US20110142669A1 - Integrated shear webs for wind turbine blades - Google Patents
Integrated shear webs for wind turbine blades Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20110142669A1 US20110142669A1 US13/032,084 US201113032084A US2011142669A1 US 20110142669 A1 US20110142669 A1 US 20110142669A1 US 201113032084 A US201113032084 A US 201113032084A US 2011142669 A1 US2011142669 A1 US 2011142669A1
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
- wind turbine
- shell
- spar
- turbine blade
- web
- Prior art date
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- Abandoned
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Images
Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03D—WIND MOTORS
- F03D1/00—Wind motors with rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor
- F03D1/06—Rotors
- F03D1/065—Rotors characterised by their construction elements
- F03D1/0675—Rotors characterised by their construction elements of the blades
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
- F05B2240/00—Components
- F05B2240/20—Rotors
- F05B2240/30—Characteristics of rotor blades, i.e. of any element transforming dynamic fluid energy to or from rotational energy and being attached to a rotor
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
- F05B2280/00—Materials; Properties thereof
- F05B2280/60—Properties or characteristics given to material by treatment or manufacturing
- F05B2280/6003—Composites; e.g. fibre-reinforced
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05C—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO MATERIALS, MATERIAL PROPERTIES OR MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR MACHINES, ENGINES OR PUMPS OTHER THAN NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F05C2253/00—Other material characteristics; Treatment of material
- F05C2253/04—Composite, e.g. fibre-reinforced
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/70—Wind energy
- Y02E10/72—Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49316—Impeller making
- Y10T29/4932—Turbomachine making
- Y10T29/49321—Assembling individual fluid flow interacting members, e.g., blades, vanes, buckets, on rotary support member
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49316—Impeller making
- Y10T29/49336—Blade making
- Y10T29/49337—Composite blade
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49316—Impeller making
- Y10T29/49336—Blade making
- Y10T29/49339—Hollow blade
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49826—Assembling or joining
- Y10T29/49893—Peripheral joining of opposed mirror image parts to form a hollow body
Definitions
- the present invention is directed to elongated airfoils for use with wind turbines and methods for fabricating elongated airfoils for wind turbines.
- the present invention is directed to wind turbine blades and methods for making wind turbine blades.
- a wind turbine includes a rotor having multiple wind turbine blades.
- the wind turbine blades are elongated airfoils configured to provide rotational forces in response to wind.
- the rotor is mounted to a housing or nacelle, which is positioned on top of a truss or tubular tower.
- Utility grade wind turbines i.e., wind turbines designed to provide electrical power to a utility grid
- the wind turbines are typically mounted on towers that are at least 60 meters in height. Blades on these rotors transform wind energy into a rotational torque or force that drives one or more generators that may be rotationally coupled to the rotor through a gearbox.
- the gearbox steps up the inherently low rotational speed of the turbine rotor for the generator to efficiently convert mechanical energy to electrical energy, which is fed into a utility grid.
- the wind turbine utilizes a variety of wind turbine components, such as shafts, gearing components, pitch drives, generator components and other components within the wind turbine driven by wind turbine blades.
- Wind turbine blades may be very large and typically are fabricated utilizing hand lay-up composite fabrication techniques. For example, one method may infuse two outer shells of glass fiber with resin. Once the two shells have been cured, prefabricated, cured composite shear webs are bonded to a load bearing spar of a first shell of the two shells. The bonding typically takes place utilizing an adhesive, such as epoxy or other suitable adhesive. Once the adhesive bonding the first shell to the shear web has cured, the second shell is attached to the shear web and bonded thereto. Thereafter, the entire assembly is cured to provide a finished wind turbine blade. These methods suffer from the drawback that there is a large number of adhesive joints used to join various components together.
- a first aspect of the disclosure includes a method for fabricating elongated wind turbine blades.
- the method includes providing a first shell reinforcing fiber structure. At least one shear web reinforcing fiber structure is positioned adjacent the first shell reinforcing fiber structure.
- the method includes infusing first shell reinforcing fiber structure and shear web reinforcing fiber structure with a matrix material and curing the matrix material to form a unitary composite first shell component. Thereafter a composite second shell component is attached to the composite first shell component to form an elongated composite airfoil suitable for use as a wind turbine blade.
- a first spar reinforcing fiber structure, a second spar reinforcing structure and a shear web reinforcing fiber structure are provided.
- the first spar reinforcing fiber structure and the second spar reinforcing fiber structure are positioned adjacent the shear web reinforcing fiber structure.
- the method further includes first shell reinforcing fiber structure and shear reinforcing fiber structure with a matrix material and curing the matrix material to form a unitary composite web spar. Thereafter the web spar is attached to each of a first composite first shell component and a composite second shell component to form an elongated composite airfoil structure suitable for use as a wind turbine blade.
- Still another aspect of the disclosure includes a wind turbine blade having a first shell portion and a second shell portion adhered to the first shell portion.
- the first shell portion includes at least one shear web.
- the wind turbine blade further includes a first shell portion and an integral shear web that are a unitary composite component.
- Still another aspect of the disclosure includes a wind turbine blade having a first shell portion and a second shell portion enveloping a web spar.
- the web spar includes a first spar portion, a second spar portion, and at least one shear web between the first spar portion and the second spar portion.
- the wind turbine blade includes a first spar portion and a shear web that are a unitary composite component.
- FIG. 1 is a drawing of an exemplary configuration of a wind turbine.
- FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a nacelle of the exemplary wind turbine configuration shown in FIG. 1 .
- FIG. 3 is a cross-section taken along line 3 - 3 of FIG. 2 showing the internal structure of a known wind turbine blade.
