US20120031233A1 - Lubricant for powder metallurgy - Google Patents
Lubricant for powder metallurgy Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20120031233A1 US20120031233A1 US13/232,672 US201113232672A US2012031233A1 US 20120031233 A1 US20120031233 A1 US 20120031233A1 US 201113232672 A US201113232672 A US 201113232672A US 2012031233 A1 US2012031233 A1 US 2012031233A1
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- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- lubricant
- fat
- weight
- accordance
- oil
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 105
- 238000004663 powder metallurgy Methods 0.000 title claims description 12
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 235000013869 carnauba wax Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 239000004203 carnauba wax Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 235000019197 fats Nutrition 0.000 claims description 41
- 239000003925 fat Substances 0.000 claims description 30
- 238000004513 sizing Methods 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 235000019871 vegetable fat Nutrition 0.000 claims description 16
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000003240 coconut oil Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 235000019864 coconut oil Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (E)-8-Octadecenoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCC(O)=O WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 20:1omega9c fatty acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9-Heptadecensaeure Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000005642 Oleic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000019484 Rapeseed oil Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N isooleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N oleic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000007127 saponification reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7553-56-2 Chemical compound [I] ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011630 iodine Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000019487 Hazelnut oil Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000019482 Palm oil Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000019486 Sunflower oil Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000019498 Walnut oil Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004359 castor oil Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000019438 castor oil Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000021323 fish oil Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- ZEMPKEQAKRGZGQ-XOQCFJPHSA-N glycerol triricinoleate Natural products CCCCCC[C@@H](O)CC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](COC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CC[C@@H](O)CCCCCC)OC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CC[C@H](O)CCCCCC ZEMPKEQAKRGZGQ-XOQCFJPHSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010468 hazelnut oil Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000944 linseed oil Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000021388 linseed oil Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004006 olive oil Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000008390 olive oil Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002540 palm oil Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000012424 soybean oil Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002600 sunflower oil Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003760 tallow Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000008170 walnut oil Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 17
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 15
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 7
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000005056 compaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 244000180278 Copernicia prunifera Species 0.000 description 4
- 235000010919 Copernicia prunifera Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerol Natural products OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- -1 304L Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 3
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910001026 inconel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910001069 Ti alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000443 aerosol Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 2
- 150000002009 diols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000856 hastalloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002480 mineral oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000010446 mineral oil Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 2
- 241001133760 Acoelorraphe Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910000851 Alloy steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000906 Bronze Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001018 Cast iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910000792 Monel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002009 allergenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003006 anti-agglomeration agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010974 bronze Substances 0.000 description 1
- CJZGTCYPCWQAJB-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium stearate Chemical class [Ca+2].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O CJZGTCYPCWQAJB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- VNNRSPGTAMTISX-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium nickel Chemical compound [Cr].[Ni] VNNRSPGTAMTISX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000013985 cinnamic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- WBYWAXJHAXSJNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N cinnamic acid group Chemical class C(C=CC1=CC=CC=C1)(=O)O WBYWAXJHAXSJNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- KUNSUQLRTQLHQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper tin Chemical compound [Cu].[Sn] KUNSUQLRTQLHQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000280 densification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002314 glycerols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000622 irritating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001050 lubricating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052961 molybdenite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N molybdenum disulfide Chemical compound S=[Mo]=S CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052982 molybdenum disulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012170 montan wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920000151 polyglycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000010695 polyglycol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000004671 saturated fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000003441 saturated fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910021332 silicide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012209 synthetic fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002994 synthetic fiber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003626 triacylglycerols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- UFTFJSFQGQCHQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N triformin Chemical compound O=COCC(OC=O)COC=O UFTFJSFQGQCHQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012178 vegetable wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M105/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound
- C10M105/08—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound containing oxygen
- C10M105/32—Esters
- C10M105/38—Esters of polyhydroxy compounds
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
- B22F1/10—Metallic powder containing lubricating or binding agents; Metallic powder containing organic material
- B22F1/105—Metallic powder containing lubricating or binding agents; Metallic powder containing organic material containing inorganic lubricating or binding agents, e.g. metal salts
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/622—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/626—Preparing or treating the powders individually or as batches ; preparing or treating macroscopic reinforcing agents for ceramic products, e.g. fibres; mechanical aspects section B
- C04B35/63—Preparing or treating the powders individually or as batches ; preparing or treating macroscopic reinforcing agents for ceramic products, e.g. fibres; mechanical aspects section B using additives specially adapted for forming the products, e.g.. binder binders
- C04B35/632—Organic additives
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M105/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound
- C10M105/08—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound containing oxygen
- C10M105/32—Esters
- C10M105/40—Esters containing free hydroxy or carboxyl groups
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M169/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by containing as components a mixture of at least two types of ingredient selected from base-materials, thickeners or additives, covered by the preceding groups, each of these compounds being essential
- C10M169/04—Mixtures of base-materials and additives
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/02—Compacting only
- B22F2003/023—Lubricant mixed with the metal powder
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2205/18—Natural waxes, e.g. ceresin, ozocerite, bees wax, carnauba; Degras
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2205/18—Natural waxes, e.g. ceresin, ozocerite, bees wax, carnauba; Degras
- C10M2205/183—Natural waxes, e.g. ceresin, ozocerite, bees wax, carnauba; Degras used as base material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2207/40—Fatty vegetable or animal oils
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2207/40—Fatty vegetable or animal oils
- C10M2207/401—Fatty vegetable or animal oils used as base material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2020/00—Specified physical or chemical properties or characteristics, i.e. function, of component of lubricating compositions
- C10N2020/01—Physico-chemical properties
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2020/00—Specified physical or chemical properties or characteristics, i.e. function, of component of lubricating compositions
- C10N2020/01—Physico-chemical properties
- C10N2020/013—Iodine value
Definitions
- This disclosure relates to a lubricant for powder metallurgy as well as to its use and a sinterable powder mixture that includes the lubricant.
