used to decompose source materials of air pollution, water pollution and the like.
- titanium oxide on the fibers may include at least some portions having a crystalline structure such as anatase-type, rutile-type, brookite-type and the like.
- titanium oxide of the anatase-type may be used to facilitate the photocatalytic effect.
- titanium oxide may be used as a photocatalyst by illuminating the titanium oxide with ultraviolet light (e.g., the UV light may have wavelength(s) of about 400 nm or less).
- a metal oxide precursor other than a titanium oxide precursor may be used to form metal oxide on the surface of a fiber to activate photocatalytic action absorbing visible light. These other metal oxide precursors may form undoped metal oxide in some embodiments. In other embodiments, metal oxide precursors that form doped metal oxide may be used.
- metal oxide capable of effecting photocatalytic activity by itself may be formed on a surface of a fiber.
- Photocatalytic effect may me increased by combining at least one metal oxide (other than titanium oxide) having photocatalytic activity with titanium oxide.
- a diameter of the fiber may be about 1 mm or less. In other embodiments, the fiber diameter may be about 100 ⁇ m or less. In yet other embodiments, the fiber diameter may be about 10 ⁇ m or less, or even about 1 ⁇ m or less in still other embodiments.
- a thickness of the fiber (which may include coatings of silica and/or metal oxide) may be adjusted by adjusting by controlling a variety of features. For example, the thickness may be adjusted by controlling a thickness of a carbon fiber, an amount and type of polycarbosilane and/or metal oxide precursor, the repeating number of coating, a method and condition of heating and so on.
- metal oxide may be chemically intimately bonded to a support (i.e., a silica phase) in the fiber.
- the fiber may be prepared as described above where metal oxide is formed on a surface of a silica phase.
- the fiber may reduce detachment of metal oxide particles from a support, compared to a fiber prepared by conventional methods (e.g., where metal oxide in the form of powder is coated on a surface of a support such as silica, metal and the like, or metal oxide is coated on a surface of a support by sol-gel method).
- a silica phase may be transparent, and thus photocatalyst may be increased by allowing the light to reach the metal oxide.
- titanium oxide formed on a surface of a support made from UV-transparent silica can improve the photocatalyst effect of the titanium oxide.
- a solution containing at least one metal oxide precursor and/or at least one metal oxide may further contain a surfactant.
- a surfactant may be employed in various embodiments. Examples of surfactants may include nonionic or cationic surfactants as described below.
- nonionic surfactants may include polyoxyethylene-type nonionic surfactant, polyglycerin-type nonionic surfactant, sugar ester-type nonionic surfactant and the like. In other embodiments, nonionic surfactants may be used alone or in mixtures with other surfactants.
- polyoxyethylene-type nonionic surfactant may include polyoxyethylene alkylether, polyoxyethylene alkylphenylether, polyoxyethylene•polyoxypropylene alkylether, polyoxyethylene fatty acid ester, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid ester, polyoxyethylene glycerin fatty acid ester, derivatives of polyoxyethylene castor oil or hard castor oil, derivatives of polyoxyethylene wax•lanolin, alkanol amide, polyoxyethylene propylene glycol fatty acid ester, polyoxyethylene alkylamine, polyoxyethylene fatty acid amide, sugar fatty acid ester, polyglycerin fatty acid ester, polyether modified silicon and the like.
- polyoxyethylene-type nonionic surfactants may include polyoxyethylene cholesterolether, polyoxyethylene phytosterolether. Such nonionic surfactants may be used alone or in mixtures with other surfactants.
- the alkyl group in polyoxyethylene non-ionic surfactants may be an alkyl group of saturated or unsaturated fatty acid having C 6 ⁇ C 22 .
- the alkyl group may be a fatty acid of a single composition such as lauric acid, myristic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, etc.
- the alkyl group may be a mixed fatty acid such as coconut fatty acid, tallow fatty acid, hydrogenated tallow fatty acid, castor oil fatty acid, olive oil fatty acid, palm oil fatty acid, etc., or synthesized fatty acid (including branched fatty acid).
- polyoxyethylene non-ionic surfactant may be, for example, C 12 H 25 (CH 2 CH 2 O) 10 OH known as C 12 EO 10 or 10 lauryl ether; C 16 H 33 (CH 2 CH 2 O) 10 OH known as C 16 EO 10 or 10 cetyl ether; C 18 H 37 (CH 2 CH 2 O) 10 OH known as C 18 E0 10 or 10 stearyl ether; C 12 H 25 (CH 2 CH 2 O) 4 OH known as C 12 EO 4 or 4 lauryl ether; C 16 H 33 (CH 2 CH 2 O) 2 OH known as C 16 EO 2 or 2 cetyl ether; or combinations thereof.
- polyoxyethylene(5)nonylphenyl ether may be used.
- fluoroalkyl groups substituting hydrogen with any number of fluorine may be used as an alkyl group.
- the number of condensations of polyoxyethylene may be within the range of 1 ⁇ 50.
- nonionic surfactants may include ethylene oxide/propylene oxide block copolymer.
- block copolymer may include two-block compound such as poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(propyleneoxide), and three-block compound such as poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-polyethylene oxide or poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide).
- block copolymer surfactants may include, for example, Pluronic® product name: P123 [poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(propylene oxide)-b-poly(ethylene oxide); EO 20 P 70 EO 20 ], P103, 10R5, F98, 25R4, 17R4 that may be obtained from BASF Corporation.
- surfactants may include C 6-20 alkyl amine (RNH 2 ) surfactants, for example, oleylamine, octylamine, hexadecylamine, octadecylamine.
- RNH 2 alkyl amine
- an amount of surfactant may range from about 0.1 to about 10 part by weight based on a solvent of 100 part by weight in some embodiments. In other embodiments, the amount of surfactant may range from about 1 to about 5 part by weight based on a solvent of about 100 part by weight. In still other embodiments, the amount of surfactant may range from about 3 to about 5 part by weight based on a solvent of 100 part by weight.