- FIG. 4 is a cross-section taken along line 3 - 3 of FIG. 2 showing a wind turbine blade according to an embodiment of the disclosure.
- FIG. 5 is a cross-section taken along line 3 - 3 of FIG. 2 showing a wind turbine blade according to another embodiment of the disclosure.
- FIG. 6 is a cross-section taken along line 3 - 3 of FIG. 2 showing a wind turbine blade according to still another embodiment of the disclosure.
- FIG. 7 is a cross-section taken along line 3 - 3 of FIG. 2 showing a wind turbine blade according to still another embodiment of the disclosure.
- FIG. 8 is a cross-section taken along line 3 - 3 of FIG. 2 showing a wind turbine blade according to still another embodiment of the disclosure.
- FIG. 9 is a cross-section taken along line 3 - 3 of FIG. 2 showing a wind turbine blade according to still another embodiment of the disclosure.
- FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of an apparatus for making a wind turbine blade according to an embodiment of the disclosure.
- FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view of a wind turbine blade being assembled according to an embodiment of the disclosure.
- FIG. 1 shows a wind turbine 100 having a nacelle 102 housing a generator (not shown in FIG. 1 ).
- Nacelle 102 is a housing mounted atop a tower 104 , only a portion of which is shown in FIG. 1 .
- the height of tower 104 is selected based upon factors and conditions known in the art, and may extend to heights up to 60 meters or more.
- the wind turbine 100 may be installed on any terrain providing access to areas having desirable wind conditions. The terrain may vary greatly and may include, but is not limited to, mountainous terrain or off-shore locations.
- Wind turbine 100 also comprises a rotor 106 that includes one or more rotor blades 108 attached to a rotating hub 110 .
- wind turbine 100 illustrated in FIG. 1 includes three rotor blades 108 , there are no specific limits on the number of rotor blades 108 required by the present disclosure.
- FIG. 2 illustrates a turbine blade 108 having a leading edge 201 and a trailing edge 203 .
- the turbine blade 108 includes an airfoil portion 205 extending from the tip 207 to the root 209 , which is connectable to the hub 110 of the wind turbine.
- FIG. 3 illustrates a wind turbine blade having a cross-sectional structure known in the art.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-section of a wind turbine blade taken along line 3 - 3 of FIG. 2 .
- the wind turbine blade 108 includes a first shell portion 301 and a second shell portion 302 , which are each adhesively bonded to a shear web 303 .
- the joints between the first shell portion 301 and the shear web 303 include an adhesive joint 305 .
- an additional adhesive joint 305 is placed between the shear web 303 and the second shell portion 302 .
- the first shell portion 301 is also adhered to the second shell portion 302 by adhesive joints 305 adjacent the leading edge 201 and the trailing edge 203 .
- the 3 includes a prefabricated shear web 303 which is formed, infused and cured prior to bringing into contact with the first shell portion 301 and the second shell portion 302 .
- the separate manufacture of the shear web 303 adds to the complexity and time required to assemble the wind turbine blade 108 .
- desired placement of the shear web 303 is difficult to achieve due to the adhesive joints 305 present at opposite ends of the shear web 303 adjacent the first and second shell portions 301 and 302 .
- the use of the plurality of adhesive joints 305 increases the amount of labor required, wherein alignment of the shear web 303 may require several people and/or specialized equipment.
- the cycle time to produce a wind turbine blade 108 is excessively long because adhesive curing and curing of pre-manufactured components are required prior to assembly. Further a large amount of adhesive is required to provide all of the adhesive joints 305 , which undesirably increases the weight and bulk of the wind turbine blade 108 . Further, still, non-uniform bond line thickness and large air voids result from the assembling, curing and assembly of the multiple components of the arrangement shown in FIG. 3 .
- FIG. 4 shows a wind turbine blade according to an embodiment, wherein a second shell portion 302 is adhered to an integrated first shell 401 by adhesive joints 305 near each of the leading edge 201 and the trailing edge 203 .
- the integrated first shell includes a integrated first shell 401 and a shear web portion 403 made up of a unitary composite component.
- unitary composite component it is understood that the component includes a reinforced cured matrix in a unitary body substantially devoid of adhesive joints within the body.
- Integrated first shell 401 is formed by an infusion of resin or other matrix material into a fiber fabric reinforced form that is configured substantially to the desired geometry of the finished composite integrated first shell 401 .
- the integrated first shell 401 may be formed by providing a single, continuous reinforcing fabric including the shear web portion 403 and the integrated first shell 401 or by placing a reinforcing fabric for the shear web portion 403 adjacent to the reinforcing fabric for the integrated first shell 401 and infusing the shear web portion 403 and the integrated first shell 401 together to form a unitary composite component.
- the integrated first shell 401 and the second shell portion 302 are fabricated from fiber fabric reinforced with thermosetting or thermoplastic polymer matrix.
- the reinforcing fabric may be provided in any form suitable for providing reinforcement to the composite component, including uniaxial, biaxial, triaxial or quadaxial weaves, braids, chopped strands, rovings or discontinuous fiber mats.
- Fibers suitable for reinforcement fabric include glass, carbon fiber, synthetic fibers, such as KEVLAR®, or other lightweight reinforcing fibers.
- KEVLAR® is a federally registered trademark of E. I. DuPont de Nemours & Company for aromatic polyamide fibers.
- the integrated shell 401 and shell portion 302 preferably include a stiffening core, such as balsa wood or foam.
- the stiffening core is disposed intermediate layers of fiber fabric reinforced with matrix material and provide additional rigidity.
