US20110305523A1

US20110305523A1 - Support structure for use in the offshore wind farm industry

Info

Publication number: US20110305523A1
Application number: US13/000,286
Authority: US
Inventors: Karel Karal; Sigurd Ramslie
Original assignee: Seatower AS
Current assignee: Seatower AS
Priority date: 2008-06-20
Filing date: 2009-06-17
Publication date: 2011-12-15
Also published as: BRPI0914148A2; DK2310670T3; EP2310670B1; KR20110030628A; KR101399983B1; NO328838B1; EP2310670A2; NO20082860L; CN102124214B; CN102124214A; ES2431583T3; CA2728430C; WO2009154472A2; WO2009154472A3; CA2728430A1

Abstract

A support structure for use in the offshore wind farm industry, and a method of manufacturing and installing same, including a foundation for installation on a seabed below a body of water and a tower connected to and extending upwards from the foundation and being capable of supporting at least an equipment unit. The foundation includes a bottom slab and a wall extending upwards from the bottom slab, thereby defining a first cavity for holding ballast and for providing buoyancy during tow-out and installation. The foundation further includes a circumferential skirt extending downwards from the bottom slab, thereby defining at least one compartment underneath the foundation.

Description

The present invention relates to structures for supporting offshore wind turbines and similar equipment. More specifically, the invention relates to a support structure for use in the offshore wind farm industry, comprising a foundation for installation on a seabed below a body of water and a tower connected to and extending upwards from the foundation and being capable of supporting at least an equipment unit; as well as a method of manufacturing the support structure and a method of installing the support structure.
The increasing demand of exploitation of renewable energy sources enhances the demand of offshore wind power generation where the wind conditions are more favorable than onshore and the environmental impact is much less. There is an increasing need for structures that can support heavy wind turbines in a significant height over the sea level. The support structure consists of shaft/tower fixed to the seabed either directly by means of a foundation or the structure is made floating and connected to the seabed by means of a mooring. The present invention relates to the former type, namely the fixed support structures.
Typical fixed support structures for wind turbines applied in practice, planned for application, patented and described in publicly accessible sources are, in general terms characterized by the following:

- 1. Demanding installation where the tower is deployed in-situ on a preinstalled foundation
- 2. The foundation is fixed to the seabed by driven or drilled piles