- the surfactant may have a molar ratio of at least metal oxide precursor and/or at least metal oxide surfactants ranging from about 40:1 to about 80:1.
- a mesoporous metal oxide phase surfactant may be formed.
- a size of metal oxide formed on a surface of a fiber may be uniform.
- a pore of the metal oxide phase may have a diameter ranging from about 50 nm or less. In other embodiments, a pore of the metal oxide phase may have a diameter ranging from about 1 nm to about 50 nm. In yet other embodiment, a pore of the metal oxide phase may have a diameter ranging from about 2 nm to about 50 nm. In yet other embodiments, the metal oxide has pores sized such that the metal oxide has an effective surface area ranging from about 200 m 2 /g to about 3000 m 2 /g.
- a fiber may be processed in the form of fiber bundles, bulky fibers, woven fabric, non-woven fabric, braided fabric, paper, felt and the like.
- a fabric pad may be prepared from the fiber using common methods.
- the fiber or the fabric pad when a fiber or a fabric pad includes metal oxide capable of photocatalytic activity, the fiber or the fabric pad may be used for decomposing organic materials that may cause air pollution and/or water pollution (e.g., livestock farming waste water, various endocrine disrupters, and the like).
- the fiber or the fabric pad may be used as an electric wire.
- Such embodiments use properties of the metal oxide other than photocatalytic activity.
- the fiber or fabric pad uses, for example, gas sensor, electron conductivity properties of the metal oxide.
- an apparatus may include at least one fabric pad prepared from the fiber prepared as described above; and at least one device for fixing the fabric pad.
- a device for fixing the fabric pad may include a variety of shapes, such as propeller, plate, sheet, cylinder, and sphere. In other embodiments different shapes may be used.
- a fabric pad may be prepared in order to fit an external shape of a device for fixing the fabric pad.
- a device for fixing the fabric pad may include a propeller 202 .
- a fabric pad may be prepared in the shape of the wing of the propeller by processing the fiber as described above. Then, the fabric pad 201 may be fixed outside of the wing of propeller 202 to form a propeller having a fabric pad 203 .
- a fabric pad may be fixed by simple operation such as fitting or tying the fabric pad to the outside of a fixed device, not by physically or chemically bonding the fabric pad to the outside of the fixed device.
- a fabric pad may be easily detached from and reattached to the fixed device.
- an old fabric pad may be easily removed and replaced with a new one from a device for fixing the pad, when the catalytic activity of metal oxide included in a fiber of a fabric pad is decreased by aging and the like.
- a fabric pad may be used without any limitation in the shape of a catalyst reactor, or material thereof, since the fabric pad may be manufactured in various shapes.
- an apparatus may optionally include at least one equipment where a device having a fabric pad is placed in the equipment.
- an apparatus may include an equipment 306 where a propeller having a fabric pad 305 is placed in the equipment 306 , as shown in FIG. 2 .
- a propeller having a fabric pad 305 may be rotated to circulate air, water and the like in equipment 306 .
- organic materials may contact a surface of the fabric pad.
- the speed of rotation may be adjusted to control the rate at which the organic materials contact the fabric.
- the equipment 306 may include a water reservoir, a water tank, a water bottle, a location around a source of air pollution and the like.
- an apparatus including the equipment may include one or more devices having a fabric pad to increase photocatalytic activity.
- an apparatus may optionally include at least one source of light.
- an apparatus may include a source of light 301 where light 302 may be emitted, as shown in FIG. 2 .
- the light 302 emitted from the source of light 301 may illuminate a device having a fabric pad to decompose organic materials on a surface of metal oxide (such as titanium oxide) acting as photocatalyst.
- the source of light 301 may include an artificial source of light such as a fluorescent lamp, a glow lamp, an UV lamp, and the like), as well as a natural source of light such as the sun.
- an apparatus may optionally include at least one light-collecting device.
- an apparatus may include a light-collecting device 303 where the light 302 from the source of light 301 may be collected to emit light 304 .
- the light-collecting device may increase the photocatalytic effect of metal oxide by focusing the light 302 emitted from the source of light 301 to form collected light 304 .
- Examples of the light-collecting device may include a lens, a mirror, a reflector and any combination thereof; however, claimed subject matter is not limited in this regard.
- multiple light-collecting devices may be placed in series to concentrate more light.
- 4.3 g of titanium isopropoxide and 3.12 g of HCl (35 wt %; for adjusting pH) may be mixed and stirred for 5 minutes at room temperature. Then, the stirred mixture may be added to a solution of 2 g of Pluronic® P123 in 12 g of 1-propanol. The mixed solution may be stirred for 10 minutes at room temperature.
- a woven carbon fiber whose specific surface area may be about 3000 m 2 /g and diameter may be about 1 ⁇ 5 ⁇ m, may be immersed in said solution and taken out, and the carbon fiber may be dried for one day at room temperature.
- the carbon fiber whereon titanium butoxide may be coated may be immersed in a melt where polycarbosilane powder (e.g., obtained from Nippon Carbon Co., Ltd.) may be heated and melted at a temperature of about 200° C.
- polycarbosilane powder e.g., obtained from Nippon Carbon Co., Ltd.
- the Carbon fiber can be removed from the melt and dried at room temperature to form a polycarbosiline coated fiber.
- a fiber including silica and titanium oxide may be obtained by heating the carbon fiber at a temperature of about 900° C. under the atmosphere containing oxygen gas in a furnace.
- a signal bearing medium examples include, but are not limited to, the following: a recordable type medium such as a floppy disk, a hard disk drive, a Compact Disc (CD), a Digital Video Disk (DVD), a digital tape, a computer memory, etc.; and a transmission type medium such as a digital and/or an analog communication medium (e.g., a fiber optic cable, a waveguide, a wired communications link, a wireless communication link, etc.).
- a typical data processing system generally includes one or more of a system unit housing, a video display device, a memory such as volatile and non-volatile memory, processors such as microprocessors and digital signal processors, computational entities such as operating systems, drivers, graphical user interfaces, and applications programs, one or more interaction devices, such as a touch pad or screen, and/or control systems including feedback loops and control motors (e.g., feedback for sensing position and/or velocity; control motors for moving and/or adjusting components and/or quantities).