- the stiffening core is disposed in between layers of fiber fabric reinforced with matrix material. Suitable matrix materials include thermosetting or thermoplastic polymer matrix. Attachment to the integrated first shell 401 may be made by adhesive joints 305 .
- Adhesive joints 305 are formed between surfaces via contact with adhesive compositions known in the art for connecting composite materials.
- Suitable adhesive compositions include, but are not limited to, epoxy, polyester, methylacrylate, vinylester or other adhesive resin.
- the geometry of the cross-section of the turbine blade 108 is not limited to the cross- section shown and may include any suitable cross-section that is operable as a wind turbine blade 108 .
- the configuration and placement of the shear web portion 403 is not limited to the position shown and may include any location in which the wind turbine blade 108 structure is maintained.
- a spar cap or other reinforcing structure may also be incorporated into the integrated first shell 301 and/or the second shell portion 302 .
- FIG. 5 illustrates another embodiment of a wind turbine blade 108 .
- the second shell portion 302 is adhered to an integrated first shell 401 by adhesive joints 305 near each of the leading edge 201 and the trailing edge 203 .
- the integrated first shell 401 includes a plurality of shear web portions 403 .
- the number of shear web portions 403 present is not limited and may be one or any number of shear web portions 403 that provide the desired support to the wind turbine blade 108 .
- Additional shear web portions 403 on the integrated first shell 401 provide additional structural support.
- each of the integrated first shell 401 and second shell portion 302 can contain one or more shear web portions 403 , the second shell portion 302 and shear web portion 403 being of unitary construction.
- FIG. 6 shows a wind turbine blade according to an embodiment, wherein an integrated first shell 401 is adhered to an integrated second shell 401 ′ by adhesive joints 305 near each of the leading edge 201 and the trailing edge 203 and at a center point 601 .
- the integrated first shell 401 and integrated second shell 401 ′ include integrated first shell 401 and a shear web portion 403 made up of a unitary composite component.
- an adhesive joint 305 is disposed between a shear web portion 403 of the integrated first shell 401 and a shear web portion 403 of an integrated second shell 401 ′.
- the center point 601 may be any location along the shear web portion 403 .
- Each of integrated first shell 401 and integrated second shell 401 ′ are formed by an infusion of resin or other matrix material into a fiber fabric reinforced form that is configured substantially to the desired geometry of the finished composite integrated shells 401 , 401 ′.
- the first and second integrated shells 401 , 401 ′ may be identical or dissimilar.
- the manufacture of identical integrated first shells 401 and integrated second shells 401 ′ may provide ease of manufacture and mold fabrication, providing for reduced manufacturing costs.
- FIG. 7 illustrates still another embodiment of a wind turbine blade 108 including a spar web 703 between the first shell portion 301 and the second shell portion 302 .
- FIG. 7 includes spar caps 701 at opposite ends of the spar web 703 .
- the spar cap 701 includes a composition and structure that provides structural reinforcement for the wind turbine blade 108 . Suitable fibers for the spar cap include, but are not limited to, glass, carbon or hybrid fibers.
- the spar cap 701 may also include matrix material including, but not limited to epoxy, polyester, vinylester matrix material.
- the second shell portion 302 is adhered to a first integrated first shell 401 by adhesive joints 305 near each of the leading edge 201 and the trailing edge 203 .
- a “T”-shaped spar web 703 is adhered to the first shell portion 301 .
- Attachment of the spar web 703 may be provided by adhesive joints 305 and may, optionally include surface preparation, such as roughening.
- the spar web 703 includes the spar cap portion 705 , which includes the spar cap 701 adhered to the first shell portion 301 and the web portion 704 .
- the spar web 703 is further adhered to the spar cap 701 adhered to the second shell portion 301 .
- the adhesive joints 305 may include adhesives, or may include incorporation into the shell portions 301 or 302 by matrix infusion.
- the spar web 703 is fabricated as a single component wherein the spar cap portion 705 and the web portion 704 are formed into a unitary composite component by providing a single reinforcing fabric including the web portion 704 and the spar cap portion 705 or by placing a reinforcing fabric for the web portion 704 adjacent to the reinforcing fabric for the spar cap portion 705 and infusing the web portion 704 and spar cap portion 705 together to form a unitary composite component.
- FIG. 8 illustrates still another embodiment of a wind turbine blade 108 including a spar web 703 between the first shell portion 301 and the second shell portion 302 .
- the wind turbine blade 108 includes spar caps 701 at opposite ends of the spar web 703 .
- the second shell portion 302 is adhered to a first integrated first shell 401 by adhesive joints 305 near each of the leading edge 201 and the trailing edge 203 .
- a “I”-shaped spar web 703 is adhered to the first shell portion 301 and the second shell portion 302 . Attachment of the spar web 703 may be provided by adhesive joints 305 and may, optionally include surface preparation, such as roughening.
- the spar web 703 includes spar cap portions 705 , which includes the spar caps 701 adhered to the first shell portion 301 and the shell portion by adhesive joints 305 .
- the adhesive joints 305 may include adhesives, or may include incorporation into the shell portions 301 or 302 by matrix material infusion.
- the spar web 703 may be fabricated with the spar cap portions 705 and the web portion 704 are formed into a unitary composite component by providing a single, continuous reinforcing fabric including the web portion 704 and the spar cap portions 705 or by placing a reinforcing fabric for the web portion 704 adjacent to the reinforcing fabric for the spar cap portions 705 and infusing the web portion 704 and spar cap portions 705 together to form a unitary composite component.
- FIG. 9 illustrates still another embodiment of a wind turbine blade 108 including a plurality of spar webs 703 forming an enclosure, such as a box.