Existing solutions using the gravity force to fix the structure to the seabed instead of piles are known for their considerable limits of application related to their weight, water depth at the installation site as well as water depth at the load-out locations and along the transport route.
EP 1 429 024 discloses a support structure for an offshore wind turbine, comprising a caisson supported by several columns embedded in the seabed and subjected to tension and pressure loads. Selected columns are piled at an inclined angle with respect to the vertical. The caisson is supported below the water surface but above the seabed.
WO 03/080939 discloses a foundation structure for a wind turbine tower or similar, for installation on the seabed. The foundation structure can be manoeuvred to its offshore position using a vessel and separate (and removable) buoyancy means. These buoyancy elements must be rather large in order to maintain stability. When in position, the structure is lowered to the seabed and a pumping mechanism is used to sink a lower portion of the structure (e.g. skirts) into the seabed. When the foundation structure has been anchored (or piled) in position on the seabed, it is capable of supporting the wind turbine tower.
By their nature, the above solutions tend to yield high overall capital investment costs, i.e. the total costs for fabrication, load-out, transport and installation.
It is therefore provided a support structure for use in the offshore wind farm industry, comprising a foundation for installation on a seabed below a body of water and a tower connected to and extending upwards from the foundation and being capable of supporting at least an equipment unit, characterized in that the foundation comprises a bottom slab element and a wall extending upwards from the bottom slab element, thereby defining a first cavity for holding ballast and for providing buoyancy during tow-out and installation.
The tower is preferably connected to the foundation via a lower part of the tower being attached to the bottom slab element and connected to the foundation via fixing elements connected to at least an upper wall portion.
Preferably, the foundation comprises a circumferential skirt extending downwards from the bottom slab, thereby defining at least one compartment underneath the foundation. Preferably, the at least one compartment is subdivided into compartments by means of skirts extending downwards from the bottom slab and preferably extending radially from a center portion of the bottom slab to respective areas of the circumferential skirt.
In an embodiment, the foundation comprises a roof structure, extending between the upper wall and the tower, thereby enclosing the first cavity. In one embodiment, the roof structure comprises an outer shell and an inner shell defining at least one second cavity there between, said inner shell facing the first cavity. The second cavity is preferably filled with a material such as concrete. In another embodiment, the roof structure is formed by concrete cast in conventional formwork, or by single shell metal plates.
In one embodiment, the bottom slab element and the wall comprise an outer shell and an inner shell defining at least one second cavity there between, said inner shell facing the first cavity. The second cavity is preferably filled with a material such as concrete. In another embodiment, the upper wall is formed by slipform casting or by single shell metal plates.
In one embodiment, the support structure comprises a buoyant stabilizing device releasably and slidably connected to the foundation, whereby the stability of the structure is maintained during tow, and during installation when the roof structure is moved from a position above the water to a partly or fully submerged state. Preferably, the buoyant stabilizing device comprises a recessed portion having upper and lower end stops for cooperation with a flange on the foundation, whereby the buoyant stabilizing device slidable movement is restricted by said upper and lower end stops. Also, the buoyant stabilizing device preferably comprises at least one inner cavity for selective addition and extraction of a ballasting fluid, such as water.
It is also provided a method of manufacturing the invented support structure, comprising the providing of a bottom slab having downwardly extending skirts to an onshore fabrication site, characterized by the steps of:

- a) extending a circumferential lower wall from the bottom slab to form a foundation lower part, said lower wall having a vertical extension dimensioned according to the buoyancy requirements for the completed support structure;
- b) placing the lower part in a floating position on the body of water;
- c) extending the upper wall; and
- d) connecting the tower to the foundation by attaching a lower part of the tower to the bottom slab element and by connecting a part of the tower via fixing elements to at least an upper wall portion of the foundation.

In one embodiment of the invented method, a roof structure is extended between the upper wall and the tower, thereby enclosing the first cavity.
It is also provided a method of installing the invented support structure, characterized by the steps of: towing the structure in a floating state to the installation location, and transferring the structure from a floating state to an installed state, by filling ballast into the first cavity until the structure is installed on the seabed.
If deemed necessary, the method installing comprises moving the foundation into a substantially level state by injecting a grouting material into selected ones of the compartments confined by the skirts below the bottom slab element.
The present invention introduces a number of parameters and structural compatibility by using different material types that can be applied for optimizing the supply of ready-for-operation structural supports for offshore wind farms. The following advantageous aspects are achieved:

- 1. Large degree of completion and commissioning work can be done at the fabrication site instead at the offshore installation site, allowing integration of the tower to the foundation, cabling work and similar
- 2. Wider material selection and range of structural dimensions
- 3. Transport to the site on deck of barges and vessels is eliminated or significantly reduced
- 4. Separate buoyancy elements during tow-out are not required
- 5. Deployment into the position (transfer from the transport position to the operation position) by adding ballast, not by lifting
- 6. No piling or other forms of “fixing” to the seabed is needed
- 7. Design and outfitting for removal can be easily implemented
- 8. Need for large offshore cranes is avoided

In addition to lower overall costs the present invention resolves shortcomings associated with the known solutions by:

- 1. Enabling delivery of the supports from fabrication sites allowing operation of shallow draft vessels thus widening the selection of fabrication sites
- 2. Reducing needs for specialized vessels
- 3. Allowing superstructure (tower, wind generator, etc) to be fitted to foundation structure at shore, prior to tow to installation location
- 4. Allowing foundation structure to be leveled following installation on seabed, to prevent unpredictable inclination of the installed support
- 5. Reducing or eliminating hydrodynamic loads acting directly on the tower
- 6. Resistance to heavy ice loads