- a typical data processing system may be implemented utilizing any suitable commercially available components, such as those typically found in data computing/communication and/or network computing/communication systems.
- any two components so associated can also be viewed as being “operably connected”, or “operably coupled”, to each other to achieve the desired functionality, and any two components capable of being so associated can also be viewed as being “operably couplable”, to each other to achieve the desired functionality.
- operably couplable include but are not limited to physically mateable and/or physically interacting components and/or wirelessly interactable and/or wirelessly interacting components and/or logically interacting and/or logically interactable components.
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Abstract
Techniques for coating a fiber with metal oxide include forming silica in the fiber to fix the metal oxide to the fiber. The coated fiber can be used to facilitate photocatalysis.
Description
- This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/199,748, filed Aug. 27, 2008, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
- It is known that metal oxide such as titanium oxide may be used as photocatalyst by absorbing light energy. Using such effect, there have been attempts to remove environmental pollution such as the sources of air pollution and water pollution. In the past, it was general to use metal oxide by fixing it in a carrier such as metal, ceramic and activated carbon. However, in the case of fixing a photocatalyst on a surface, the photocatalyst can detach from the carrier. Also, it is not easy to change photocatalyst according to the shape of a reactor because the photocatalyst is fixed. In the case of using photocatalyst in a fixed carrier, it is not easy to replace photocatalyst whose activity is lowered because of aging and repetitive uses.
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FIG. 1 is a flow chart of an illustrative embodiment of a method for preparing a fiber. -
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an illustrative embodiment of a device having a fabric pad. 1. -
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an illustrative embodiment of an apparatus using a fabric pad. - In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof. In the drawings, similar symbols typically identify similar components, unless context dictates otherwise. The illustrative embodiments described in the detailed description, drawings, and claims are not meant to be limiting. Other embodiments may be utilized, and other changes may be made, without departing from the spirit or scope of the subject matter presented here. It will be readily understood that the components of the present disclosure, as generally described herein, and illustrated in the Figures, may be arranged, substituted, combined, and designed in a wide variety of different configurations, all of which are explicitly contemplated and make part of this disclosure.
- In one embodiment, a method for preparing a fiber may include providing a solution containing at least one metal oxide precursor and/or at least one metal oxide to a carbon fiber, drying the carbon fiber to immobilize the metal oxide precursor and/or the metal oxide on a surface of the carbon fiber, providing a polycarbosilane melt to the carbon fiber, and heating the carbon fiber to obtain a fiber including silica and metal oxide. One such embodiment is shown in
FIG. 1 . - In another embodiment, a fiber may include silica and metal oxide, where the fiber include a silica phase formed in a core of the fiber, and where the fiber includes a metal oxide phase formed on a surface of the fiber.
- In yet another embodiment, an apparatus may include at least one fabric pad prepared from a fiber including silica and metal oxide, where the fiber includes a silica phase formed in a core of the fiber, and where the fiber include a metal oxide phase formed on a surface of the fiber, and at least one device for fixing the fabric pad.
- In order to prepare a fiber including silica and metal oxide, a solution containing at least one metal oxide precursor and/or at least one metal oxide may be provided to a carbon fiber. A variety of suitable methods may be employed for providing a solution to the carbon fiber. In some embodiments, a solution may be coated on a surface of the carbon fiber using methods such as dip coating, spray coating and the like.
- In one embodiment, a carbon fiber may include only carbon atoms. A carbon fiber may be prepared by pyrolyzing a fiber spun out of an organic precursor in the form of a fiber, under inert conditions. In one embodiment, the heating of the pyrolyzing process is carried out at a temperature of about 1000° C. to about 3000° C. A carbon fiber may include carbon of at a purity of about 92% to about 99.99%.
- A carbon fiber may be classified into a cellulose carbon fiber (rayon carbon fiber), an acrylonitrile carbon fiber, a phenol carbon fiber, a pitch carbon fiber, a polyvinylalcohol carbon fiber and the like, according to a type of an organic precursor.
- In one embodiment, a carbon fiber may be prepared from an appropriate organic precursor using standard methods. A structure of a carbon fiber may vary depending on a type of a precursor used, a method of heating the precursor, a temperature of the heating, and whether drawing is performed or not when heating. One skilled in the art may obtain a carbon fiber with desirable structure by properly modifying such conditions.
- In one embodiment, an average diameter of the carbon fibers ranges from about 1 mm or less. In other embodiments, the carbon fiber diameter ranges from about 500 pm or less. In still other embodiments, the carbon fiber diameter ranges from about 100 μm or less. In yet other embodiments, the carbon fiber diameter ranges from about 50 μm or less, or even about 1 μm or less in still further embodiments. Further, in some embodiments a specific surface area of a carbon fiber may range from about 200 m2/g to about 3000 m2/g. In other embodiments the carbon fiber may have different specific surface area.
- A carbon fiber may be in the form of one-dimensional filament or yarn. A carbon fiber may be manufactured in a desirable form. For example, in some embodiments, carbon fiber may be in the form of a fiber bundle, bulky fiber, woven fabric, non-woven fabric, braided fabric, paper, felt and the like.
- In one embodiment, a variety of suitable metal oxide precursors capable of providing metal oxide having desirable properties may be used. For example, a metal oxide precursor may include at least one metal element such as Ti, Zn, Al, Y, Li, B, Na, Ba, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, W, Pt, Au, Ce or any combination thereof, accordingly, claimed subject matter is not limited in this regard. A metal oxide precursor may be provided in the form of metal alkoxide, metal halide or metal salt; however, claimed subject matter is not limited in this regard. The metal oxide precursor may provide metal oxide by oxidization.