- Lubricants for powder metallurgy are widely used in the manufacture of sintered parts. These sintered parts are often used in the automotive industry and, frequently, as components in engine and transmission systems. Among other things, one difficulty in the manufacture of sintered parts is obtaining a sintered part with a high density. Typically, a preform is first compacted from a sinterable powder in one or more steps to form a green body. This green preform is then sintered in a protective atmosphere during a second sintering step and may be subsequently sized or “coined” to create a strong and dimensionally accurate sintered part.
- the density of sintered parts produced in this way largely depends upon the green density of the preform (also referred to as pressed density) that is achieved during the first compaction step. It is therefore generally desirable to have green bodies with relatively high densities after the compaction.
- the final density of a sintered part may be further increased by sizing or coining operations. Furthermore, sizing or coining may be used to improve the geometrical accuracy of the component as needed.
- a pressing additive for a sinterable powder mixture is known from DE 102 44 486 A1.
- This pressing additive contains 20% to 60% by weight a polyglycol and 40% to 75% by weight a montan wax.
- lubricants have also be used in sizing operations in order to reduce the forces on the sizing tool, thereby reducing the wear of the sizing tool, and to increase the density of the part, especially in areas near the surface.
- mineral oil-based sizing lubricants are used.
- a lubricant that has lubricating qualities similar to known lubricants, but without the handling considerations and constraints of existing lubricants.
- This lubricant for powder metallurgy comprises a carnauba wax and at least one plant- or animal-based fat.
- a carnauba wax is a vegetable wax with a density usually in the range of 0.990 g/cc to 0.990 g/cc and a melting point in the range of approximately 83° C. to approximately 86° C.
- Carnauba wax is primarily obtained from the leaves of the Brazilian palm tree, Copernicia prunifera (carnauba wax palm).
- carnauba wax contains approximately 85% esters of wax acids by weight, w-hydroxycarboxylic acids and/or cinnamic acids with wax alcohols and diols. Additionally, carnauba wax also contains approximately 3% to approximately 5% free wax acids by weight, especially carnauba and cerotinic acids and, in addition, alcohols and diols, hydrocarbons and minerals. Mixtures of different kinds of carnauba waxes may be used.
- the carnauba waxes may have an iodine value in a range of approximately 8.5 to approximately 10.5.
- the acid value of the carnauba waxes may be in the range of approximately 1 to approximately 4 and the saponification value may be in the range of approximately 70 to approximately 83.
- the plant- or animal-based fats are triglycerides.
- fat as used herein is synonymous with the term oil, so that it is possible to speak comprehensively of the group comprising fats and oils.
- These fats and oils largely comprise mixed glycerol esters of higher fatty acids with an even number of carbon atoms, whereby animal fats may also contain fatty acids with an odd number of carbon atoms.
- the fat may be selected from a group that includes one or more vegetable fats, prepared separately or as a mixture.
- the fat contained in the lubricant according to the invention may contain at least 6% oleic acid by weight in some forms and at least approximately 10% oleic acid by weight in other forms.
- the quantity of oleic acid is in the range of approximately 6% to approximately 65% by weight, based on the total amount of fat respectively.
- the fat contained in the lubricant according to the invention has an iodine value of at least 40, and more preferably of at least 80.
- the fat in the lubricant has a saponification value of at least approximately 150 mg KOH/g, and more preferably of at least approximately 200 mg KOH/g.
- Sintered parts are to be understood as parts that are manufactured entirely of a sinterable material or partly of a sinterable material (as is the case for composite parts).
- a first portion of such a composite part can be manufactured, for example, of a mixture containing aluminum or iron, and a second portion that is connected to the first portion may be made of another material, e.g., cast iron, sintered or solid or manufactured of solid cast aluminum.
- the composite part may have a sintered layer on surface(s) of a base material.
- the sintered parts can be sized or coined using the lubricant and/or heat treated.
- the sintered parts are primarily manufactured from a mixture comprising at least one metallic material and/or plastic material and at least one lubricant for powder metallurgy.
- Sinterable materials are, as used herein, powders or powder mixtures made of metallic, ceramic and/or plastic components; for example, low alloy steels, chromium-nickel steels, bronze, nickel-based alloys such as Hastalloy, Inconel, metal oxides, metal nitrides, metal silicides or the like, and further, powders or mixtures containing aluminum, whereby the mixtures may also contain high-melting components such as platinum or the like.
- the powders and their particle sizes depend upon the particular application.
- powders that contain iron are alloys such as 316L, 304L, Iconel 600, Iconel 625, Monel and Hastalloy B, X and C as well as 17-4PH.
- low-alloy steel powders may include, for example, carbonized steel, Distaloy AB, AE, DE and HP (Högäns AB, Sweden) and Ancorsteel 4300 (Hoeganaes Corp., USA). Titanium and/or titanium alloys are also suitable materials, even when mixed with other materials, such as powders containing iron.
- the metallic material and/or plastic material may include synthetic fibers or fibers such as fibers with a diameter between 0.1 ⁇ m to approximately 2 ⁇ m and of a length of a few microns up to approximately 50 millimeters.
- carbon may be added in the appropriate quantity to some metallic materials (e.g., iron) in order to arrive at the desired alloys.
- Other additives such as binding agents or the like may also be added.
- the sinterable mixture may also contain at least one stabilizing agent and/or at least one anti-agglomeration agent.
- the sinterable mixture may also contain self-lubricating materials such as MoS 2 , WS 2 , BN and/or other carbon modifications such as coke, polarized graphite or the like in addition or as an alternative to graphite.
- the sinterable mixture may contain aerosols, as well as other additives known to the person skilled in the art, depending upon the particular application.