- the wind turbine blade 108 includes spar caps 701 .
- the second shell portion 302 is adhered to a first integrated first shell 401 by adhesive joints 305 near each of the leading edge 201 and the trailing edge 203 .
- a box-shaped spar web 703 is adhered to the first shell portion 301 and the second shell portion 302 . Attachment of the spar web 703 may be provided by adhesive joints 305 and may, optionally include surface preparation, such as roughening.
- the spar web 703 includes spar cap portions 705 , which includes the spar caps 701 adhered to the first shell portion 301 and the shell portion by adhesive joints 305 .
- the adhesive joints 305 may include adhesives, or may include incorporation into the shell portions 301 or 302 by matrix infusion.
- the spar web 703 may be fabricated with the spar cap portions 705 and the web portions 704 are formed into a unitary composite component by providing a single, continuous reinforcing fabric including the web portions 704 and the spar cap portions 705 or by placing a reinforcing fabric for the web portions 704 adjacent to the reinforcing fabric for the spar cap portions 705 and infusing the web portions 704 and spar cap portions 705 together to form a unitary composite component.
- Integrated first integrated first shell 401 and spar web 703 may be formed using any suitable composite forming method. Suitable methods include, but are not limited to, resin transfer molding (RTM), vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM), resin infusion method (RIM) or any other suitable resin infusion method for forming fiber reinforced composites.
- RTM resin transfer molding
- VARTM vacuum assisted resin transfer molding
- RIM resin infusion method
- FIG. 10 a first shell fiber fabric 1001 is placed on a shell mold 1003 .
- FIG. 10 illustrates a lay-up mold, any type of mold that provides the desired wind turbine blade geometry may be used, including mold geometries that are capable of conforming to wind turbine blades 108 that exceed 20 meters in length.
- a shear web fiber fabric 1005 is positioned adjacent to the first shell fiber fabric 1001 , wherein a shear web mold 1007 may be placed over the first shell fiber fabric 1001 to position the shear web fiber fabric 1005 with respect to the first shell fiber fabric 1001 .
- the shear web mold 1007 is any mold capable of being configured to conform to the geometry of the shear web portion 403 , including the shear web lengths that may exceed 20 meters in length.
- the shear web mold 1007 extends overlying the surface of the first shell fiber fabric 1001 and shear web fiber fabric 1001 .
- the shear web mold 1007 is sealed against shell mold 1003 via seal 1009 in order to allow drawing of vacuum on the first shell fiber fabric 1001 and shear web fiber fabric 1001 space.
- Seal 1009 may include any conventional sealing material suitable for vacuum sealing. During matrix infiltration, matrix material flows and fills voids within the fabric, wherein entrained air pockets are removed by the vacuum applied. Once cured, the matrix hardens and forms a reinforced composite.
- the formed integrated first shell 401 includes a unitary shear web portion 403 and shell portion 405 (see e.g., FIG. 11 ). Structures having a plurality of shear web portions 403 are fabricated using a similar process wherein a plurality of shear molds 1007 are utilized to position additional shear web fiber fabric for forming a plurality of shear web portions 403 . Release materials/coatings, filler reinforcement materials, matrix additives, peelply, transfer media, release film and/or other consumable and/or conventional material for use with infusion processes may be utilized in the formation of the wind turbine blade 108 .
- the integrated first shell 401 may be brought into contact with a second shell portion 302 , wherein adhesive joints 305 (see e.g., FIG. 4 ) are applied to contact surfaces 1101 .
- the adhesive joints 305 are permitted to cure forming a wind turbine blade 108 structure.
- FIGS. 10 and 11 show and describe a process for forming an integrated first shell 401
- the same process may be utilized to produce a spar web 703 , wherein the fabric forming the reinforcement for the spar web 703 is positioned on a mold and resin is infused, according to a suitable matrix infusion method, into the fiber to form a composite wind turbine blade.
- the methods disclosed are suitable for fabrication of wind turbine blades having lengths greater than about 10 meters, preferably greater than about 20 meters and more preferably greater than about 50 meters.
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- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Wind Motors (AREA)
- Moulding By Coating Moulds (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention includes a method for fabricating elongated wind turbine blades and wind turbine blades formed by the method. The method includes providing a first shell reinforcing fiber structure. At least one shear web reinforcing fiber structure is positioned adjacent to the first shell reinforcing fiber structure. The method includes infusing the first shell reinforcing fiber structure and shear web reinforcing fiber structure with a matrix material and curing the matrix material to form a unitary composite first shell component. Thereafter a composite second shell component is attached to the composite first shell component to form an elongated composite airfoil suitable for use as a wind turbine blade. The wind turbine blades formed include unitary components providing reduced number of adhesive joints.
Description
- This application is a divisional of U.S. Utility Application No. 11/684,230, now allowed, filed on Mar. 9, 2007, entitled “A METHOD FOR FABRICATING ELONGATED AIRFOILS FOR WIND TURBINES”, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
- The present invention is directed to elongated airfoils for use with wind turbines and methods for fabricating elongated airfoils for wind turbines. In particular, the present invention is directed to wind turbine blades and methods for making wind turbine blades.
- Recently, wind turbines have received increased attention as environmentally safe and relatively inexpensive alternative energy sources. With this growing interest, considerable efforts have been made to develop wind turbines that are reliable and efficient.