- In other embodiments, at least one titanium oxide precursor may be used. Examples of titanium oxide precursor may include titanium alkoxide, titanium halide, titanium salt and the like however, claimed subject matter is not limited in this regard. Examples of titanium alkoxide may include titanium tetra-methoxide, titanium tetra-ethoxide, titanium tetra-isopropoxide, titanium tetra-butoxide, titanium monomethoxy-triisopropoxide, titanium dimethoxy-diisopropoxide and the like. Examples of titanium halide may include titanium tetra-fluoride, titanium tetra-chloride, titanium tetra-bromide, titanium tetra-iodide and the like. Examples of titanium salt may include Ti(ClO)2, Ti(ClO)3, Ti(ClO)4, Ti(ClO2)2, Ti(ClO2)3, Ti(ClO2)4, Ti(ClO3)2, Ti(ClO3)3, Ti(ClO3)4, Ti(ClO4)2, Ti(ClO4)3, Ti(ClO4)4, Ti(CO3)2, Ti(HCO3)2, Ti(HCO3)3, Ti(HCO3)4, Ti(HPO4)2, Ti(NO2)2, Ti(NO2)3, Ti(NO2)4, Ti(NO3)2, Ti(NO3)3, Ti(NO3)4, Ti(SO3)2, Ti(SO4)2, Ti2(CO3)3, Ti2(HPO4)3, Ti2(SO3)3, Ti2(SO4)3, Ti3(PO4)2, Ti3(PO4)4, TiCO3, TiHPO4, TiPO4, TiSO3, TiSO4 and the like.
- An amount of metal oxide formed on a surface of a prepared fiber may vary depending on the concentration of at least one metal oxide precursor and/or at least one metal oxide in a solution. In addition, the amount of metal oxide may be further varied by repeating the number of coatings, etc. In one embodiment, an amount of metal oxide in a solution may be about 0.1 M to about 1 M. In other embodiments, different concentrations of metal oxide in the solution may be used.
- In one embodiment, at least one metal oxide precursor and/or at least one metal oxide may be dissolved in a variety of suitable organic solvents. For example, the solvent may be water, alcohol (for example, methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, pentanol and combinations thereof), or any combination thereof.
- In one embodiment, a surface of a carbon fiber is coated with a solution containing at least one metal oxide (for example, titanium oxide). In such embodiment, a crystalline of a metal oxide phase coated on a surface of the fiber may be improved, since a metal oxide having a pre-determined crystalline is used.
- In one embodiment the metal oxide solution includes only one metal element. In other embodiments, metal oxide solution may include two or more metal elements. In some embodiments of the multi-metal solution, various ratios of each metal oxide may be employed. For example, two or more metal elements may be used in a same amount by mole, or, in other embodiments, one of metal elements may have a higher concentration than that of the other metal elements. In one such embodiment, the concentration may be differentiated by doping the main metal oxide phase on the surface of the fiber.
- In one embodiment, a carbon fiber is coated with a solution containing at least one metal oxide precursor and/or at least one metal oxide. The coated carbon fiber may then be dried. In some embodiments, the carbon fiber may be dried using standard methods of drying such as, for example, with unheated air (or other gas or gases), heated air or gas, sunlight, infrared light and the like. Drying may be carried out at a temperature of about 0° C. to about 150° C., in one embodiment. In other embodiments, the drying may be carried out at room temperature to about 150° C. Through the drying process, a solvent may be evaporated and at least one metal oxide precursor and/or at least one metal oxide may be fixed on the surface of a carbon fiber. In another embodiment an additional surfactant is used as described below. A surface of a carbon fiber is coated with a solution containing at least one metal oxide precursor and/or at least one metal oxide and the additional surfactant. In one embodiment, at least a part of the surfactant may be evaporated by the drying process.
- In one embodiment, polycarbosilane melt may be provided to a carbon fiber where at least one metal oxide precursor and/or at least one metal oxide are/is provided. Polycarbosilane may be prepared by a variety of common methods.
- In one embodiment, examples of polycarbosilane may include a polycarbosilane having a main chain of the following formula:
- where R1, R2 may include, independently of one another, H, hydroxy, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkoxy or phenyl; and n may be an integer between 1 and 30.
- In one embodiment, a softening temperature of polycarbosilane may be above room temperature; for example from about 50° C. to about 300° C. In view of processability, the softening temperature may within the above range. In some embodiments, a molecular weight of the polycarbosilane may range from about 100 to about 50000. In other embodiments, the molecular weight of the polycarbosilane may range from about 200 to about 30000. In yet other embodiments, the molecular weight of the polycarbosilane may range from about 200 to about 20000, or may even range from about 1000 to about 10000 in still other embodiments.
- In one embodiment, a polycarbosilane melt may be formed by heating at a temperature above a softening point. The melt may be coated on the surface of a carbon fiber by a variety of common methods such as, for example, dip coating, spray coating, and the like. A carbon fiber whereon polycarbosilane is coated may be obtained by coating a surface of a carbon fiber with polycarbosilane melt, and cooling it below the polycarbosilane's softening temperature.
- In one embodiment, a fiber including metal oxide may be obtained by heating a carbon fiber whereon metal oxide precursor and/or metal oxide, polycarbosilane and the like are coated. The heating may be carried out in air or other gas or gases, including oxygen gas or combinations thereof. The heating may be carried out at a temperature ranging from about 300° C. to about 1500° C.
- In one embodiment, carbon in a carbon fiber may be oxidized and eliminated from the fiber in the form of carbon dioxide by heating. A metal oxide precursor may be oxidized to form metal oxide on a surface of the fiber. Polycarbosilane may move to inside of the fiber and space between metal oxides (or metal oxide precursors) during heating. Polycarbosilane may be oxidized, to form silica (silicon dioxide).
- In one embodiment, a fiber prepared by heating may include silica and metal oxide. The fiber may include a silica phase formed in a core of the fiber, and a metal oxide phase formed on a surface of the fiber. In some embodiments, the fiber may include oxide of metal such as Ti, Zn, Al, Y, Li, B, Na, Ba, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, W, Pt, Au, Ce or any combination thereof.