- Some lubricants of the type described have the significant advantage that, with the lubricant, sinterable materials or material mixtures have a compressibility similar to that found when conventional pressing additives are used. Furthermore, some lubricants of the type described can be used as a sizing lubricant by which it is possible to achieve an especially high force for a unilateral calibration on the lower punch, for example, using load cells. Furthermore, the ejection pressures are as low as for lubricants known from the prior art that are, however, more disadvantageous from a handling/environmental perspective.
- At least one of the fats comprised in the lubricant is solid or fluid.
- the aforementioned aggregate states are based on a temperature of 20° C., but, depending on the composition and viscosity, a fat that melts at 5° C., for example, may also be referred to as a solid fat.
- at least one fat may be a triglyceride, which is a glycerol ester with predominantly saturated fatty acids, meaning that the glycerol ester is comprised of at least two fatty acids.
- the lubricant includes at least one fat that is a solid at a temperature of 20° C. in addition to carnauba wax. In another preferred embodiment, the lubricant according to the invention includes at least one fat that is a solid at a temperature of 20° C. and at least one fat that is liquid at 20° C., in addition to carnauba wax.
- At least one fat in the lubricant for powder metallurgy may be selected from a group that includes rapeseed oil, coconut oil, soya oil, linseed oil, palm oil and/or fat, sunflower oil, walnut oil, hazelnut oil, olive oil, castor oil, tallow and/or fish oil and derivatives of the aforementioned substances.
- Particularly suitable derivatives include hydrogenated or oxygenated compounds of the aforementioned substances. Mixtures of the specified substances may be used.
- the lubricant may contain at least 50% carnauba wax by weight and at least 10% by weight of one of the vegetable fats that is a solid at a temperature of 20° C., where the weight percentages are calculated based on the total amount of the lubricant.
- the lubricant may contain carnauba wax in an amount of 65% to 90% by weight and the at least one solid vegetable fat in an amount of 10% to 35% by weight, each calculated on the basis of the total weight of the lubricant.
- the lubricant may contain no additional substances besides carnauba wax and the minimum of one solid vegetable fat.
- the lubricant may contain at least approximately 5% carnauba wax by weight, at least approximately 20% by weight of a first vegetable fat that tends to be solid at a temperature of 20° C., and at least approximately 40% by weight of a second vegetable fat that is liquid at a temperature of 20° C., whereby the weight percentages are calculated based on the total quantity of the lubricant.
- the lubricant may contain carnauba wax in an amount of approximately 6% to approximately 15% by weight, the first vegetable fat in an amount of approximately 30% to approximately 45% by weight and the second vegetable fat in an amount of approximately 45% to approximately 65% by weight.
- the lubricant may, in some forms, contain no further substances in addition to a second liquid vegetable fat, a first vegetable fat and carnauba wax. That embodiment of the lubricant is especially suitable for use as a sizing lubricant, as no drying step is required before sizing, as is often the case for sizing lubricants that contain solvents as is found in prior art.
- the lubricant as further described above, which contains a higher proportion of carnauba wax, is preferably used as a pressing additive and is more preferably mixed directly into a powder mixture.
- the present invention also pertains to the use of a lubricant as defined above, as an additive to a sinterable powder mixture, or in other words, as a pressing additive or, in some alternate forms, as a sizing lubricant in powder metallurgy.
- the present invention also pertains to a mixture for the manufacture of sintered parts comprising at least one metallic material and/or plastic material and at least one lubricant for powder metallurgy as defined above.
- a sinterable powder mixture will be used that further contains at least one plastic and/or metallic powder material in addition to at least one disclosed lubricant.
- the mixture for the manufacture of sintered moldings according to the invention primarily contains 0.1% to 2% of the lubricant by weight, calculated on the basis of the total weight of the mixture.
- the sinterable powder mixture may also contain further additives, such as aerosols, graphite, self-lubricating materials, binding agents, and so forth.
- FIG. 1 is a chart depicting the green density of compacted parts using convention Licowax C lubricant and one formulation of the disclosed lubricant at various compaction pressures.
- a lubricant that is used as a pressing additive is provided by a mixture of 16.7% coconut oil by weight and 83.3% carnauba wax by weight.
- the coconut oil was still a solid fat at a temperature of 20° C. with a saponification value of 255 mg KOH/g to 260 mg KOH/g.
- the coconut oil was purchased under the trade name Palmin, which is manufactured by the company Peter Kölln KGaA, Elmshorn, Germany.
- the carnauba wax that was used was obtained under the type designation 7170, manufactured by the company Willy Benecke GmbH, Hamburg, has a melting range of 78° C. to 90° C. and an acid value or 2 to 10 as well as an ester value of 70 to 82.
- the carnauba wax was available in powder form.
- the coconut oil which was available in block form, and the carnauba wax, which was available in powder form, can be melted together in the indicated amounts for the manufacture of the lubricant. However, in other forms of production, they can also be mechanically mixed together as solids (after reconstituting the coconut oil into a powder or pellet form). If the lubricant is manufactured by melting together the components, the melt may be allowed to cool and then may be ground or atomized. The lubricant that was produced in this way and that is usable as a pressing additive was obtained as a solid powder at a temperature of 20° C.
- the prepared lubricant was added to a sinterable metallic powder as a pressing additive.
- the base powder was a water-atomized iron powder available under the trade name 1000 BMn, manufactured by Hoeganaes Corporation, Cinnaminson, USA.
- To this base powder was added 2% copper by weight in powder form and 0.6% graphite by weight available under the trade name UF-4, manufactured by Graphit Kropfmühl AG, Hauzenberg, Germany.
- the pressing additive was added to this powder mixture in an amount of 0.6% by weight of the lubricant and the mixture was homogenously mixed.
- the sinterable powder mixture thus prepared was placed in a conventional compaction press and uni-axially pressed into bushings with an outside diameter of 14.3 mm, an inside diameter of 9 mm, and a height of 13.3 mm at different pressures and a mold temperature of 25° C. as well as an M/Q ratio of 10 (lateral surface to cross section ratio).
