US20110197611A1

US20110197611A1 - Method and system for cooling and warming

Info

Publication number: US20110197611A1
Application number: US13/124,700
Authority: US
Inventors: Ola Hall
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Scania CV AB
Priority date: 2008-10-21
Filing date: 2009-10-19
Publication date: 2011-08-18
Also published as: KR20110074553A; EP2349757B1; BRPI0914443B1; BRPI0914443A2; KR101257888B1; RU2472643C1; JP2012505796A; EP2349757A4; CN102196931A; WO2010047649A1; RU2011120454A; SE533005C2; CN102196931B; SE0850045A1; EP2349757A1

Abstract

A method for cooling and warming: a refrigerant circuit (2) with at least a compressor (5), a liquid-cooled condenser (6), a liquid-heated evaporator (7) and two outer secondary liquid-based circuits (3,4). The first of those circuits includes (3) an element (13) situated in the space which is to be cooled or warmed, and which is operative for that purpose. The second circuit (4) includes a radiator operation to cool the liquid in the circuit. The two secondary circuits (3,4) are united, during heat pump operation, to form a common single circuit so that the condenser (6) heats liquid which is supplied to the element (13), with the result that the element (13) releases heat instead of cold, without the flows in the primary refrigerant circuit (2), in the element circuit (3) or in the radiator circuit (4) being alternated/reversed. A valve controlled bypass bypasses the radiator in that circuit.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates generally to compressor systems which have closed refrigerant circuits for cooling and warming purposes and comprise at least a condenser and an evaporator. The invention relates more specifically to a method and a system for cooling or warming the interior of a vehicle and particularly the driving space of a commercial vehicle, e.g. vehicles with tiltable cabs. The invention relates in particular to compressor systems which comprise a liquid-cooled condenser and evaporator and have a low-pressure circuit for conveying hot or cold liquid to the driving space.

STATE OF THE ART

Known air conditioning systems in vehicles usually comprise a compressor, an air-cooled condenser situated at or near the front of the vehicle, an evaporator situated somewhere in the vehicle's cab, e.g. in or under the instrument panel, and pipelines or hoses which connect these components together to form a hermetically sealed and pressurised system which usually also comprises an expansion means and a dry filter or an accumulator. A number of different gases may be used as refrigerant but R134a is often used in vehicle applications.
Vehicles with tiltable cabs require longer hoses/lines and/or more connections to be able to connect the cooling element in the cab to other necessary parts of the cooling system which are usually situated in the vehicle's engine space. In such AC systems it is advantageous, and not unusual, that a further cooling loop, a so-called secondary loop, is used, i.e. that a further low-pressure cooling circuit with a liquid as thermal transfer medium is connected to the compressor system's evaporator via a liquid-based heat exchanger. The liquid, usually water or a mixture of water and glycol, is thus cooled in the refrigerant circuit's evaporator and is pumped up to the cab and to the cooling element therein situated, which in its turn cools the air of the cab by means of a fan. It is of course also possible to use other liquid-based coolants.
An AC system of said kind is therefore normally used for cooling the air in the cab, while a separate water-borne heating system is used for warming the cab air as necessary. This separate system is usually supplied with hot water/cooling water from the vehicle's engine. When the engine has been switched off for a while, however, the cooling water will have cooled so much that it is no longer possible for any hot water to be pumped to the cab element, with the result that the cab air can no longer be kept warm. The engine in a heavy vehicle has a large mass which needs warming up and the cooling water volume alone may be up to 100 litres. Even after the engine has been started, it therefore takes quite a while before its cooling water reaches such a temperature that it can be used effectively for warming the cab air. When the engine runs at no load, the temperature of the cooling water may also drop so much that the water becomes unusable for warming purposes. For these reasons it is advantageous to use instead a heat pump which can produce heat quickly when the need arises. The refrigerant circuit in a compressor system usually generates cold and heat almost immediately after starting and with an outer cooling circuit containing only a few litres of liquid it is possible to begin producing heat/cold quickly, within the order of a few minutes.
As it is desirable to keep down the number of components in a vehicle, for both economic and space reasons, it is advantageous if the pre-existing AC system can also be used as a heat pump. This can be done, for example, by reversing the flow in the refrigerant circuit. The problem with this is that reversing the refrigerant circuit, i.e. changing the direction of flow of the refrigerant, will not be fully effective, since a condenser functions less well as an evaporator and an evaporator functions less well as a condenser. The overall efficiency of the system will suffer.
Various systems and solutions for warming, for example, a tiltable driving cab by an AC system which can also be run as a heat pump, are prior art.
Specification WO2007/107535 refers to a system with two evaporators or condensers fitted in a vehicle cab. It is possible to choose whether none, one or more are to function as condensers and the others as evaporators. Thus the AC system may cool, warm or dry the air in the cab. The device will be relatively complicated and the flow will be alternated on the refrigerant side, i.e. in the pressurised refrigerant circuit.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,928,831 describes an AC system with combined condenser/gas cooler and evaporator which is usable as both cooling system and heat pump in vehicles. A directional valve “118” connects together the units “141” and “142”. The engine's cooling water is used as heat source for the heat pump and the flow is alternated on the refrigerant side. That invention exhibits similarities with the aforesaid WO2007/107535.
Prior art thus does not show how the compressor system in a vehicle can be used effectively for both cooling and warming of, for example, a driving cab.