- In one embodiment, titanium oxide may be formed on a surface of a fiber by using a titanium oxide precursor as a metal oxide precursor.
- In one embodiment, titanium oxide may be used as photocatalyst decompose organic materials (e.g., see Nature, vol. 238 (1972), 37-38) by exposing titanium oxide to light. Thus, titanium oxide embodiments may be used to decompose source materials of air pollution, water pollution and the like.
- In some embodiments, titanium oxide on the fibers may include at least some portions having a crystalline structure such as anatase-type, rutile-type, brookite-type and the like. In some embodiments, titanium oxide of the anatase-type may be used to facilitate the photocatalytic effect.
- In one embodiment, titanium oxide may be used as a photocatalyst by illuminating the titanium oxide with ultraviolet light (e.g., the UV light may have wavelength(s) of about 400 nm or less). In other embodiments, a metal oxide precursor other than a titanium oxide precursor may be used to form metal oxide on the surface of a fiber to activate photocatalytic action absorbing visible light. These other metal oxide precursors may form undoped metal oxide in some embodiments. In other embodiments, metal oxide precursors that form doped metal oxide may be used.
- In some embodiments, in addition to titanium oxide, metal oxide capable of effecting photocatalytic activity by itself (for example, V2O3, ZnO, ZrO2, SnO, WO, Fe2O3, etc.) may be formed on a surface of a fiber. Photocatalytic effect may me increased by combining at least one metal oxide (other than titanium oxide) having photocatalytic activity with titanium oxide.
- In one embodiment, a diameter of the fiber may be about 1 mm or less. In other embodiments, the fiber diameter may be about 100 μm or less. In yet other embodiments, the fiber diameter may be about 10 μm or less, or even about 1 μm or less in still other embodiments. In some embodiments, a thickness of the fiber (which may include coatings of silica and/or metal oxide) may be adjusted by adjusting by controlling a variety of features. For example, the thickness may be adjusted by controlling a thickness of a carbon fiber, an amount and type of polycarbosilane and/or metal oxide precursor, the repeating number of coating, a method and condition of heating and so on.
- In one embodiment, metal oxide may be chemically intimately bonded to a support (i.e., a silica phase) in the fiber. For example, the fiber may be prepared as described above where metal oxide is formed on a surface of a silica phase. Thus, the fiber may reduce detachment of metal oxide particles from a support, compared to a fiber prepared by conventional methods (e.g., where metal oxide in the form of powder is coated on a surface of a support such as silica, metal and the like, or metal oxide is coated on a surface of a support by sol-gel method). In addition, a silica phase may be transparent, and thus photocatalyst may be increased by allowing the light to reach the metal oxide. For example, where titanium oxide formed on a surface of a support made from UV-transparent silica can improve the photocatalyst effect of the titanium oxide.
- In one embodiment, a solution containing at least one metal oxide precursor and/or at least one metal oxide may further contain a surfactant. Various surfactants may be employed in various embodiments. Examples of surfactants may include nonionic or cationic surfactants as described below.
- In some embodiments, nonionic surfactants may include polyoxyethylene-type nonionic surfactant, polyglycerin-type nonionic surfactant, sugar ester-type nonionic surfactant and the like. In other embodiments, nonionic surfactants may be used alone or in mixtures with other surfactants.
- In some embodiments, polyoxyethylene-type nonionic surfactant may include polyoxyethylene alkylether, polyoxyethylene alkylphenylether, polyoxyethylene•polyoxypropylene alkylether, polyoxyethylene fatty acid ester, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid ester, polyoxyethylene glycerin fatty acid ester, derivatives of polyoxyethylene castor oil or hard castor oil, derivatives of polyoxyethylene wax•lanolin, alkanol amide, polyoxyethylene propylene glycol fatty acid ester, polyoxyethylene alkylamine, polyoxyethylene fatty acid amide, sugar fatty acid ester, polyglycerin fatty acid ester, polyether modified silicon and the like. In some embodiments, polyoxyethylene-type nonionic surfactants may include polyoxyethylene cholesterolether, polyoxyethylene phytosterolether. Such nonionic surfactants may be used alone or in mixtures with other surfactants.
- In embodiments, the alkyl group in polyoxyethylene non-ionic surfactants may be an alkyl group of saturated or unsaturated fatty acid having C6˜C22. For example, the alkyl group may be a fatty acid of a single composition such as lauric acid, myristic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, etc. In addition, the alkyl group may be a mixed fatty acid such as coconut fatty acid, tallow fatty acid, hydrogenated tallow fatty acid, castor oil fatty acid, olive oil fatty acid, palm oil fatty acid, etc., or synthesized fatty acid (including branched fatty acid). In some embodiments, polyoxyethylene non-ionic surfactant may be, for example, C12H25(CH2CH2O)10OH known as C12EO10 or 10 lauryl ether; C16H33(CH2CH2O)10OH known as C16EO10 or 10 cetyl ether; C18H37(CH2CH2O)10OH known as C18E010 or 10 stearyl ether; C12H25(CH2CH2O)4OH known as C12EO4 or 4 lauryl ether; C16H33(CH2CH2O)2OH known as C16EO2 or 2 cetyl ether; or combinations thereof. In some other embodiments, polyoxyethylene(5)nonylphenyl ether (Product Name: Igepal CO-520) may be used.
- In another embodiment, fluoroalkyl groups substituting hydrogen with any number of fluorine may be used as an alkyl group. In a polyoxyethylene non-ionic surfactant, the number of condensations of polyoxyethylene may be within the range of 1˜50.
- In one embodiment, nonionic surfactants may include ethylene oxide/propylene oxide block copolymer.
- Examples of block copolymer may include two-block compound such as poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(propyleneoxide), and three-block compound such as poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-polyethylene oxide or poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide). Examples of block copolymer surfactants may include, for example, Pluronic® product name: P123 [poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(propylene oxide)-b-poly(ethylene oxide); EO20P70EO20], P103, 10R5, F98, 25R4, 17R4 that may be obtained from BASF Corporation.