- a sinterable powder mixture of the aforementioned metal composition was prepared, whereby instead of 0.6% by weight of the stated lubricant being added as a pressing additive, this later preparation used an amount of 0.6% by weight of the pressing additive known from the prior art, Licowax C manufactured by Clariant GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, which is a bisstearoylethylenediamine (amide wax).
- the density of the produced green bodies was measured at different pressing pressures, both for the powder mixture and for the comparison mixture in accordance with DIN 1503369 (impermeable sintered metals and carbides/investigation of the density). The density was obtained at pressing pressures of 400 MPa, 500 MPa and 600 MPa.
- FIG. 1 shows that when the newly disclosed lubricant was used as a pressing agent, the densities of the produced bushing-shaped green bodies were higher than those achieved when the lubricant known and tested from the prior art, Licowax C, was used. Unlike Licowax C, however, the newly disclosed lubricant is environmentally friendly and cost-effective.
- the carnauba wax used here corresponded to that which is used in the lubricant as a pressing additive, described above in greater detail.
- the rapeseed oil had a melting point of ⁇ 5° C. and, therefore, can be considered a liquid fat in the sense of the present application.
- the used first vegetable fat had a melting point of +3° C. and a viscosity, measured at 35° C. and measured dynamically, of 78 mPa/s (measured in accordance with DIN 53015) and, therefore, can be considered to be a solid fat.
- the first fat had a saponification value of 380 mg KOH/g and an iodine value of 92 mg KOH/g.
- the proportion of oleic acid in the first fat was approximately 52% by weight, whereas the oleic acid in the rapeseed oil that was used was present in an amount of approximately 59% by weight.
- the individual components of the lubricant (which can be used as a sizing lubricant) were mixed at an increased temperature of approximately 80° C. in liquid form.
- bushings were produced out of a water-atomized iron having an inner diameter of 9 mm, an outside diameter of 14.3 mm, and a height of 25 mm.
- the water-atomized iron was manufactured under the trade name of ASC100.29 manufactured by Hoeganaes AB, Sweden.
- the aforementioned iron powder was pressed, together with 0.6% Licowax C by weight, into the aforementioned components.
- the lateral surface to cross section ratio was 19.
- the green parts obtained were sintered at 1120° C. for approximately 20 minutes in a continuous belt oven. Once the manufacturing step of sintering and cooling to room temperature is complete, the bushings obtained in this manner were dipped in the calibration lubricant at 20° C.
- the bushings coated with the lubricant were placed in an appropriate sizing tool and a unilateral sizing was performed using an upper punch with a force of 800 MPa.
- the forces that resulted from the upper punch during sizing were measured using load cells manufactured by Hottinger Baldwin, Darmstadt, Germany.
- the forces on the lower punch were measured first.
- the samples were then ejected from the lower punch of the sizing tool and the force needed to do so was measured. While the forces measured on the lower punch should be as high as possible during sizing, the forces measured when the component is ejected from the tool should be as low as possible.
- Table 1 compares the measured forces and the manufacturing conditions.
- the newly disclosed lubricant used as a sizing lubricant, shows improved qualities both in terms of the forces measured at the lower punch as well as relative to the measured ejection pressure values, which fall between those of sizing lubricants known from the prior art, and specifically in ranges that are relevant to practical application.
- the newly disclosed sizing lubricant demonstrates extraordinarily environmental friendliness and occupational safety qualities in comparison to the conventional sizing lubricants.
Abstract
A lubricant for use in a powder mixture is disclosed. This lubricant contains carnauba wax and at least one plant- or animal-based fat. A powder mixture using this lubricant can be used to compact green parts have higher densities and helps to improve the life of the tools compacting the powder.
Description
- This application is a continuation application of PCT application serial number PCT/EP2010/001302 entitled “Lubricant for Powder Metallurgy” filed on Mar. 3, 2010 which claims priority to German patent application number 10 2009 013 021.7 filed on Mar. 16, 2009. The contents of both of these applications are incorporated by reference as if set forth in their entirety herein.
- This disclosure relates to a lubricant for powder metallurgy as well as to its use and a sinterable powder mixture that includes the lubricant.
- Lubricants for powder metallurgy are widely used in the manufacture of sintered parts. These sintered parts are often used in the automotive industry and, frequently, as components in engine and transmission systems. Among other things, one difficulty in the manufacture of sintered parts is obtaining a sintered part with a high density. Typically, a preform is first compacted from a sinterable powder in one or more steps to form a green body. This green preform is then sintered in a protective atmosphere during a second sintering step and may be subsequently sized or “coined” to create a strong and dimensionally accurate sintered part.
- The density of sintered parts produced in this way largely depends upon the green density of the preform (also referred to as pressed density) that is achieved during the first compaction step. It is therefore generally desirable to have green bodies with relatively high densities after the compaction. In addition, the final density of a sintered part may be further increased by sizing or coining operations. Furthermore, sizing or coining may be used to improve the geometrical accuracy of the component as needed.
- The high compression pressures commonly used in the state of the art for the manufacture of high-density green bodies result in a high degree of stress on the compaction punches and, moreover, lead to increased friction between the green preform and the die during ejection of the preform from the tool die after compaction. As a result, higher ejection forces must be applied to eject the preform which pose the risk of an undesired local re-densification and the formation of cracks in the green body. It is therefore generally known in the art that a lubricant may be applied to the surface of the punch and/or a suitable lubricant may be added directly to the powder mixture as a binder and to reduce the force for ejection.
- A pressing additive for a sinterable powder mixture is known from DE 102 44 486 A1. This pressing additive contains 20% to 60% by weight a polyglycol and 40% to 75% by weight a montan wax.
- Moreover, lubricants have also be used in sizing operations in order to reduce the forces on the sizing tool, thereby reducing the wear of the sizing tool, and to increase the density of the part, especially in areas near the surface. Generally, mineral oil-based sizing lubricants are used.