These and other characteristics of the invention will be clear from the following description of a preferential form of embodiment, given as a non-restrictive example, with reference to the attached drawings wherein:

FIG. 1 is a schematic side view of a first embodiment of the invention, illustrating the principle of the invention where a portion of the foundation is protruding above the water surface;

FIG. 2 is a section through a lower part of the structure shown in FIG. 1, along the section line A-A in FIG. 3;

FIG. 3 is a section along the section line B-B in FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 is a schematic side view of a second embodiment of the invention, illustrating the principle of the invention where a portion of the foundation is below the water surface

FIG. 5 is a section through a lower part of the structure shown in FIG. 4, along a section line similar to section line A-A in FIG. 3;

FIG. 6 is a section through a lower portion of the foundation structure, along a section line similar to section line A-A in FIG. 3, placed on shore;

FIG. 7 is a cut out of lower portion of the foundation structure illustrating composition of the main load bearing plate elements;

FIG. 8 is a side view of the lower portion of the foundation structure shown in FIG. 6, while being lifted from shore;

FIG. 9 is a side view of the lower portion of the foundation structure shown in FIG. 6, floating on water;

FIG. 10 shows the embodiment shown in FIG. 5, in a floating state on water and partially filled with ballast;

FIGS. 11 to 13 show the main operations in the transport and installation of the support structure;

FIG. 14 is a horizontal section at through line C-C in FIG. 15, and shows the second embodiment of the invention fitted with a reusable floating stability device;

FIG. 15 is a section through a lower part of the structure shown in FIG. 4, along the section line A-A in FIG. 14, floating in the water and fitted with a reusable floating stability device;

FIG. 16 shows the same structure and floating stability device as in FIG. 14, but where the floating stability device is shown in a state detached from the floating supporting structure, e.g. prior to attachment to the structure;

FIG. 17 shows a vertical section of the same structure and floating stability device as in FIG. 15 during lowering to seabed; and

FIG. 18 shows the same structure and floating stability device as in FIGS. 15 and 17, where the structure has been deployed onto seabed and the floating stability device has been flooded for detaching from the structure and further retrieval.

FIG. 1 is a side view of a first embodiment of the support structure, generally denoted by the reference numeral 1 and hereinafter also referred to as a “structure”. The support structure 1, which comprises a tower 7 and a foundation 4 is illustrated placed in a body of water 2 and resting on a seabed 3 via the foundation 4. The support structure supports a turbine 5 with rotor blades 6 a-c. The turbine is mounted on top of the tower 7 that is supported by and fixed to the foundation 4 by means of a fixing structure 8. In this embodiment the foundation 4 protrudes above the water level 9, which is a typical arrangement for sites in shallow water. The foundation 4 comprises a bottom slab 14 (see FIG. 2) and a wall extending upwards from the bottom slab. For reasons which will become apparent later, when the manufacturing process is described, the foundation wall is conveniently denoted “lower wall 23” and upper wall 54”, as indicated in FIG. 1.
Although not mandatory, it is advantageous to give the foundation 4 a circular shape that can efficiently resist environmental loads in various phases during fabrication, transport and operation; typically hydrostatic water pressure, wave loads and—in some cases—, ice loads. The tower 7 is fixed to the foundation by means of a multiple-legged structure 8.
FIG. 2 is a vertical section through the foundation 4 along two vertical planes A-A as shown in FIG. 3. The multiple-legged fixing structure 8, fixing the tower 7 to the foundation 4 comprises upper struts 10, vertical columns 11 and—if necessary—lower struts 12. A lower part 13 of the tower 7 may be embedded into the bottom slab 14 of the foundation in order to facilitate transfer of shear loads from the tower 7 into the foundation. The space 15 inside the foundation 4 is used to control the buoyancy and center of gravity of the structure during fabrication, transport to the field and installation by being either air-filled or, to certain degree either filled by water or solid ballast or combination water and solid ballast.
FIG. 3 is a horizontal section along section line B-B in FIG. 2, through the part of the foundation that is embedded in soil when the structure has been installed. Radial skirts 16 divide the confined space within the outer (circular) skirt 18 into a number of compartments 17. As an example, FIG. 3 shows three such compartments 17 a-c, divided by radial skirts 16 a-c. The skirts improve the load bearing capacity of the foundation by transferring the outer loads into deeper soils strata, and the outer skirt prevents deteriorating effects from possible scour of the seabed along the periphery. Upon embedding the skirts into seabed, grout or similar substance is filled into the compartments 17 a-c in order to avoid water filled pockets to be trapped between bottom of the foundation and seabed. Grouting can be utilized to ensure that the foundation 4 is leveled (horizontally) and thereby ensuring verticality of the tower by controlling the grouting pressure thus the inserted grout volume in the individual compartments 17 a-c. Dividing the base into three individual compartments as shown in FIG. 3 or into multiple of three groups of pressure-connected compartments, the leveling can be accomplished.
FIG. 4 is a side view of a second embodiment of the support structure 1 placed in a body of water 2 and resting on a seabed 3 via a foundation 4′. In this embodiment the foundation 4′ does not protrude above the water level 9. This is a typical arrangement for sites in deeper waters where this arrangement is less costly compared to the structure shown in FIG. 1, and this embodiment of the foundation 4′ comprises a roof structure 52, connected to the upper wall 54 and thus enclosing the internal space 15 (see FIG. 5). The skilled person will understand that the transition between the tower 7 and the roof structure 52 may—if required—be sealed by conventional means. The roof structure 52 is preferably slanted, as shown in FIG. 4.
FIG. 5 is a vertical section through the foundation 4′ along two vertical planes A-A similar to that shown in FIG. 3 for the first embodiment. It is seen the interior 15 of the foundation 4 can be used for ballast, i.e. water and/or solid ballast 19 (see FIG. 10).
The inventive fabrication, transport and installation procedure is illustrated in FIGS. 6 to 17 and explained in the following.
FIG. 6 shows the first stage of fabrication that takes place on a quayside. However, a similar fabrication procedure and method would be possible by using more expensive facilities such as dry or graving dock, or a submersible barge and by applying very similar procedure and materials. Therefore the further explanation will focus on the quayside fabrication and only comments will be provided, where appropriate, for the other optional fabrication methods. On quayside 20 temporary supports 21 a-c are established as necessary to support the lower part 22 of the foundation. This part of the process is similar irrespective of whether the first embodiment foundation 4 or the second embodiment foundation 4′ is used. The fabrication of the lower part 22 of the foundation 4; 4′, comprises fabrication of outer skirt 18, radial skirts 16 a-c (cf. FIG. 3; not shown in FIGS. 6 and 8 to 17), and pre-assembly of bottom slab 14 and vertical walls 23 is carried on until a necessary predetermined height of the walls 23 is achieved and at the same time the capacity of load-out device is not exceeded (see explanation related to FIG. 8). The required height of the lower walls 23 is governed by the required minimum acceptable freeboard in the next phase in which the structure under construction is floating. In order to achieve as low weight as possible in order to avoid expensive cranes, according to this invention, both the bottom slab 14 and the vertical walls 23 or their lower part are fabricated as double steel shell structure having an outer shell 44 and an inner shell 42, defining a cavity 46 there between, and where the shells 42, 44 are held in desired distance from each other by transversal spacing plates or rods 48, as shown in FIG. 7. The cavity 46 is intended to, in a later phase of fabrication, be filled with concrete in order to achieve desirable strength of the completed shell structure. However, the hollow double shell steel structure is designed with strength sufficient to carry all loads occurring in the initial phases of fabrication. It is also possible to use prefabricated double shell sections commercially available on the market under brand name Bi-Steel. The use of this sandwich type of structure may not be required if the fabrication is performed in dock or on a submersible barge where the weight may not be a limiting parameter.
Upon completion of the lower part 22 of the foundation 4; 4′, it is transferred (e.g. lifted; cf. FIG. 8) from the quayside 20 into a floating state on a surface of water 2 as shown in FIG. 9. The lifting can be performed using slings 50 attached to a floating or land based crane (not shown).
Upon lowering into water the lower part 22 of foundation 4; 4′ floats with an appropriate freeboard that allows safe work with continuation of the fabrication, which may continue either with extending the vertical walls in order to increase the freeboard of the floating body or filling the cavity between the shells by concrete to increase strength of the lower part of the foundation 4; 4′. Completion of the foundation 4; 4′ involves construction of walls up to the their final height and for the foundation 4′ shown in FIG. 4, also constructing the tight roof 52, thus creating a barrier between the internal space 15 and the outside water. Construction of the walls up to their final height can either continue with the double-shell configuration or continue using standard concrete structure building methods such as slipforming or the use of conventional formwork and concrete casting. In order to achieve desired weigh and weight distribution, concrete of different density can be used in different sections or concrete can be entirely or in sections replaced by steel. This fabrication phase is shown in FIG. 9 where the lower part of the foundation 22 floats on surface of water mass 2 and construction of walls and other parts inside the foundation is in progress.
In FIG. 10 the foundation 4′ has been completed; the tower 7 has been inserted into the foundation 4, aligned with the foundation 4′ and connected to it as necessary, and the complete structure is readied for tow-out. FIG. 10 shows adjustments of the draft and the center of buoyancy that both are important for stability of the complete structure during tow to the site. It is seen that in this selected case solid ballast 19 is being added into the space 15 of the foundation 4′ via a suitable opening 37 in the roof structure 52. In the design, the outer dimensions of the foundation 4; 4′ are important parameters the design engineer can adjust to control the floating stability. The ultimate goal would be achieving sufficient stability with the tower 7 and equipment units 5, 6 a-c installed before tow-out. This may however lead to a cost inefficient solution in which the additional cost for the extended structure cannot counterweigh the technical and economical gains from installing the tower and installing of all equipment and outfitting at the shore fabrication site. Therefore, compromises may be required to be introduced such as:

- 1. Postpone installation of equipment units 5, 6 a-c to the phase where the support structure 4; 4′ and tower 7 have been installed at the offshore site. This reduces significantly the height of centre of gravity above the center of buoyancy, reduces the wind loads on the structure during this phase, and reduces the draft during tow.
- 2. Use a telescopic tower (such as disclosed in Norwegian patent application no. 20073363) where the upper part is inserted into the lower part during tow and installation and thereafter retracted (pushed out by hydrostatic pressure). The effects of this are of the same character as in item 1 described above.
- 3. Design and fabricate the tower 7 or its upper part from lighter materials than steel, e.g. from high strength reinforced plastics.

FIG. 11 shows the transport of the support structure 1 from the assembly site to the installation site by towage of the structure by means of a towing vessel 23 connected by tow line 24 to the foundation 4′. Depending on the maritime conditions along to towing route, such as ship traffic, tow route curvature, additional vessel(s) may be needed to perform this task.
FIG. 12 shows the structure 1 being transferred from the towing position to seabed that is achieved by adding weight (solid ballast 19, or water) into the space 15 of the foundation 4′ from the installation vessel 23 via a connection 25.
FIG. 13 shows the structure 1 deployed on the seabed 3 with outer skirts 18 and radial skirts 17 a,c penetrated into the seabed. The grouting, i.e. filling of voids where is not contact between the base of the foundation 4′ and the seabed and, if needed, filling of additional grout in selected compartment(s) 17 a-c thus to align the tower 7 with vertical by leveling the foundation 4′, is illustrated as being performed by adding grouting substance via a suitable conduit 33. Depending on the initial inclination with the respect to position of the skirt compartments the grout is filled into one or two of the three compartments.
FIG. 14 is top view of the foundation 4′ along section line C-C in FIG. 15, in the region of the water line, and illustrates a floating stability device 26 attached to the foundation 4′. The purpose of the floating stability device 26 is to provide additional water plane area to the floating foundation 4′ and hence make it stable during tow-out and installation. The floating stability device 26 may be designed as a hollow body, preferably in a shape embracing the structure along its periphery, e.g. circular as seen in the figure. In the preferred embodiment the device 26 comprises two segments 27 a,b connected to each other via a joint 28 and a locking mechanism 29.
FIG. 16 is a vertical section through a portion of the structure 1, illustrating the foundation 4′ and the floating stability device 26 along two vertical planes A-A as defined in FIG. 14. In the cross section it is seen that the foundation 4′ is provided with a flange 30 that fits into a recess 31 in the inner wall 32 of the floating stability device 26. Interaction between the floating stability device 26 and the foundation 4′ takes place when the foundation 4′ is ballasted down so that the flange 30 rests on the recess 31, as shown in FIG. 17. The typical situations when the floating stability element 26 is needed are (a) tow to site and lowering/ballasting to seabed of top-heavy structure 1 and (b) lowering/ballasting to seabed of structure 1 for deeper water where the vertical wall of the foundation 4′ or entire foundation is submerged below water surface 9.
FIG. 16 is a top view of foundation 4′ and the floating stability device 26 with is segments 27 a,b connected through the hinge 28, locking mechanism 29 disconnected and the segments 27 a,b separated so that the device 26 can be maneuvered toward the foundation 4′ with aim of embracing the foundation by the segments 27 a and 27 b. When these are in position, the locking mechanism 29 can be engaged thus creating an assembly that after increasing of draft of the structure 1 behaves as one body from the floating stability point of view.
FIG. 17 shows the lowering of the structure 1 to the seabed 3 being in progress. Ballast is gradually added into the space 15 of the foundation 4′ thus the assembly of the structure 1 and the floating stability device 26 is submerging deeper into water. In order to achieve structural strength the device 26 is strengthened by internal reinforcement indicated by structural members 33 a and 33 b.
In FIG. 18 the assembly made of the structure 1 and the floating device 26 has been by adding ballast deployed onto the seabed 3 with the skirts 18 penetrating into it. For detachment from the foundation the floating stability device 26 is outfitted with equipment for ballasting and deballasting by means of sea water. In order to reduce the free surface area of the ballast water inside the floating stability device, the interior of it is divided with vertical bulkheads (not shown). The figure shows that ballast water 34 has been filled into the device so that the device 26 is floating without contact between the recess 30 and the flange 31, hence the floating stability device 26 can be easily disengaged and removed.
The invention is particularly suitable for suitable for shallow waters in particular in the interval between 8 m and 30 m. The system can preferably be designed in the soft-stiff dynamic response regime.

Claims

1-19. (canceled)

20. A support structure for use in the offshore wind farm industry, comprising:

a foundation for installation on a seabed below a body of water; and

a tower connected to and extending upwards from the foundation and being capable of supporting at least an equipment unit,

wherein the foundation further comprises: a bottom slab element and a wall extending upwards from the bottom slab element, thereby defining a first cavity wherein the foundation comprises a circumferential skirt extending downwards from the bottom slab, thereby defining at least one compartment underneath the foundation.

21. The support structure of claim 20, wherein the tower is connected to the foundation via a lower part of the tower being attached to the bottom slab element.

22. The support structure of claim 20, wherein the tower is connected to the foundation via fixing elements connected to at least an upper wall portion.

23. The support structure of claim 20, wherein the at least one compartment is subdivided into compartments by means of skirts extending downwards from the bottom slab and preferably extending radially from a center portion of the bottom slab to respective areas of the circumferential skirt.

24. The support structure of claim wherein the foundation comprises a roof structure, extending between an upper wall portion and the tower, thereby enclosing the first cavity.

25. The support structure of claim 24, wherein the roof structure comprises an outer shell and an inner shell defining at least one second cavity there between, said inner shell facing the first cavity.

26. The support structure of claim 25, wherein the second cavity is filled with a material such as concrete.

27. The support structure of claim 24, wherein the roof structure is formed by concrete cast in conventional formwork, or by single shell metal plates.

28. The support structure of claim 20, wherein the bottom slab and the wall comprise an outer shell and an inner shell defining at least one second cavity there between, said inner shell facing the first cavity.

29. The support structure of claim 28, wherein the upper wall is formed by slipform casting or by single shell metal plates.

30. The support structure of claim 24, further comprising a buoyant stabilizing device releasably and slidably connected to the foundation, whereby the stability of the structure is maintained during installation when the roof structure is moved from a position above the water to a fully submerged state.

31. The support structure of claim 30, wherein the buoyant stabilizing device comprises a recessed portion having upper and lower end stops for cooperation with a flange on the foundation, whereby the buoyant stabilizing device slidable movement is restricted by said upper and lower end stops.

32. The support structure of claim 30, wherein the buoyant stabilizing device comprises at least one inner cavity for selective addition and extraction of a ballasting fluid, such as water.

33. A method of manufacturing the support structure of claim 20, comprising the providing of a bottom slab having downwardly extending skirts to an onshore fabrication site, comprising the steps of:

a) extending a circumferential lower wall from the bottom slab to form a foundation lower part, said lower wall having a vertical extension dimensioned according to the buoyancy requirements for the completed support structure;

b) placing the foundation lower part in a floating position on the body of water;

c) extending an upper wall portion; and

d) connecting the tower to the foundation by attaching a lower part of the tower to the bottom slab and by connecting a part of the tower via fixing elements to at least the upper wall portion of the foundation.

34. The method of claim 33, wherein a roof structure is extended between the upper wall and the tower, thereby enclosing the first cavity.

35. A method of installing a support structure for use in the offshore wind farm industry, comprising a foundation for installation on a seabed below a body of water and a tower connected to and extending upwards from the foundation and being capable of supporting at least an equipment unit, comprising the steps of:

a) towing the structure in a floating state to the installation location while controlling the buoyancy and center of gravity of the support by means of a controlled addition of a ballast material into a cavity defined by structural elements of the support structure, whereby the need for separate buoyancy elements and/or specialized vessels during transport is eliminated or significantly reduced, and

b) transferring the structure from a floating state to an installed state, by filling a ballast material into the cavity until the structure is installed on the seabed, whereby the need for separate buoyancy elements and/or specialized vessels and cranes during installation is eliminated or significantly reduced.

36. The method of claim 35, wherein the support structure is moved into a substantially level state on the seabed by injecting a grouting material into selected compartments confined by skirts below a bottom slab element of the support structure.

37. A method of installing a support structure for use in the offshore wind farm industry, comprising a foundation for installation on a seabed below a body of water and a tower connected to and extending upwards from the foundation and being capable of supporting at least an equipment unit, comprising the steps of:

a) towing the structure in a floating state to the installation location while controlling the buoyancy and center of gravity of the support by means of a cavity defined by structural elements of the support structure, whereby the need for separate buoyancy elements and/or specialized vessels during transport is eliminated or significantly reduced,

b) transferring the structure from a floating state to an installed state, by filling a ballast material into the cavity until the structure is installed on the seabed, whereby the need for separate buoyancy elements and/or specialized vessels and cranes during installation is eliminated or significantly reduced; and

c) moving the support structure into a substantially level state on the seabed by injecting a grouting material into selected compartments confined by skirts below a bottom slab element of the support structure.

38. The method of claim 35, wherein the filling in step b comprises the filling, at least partly, of water or a solid material or a combination of both.

39. The method of claim 37, wherein the filling in step b comprises the filling, at least partly, of water or a solid material or a combination of both.