- In other embodiments, surfactants may include C6-20 alkyl amine (RNH2) surfactants, for example, oleylamine, octylamine, hexadecylamine, octadecylamine.
- In other embodiments, various amounts of surfactants may be employed. An amount of surfactant may range from about 0.1 to about 10 part by weight based on a solvent of 100 part by weight in some embodiments. In other embodiments, the amount of surfactant may range from about 1 to about 5 part by weight based on a solvent of about 100 part by weight. In still other embodiments, the amount of surfactant may range from about 3 to about 5 part by weight based on a solvent of 100 part by weight.
- In some embodiments, the surfactant may have a molar ratio of at least metal oxide precursor and/or at least metal oxide surfactants ranging from about 40:1 to about 80:1.
- In some embodiments, a mesoporous metal oxide phase surfactant may be formed. In some embodiments, a size of metal oxide formed on a surface of a fiber may be uniform.
- In one embodiment, a pore of the metal oxide phase may have a diameter ranging from about 50 nm or less. In other embodiments, a pore of the metal oxide phase may have a diameter ranging from about 1 nm to about 50 nm. In yet other embodiment, a pore of the metal oxide phase may have a diameter ranging from about 2 nm to about 50 nm. In yet other embodiments, the metal oxide has pores sized such that the metal oxide has an effective surface area ranging from about 200 m2/g to about 3000 m2/g.
- In some embodiments, a fiber may be processed in the form of fiber bundles, bulky fibers, woven fabric, non-woven fabric, braided fabric, paper, felt and the like. In other embodiments, a fabric pad may be prepared from the fiber using common methods.
- In one embodiment, when a fiber or a fabric pad includes metal oxide capable of photocatalytic activity, the fiber or the fabric pad may be used for decomposing organic materials that may cause air pollution and/or water pollution (e.g., livestock farming waste water, various endocrine disrupters, and the like). In another embodiment, the fiber or the fabric pad may be used as an electric wire. Such embodiments use properties of the metal oxide other than photocatalytic activity. In some embodiments, the fiber or fabric pad uses, for example, gas sensor, electron conductivity properties of the metal oxide.
- In some embodiments, an apparatus may include at least one fabric pad prepared from the fiber prepared as described above; and at least one device for fixing the fabric pad.
- In one embodiment, a device for fixing the fabric pad may include a variety of shapes, such as propeller, plate, sheet, cylinder, and sphere. In other embodiments different shapes may be used. A fabric pad may be prepared in order to fit an external shape of a device for fixing the fabric pad.
- In an illustrative embodiment as shown in
FIG. 2 , a device for fixing the fabric pad may include apropeller 202. A fabric pad may be prepared in the shape of the wing of the propeller by processing the fiber as described above. Then, thefabric pad 201 may be fixed outside of the wing ofpropeller 202 to form a propeller having afabric pad 203. - In one embodiment, a fabric pad may be fixed by simple operation such as fitting or tying the fabric pad to the outside of a fixed device, not by physically or chemically bonding the fabric pad to the outside of the fixed device. Thus, a fabric pad may be easily detached from and reattached to the fixed device. For example, an old fabric pad may be easily removed and replaced with a new one from a device for fixing the pad, when the catalytic activity of metal oxide included in a fiber of a fabric pad is decreased by aging and the like. Further, a fabric pad may be used without any limitation in the shape of a catalyst reactor, or material thereof, since the fabric pad may be manufactured in various shapes.
- In some embodiments, an apparatus may optionally include at least one equipment where a device having a fabric pad is placed in the equipment. For example, an apparatus may include an
equipment 306 where a propeller having afabric pad 305 is placed in theequipment 306, as shown inFIG. 2 . InFIG. 2 , a propeller having afabric pad 305 may be rotated to circulate air, water and the like inequipment 306. As the propeller is rotated, organic materials may contact a surface of the fabric pad. The speed of rotation may be adjusted to control the rate at which the organic materials contact the fabric. Examples of theequipment 306 may include a water reservoir, a water tank, a water bottle, a location around a source of air pollution and the like. In other embodiments, an apparatus including the equipment may include one or more devices having a fabric pad to increase photocatalytic activity. - In one embodiment, an apparatus may optionally include at least one source of light. For example, an apparatus may include a source of light 301 where light 302 may be emitted, as shown in
FIG. 2 . The light 302 emitted from the source of light 301 may illuminate a device having a fabric pad to decompose organic materials on a surface of metal oxide (such as titanium oxide) acting as photocatalyst. Examples of the source of light 301 may include an artificial source of light such as a fluorescent lamp, a glow lamp, an UV lamp, and the like), as well as a natural source of light such as the sun. - In one embodiment, an apparatus may optionally include at least one light-collecting device. For example, an apparatus may include a light-collecting
device 303 where the light 302 from the source of light 301 may be collected to emit light 304. The light-collecting device may increase the photocatalytic effect of metal oxide by focusing the light 302 emitted from the source of light 301 to form collectedlight 304. Examples of the light-collecting device may include a lens, a mirror, a reflector and any combination thereof; however, claimed subject matter is not limited in this regard. In other embodiment, multiple light-collecting devices may be placed in series to concentrate more light. - 4.3 g of titanium isopropoxide and 3.12 g of HCl (35 wt %; for adjusting pH) may be mixed and stirred for 5 minutes at room temperature. Then, the stirred mixture may be added to a solution of 2 g of Pluronic® P123 in 12 g of 1-propanol. The mixed solution may be stirred for 10 minutes at room temperature. A woven carbon fiber whose specific surface area may be about 3000 m2/g and diameter may be about 1˜5 μm, may be immersed in said solution and taken out, and the carbon fiber may be dried for one day at room temperature.
- The carbon fiber whereon titanium butoxide may be coated, may be immersed in a melt where polycarbosilane powder (e.g., obtained from Nippon Carbon Co., Ltd.) may be heated and melted at a temperature of about 200° C. The Carbon fiber can be removed from the melt and dried at room temperature to form a polycarbosiline coated fiber.
- Further, a fiber including silica and titanium oxide may be obtained by heating the carbon fiber at a temperature of about 900° C. under the atmosphere containing oxygen gas in a furnace.
- The foregoing detailed description has set forth various embodiments of the devices and/or processes via the use of block diagrams, flowcharts, and/or examples. Insofar as such block diagrams, flowcharts, and/or examples contain one or more functions and/or operations, it will be understood by those within the art that each function and/or operation within such block diagrams, flowcharts, or examples can be implemented, individually and/or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software, firmware, or virtually any combination thereof. In one embodiment, several portions of the subject matter described herein may be implemented via Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), digital signal processors (DSPs), or other integrated formats. However, those skilled in the art will recognize that some aspects of the embodiments disclosed herein, in whole or in part, can be equivalently implemented in integrated circuits, as one or more computer programs running on one or more computers (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more computer systems), as one or more programs running on one or more processors (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more microprocessors), as firmware, or as virtually any combination thereof, and that designing the circuitry and/or writing the code for the software and or firmware would be well within the skill of one of skill in the art in light of this disclosure. In addition, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the mechanisms of the subject matter described herein are capable of being distributed as a program product in a variety of forms, and that an illustrative embodiment of the subject matter described herein applies regardless of the particular type of signal bearing medium used to actually carry out the distribution. Examples of a signal bearing medium include, but are not limited to, the following: a recordable type medium such as a floppy disk, a hard disk drive, a Compact Disc (CD), a Digital Video Disk (DVD), a digital tape, a computer memory, etc.; and a transmission type medium such as a digital and/or an analog communication medium (e.g., a fiber optic cable, a waveguide, a wired communications link, a wireless communication link, etc.).
- Those skilled in the art will recognize that it is common within the art to describe devices and/or processes in the fashion set forth herein, and thereafter use engineering practices to integrate such described devices and/or processes into data processing systems. That is, at least a portion of the devices and/or processes described herein can be integrated into a data processing system via a reasonable amount of experimentation. Those having skill in the art will recognize that a typical data processing system generally includes one or more of a system unit housing, a video display device, a memory such as volatile and non-volatile memory, processors such as microprocessors and digital signal processors, computational entities such as operating systems, drivers, graphical user interfaces, and applications programs, one or more interaction devices, such as a touch pad or screen, and/or control systems including feedback loops and control motors (e.g., feedback for sensing position and/or velocity; control motors for moving and/or adjusting components and/or quantities). A typical data processing system may be implemented utilizing any suitable commercially available components, such as those typically found in data computing/communication and/or network computing/communication systems.
- The herein described subject matter sometimes illustrates different components contained within, or connected with, different other components. It is to be understood that such depicted architectures are merely exemplary, and that in fact many other architectures can be implemented which achieve the same functionality. In a conceptual sense, any arrangement of components to achieve the same functionality is effectively “associated” such that the desired functionality is achieved. Hence, any two components herein combined to achieve a particular functionality can be seen as “associated with” each other such that the desired functionality is achieved, irrespective of architectures or intermedial components. Likewise, any two components so associated can also be viewed as being “operably connected”, or “operably coupled”, to each other to achieve the desired functionality, and any two components capable of being so associated can also be viewed as being “operably couplable”, to each other to achieve the desired functionality. Specific examples of operably couplable include but are not limited to physically mateable and/or physically interacting components and/or wirelessly interactable and/or wirelessly interacting components and/or logically interacting and/or logically interactable components.
- With respect to the use of substantially any plural and/or singular terms herein, those having skill in the art can translate from the plural to the singular and/or from the singular to the plural as is appropriate to the context and/or application. The various singular/plural permutations may be expressly set forth herein for sake of clarity.
- It will be understood by those within the art that, in general, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims (e.g., bodies of the appended claims) are generally intended as “open” terms (e.g., the term “including” should be interpreted as “including but not limited to,” the term “having” should be interpreted as “having at least,” the term “includes” should be interpreted as “includes but is not limited to,” etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence of such recitation no such intent is present. For example, as an aid to understanding, the following appended claims may contain usage of the introductory phrases “at least one” and “one or more” to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite articles “a” or “an” limits any particular claim containing such introduced claim recitation to inventions containing only one such recitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases “one or more” or “at least one” and indefinite articles such as “a” or “an” (e.g., “a” and/or “an” should typically be interpreted to mean “at least one” or “one or more”); the same holds true for the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations. In addition, even if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should typically be interpreted to mean at least the recited number (e.g., the bare recitation of “two recitations,” without other modifiers, typically means at least two recitations, or two or more recitations). Furthermore, in those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, and C, etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, and C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). In those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, or C, etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, or C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that virtually any disjunctive word and/or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms. For example, the phrase “A or B” will be understood to include the possibilities of “A” or “B” or “A and B.”
- From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that various embodiments of the present disclosure have been described herein for purposes of illustration, and that various modifications may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the present disclosure. Accordingly, the various embodiments disclosed herein are not intended to be limiting, with the true scope and spirit being indicated by the following claims.
Claims (20)
1. A fiber comprising:
a silica phase formed in a core of the fiber; and
a crystalline metal oxide phase formed on the surface of the fiber, wherein the crystalline metal oxide phase is mesoporous.
2. The fiber of claim 1 , wherein the metal oxide phase comprises an oxide of a metal selected from the group consisting of Zn, Al, Y, Li, B, Na, Ba, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, W, Pt, Au, Ce and any combination thereof.
3. The fiber of claim 1 , wherein the metal oxide phase comprises a photocatalytic metal oxide.
4. The fiber of claim 1 , where the metal oxide phase comprises a metal oxide selected from the group consisting of V2O3, ZnO, ZrO2, SnO, WO, and Fe2O3.
5. The fiber of claim 1 , where the metal oxide phase comprises titanium dioxide.
6. The fiber of claim 5 , wherein the fiber further comprises a second metal oxide on the surface of the fiber.
7. The fiber of claim 6 , wherein the second metal oxide phase comprises a second metal oxide selected from the group consisting of V2O3, ZnO, ZrO2, SnO, WO, and Fe2O3.