- There are significant disadvantages to the lubricants currently in use, especially in the case of those used in metal powder mixtures as pressing additives or sizing lubricants. Many lubricants and/or stearates have skin-irritating or allergenic properties because of the high content of mineral oil or other oil-like substances. In addition, some of the previously used agents can no longer be used as a result of more stringent legal requirements.
- A lubricant is disclosed that has lubricating qualities similar to known lubricants, but without the handling considerations and constraints of existing lubricants. This lubricant for powder metallurgy comprises a carnauba wax and at least one plant- or animal-based fat. A carnauba wax is a vegetable wax with a density usually in the range of 0.990 g/cc to 0.990 g/cc and a melting point in the range of approximately 83° C. to approximately 86° C. Carnauba wax is primarily obtained from the leaves of the Brazilian palm tree, Copernicia prunifera (carnauba wax palm). By way of example, carnauba wax contains approximately 85% esters of wax acids by weight, w-hydroxycarboxylic acids and/or cinnamic acids with wax alcohols and diols. Additionally, carnauba wax also contains approximately 3% to approximately 5% free wax acids by weight, especially carnauba and cerotinic acids and, in addition, alcohols and diols, hydrocarbons and minerals. Mixtures of different kinds of carnauba waxes may be used. The carnauba waxes may have an iodine value in a range of approximately 8.5 to approximately 10.5. The acid value of the carnauba waxes may be in the range of approximately 1 to approximately 4 and the saponification value may be in the range of approximately 70 to approximately 83.
- The plant- or animal-based fats are triglycerides. The term fat as used herein is synonymous with the term oil, so that it is possible to speak comprehensively of the group comprising fats and oils. These fats and oils largely comprise mixed glycerol esters of higher fatty acids with an even number of carbon atoms, whereby animal fats may also contain fatty acids with an odd number of carbon atoms. The fat may be selected from a group that includes one or more vegetable fats, prepared separately or as a mixture. The fat contained in the lubricant according to the invention may contain at least 6% oleic acid by weight in some forms and at least approximately 10% oleic acid by weight in other forms. Preferably, the quantity of oleic acid is in the range of approximately 6% to approximately 65% by weight, based on the total amount of fat respectively. The fat contained in the lubricant according to the invention has an iodine value of at least 40, and more preferably of at least 80. In an further embodiment, the fat in the lubricant has a saponification value of at least approximately 150 mg KOH/g, and more preferably of at least approximately 200 mg KOH/g.
- This lubricant for powder metallurgy is primarily produced for the manufacture of sintered parts. Sintered parts are to be understood as parts that are manufactured entirely of a sinterable material or partly of a sinterable material (as is the case for composite parts). In some forms, a first portion of such a composite part can be manufactured, for example, of a mixture containing aluminum or iron, and a second portion that is connected to the first portion may be made of another material, e.g., cast iron, sintered or solid or manufactured of solid cast aluminum. In other forms, the composite part may have a sintered layer on surface(s) of a base material. In some forms, the sintered parts can be sized or coined using the lubricant and/or heat treated.
- The sintered parts are primarily manufactured from a mixture comprising at least one metallic material and/or plastic material and at least one lubricant for powder metallurgy. Sinterable materials are, as used herein, powders or powder mixtures made of metallic, ceramic and/or plastic components; for example, low alloy steels, chromium-nickel steels, bronze, nickel-based alloys such as Hastalloy, Inconel, metal oxides, metal nitrides, metal silicides or the like, and further, powders or mixtures containing aluminum, whereby the mixtures may also contain high-melting components such as platinum or the like. The powders and their particle sizes depend upon the particular application. By way of example, powders that contain iron are alloys such as 316L, 304L, Iconel 600, Iconel 625, Monel and Hastalloy B, X and C as well as 17-4PH. By way of example, low-alloy steel powders may include, for example, carbonized steel, Distaloy AB, AE, DE and HP (Högäns AB, Sweden) and Ancorsteel 4300 (Hoeganaes Corp., USA). Titanium and/or titanium alloys are also suitable materials, even when mixed with other materials, such as powders containing iron. Furthermore, the metallic material and/or plastic material may include synthetic fibers or fibers such as fibers with a diameter between 0.1 μm to approximately 2 μm and of a length of a few microns up to approximately 50 millimeters. In addition, carbon may be added in the appropriate quantity to some metallic materials (e.g., iron) in order to arrive at the desired alloys. Other additives such as binding agents or the like may also be added. In addition, the sinterable mixture may also contain at least one stabilizing agent and/or at least one anti-agglomeration agent. Furthermore, the sinterable mixture may also contain self-lubricating materials such as MoS2, WS2, BN and/or other carbon modifications such as coke, polarized graphite or the like in addition or as an alternative to graphite. In addition, the sinterable mixture may contain aerosols, as well as other additives known to the person skilled in the art, depending upon the particular application.
- Some lubricants of the type described have the significant advantage that, with the lubricant, sinterable materials or material mixtures have a compressibility similar to that found when conventional pressing additives are used. Furthermore, some lubricants of the type described can be used as a sizing lubricant by which it is possible to achieve an especially high force for a unilateral calibration on the lower punch, for example, using load cells. Furthermore, the ejection pressures are as low as for lubricants known from the prior art that are, however, more disadvantageous from a handling/environmental perspective.
- In one preferred embodiment, at least one of the fats comprised in the lubricant is solid or fluid.
- Here, the aforementioned aggregate states are based on a temperature of 20° C., but, depending on the composition and viscosity, a fat that melts at 5° C., for example, may also be referred to as a solid fat. In some embodiments, at least one fat may be a triglyceride, which is a glycerol ester with predominantly saturated fatty acids, meaning that the glycerol ester is comprised of at least two fatty acids.