- Generally, a wind turbine includes a rotor having multiple wind turbine blades. The wind turbine blades are elongated airfoils configured to provide rotational forces in response to wind. The rotor is mounted to a housing or nacelle, which is positioned on top of a truss or tubular tower. Utility grade wind turbines (i.e., wind turbines designed to provide electrical power to a utility grid) can have large rotors (e.g., 30 or more meters in length). In addition, the wind turbines are typically mounted on towers that are at least 60 meters in height. Blades on these rotors transform wind energy into a rotational torque or force that drives one or more generators that may be rotationally coupled to the rotor through a gearbox. The gearbox steps up the inherently low rotational speed of the turbine rotor for the generator to efficiently convert mechanical energy to electrical energy, which is fed into a utility grid. In order to provide the efficient conversion of mechanical energy to electrical energy, the wind turbine utilizes a variety of wind turbine components, such as shafts, gearing components, pitch drives, generator components and other components within the wind turbine driven by wind turbine blades.
- Wind turbine blades may be very large and typically are fabricated utilizing hand lay-up composite fabrication techniques. For example, one method may infuse two outer shells of glass fiber with resin. Once the two shells have been cured, prefabricated, cured composite shear webs are bonded to a load bearing spar of a first shell of the two shells. The bonding typically takes place utilizing an adhesive, such as epoxy or other suitable adhesive. Once the adhesive bonding the first shell to the shear web has cured, the second shell is attached to the shear web and bonded thereto. Thereafter, the entire assembly is cured to provide a finished wind turbine blade. These methods suffer from the drawback that there is a large number of adhesive joints used to join various components together. These adhesive joints undesirably add weight and complexity to the wind turbine blade and increase time required the fabrication process. In addition, the large number of adhesive joints also precludes the ability to have tight tolerances and junctions, particularly at junctions between the shell and the shear web of the wind turbine blade.
- What is needed is an improved method for fabricating wind turbine blades utilizing fewer adhesive joints, providing tighter material tolerances that result in a lighter weight blade that does not suffer from the drawbacks of known methods.
- A first aspect of the disclosure includes a method for fabricating elongated wind turbine blades. The method includes providing a first shell reinforcing fiber structure. At least one shear web reinforcing fiber structure is positioned adjacent the first shell reinforcing fiber structure. The method includes infusing first shell reinforcing fiber structure and shear web reinforcing fiber structure with a matrix material and curing the matrix material to form a unitary composite first shell component. Thereafter a composite second shell component is attached to the composite first shell component to form an elongated composite airfoil suitable for use as a wind turbine blade.
- Another aspect of the disclosure includes a method for fabricating elongated airfoils for wind turbines. A first spar reinforcing fiber structure, a second spar reinforcing structure and a shear web reinforcing fiber structure are provided. The first spar reinforcing fiber structure and the second spar reinforcing fiber structure are positioned adjacent the shear web reinforcing fiber structure. The method further includes first shell reinforcing fiber structure and shear reinforcing fiber structure with a matrix material and curing the matrix material to form a unitary composite web spar. Thereafter the web spar is attached to each of a first composite first shell component and a composite second shell component to form an elongated composite airfoil structure suitable for use as a wind turbine blade.
- Still another aspect of the disclosure includes a wind turbine blade having a first shell portion and a second shell portion adhered to the first shell portion. The first shell portion includes at least one shear web. The wind turbine blade further includes a first shell portion and an integral shear web that are a unitary composite component.
- Still another aspect of the disclosure includes a wind turbine blade having a first shell portion and a second shell portion enveloping a web spar. The web spar includes a first spar portion, a second spar portion, and at least one shear web between the first spar portion and the second spar portion. The wind turbine blade includes a first spar portion and a shear web that are a unitary composite component.
- Other features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following more detailed description of the preferred embodiment, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings which illustrate, by way of example, the principles of the invention.
-
FIG. 1 is a drawing of an exemplary configuration of a wind turbine. -
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a nacelle of the exemplary wind turbine configuration shown inFIG. 1 . -
FIG. 3 is a cross-section taken along line 3-3 ofFIG. 2 showing the internal structure of a known wind turbine blade. -
FIG. 4 is a cross-section taken along line 3-3 ofFIG. 2 showing a wind turbine blade according to an embodiment of the disclosure. -
FIG. 5 is a cross-section taken along line 3-3 ofFIG. 2 showing a wind turbine blade according to another embodiment of the disclosure. -
FIG. 6 is a cross-section taken along line 3-3 ofFIG. 2 showing a wind turbine blade according to still another embodiment of the disclosure. -
FIG. 7 is a cross-section taken along line 3-3 ofFIG. 2 showing a wind turbine blade according to still another embodiment of the disclosure. -
FIG. 8 is a cross-section taken along line 3-3 ofFIG. 2 showing a wind turbine blade according to still another embodiment of the disclosure. -
FIG. 9 is a cross-section taken along line 3-3 ofFIG. 2 showing a wind turbine blade according to still another embodiment of the disclosure. -
FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of an apparatus for making a wind turbine blade according to an embodiment of the disclosure. -
FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view of a wind turbine blade being assembled according to an embodiment of the disclosure. -