8. The fiber of claim 1 , wherein a diameter of the fiber is about 1 mm or less.
9. The fiber of claim 1 , wherein the metal oxide phase comprises titanium dioxide, and the crystalline metal oxide phase is an anatase-type crystalline structure.
10. The fiber of claim 1 , wherein the metal oxide phase is chemically bonded to the silica phase.
11. The fiber of claim 1 , wherein a pore of the metal oxide phase has a diameter ranging from about 1 nm to about 50 nm.
12. The fiber of claim 1 , wherein the metal oxide phase has an effective surface area ranging from about 200 m2/g to about 3000 m2/g.
13. A method comprising exposing the fiber of claim 1 to ultraviolet light.
14. An apparatus, comprising:
at least one fabric pad prepared from a fiber comprising silica and metal oxide, wherein the fiber comprises a silica phase formed in a core of the fiber, and wherein the fiber comprises a metal oxide phase formed on a surface of the fiber.
15. The apparatus of claim 14 , wherein the metal oxide phase comprises at least one mesoporous metal oxide phase.
16. The apparatus of claim 14 , wherein the metal oxide phase is crystalline.
17. The apparatus of claim 14 , wherein the metal oxide comprises an oxide of a metal selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zn, Al, Y, Li, B, Na, Ba, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, W, Pt, Au, Ce and any combination thereof.
18. The apparatus of claim 14 , wherein a diameter of the fiber is about 1 mm or less.
19. The apparatus of claim 14 , wherein the fabric pad comprises a woven fabric pad.
20. The apparatus of claim 14 , further comprising at least one ultraviolet light source.
Priority Applications (1)
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US13/292,550 US20120058884A1 (en) | 2008-08-27 | 2011-11-09 | Fiber including silica and metal oxide |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
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US12/199,748 US8137748B2 (en) | 2008-08-27 | 2008-08-27 | Fiber including silica and metal oxide |
US13/292,550 US20120058884A1 (en) | 2008-08-27 | 2011-11-09 | Fiber including silica and metal oxide |
Related Parent Applications (1)
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US12/199,748 Division US8137748B2 (en) | 2008-08-27 | 2008-08-27 | Fiber including silica and metal oxide |
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US12/199,748 Expired - Fee Related US8137748B2 (en) | 2008-08-27 | 2008-08-27 | Fiber including silica and metal oxide |
US13/292,550 Abandoned US20120058884A1 (en) | 2008-08-27 | 2011-11-09 | Fiber including silica and metal oxide |
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Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US8596570B1 (en) * | 2011-02-22 | 2013-12-03 | David Carambat | Aircraft vehicle centrifugal fan apparatus |
CN104399457A (en) * | 2014-12-26 | 2015-03-11 | 中国科学院广州地球化学研究所 | Au/TiO2/CFP (carbon fiber paper) ternary composite nano photocatalyst as well as preparation method and application thereof |
Families Citing this family (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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KR20100087542A (en) * | 2009-01-28 | 2010-08-05 | 삼성전자주식회사 | Carbon fiber coated with dilectric films and fiber-type light emitting device |
KR101265075B1 (en) | 2011-05-13 | 2013-05-16 | 연세대학교 산학협력단 | Preparing method of alloy catalyst for fuel cell using silica coating |
KR101242377B1 (en) | 2011-10-05 | 2013-03-15 | 전남대학교산학협력단 | Preparation method of carbon-carbon composite fiber, and application to carbon heating element and carbon heater using the same |
CN104001555B (en) * | 2014-05-21 | 2016-01-20 | 姚光纯 | A kind of coated wire catalyst or carrier and manufacture method thereof |
CN105602000B (en) * | 2016-02-03 | 2018-01-05 | 陕西科技大学 | A kind of preparation method of titania modified carbon fiber enhancement resin base composite material |
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US20020001702A1 (en) * | 2000-06-13 | 2002-01-03 | Toshihiro Ishikawa | Silica-group composite oxide fiber and process for the production thereof |
US20030211022A1 (en) * | 2002-05-10 | 2003-11-13 | Gross Karl J. | Method and apparatus for decontaminating water or air by a photolytic and photocatalytic reaction |
US20050202241A1 (en) * | 2004-03-10 | 2005-09-15 | Jian-Ku Shang | High surface area ceramic coated fibers |
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JPS6016385B2 (en) * | 1977-12-28 | 1985-04-25 | 日本カ−ボン株式会社 | Manufacturing method of flexible graphite products |
US4770935A (en) * | 1986-08-08 | 1988-09-13 | Ube Industries, Ltd. | Inorganic fibrous material as reinforcement for composite materials and process for production thereof |
US5478531A (en) * | 1993-04-28 | 1995-12-26 | Ajiawasu Kabushiki Kaisha | Muffling and denitrating apparatus |
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2008
- 2008-08-27 US US12/199,748 patent/US8137748B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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2011
- 2011-11-09 US US13/292,550 patent/US20120058884A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20020001702A1 (en) * | 2000-06-13 | 2002-01-03 | Toshihiro Ishikawa | Silica-group composite oxide fiber and process for the production thereof |
US20030211022A1 (en) * | 2002-05-10 | 2003-11-13 | Gross Karl J. | Method and apparatus for decontaminating water or air by a photolytic and photocatalytic reaction |
US20050202241A1 (en) * | 2004-03-10 | 2005-09-15 | Jian-Ku Shang | High surface area ceramic coated fibers |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US8596570B1 (en) * | 2011-02-22 | 2013-12-03 | David Carambat | Aircraft vehicle centrifugal fan apparatus |
CN104399457A (en) * | 2014-12-26 | 2015-03-11 | 中国科学院广州地球化学研究所 | Au/TiO2/CFP (carbon fiber paper) ternary composite nano photocatalyst as well as preparation method and application thereof |
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US8137748B2 (en) | 2012-03-20 |
US20100055002A1 (en) | 2010-03-04 |
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