- In one preferred embodiment, the lubricant includes at least one fat that is a solid at a temperature of 20° C. in addition to carnauba wax. In another preferred embodiment, the lubricant according to the invention includes at least one fat that is a solid at a temperature of 20° C. and at least one fat that is liquid at 20° C., in addition to carnauba wax.
- At least one fat in the lubricant for powder metallurgy may be selected from a group that includes rapeseed oil, coconut oil, soya oil, linseed oil, palm oil and/or fat, sunflower oil, walnut oil, hazelnut oil, olive oil, castor oil, tallow and/or fish oil and derivatives of the aforementioned substances. Particularly suitable derivatives include hydrogenated or oxygenated compounds of the aforementioned substances. Mixtures of the specified substances may be used.
- The lubricant may contain at least 50% carnauba wax by weight and at least 10% by weight of one of the vegetable fats that is a solid at a temperature of 20° C., where the weight percentages are calculated based on the total amount of the lubricant.
- The lubricant may contain carnauba wax in an amount of 65% to 90% by weight and the at least one solid vegetable fat in an amount of 10% to 35% by weight, each calculated on the basis of the total weight of the lubricant. In some forms, the lubricant may contain no additional substances besides carnauba wax and the minimum of one solid vegetable fat.
- The lubricant may contain at least approximately 5% carnauba wax by weight, at least approximately 20% by weight of a first vegetable fat that tends to be solid at a temperature of 20° C., and at least approximately 40% by weight of a second vegetable fat that is liquid at a temperature of 20° C., whereby the weight percentages are calculated based on the total quantity of the lubricant. In this embodiment, the lubricant may contain carnauba wax in an amount of approximately 6% to approximately 15% by weight, the first vegetable fat in an amount of approximately 30% to approximately 45% by weight and the second vegetable fat in an amount of approximately 45% to approximately 65% by weight. The lubricant may, in some forms, contain no further substances in addition to a second liquid vegetable fat, a first vegetable fat and carnauba wax. That embodiment of the lubricant is especially suitable for use as a sizing lubricant, as no drying step is required before sizing, as is often the case for sizing lubricants that contain solvents as is found in prior art. The lubricant as further described above, which contains a higher proportion of carnauba wax, is preferably used as a pressing additive and is more preferably mixed directly into a powder mixture.
- Insofar as ranges or number ranges are indicated, it should be noted that the particular upper and lower values of these ranges are not absolute values. Rather, some deviations from the numerically defined as upper and lower limits may be made where the application so demands. Here, variances within a deviation range of up to 5% from the indicated numeric value of the upper and/or lower level are possible.
- The present invention also pertains to the use of a lubricant as defined above, as an additive to a sinterable powder mixture, or in other words, as a pressing additive or, in some alternate forms, as a sizing lubricant in powder metallurgy.
- Finally, the present invention also pertains to a mixture for the manufacture of sintered parts comprising at least one metallic material and/or plastic material and at least one lubricant for powder metallurgy as defined above. A sinterable powder mixture will be used that further contains at least one plastic and/or metallic powder material in addition to at least one disclosed lubricant. The mixture for the manufacture of sintered moldings according to the invention primarily contains 0.1% to 2% of the lubricant by weight, calculated on the basis of the total weight of the mixture. In addition, aside from the aforementioned metallic and/or plastic materials, including by way of mixtures, the sinterable powder mixture may also contain further additives, such as aerosols, graphite, self-lubricating materials, binding agents, and so forth.
- These and still other advantages of the invention will be apparent from the detailed description and drawings. What follows is merely a description of some preferred embodiments of the present invention. To assess the full scope of the invention the claims should be looked to as these preferred embodiments are not intended to be the only embodiments within the scope of the claims.
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FIG. 1 is a chart depicting the green density of compacted parts using convention Licowax C lubricant and one formulation of the disclosed lubricant at various compaction pressures. - A lubricant that is used as a pressing additive is provided by a mixture of 16.7% coconut oil by weight and 83.3% carnauba wax by weight. The coconut oil was still a solid fat at a temperature of 20° C. with a saponification value of 255 mg KOH/g to 260 mg KOH/g. The coconut oil was purchased under the trade name Palmin, which is manufactured by the company Peter Kölln KGaA, Elmshorn, Germany. The carnauba wax that was used was obtained under the type designation 7170, manufactured by the company Willy Benecke GmbH, Hamburg, has a melting range of 78° C. to 90° C. and an acid value or 2 to 10 as well as an ester value of 70 to 82. The carnauba wax was available in powder form.
- The coconut oil, which was available in block form, and the carnauba wax, which was available in powder form, can be melted together in the indicated amounts for the manufacture of the lubricant. However, in other forms of production, they can also be mechanically mixed together as solids (after reconstituting the coconut oil into a powder or pellet form). If the lubricant is manufactured by melting together the components, the melt may be allowed to cool and then may be ground or atomized. The lubricant that was produced in this way and that is usable as a pressing additive was obtained as a solid powder at a temperature of 20° C.
- The prepared lubricant was added to a sinterable metallic powder as a pressing additive. The base powder was a water-atomized iron powder available under the trade name 1000 BMn, manufactured by Hoeganaes Corporation, Cinnaminson, USA. To this base powder was added 2% copper by weight in powder form and 0.6% graphite by weight available under the trade name UF-4, manufactured by Graphit Kropfmühl AG, Hauzenberg, Germany. The pressing additive was added to this powder mixture in an amount of 0.6% by weight of the lubricant and the mixture was homogenously mixed. The sinterable powder mixture thus prepared was placed in a conventional compaction press and uni-axially pressed into bushings with an outside diameter of 14.3 mm, an inside diameter of 9 mm, and a height of 13.3 mm at different pressures and a mold temperature of 25° C. as well as an M/Q ratio of 10 (lateral surface to cross section ratio).