OBJECTS AND MOST IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INVENTION

The object of the invention is to solve said problems and provide a method and a system for effective cooling and/or warming of, for example, a vehicle cab, using the same refrigerant for both and without alternating or reversing the flow in the refrigerant circuit.
A further object of the invention is to keep down the number of components in the cooling/warming system and to provide a simple compact solution which is easy to accommodate in the vehicle.
These said and further advantages are achieved according to the invention by a method and a system according to the features indicated in claims 1 and 6.
The invention is effected principally by the outer low-pressure circuits of the system being connected together so that the condenser of the refrigerant circuit warms liquid which is supplied to the element in the vehicle's driving space, and the evaporator of the refrigerant circuit cools liquid which is released from the element.
The invention entails the refrigerant circuit, irrespective of whether cold or heat is to be supplied from the system and, for example, be transferred to the vehicle's driving space, being allowed to operate in a normal way whereby the condenser and the evaporator are used simply as condenser and evaporator irrespective of whether hot or cold water is to be produced. A condenser is in fact configured to function most effectively as a condenser, and an evaporator to function effectively as an evaporator.
The invention also entails the possibility of the flows in the system's secondary circuits being switched between AC operation and heat pump operation in such a way that liquid which is heated by the refrigerant circuit's condenser can be pumped to the cab element instead of the liquid which is cooled in the refrigerant circuit's evaporator.
The invention is achieved by the two secondary circuits being united, for heat pump operation, via a flow changeover switch, to form a common single circuit without changing the main direction of flow in any of the circuits.
Further features and advantages of the invention are indicated by the more detailed description of the invention set out below and the attached drawings and other claims.

BRIEF LIST OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention is described below in more detail in the form of some preferred embodiment examples with reference to the attached drawings.

FIG. 1 depicts schematically a compressor system according to the invention with two outer closed and separate liquid-based circuits for cooling and release of surplus heat respectively.

FIG. 2 depicts schematically the compressor system according to the invention according to FIG. 1 but with the outer secondary circuits reconnected in series with one another with the object of being able to deliver heat instead of cold to the driving space.