FIG. 1 shows awind turbine 100 having anacelle 102 housing a generator (not shown inFIG. 1 ). Nacelle 102 is a housing mounted atop atower 104, only a portion of which is shown inFIG. 1 . The height oftower 104 is selected based upon factors and conditions known in the art, and may extend to heights up to 60 meters or more. Thewind turbine 100 may be installed on any terrain providing access to areas having desirable wind conditions. The terrain may vary greatly and may include, but is not limited to, mountainous terrain or off-shore locations.Wind turbine 100 also comprises arotor 106 that includes one ormore rotor blades 108 attached to arotating hub 110. Althoughwind turbine 100 illustrated inFIG. 1 includes threerotor blades 108, there are no specific limits on the number ofrotor blades 108 required by the present disclosure. -
FIG. 2 illustrates aturbine blade 108 having a leadingedge 201 and atrailing edge 203. Theturbine blade 108 includes anairfoil portion 205 extending from thetip 207 to theroot 209, which is connectable to thehub 110 of the wind turbine. -
FIG. 3 illustrates a wind turbine blade having a cross-sectional structure known in the art.FIG. 3 is a cross-section of a wind turbine blade taken along line 3-3 ofFIG. 2 . Thewind turbine blade 108 includes afirst shell portion 301 and asecond shell portion 302, which are each adhesively bonded to ashear web 303. The joints between thefirst shell portion 301 and theshear web 303 include an adhesive joint 305. In addition, an additional adhesive joint 305 is placed between theshear web 303 and thesecond shell portion 302. Thefirst shell portion 301 is also adhered to thesecond shell portion 302 byadhesive joints 305 adjacent theleading edge 201 and the trailingedge 203. The wind turbine blade ofFIG. 3 includes aprefabricated shear web 303 which is formed, infused and cured prior to bringing into contact with thefirst shell portion 301 and thesecond shell portion 302. The separate manufacture of theshear web 303 adds to the complexity and time required to assemble thewind turbine blade 108. Further, desired placement of theshear web 303 is difficult to achieve due to theadhesive joints 305 present at opposite ends of theshear web 303 adjacent the first andsecond shell portions adhesive joints 305 increases the amount of labor required, wherein alignment of theshear web 303 may require several people and/or specialized equipment. In addition, the cycle time to produce awind turbine blade 108 is excessively long because adhesive curing and curing of pre-manufactured components are required prior to assembly. Further a large amount of adhesive is required to provide all of theadhesive joints 305, which undesirably increases the weight and bulk of thewind turbine blade 108. Further, still, non-uniform bond line thickness and large air voids result from the assembling, curing and assembly of the multiple components of the arrangement shown inFIG. 3 . -
FIG. 4 shows a wind turbine blade according to an embodiment, wherein asecond shell portion 302 is adhered to an integratedfirst shell 401 byadhesive joints 305 near each of theleading edge 201 and the trailingedge 203. The integrated first shell includes a integratedfirst shell 401 and ashear web portion 403 made up of a unitary composite component. By unitary composite component it is understood that the component includes a reinforced cured matrix in a unitary body substantially devoid of adhesive joints within the body. Integratedfirst shell 401 is formed by an infusion of resin or other matrix material into a fiber fabric reinforced form that is configured substantially to the desired geometry of the finished composite integratedfirst shell 401. For example, the integratedfirst shell 401 may be formed by providing a single, continuous reinforcing fabric including theshear web portion 403 and the integratedfirst shell 401 or by placing a reinforcing fabric for theshear web portion 403 adjacent to the reinforcing fabric for the integratedfirst shell 401 and infusing theshear web portion 403 and the integratedfirst shell 401 together to form a unitary composite component. The integratedfirst shell 401 and thesecond shell portion 302 are fabricated from fiber fabric reinforced with thermosetting or thermoplastic polymer matrix. The reinforcing fabric may be provided in any form suitable for providing reinforcement to the composite component, including uniaxial, biaxial, triaxial or quadaxial weaves, braids, chopped strands, rovings or discontinuous fiber mats. Fibers suitable for reinforcement fabric include glass, carbon fiber, synthetic fibers, such as KEVLAR®, or other lightweight reinforcing fibers. KEVLAR® is a federally registered trademark of E. I. DuPont de Nemours & Company for aromatic polyamide fibers. Theintegrated shell 401 andshell portion 302 preferably include a stiffening core, such as balsa wood or foam. The stiffening core is disposed intermediate layers of fiber fabric reinforced with matrix material and provide additional rigidity. In one example, the stiffening core is disposed in between layers of fiber fabric reinforced with matrix material. Suitable matrix materials include thermosetting or thermoplastic polymer matrix. Attachment to the integratedfirst shell 401 may be made byadhesive joints 305.Adhesive joints 305 are formed between surfaces via contact with adhesive compositions known in the art for connecting composite materials. Suitable adhesive compositions include, but are not limited to, epoxy, polyester, methylacrylate, vinylester or other adhesive resin. The geometry of the cross-section of theturbine blade 108 is not limited to the cross- section shown and may include any suitable cross-section that is operable as awind turbine blade 108. In addition, the configuration and placement of theshear web portion 403 is not limited to the position shown and may include any location in which thewind turbine blade 108 structure is maintained. In addition, a spar cap or other reinforcing structure may also be incorporated into the integratedfirst shell 301 and/or thesecond shell portion 302. -
FIG. 5 illustrates another embodiment of awind turbine blade 108. As shown inFIG. 4 , thesecond shell portion 302 is adhered to an integratedfirst shell 401 byadhesive joints 305 near each of theleading edge 201 and the trailingedge 203. InFIG. 5 , the integratedfirst shell 401 includes a plurality ofshear web portions 403. The number ofshear web portions 403 present is not limited and may be one or any number ofshear web portions 403 that provide the desired support to thewind turbine blade 108. Additionalshear web portions 403 on the integratedfirst shell 401 provide additional structural support. In a further embodiment, each of the integratedfirst shell 401 andsecond shell portion 302 can contain one or moreshear web portions 403, thesecond shell portion 302 andshear web portion 403 being of unitary construction. -
FIG. 6 shows a wind turbine blade according to an embodiment, wherein an integratedfirst shell 401 is adhered to an integratedsecond shell 401′ byadhesive joints 305 near each of theleading edge 201 and the trailingedge 203 and at acenter point 601. The integratedfirst shell 401 and integratedsecond shell 401′ include integratedfirst shell 401 and ashear web portion 403 made up of a unitary composite component. At acenter point 601 an adhesive joint 305 is disposed between ashear web portion 403 of the integratedfirst shell 401 and ashear web portion 403 of an integratedsecond shell 401′. AlthoughFIG. 6 shows center point 601 substantially equidistant from the integratedfirst shell 401 and integratedsecond shell 401′, thecenter point 601 may be any location along theshear web portion 403. Each of integratedfirst shell 401 and integratedsecond shell 401′ are formed by an infusion of resin or other matrix material into a fiber fabric reinforced form that is configured substantially to the desired geometry of the finished compositeintegrated shells integrated shells first shells 401 and integratedsecond shells 401′ may provide ease of manufacture and mold fabrication, providing for reduced manufacturing costs. -
FIG. 7 illustrates still another embodiment of awind turbine blade 108 including aspar web 703 between thefirst shell portion 301 and thesecond shell portion 302.FIG. 7 includes spar caps 701 at opposite ends of thespar web 703. Thespar cap 701 includes a composition and structure that provides structural reinforcement for thewind turbine blade 108. Suitable fibers for the spar cap include, but are not limited to, glass, carbon or hybrid fibers. Thespar cap 701 may also include matrix material including, but not limited to epoxy, polyester, vinylester matrix material. As shown inFIG. 3 , thesecond shell portion 302 is adhered to a first integratedfirst shell 401 byadhesive joints 305 near each of theleading edge 201 and the trailingedge 203. However, a “T”-shapedspar web 703 is adhered to thefirst shell portion 301. Attachment of thespar web 703 may be provided byadhesive joints 305 and may, optionally include surface preparation, such as roughening. Thespar web 703 includes thespar cap portion 705, which includes thespar cap 701 adhered to thefirst shell portion 301 and theweb portion 704. Thespar web 703 is further adhered to thespar cap 701 adhered to thesecond shell portion 301. Theadhesive joints 305 may include adhesives, or may include incorporation into theshell portions spar web 703 is fabricated as a single component wherein thespar cap portion 705 and theweb portion 704 are formed into a unitary composite component by providing a single reinforcing fabric including theweb portion 704 and thespar cap portion 705 or by placing a reinforcing fabric for theweb portion 704 adjacent to the reinforcing fabric for thespar cap portion 705 and infusing theweb portion 704 andspar cap portion 705 together to form a unitary composite component. -
FIG. 8 illustrates still another embodiment of awind turbine blade 108 including aspar web 703 between thefirst shell portion 301 and thesecond shell portion 302. As inFIG. 7 , thewind turbine blade 108 includes spar caps 701 at opposite ends of thespar web 703. In addition, thesecond shell portion 302 is adhered to a first integratedfirst shell 401 byadhesive joints 305 near each of theleading edge 201 and the trailingedge 203. However, a “I”-shapedspar web 703 is adhered to thefirst shell portion 301 and thesecond shell portion 302. Attachment of thespar web 703 may be provided byadhesive joints 305 and may, optionally include surface preparation, such as roughening. Thespar web 703 includesspar cap portions 705, which includes the spar caps 701 adhered to thefirst shell portion 301 and the shell portion byadhesive joints 305. Theadhesive joints 305 may include adhesives, or may include incorporation into theshell portions spar web 703 may be fabricated with thespar cap portions 705 and theweb portion 704 are formed into a unitary composite component by providing a single, continuous reinforcing fabric including theweb portion 704 and thespar cap portions 705 or by placing a reinforcing fabric for theweb portion 704 adjacent to the reinforcing fabric for thespar cap portions 705 and infusing theweb portion 704 andspar cap portions 705 together to form a unitary composite component. -
FIG. 9 illustrates still another embodiment of awind turbine blade 108 including a plurality ofspar webs 703 forming an enclosure, such as a box. As inFIG. 7 , thewind turbine blade 108 includes spar caps 701. In addition, thesecond shell portion 302 is adhered to a first integratedfirst shell 401 byadhesive joints 305 near each of theleading edge 201 and the trailingedge 203. A box-shapedspar web 703 is adhered to thefirst shell portion 301 and thesecond shell portion 302. Attachment of thespar web 703 may be provided byadhesive joints 305 and may, optionally include surface preparation, such as roughening. Thespar web 703 includesspar cap portions 705, which includes the spar caps 701 adhered to thefirst shell portion 301 and the shell portion byadhesive joints 305. Theadhesive joints 305 may include adhesives, or may include incorporation into theshell portions spar web 703 may be fabricated with thespar cap portions 705 and theweb portions 704 are formed into a unitary composite component by providing a single, continuous reinforcing fabric including theweb portions 704 and thespar cap portions 705 or by placing a reinforcing fabric for theweb portions 704 adjacent to the reinforcing fabric for thespar cap portions 705 and infusing theweb portions 704 andspar cap portions 705 together to form a unitary composite component. - Integrated first integrated
first shell 401 andspar web 703 may be formed using any suitable composite forming method. Suitable methods include, but are not limited to, resin transfer molding (RTM), vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM), resin infusion method (RIM) or any other suitable resin infusion method for forming fiber reinforced composites. In an embodiment of the present invention shown inFIG. 10 , a firstshell fiber fabric 1001 is placed on ashell mold 1003. AlthoughFIG. 10 illustrates a lay-up mold, any type of mold that provides the desired wind turbine blade geometry may be used, including mold geometries that are capable of conforming towind turbine blades 108 that exceed 20 meters in length. A shearweb fiber fabric 1005 is positioned adjacent to the firstshell fiber fabric 1001, wherein ashear web mold 1007 may be placed over the firstshell fiber fabric 1001 to position the shearweb fiber fabric 1005 with respect to the firstshell fiber fabric 1001. Theshear web mold 1007 is any mold capable of being configured to conform to the geometry of theshear web portion 403, including the shear web lengths that may exceed 20 meters in length. Theshear web mold 1007 extends overlying the surface of the firstshell fiber fabric 1001 and shearweb fiber fabric 1001. Theshear web mold 1007 is sealed againstshell mold 1003 viaseal 1009 in order to allow drawing of vacuum on the firstshell fiber fabric 1001 and shearweb fiber fabric 1001 space.Seal 1009 may include any conventional sealing material suitable for vacuum sealing. During matrix infiltration, matrix material flows and fills voids within the fabric, wherein entrained air pockets are removed by the vacuum applied. Once cured, the matrix hardens and forms a reinforced composite. The formed integratedfirst shell 401 includes a unitaryshear web portion 403 and shell portion 405 (see e.g.,FIG. 11 ). Structures having a plurality ofshear web portions 403 are fabricated using a similar process wherein a plurality ofshear molds 1007 are utilized to position additional shear web fiber fabric for forming a plurality ofshear web portions 403. Release materials/coatings, filler reinforcement materials, matrix additives, peelply, transfer media, release film and/or other consumable and/or conventional material for use with infusion processes may be utilized in the formation of thewind turbine blade 108. - As shown in
FIG. 11 , subsequent to matrix material curing of the integrated shell components, the integratedfirst shell 401 may be brought into contact with asecond shell portion 302, wherein adhesive joints 305 (see e.g.,FIG. 4 ) are applied to contactsurfaces 1101. Theadhesive joints 305 are permitted to cure forming awind turbine blade 108 structure. - While the
FIGS. 10 and 11 show and describe a process for forming an integratedfirst shell 401, the same process may be utilized to produce aspar web 703, wherein the fabric forming the reinforcement for thespar web 703 is positioned on a mold and resin is infused, according to a suitable matrix infusion method, into the fiber to form a composite wind turbine blade. The methods disclosed are suitable for fabrication of wind turbine blades having lengths greater than about 10 meters, preferably greater than about 20 meters and more preferably greater than about 50 meters. - While the invention has been described with reference to a preferred embodiment, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from the essential scope thereof Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed as the best mode contemplated for carrying out this invention, but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.
Claims (17)
1. A method for fabricating elongated airfoils for wind turbines comprising:
providing a first spar reinforcing fiber structure, a second spar reinforcing structure and a shear web reinforcing fiber structure;
positioning the first spar reinforcing fiber structure and the second spar reinforcing fiber structure adjacent the shear web reinforcing fiber structure;
infusing the first shell reinforcing fiber structure and shear reinforcing fiber structure with a matrix material and curing the matrix material to form a unitary composite web spar; and
attaching the web spar to each of a first composite first shell component and a composite second shell component to form an elongated composite airfoil structure.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the infusing step comprises a technique selected from the group consisting of resin transfer molding, vacuum assisted resin transfer molding, resin film infusion, resin infusion or combinations thereof
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the positioning includes providing a mold conforming to the desired geometry of a shear web portion of the unitary composite first shell component.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the first shell reinforcing fiber structure, the second shell reinforcing fiber structure or the shear web reinforcing fiber structure includes a stiffener material.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the stiffener material is balsa or foam.
6. A wind turbine blade comprising
a first shell portion; and
a second shell portion adhered to the first shell portion;
wherein the first shell portion comprises at least one shear web, the first shell portion and integral shear web being a unitary composite component.
7. The wind turbine blade of claim 6 , wherein the unitary composite component includes a plurality of shear webs.
8. The wind turbine blade of claim 6 , wherein the wind turbine blade comprises a length of greater than about 20 meters.
9. The wind turbine blade of claim 6 , wherein the wind turbine blade comprises a length of greater than about 50 meters.
10. The wind turbine blade of claim 6 , wherein the second shell portion includes the second shell portion and integral shear web being a unitary composite component.
11. A wind turbine blade comprising
a first shell portion and a second shell portion enveloping a web spar, the web spar comprising:
a first spar portion;
a second spar portion; and
at least one shear web between the first spar portion and the second spar portion;
wherein the first spar portion and the shear web are a unitary composite component.
12. The wind turbine blade of claim 11 , wherein the unitary composite component includes a plurality of shear webs
13. The wind turbine blade of claim 11 , wherein the wind turbine blade comprises a length of greater than about 20 meters.
14. The wind turbine blade of claim 11 , wherein the wind turbine blade comprises a length of greater than about 50 meters.
15. The wind turbine blade of claim 11 , wherein the first spar portion, shear web and second spar portion are a unitary composite component.
16. The wind turbine blade of claim 11 , wherein the web spar includes a “T” shaped geometry.
17. The wind turbine blade of claim 11 , wherein the web spar includes a “I” shaped geometry.
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CN101260861A (en) | 2008-09-10 |
US20080219851A1 (en) | 2008-09-11 |
DE102008012777B4 (en) | 2021-08-12 |
DK200800339A (en) | 2008-09-11 |
DK178598B1 (en) | 2016-08-08 |
US7895745B2 (en) | 2011-03-01 |
DE102008012777A1 (en) | 2008-09-11 |
CN101260861B (en) | 2013-12-25 |
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