- For comparison, a sinterable powder mixture of the aforementioned metal composition was prepared, whereby instead of 0.6% by weight of the stated lubricant being added as a pressing additive, this later preparation used an amount of 0.6% by weight of the pressing additive known from the prior art, Licowax C manufactured by Clariant GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, which is a bisstearoylethylenediamine (amide wax).
- The density of the produced green bodies was measured at different pressing pressures, both for the powder mixture and for the comparison mixture in accordance with DIN 1503369 (impermeable sintered metals and carbides/investigation of the density). The density was obtained at pressing pressures of 400 MPa, 500 MPa and 600 MPa.
-
FIG. 1 shows that when the newly disclosed lubricant was used as a pressing agent, the densities of the produced bushing-shaped green bodies were higher than those achieved when the lubricant known and tested from the prior art, Licowax C, was used. Unlike Licowax C, however, the newly disclosed lubricant is environmentally friendly and cost-effective. - Another lubricant, this time for sizing, was prepared using 54% rapeseed oil by weight (second vegetable and liquid fat), 36% by weight of a first vegetable fat and 10% carnauba wax by weight. The carnauba wax used here corresponded to that which is used in the lubricant as a pressing additive, described above in greater detail. The rapeseed oil had a melting point of −5° C. and, therefore, can be considered a liquid fat in the sense of the present application. The saponification value was 375 mg KOH/g, the iodine value 107, the viscosity, measured at 35° C. and measured dynamically, was 39 mPa/s (measured in accordance with DIN 53015). The used first vegetable fat had a melting point of +3° C. and a viscosity, measured at 35° C. and measured dynamically, of 78 mPa/s (measured in accordance with DIN 53015) and, therefore, can be considered to be a solid fat. The first fat had a saponification value of 380 mg KOH/g and an iodine value of 92 mg KOH/g. The proportion of oleic acid in the first fat was approximately 52% by weight, whereas the oleic acid in the rapeseed oil that was used was present in an amount of approximately 59% by weight. The individual components of the lubricant (which can be used as a sizing lubricant) were mixed at an increased temperature of approximately 80° C. in liquid form.
- Using the prepare sizing lubricant, bushings were produced out of a water-atomized iron having an inner diameter of 9 mm, an outside diameter of 14.3 mm, and a height of 25 mm. The water-atomized iron was manufactured under the trade name of ASC100.29 manufactured by Hoeganaes AB, Sweden. The aforementioned iron powder was pressed, together with 0.6% Licowax C by weight, into the aforementioned components. The lateral surface to cross section ratio was 19. The green parts obtained were sintered at 1120° C. for approximately 20 minutes in a continuous belt oven. Once the manufacturing step of sintering and cooling to room temperature is complete, the bushings obtained in this manner were dipped in the calibration lubricant at 20° C.
- After the dipping process and, if necessary, drying step (a processing step which, unlike lubricants known from prior art, is not necessary using the above-described sizing lubricant), the bushings coated with the lubricant were placed in an appropriate sizing tool and a unilateral sizing was performed using an upper punch with a force of 800 MPa. In so doing, the forces that resulted from the upper punch during sizing were measured using load cells manufactured by Hottinger Baldwin, Darmstadt, Germany. The forces on the lower punch were measured first. After sizing, the samples were then ejected from the lower punch of the sizing tool and the force needed to do so was measured. While the forces measured on the lower punch should be as high as possible during sizing, the forces measured when the component is ejected from the tool should be as low as possible.
- The lubricant mixture prepared as described above, which can be used as a sizing lubricant, was compared with the conventional lubricant, Multical EJ10 manufactured by Zeller+Gmelin GmbH & Co. KG, Eislingen/Fils, Germany (which in the meantime has been removed from the market), and which is a solvent-containing wax. It was also compared with Rustilo DWX 30 manufactured by Castrol Industrie GmbH, Mönchengladbach, Germany, which is used as a calibration lubricant, and which is a solvent-containing fat.
- The following table, Table 1, compares the measured forces and the manufacturing conditions.
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TABLE 1 Drying Drying Tool time at Temp. PLower punch PUS-off Manufacturer Basis Product [min] (° C.) (° C.) [MPa] [MPa] Zeller + Gmelin Wax, 720 25 25 579 165 GmbH & containing Co. KG solvent Castrol Fat, Rustilo 300 25 25 215 515 Industrie containing DWX 30 GmbH solvent Disclosed Carnauba Disclosed 0 25 25 490 185 lubricant wax, lubricant rapeseed oil, semi- solid plant fat, solvent- free - As can clearly be seen in the table above, the newly disclosed lubricant, used as a sizing lubricant, shows improved qualities both in terms of the forces measured at the lower punch as well as relative to the measured ejection pressure values, which fall between those of sizing lubricants known from the prior art, and specifically in ranges that are relevant to practical application. Moreover, the newly disclosed sizing lubricant demonstrates extraordinarily environmental friendliness and occupational safety qualities in comparison to the conventional sizing lubricants.
- It should be appreciated that various other modifications and variations to the preferred embodiments can be made within the spirit and scope of the invention. Therefore, the invention should not be limited to the described embodiments. To ascertain the full scope of the invention, the following claims should be referenced.
Claims (14)
1. A lubricant for powder metallurgy comprising:
carnauba wax; and
at least one plant- or animal-based fat.
2. A lubricant in accordance with claim 1 wherein the fat is a vegetable fat.
3. A lubricant in accordance with claim 1 wherein the at least one fat contains at least 6% oleic acid by weight.
4. A lubricant in accordance with claim 1 wherein the fat has an iodine value of at least 40.
5. A lubricant in accordance with claim 1 wherein the fat has a saponification value of at least 150 mg KOH/g.
6. A lubricant in accordance with claim 1 wherein the at least one fat is solid or liquid.
7. A lubricant in accordance with claim 1 were the lubricant contains at least one fat that is solid at a temperature of 20° C.