FIG. 3 depicts schematically the compressor system according to the invention according to FIG. 2 for heat pump operation whereby the low-pressure radiator is bypassed by means of an alternatively configured valve.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 1 depicts a compressor system 1 according to the invention, connected for AC operation. The compressor system 1 comprises in this case three separate and distinct closed circuits, viz. the primary refrigerant circuit 2, an element circuit 3 and a radiator circuit 4.
The primary refrigerant circuit 2 is a hermetically sealed circuit and operates with a refrigerant, a gas, under pressure. The refrigerant circuit 2 comprises a compressor 5, a condenser 6, an evaporator 7, a dry filter 8 and an expansion means 9, and the components are connected to one another by a hose system or pipeline system. Heat is released in the condenser 6 and heat is absorbed in the evaporator 7.
Both the evaporator 7 and the condenser 6 are each co-assembled with their respective liquid-based heat exchanger 10,11, and the evaporator 7 is therefore heated by the liquid in the element circuit 3 and the condenser 6 is cooled by the liquid in the radiator circuit 4.
The element circuit 3 comprises not only the heat exchanger 10 which is co-assembled with the evaporator 7 but also a first low-pressure pump 12 and an element 13 and operates with liquid at relatively low pressure. The element 13 is situated in a space which is to be warmed or cooled, e.g. in the interior or cab of a vehicle. Air is blown through the element 13 by an undepicted fan and the air which passes is warmed or cooled depending on the temperature of the liquid. The air in the cab is thus kept at, for example, a preset temperature.
The radiator circuit 4 comprises a low-pressure pump 14, a heat exchanger 11 co-assembled with the refrigerant circuit's condenser 6 and a low-temperature radiator 15. The radiator 15 is usually air-cooled and situated near to the front of the vehicle where the draught caused by vehicle movement may help to create an air flow through the radiator 15 so that heat exchange to the environment can take place when the vehicle is in motion. The engine's fan system may also be used for blowing air through the radiator 15.
A flow changeover switch 16, e.g. a two-position four-way valve 16 a, is adapted to controlling the coolant flows in the compressor system 1. The valve 16 a may in this embodiment example be switched physically/manually between its two positions, against the action of a spring 17, or electromechanically via an undepicted electrical circuit-breaker situated on, for example, the vehicle's instrument panel.
The valve 16 a is here depicted in a first functional position in which all of the circuits 2,3,4 are separated, distinct, from one another and the flows in the respective circuits 2,3,4 are provided by respective compressors or pumps 5,12,14 in the direction of the arrows.
The flow in the refrigerant circuit 2 is provided by the compressor 5 and passes from the compressor 5 through the condenser 6, in which heat is released, via the dry filter 8 and the expansion means 9 to the evaporator 7, in which heat is absorbed, and thereafter back to the compressor 5.
The flow in the element circuit 3 is provided by the pump 12 and passes from the pump 12 through the element 13, which may for example be situated in the vehicle's cab, where heat is absorbed, and proceeds to the heat exchanger 10 which is integrated with the refrigerant circuit's evaporator 7 and in which heat is released, and back to the pump 12 via the valve 16 a.
The flow in the radiator circuit 4 is provided by the pump 14 and passes via the heat exchanger 11 which is integrated with the refrigerant circuit's condenser 6 and in which heat is absorbed, and proceeds via the valve 16 a to the radiator 15, in which surplus heat is released to the environment.
FIG. 2 depicts the same system as in FIG. 1 but with the flow changeover switch, the valve 16 a, depicted in its second functional position, for heat pump operation, whereby the flow through the valve 16 a is here crossed instead. The flow is thus changed so that the secondary circuits, viz. the element circuit 3 and the radiator circuit 4 in FIG. 1, are united to form a common single circuit. The components in the original two circuits here operate, as regards flow, in series with one another, and the pumps 12,14 cooperate with one another in a single flow. The primary refrigerant circuit 2, however, is not affected at all, as the flow in it proceeds in a usual/normal manner. Nor is there any change in the direction of flow in the united circuit relative to the original flow of the circuits 3,4 during AC operation. The circuit formed in the second functional position of the valve 16 a carries a flow from the pump 14 through the heat exchanger 11, through the valve 16 a and on to the pump 12, the element 13, the heat exchanger 10 and again through the valve 16 a to the radiator 15 and back to the pump 14.
FIG. 3 depicts a further alternative embodiment of the compressor system 1 according to the invention. If much power is extracted from the evaporator 7 when the compressor system 1 is run as a heat pump, the coolant will become colder and the low pressure in the refrigerant circuit 2 will become low. In this situation, the coolant in the radiator 15 will be warmed, since it will be colder than the ambient temperature of the radiator 15. Low temperature results in low pressure and low mass flow in the refrigerant circuit 2, which is less good. If only a small amount of power is extracted from the evaporator 7, the low pressure may rise, with a corresponding rise in the high pressure in the refrigerant circuit. This will result in a warmer condenser 6 and warmer liquid leaving the heat exchanger 11, which is good if a vehicle cab needs warming. If on the contrary the liquid leaving the heat exchanger 10 of the evaporator 7 is warmer than the surroundings, the energy will be cooled away in the radiator 15. By bypassing the radiator 15, part of the energy in the system is thus retained and the pressure may gradually rise. Using another flow changeover switch, e.g. a valve 16 b comprising a further connection path, makes it possible to disconnect the radiator 15 from the circuit. In such cases, a hose or pipeline is connected from the valve 16 b directly to the suction side of the radiator circuit's pump 14. Bypassing the radiator 15 makes it possible for the liquid to gradually warm up in order to raise the temperature after the heat exchanger 11 of the condenser 6, thereby achieving more power in the system. A check valve 17 may possibly be used to prevent liquid from reaching the radiator 15 the back way.
When the liquid in the low- pressure circuits 3,4 warms up, it expands and it is therefore necessary to connect some form of expansion tank to the system. Air or gas from the circuits may also need to be vented. The two circuits 3,4 may therefore with advantage be connected to an expansion tank by hoses or pipelines of small diameter. It is perfectly possible to use a common single expansion tank for the two circuits 3,4. This is prior art and is not referred to or described in more detail here.
The invention is described above with respect to various preferred embodiments. The invention is of course not limited to those embodiments, which are only to be regarded as examples. Other variants of the invention are therefore also perfectly possible within the scope of protection under the attached claims. Thus it is possible that the refrigerant circuit may also comprise one or more internal heat exchangers. It is also possible for the evaporator and the condenser to be mutually co-assembled with the object of creating a compact unit which can supply both warm and cold liquid for cooling and heating purposes. The flow changeover switch may of course be configured in various ways for controlling the flows of the circuits. It is for example conceivable for the valve to have three positions so that the flow can be controlled in such a way that in one position each circuit is separate, in a second position the circuits are connected together in series and the radiator is part of the circuit, and in a third position the circuits are connected together in series but the radiator is bypassed.

Claims

1. A system for selectively cooling or warming of a space, the system, comprising:

a refrigerant circuit including a compressor, a liquid-cooled condenser, and a liquid-heated evaporator;

an element circuit including an element configured for heating or cooling the space and situated in the space which is to be cooled or warmed;

a first heat exchanger in the element circuit and exchanging heat with the evaporator in the refrigerant circuit;

a radiator circuit separate from the element circuit, the radiator circuit including a radiator therein;

a second heat exchanger in the radiator circuit and exchanging heat with the condenser in the refrigerant circuit;

during air conditioning operation, the circuits constitute mutually separate circuits with respective flows in the circuits separated from one another;

a flow changeover switch including a valve connected to the element circuit and to the radiator circuit and configured such that in a first position of the changeover switch, the changeover switch flow connects the element circuit and the radiator circuit together for a single flow through the element circuit and the radiator circuit for heat pump operation so that the condenser of the refrigerant circuit warms liquid which is supplied to the element, and the evaporator of the refrigerant circuit cools liquid which is released from the element;

the radiator circuit including therein a bypass past the radiator;

the flow changeover switch being so configured and the bypass being so positioned with reference to the valve that in the first position of the switch, the valve directs the flow in the radiator circuit to bypass the radiator.

2. A system according to claim 1, wherein

the flow changeover switch is configured such that in the first position thereof, the changeover switch connects the element circuit and the radiator circuit together for heat pump operation so that they form a single circuit with a common flow.

3. A system according to claim 2, wherein the element circuit is configured to act as a heat pump; and

in that the element is configured to release heat during heat pump operation, with no change in the direction of flow in the refrigerant circuit.

4. A system according to claim 2, further comprising a pump in each of the element circuit and the radiator circuit for pumping flow through the respective circuit; and

the element is adapted configured to release heat during heat pump operation with no changes in the directions of flow through the compressor and pumps in each of the element circuit and the radiator circuit.

5. A system according to claim 2, wherein

the flow changeover switch is adapted configured such that in the first position of the changeover switch and during heat pump operation, the changeover switch connects in series the element circuit and the radiator circuit.

6. A system according to claim 1, wherein

the valve is of the two-position four-way type.

7. A system for selectively cooling or warming of a space, the system, comprising:

a radiator circuit including a radiator therein;

the refrigerant circuit, the element circuit and the radiator circuit being mutually separate circuits with respective flow in each of the circuits separated from the flow in the other circuits;

the refrigerant circuit and the element circuit being positioned with respect to each other so that the temperature in one of them causes a change in the temperature in the other;

the refrigerant circuit and the radiator circuit being positioned with respect to each other so that the temperature in one of them causes a temperature change in the other;

the circuits being mutually separate from each other;

a flow changeover switch including a valve connected to the element circuit and to the radiator circuit, the valve being configured such that in a first position of the changeover switch valve, the changeover switch valve flow connects the element circuit and the radiator circuit together for providing a single flow through the element circuit and the radiator circuit for heat pump operation so that the condenser of the refrigerant circuit warms liquid which is supplied to the element and the evaporator of the refrigerant circuit cools liquid which is released from the element;

a bypass circuit for bypassing the radiator in the radiator circuit, the bypass circuit including an entry for being connected with the changeover switch valve for receiving flow through the valve, the bypass circuit including an outlet communicating into the radiator circuit at a location downstream in flow through the radiator circuit from the radiator, whereby flow through the bypass circuit bypasses the radiator and then enters the radiator circuit.

8. A system according to claim 7, wherein the circuits being separate comprises the changeover switch valve having a second position at which the valve is configured to permit flow through each of the element circuit and the radiator circuit respectively without permitting flow into the other of the element and the radiator circuit.

9. A system according to claim 7, wherein the element circuit is configured to act as a heat pump; and the element is configured to release heat during heat pump operation, with no change in the direction of flow in the refrigerant circuit.

10. A system according to claim 8, further comprising a pump in each of the element circuit and the radiator circuit for pumping flow through the respective circuit; and the element is configured to release heat during heat pump operation with no changes in the directions of flow through the compressor and the pumps in each of the element circuit and the radiator circuit.

11. A system according to claim 8, wherein the flow changeover switch is configured such that in the first position of the changeover switch and during heat pump operation, the changeover switch connects in series the element circuit and the radiator circuit.