8. A lubricant in accordance with claim 1 wherein the fat contains at least one fat that is solid at a temperature of 20° C. and at least one fat that is liquid at a temperature of 20° C.
9. A lubricant in accordance with claim 1 wherein the at least one fat is selected from a group consisting of rapeseed oil, coconut oil, soya oil, linseed oil, palm oil or palm fat, sunflower oil, walnut oil, hazelnut oil, olive oil, castor oil, tallow, fish oil, and derivatives of the aforementioned substances.
10. A lubricant in accordance with claim 1 wherein the lubricant comprising at least 50% carnauba wax by weight and at least 10% of a vegetable fat by weight that is solid at a temperature of 20° C., wherein the weight percent are calculated based on the total quantity of the lubricant.
11. A lubricant in accordance with claim 1 wherein the lubricant comprises at least 5% carnauba wax by weight, at least 20% by weight of a first vegetable fat and at least 40% by weight of a second vegetable fat that is liquid at a temperature of 20° C., wherein the weight percent are calculated based on the total quantity of the lubricant.
12. A method of using of the lubricant of claim 1 as an additive to a sinterable powder mixture or as a sizing lubricant in powder metallurgy.
13. A mixture for the manufacture of sintered parts comprising at least one lubricant in accordance with claim 1 and at least one metallic material.
14. A mixture in accordance with claim 13 wherein the mixture contains 0.1% to 2.0% lubricant by weight, calculated on the basis of the total weight of the mixture.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102009013021.7 | 2009-03-16 | ||
DE102009013021A DE102009013021A1 (en) | 2009-03-16 | 2009-03-16 | Lubricants for powder metallurgy |
PCT/EP2010/001302 WO2010105740A1 (en) | 2009-03-16 | 2010-03-03 | Lubricant for powder metallurgy |
Related Parent Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP2010/001302 Continuation WO2010105740A1 (en) | 2009-03-16 | 2010-03-03 | Lubricant for powder metallurgy |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20120031233A1 true US20120031233A1 (en) | 2012-02-09 |
Family
ID=42270277
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US13/232,672 Abandoned US20120031233A1 (en) | 2009-03-16 | 2011-09-14 | Lubricant for powder metallurgy |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20120031233A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2408883B1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE102009013021A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2010105740A1 (en) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US10030209B2 (en) | 2013-09-12 | 2018-07-24 | National Research Council Of Canada | Lubricant for powder metallurgy and metal powder compositions containing said lubricant |
US10899915B2 (en) | 2015-11-09 | 2021-01-26 | Research Cooperation Foundation Of Yeungnam University | Wax-based thermoplastic organic binder composition for powder molding, and feedstock composition using same |
US11351603B2 (en) * | 2018-09-26 | 2022-06-07 | Jfe Steel Corporation | Mixed powder for powder metallurgy and lubricant for powder metallurgy |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2013126623A1 (en) * | 2012-02-24 | 2013-08-29 | Hoeganaes Corporation | Improved lubricant system for use in powder metallurgy |
DE102014226094A1 (en) | 2014-12-16 | 2016-06-16 | Gkn Sinter Metals Engineering Gmbh | Pressing aids for powder metallurgy |
EP3165302A1 (en) * | 2015-11-03 | 2017-05-10 | Wachs-Chemie Elsteraue e.K. | Lubricant on the basis of sugar cane waxes |
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2009
- 2009-03-16 DE DE102009013021A patent/DE102009013021A1/en not_active Ceased
-
2010
- 2010-03-03 EP EP10708918.7A patent/EP2408883B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2010-03-03 WO PCT/EP2010/001302 patent/WO2010105740A1/en active Application Filing
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2011
- 2011-09-14 US US13/232,672 patent/US20120031233A1/en not_active Abandoned
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US1992131A (en) * | 1929-08-31 | 1935-02-19 | Sajak Emil | Leather dressing composition |
US3419684A (en) * | 1965-06-04 | 1968-12-31 | Automatic Elect Lab | Sequential switching arrangements |
US3849323A (en) * | 1972-04-24 | 1974-11-19 | Weiner T | Friction-reducing petroleum mixtures and method of making same |
US4345955A (en) * | 1980-10-28 | 1982-08-24 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Process for manufacturing multilayer ceramic chip carrier modules |
US4670174A (en) * | 1985-06-19 | 1987-06-02 | Jorge Mirkin | Colloid lubricant and method of lubricating musical wind instruments |
US4902471A (en) * | 1989-09-11 | 1990-02-20 | Gte Products Corporation | Method for producing metal carbide grade powders |
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US20080120889A1 (en) * | 2006-07-03 | 2008-05-29 | Animesh Bose | Processing of rifled gun barrels from advanced materials |
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US10030209B2 (en) | 2013-09-12 | 2018-07-24 | National Research Council Of Canada | Lubricant for powder metallurgy and metal powder compositions containing said lubricant |
US10975326B2 (en) | 2013-09-12 | 2021-04-13 | National Research Council Of Canada | Lubricant for powder metallurgy and metal powder compositions containing said lubricant |
US10899915B2 (en) | 2015-11-09 | 2021-01-26 | Research Cooperation Foundation Of Yeungnam University | Wax-based thermoplastic organic binder composition for powder molding, and feedstock composition using same |
US11351603B2 (en) * | 2018-09-26 | 2022-06-07 | Jfe Steel Corporation | Mixed powder for powder metallurgy and lubricant for powder metallurgy |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP2408883A1 (en) | 2012-01-25 |
WO2010105740A1 (en) | 2010-09-23 |
DE102009013021A1 (en) | 2010-09-23 |
EP2408883B1 (en) | 2013-07-31 |
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Legal Events
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AS | Assignment |
Owner name: GKN SINTER METALS HOLDING GMBH, GERMANY Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:LINDENAU, RENE;WIMBERT, LARS;REEL/FRAME:027118/0060 Effective date: 20111017 |
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STCB | Information on status: application discontinuation |
Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION |