US20110100574A1 - Fibrous structures that exhibit consumer relevant property values - Google Patents

Fibrous structures that exhibit consumer relevant property values Download PDF

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Publication number
US20110100574A1
US20110100574A1 US12/917,535 US91753510A US2011100574A1 US 20110100574 A1 US20110100574 A1 US 20110100574A1 US 91753510 A US91753510 A US 91753510A US 2011100574 A1 US2011100574 A1 US 2011100574A1
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fibrous structure
sample
filaments
structure according
fibrous
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Steven Lee Barnholtz
Paul Dennis Trokhan
Christopher Michael Young
Douglas Jay Barkey
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Procter and Gamble Co
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Procter and Gamble Co
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Priority to US12/917,535 priority Critical patent/US20110100574A1/en
Assigned to THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY reassignment THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BARNHOLTZ, STEVEN LEE, TROKHAN, PAUL DENNIS, BARKEY, DOUGLAS JAY, YOUNG, CHRISTOPHER MICHAEL
Publication of US20110100574A1 publication Critical patent/US20110100574A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H13/00—Pulp or paper, comprising synthetic cellulose or non-cellulose fibres or web-forming material
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H13/00—Pulp or paper, comprising synthetic cellulose or non-cellulose fibres or web-forming material
    • D21H13/10—Organic non-cellulose fibres
    • D21H13/12—Organic non-cellulose fibres from macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • D21H13/14—Polyalkenes, e.g. polystyrene polyethylene
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H13/00—Pulp or paper, comprising synthetic cellulose or non-cellulose fibres or web-forming material
    • D21H13/10—Organic non-cellulose fibres
    • D21H13/12—Organic non-cellulose fibres from macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • D21H13/16—Polyalkenylalcohols; Polyalkenylethers; Polyalkenylesters
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H13/00—Pulp or paper, comprising synthetic cellulose or non-cellulose fibres or web-forming material
    • D21H13/10—Organic non-cellulose fibres
    • D21H13/20—Organic non-cellulose fibres from macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • D21H13/24—Polyesters
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H15/00—Pulp or paper, comprising fibres or web-forming material characterised by features other than their chemical constitution
    • D21H15/02—Pulp or paper, comprising fibres or web-forming material characterised by features other than their chemical constitution characterised by configuration
    • D21H15/06—Long fibres, i.e. fibres exceeding the upper length limit of conventional paper-making fibres; Filaments
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H27/00—Special paper not otherwise provided for, e.g. made by multi-step processes
    • D21H27/002—Tissue paper; Absorbent paper

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to fibrous structures that exhibit a 4-Factor Consumer Relevant Property Value and more particularly to fibrous structures that exhibit a 5-Factor and/or 6-Factor Consumer Relevant Property Value.
  • Fibrous structures have exhibited various consumer relevant property values for various properties, such as absorbent capacity, initial total wet tensile, dry tensile modulus, basis weight wet caliper, residual water and lint.
  • properties such as absorbent capacity, initial total wet tensile, dry tensile modulus, basis weight wet caliper, residual water and lint.
  • consumers still desire better property values for various consumer relevant properties, especially without negatively impacting other consumer relevant property values and hopefully increasing at least some of the other consumer relevant property values.
  • the relative effect of increasing or decreasing a particular property has a nonlinear effect on the consumer's impression.
  • increasing the wet durability of a product such as the Wet CD TEA
  • Wet CD TEA is consumer beneficial, but continuing to increase that value eventually has diminishing returns to the consumer for the consumer is eventually able to perform all the consumer's desired tasks with the product, therefore there would be no need to increase the value beyond that point at that time.
  • a further example is in the area of lint. Between the consumer's desirable goal of having zero lint and a product with a very small amount of lint there is little effect on the consumer's impression of the product.
  • fibrous structures that exhibit at least some consumer relevant property values that are better than known fibrous structures, and more particularly there is a need for a fibrous structure that exhibits a 4- and/or 5- and/or 6-factor consumer relevant property value that is better than known fibrous structures and processes for making such new fibrous structures.
  • the present invention fulfills the need described above by providing fibrous structures that exhibit at least some consumer relevant property values that are better than known fibrous structures, and more particularly there is a need for a fibrous structure that exhibits a 4- and/or 5-factor consumer relevant property value that is better than known fibrous structures and processes for making such new fibrous structures.
  • a fibrous structure that exhibits a 4-Factor Consumer Relevant Property Value of at least 250, is provided.
  • a fibrous structure that exhibits a 5-Factor Consumer Relevant Property Value of at least 340, is provided.
  • a fibrous structure that exhibits a 6-Factor Consumer Relevant Property Value of at least 430, is provided.
  • a single- or multi-ply sanitary tissue product comprising one or more fibrous structures according to the present invention.
  • the present invention provides a fibrous structure that exhibits a 4-Factor and/or 5-Factor and/or 6-Factor Consumer Relevant Property Value of at least 250 and/or at least 340 and/or at least 430.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of an example of a fibrous structure according to the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic, cross-sectional representation of FIG. 1 taken along line 2 - 2 ;
  • FIG. 3 is a scanning electromicrophotograph of a cross-section of another example of fibrous structure according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of another example of a fibrous structure according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic, cross-sectional representation of another example of a fibrous structure according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic, cross-sectional representation of another example of a fibrous structure according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic representation of an example of a process for making a fibrous structure according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 8 is a schematic representation of an example of a patterned belt for use in a process according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 9 is a schematic representation of an example of a filament-forming hole and fluid-releasing hole from a suitable die useful in making a fibrous structure according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 10 is a diagram of a support rack utilized in the VFS Test Method described herein;
  • FIG. 10A is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 10 ;
  • FIG. 11 is a diagram of a support rack cover utilized in the VFS Test Method described herein; and FIG. 11A is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 11 .
  • Fibrous structure as used herein means a structure that comprises one or more filaments and/or fibers.
  • a fibrous structure according to the present invention means an orderly arrangement of filaments and/or fibers within a structure in order to perform a function.
  • a fibrous structure according to the present invention is a nonwoven.
  • Non-limiting examples of processes for making fibrous structures include known wet-laid papermaking processes and air-laid papermaking processes. Such processes typically include steps of preparing a fiber composition in the form of a suspension in a medium, either wet, more specifically aqueous medium, or dry, more specifically gaseous, i.e. with air as medium.
  • the aqueous medium used for wet-laid processes is oftentimes referred to as a fiber slurry.
  • the fibrous slurry is then used to deposit a plurality of fibers onto a forming wire or belt such that an embryonic fibrous structure is formed, after which drying and/or bonding the fibers together results in a fibrous structure. Further processing the fibrous structure may be carried out such that a finished fibrous structure is formed.
  • the finished fibrous structure is the fibrous structure that is wound on the reel at the end of papermaking, and may subsequently be converted into a finished product, e.g. a sanitary tissue product.
  • the fibrous structures of the present invention may be homogeneous or may be layered. If layered, the fibrous structures may comprise at least two and/or at least three and/or at least four and/or at least five layers.
  • the fibrous structures of the present invention may be co-formed fibrous structures.
  • Co-formed fibrous structure as used herein means that the fibrous structure comprises a mixture of at least two different materials wherein at least one of the materials comprises a filament, such as a polypropylene filament, and at least one other material, different from the first material, comprises a solid additive, such as a fiber and/or a particulate.
  • a co-formed fibrous structure comprises solid additives, such as fibers, such as wood pulp fibers and/or absorbent gel materials and/or filler particles and/or particulate spot bonding powders and/or clays, and filaments, such as polypropylene filaments.
  • Solid additive as used herein means a fiber and/or a particulate.
  • Porate as used herein means a granular substance or powder.
  • Fiber and/or “Filament” as used herein means an elongate particulate having an apparent length greatly exceeding its apparent width, i.e. a length to diameter ratio of at least about 10.
  • a “fiber” is an elongate particulate as described above that exhibits a length of less than 5.08 cm (2 in.) and a “filament” is an elongate particulate as described above that exhibits a length of greater than or equal to 5.08 cm (2 in.).
  • Fibers are typically considered discontinuous in nature.
  • fibers include wood pulp fibers and synthetic staple fibers such as polyester fibers.
  • Filaments are typically considered continuous or substantially continuous in nature. Filaments are relatively longer than fibers.
  • Non-limiting examples of filaments include meltblown and/or spunbond filaments.
  • Non-limiting examples of materials that can be spun into filaments include natural polymers, such as starch, starch derivatives, cellulose and cellulose derivatives, hemicellulose, hemicellulose derivatives, chitin, chitosan, polyisoprene (cis and trans), peptides, polyhydroxyalkanoates, and synthetic polymers including, but not limited to, thermoplastic polymer filaments comprising thermoplastic polymers, such as polyesters, nylons, polyolefins such as polypropylene filaments, polyethylene filaments, polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl alcohol derivatives, sodium polyacrylate (absorbent gel material) filaments, and copolymers of polyolefins such as polyethylene-octene, and biodegradable or compostable thermoplastic fibers such as polylactic acid filaments, polyviny
  • fiber refers to papermaking fibers.
  • Papermaking fibers useful in the present invention include cellulosic fibers commonly known as wood pulp fibers.
  • Applicable wood pulps include chemical pulps, such as Kraft, sulfite, and sulfate pulps, as well as mechanical pulps including, for example, groundwood, thermomechanical pulp and chemically modified thermomechanical pulp.
  • Chemical pulps may be preferred since they impart a superior tactile sense of softness to tissue sheets made therefrom. Pulps derived from both deciduous trees (hereinafter, also referred to as “hardwood”) and coniferous trees (hereinafter, also referred to as “softwood”) may be utilized.
  • the hardwood and softwood fibers can be blended, or alternatively, can be deposited in layers to provide a stratified web.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 4,300,981 and U.S. Pat. No. 3,994,771 are incorporated herein by reference for the purpose of disclosing layering of hardwood and softwood fibers.
  • fibers derived from recycled paper which may contain any or all of the above categories as well as other non-fibrous materials such as fillers and adhesives used to facilitate the original papermaking.
  • cellulosic fibers such as cotton liners, rayon, lyocell and bagasse can be used in this invention.
  • Other sources of cellulose in the form of fibers or capable of being spun into fibers include grasses and grain sources.
  • “Sanitary tissue product” as used herein means a soft, low density (i.e. ⁇ about 0.15 g/cm 3 ) web useful as a wiping implement for post-urinary and post-bowel movement cleaning (toilet tissue), for otorhinolaryngological discharges (facial tissue), and multi-functional absorbent and cleaning uses (absorbent towels).
  • suitable sanitary tissue products of the present invention include paper towels, bath tissue, facial tissue, napkins, baby wipes, adult wipes, wet wipes, cleaning wipes, polishing wipes, cosmetic wipes, car care wipes, wipes that comprise an active agent for performing a particular function, cleaning substrates for use with implements, such as a Swifter® cleaning wipe/pad.
  • the sanitary tissue product may be convolutedly wound upon itself about a core or without a core to form a sanitary tissue product roll.
  • the sanitary tissue product of the present invention comprises a fibrous structure according to the present invention.
  • the sanitary tissue products of the present invention may exhibit a basis weight between about 10 g/m 2 to about 120 g/m 2 and/or from about 15 g/m 2 to about 110 g/m 2 and/or from about 20 g/m 2 to about 100 g/m 2 and/or from about 30 to 90 g/m 2 .
  • the sanitary tissue product of the present invention may exhibit a basis weight between about 40 g/m 2 to about 120 g/m 2 and/or from about 50 g/m 2 to about 110 g/m 2 and/or from about 55 g/m 2 to about 105 g/m 2 and/or from about 60 to 100 g/m 2 .
  • the sanitary tissue products of the present invention may exhibit a total dry tensile strength of at least 59 g/cm (150 g/in) and/or from about 78 g/cm (200 g/in) to about 394 g/cm (1000 g/in) and/or from about 98 g/cm (250 g/in) to about 335 g/cm (850 g/in).
  • the sanitary tissue product of the present invention may exhibit a total dry tensile strength of at least 196 g/cm (500 g/in) and/or from about 196 g/cm (500 g/in) to about 394 g/cm (1000 g/in) and/or from about 216 g/cm (550 g/in) to about 335 g/cm (850 g/in) and/or from about 236 g/cm (600 g/in) to about 315 g/cm (800 g/in).
  • the sanitary tissue product exhibits a total dry tensile strength of less than about 394 g/cm (1000 g/in) and/or less than about 335 g/cm (850 g/in).
  • the sanitary tissue products of the present invention may exhibit a total dry tensile strength of at least 196 g/cm (500 g/in) and/or at least 236 g/cm (600 g/in) and/or at least 276 g/cm (700 g/in) and/or at least 315 g/cm (800 g/in) and/or at least 354 g/cm (900 g/in) and/or at least 394 g/cm (1000 g/in) and/or from about 315 g/cm (800 g/in) to about 1968 g/cm (5000 g/in) and/or from about 354 g/cm (900 g/in) to about 1181 g/cm (3000 g/in) and/or from about 354 g/cm (900 g/in) to about 984 g/cm (2500 g/in) and/or from about 394 g/cm (1000 g/in
  • the sanitary tissue products of the present invention may exhibit an initial total wet tensile strength of less than about 78 g/cm (200 g/in) and/or less than about 59 g/cm (150 g/in) and/or less than about 39 g/cm (100 g/in) and/or less than about 29 g/cm (75 g/in).
  • the sanitary tissue products of the present invention may exhibit an initial total wet tensile strength of at least 118 g/cm (300 g/in) and/or at least 157 g/cm (400 g/in) and/or at least 196 g/cm (500 g/in) and/or at least 236 g/cm (600 g/in) and/or at least 276 g/cm (700 g/in) and/or at least 315 g/cm (800 g/in) and/or at least 354 g/cm (900 g/in) and/or at least 394 g/cm (1000 g/in) and/or from about 118 g/cm (300 g/in) to about 1968 g/cm (5000 g/in) and/or from about 157 g/cm (400 g/in) to about 1181 g/cm (3000 g/in) and/or from about 196 g/cm (500
  • the sanitary tissue products of the present invention may exhibit a density (measured at 95 g/in 2 ) of less than about 0.60 g/cm 3 and/or less than about 0.30 g/cm 3 and/or less than about 0.20 g/cm 3 and/or less than about 0.10 g/cm 3 and/or less than about 0.07 g/cm 3 and/or less than about 0.05 g/cm 3 and/or from about 0.01 g/cm 3 to about 0.20 g/cm 3 and/or from about 0.02 g/cm 3 to about 0.10 g/cm 3 .
  • the sanitary tissue products of the present invention may exhibit a Vertical Full Sheet (VFS) value as determined by the Vertical Full Sheet (VFS) Test Method described herein of at least 5 g/g and/or at least 7 g/g and/or at least 9 g/g and/or from about 9 g/g to about 30 g/g and/or to about 25 g/g and/or to about 20 g/g and/or to about 17 g/g.
  • VFS Vertical Full Sheet
  • the sanitary tissue products of the present invention may be in the form of sanitary tissue product rolls.
  • Such sanitary tissue product rolls may comprise a plurality of connected, but perforated sheets of fibrous structure, that are separably dispensable from adjacent sheets.
  • one or more ends of the roll of sanitary tissue product may comprise an adhesive and/or dry strength agent to mitigate the loss of fibers, especially wood pulp fibers from the ends of the roll of sanitary tissue product.
  • the sanitary tissue products of the present invention may comprises additives such as softening agents, temporary wet strength agents, permanent wet strength agents, bulk softening agents, lotions, silicones, wetting agents, latexes, especially surface-pattern-applied latexes, dry strength agents such as carboxymethylcellulose and starch, and other types of additives suitable for inclusion in and/or on sanitary tissue products.
  • additives such as softening agents, temporary wet strength agents, permanent wet strength agents, bulk softening agents, lotions, silicones, wetting agents, latexes, especially surface-pattern-applied latexes, dry strength agents such as carboxymethylcellulose and starch, and other types of additives suitable for inclusion in and/or on sanitary tissue products.
  • Weight average molecular weight as used herein means the weight average molecular weight as determined using gel permeation chromatography according to the protocol found in Colloids and Surfaces A. Physico Chemical & Engineering Aspects, Vol. 162, 2000, pg. 107-121.
  • Basis Weight as used herein is the weight per unit area of a sample reported in lbs/3000 ft 2 or g/m 2 .
  • Machine Direction or “MD” as used herein means the direction parallel to the flow of the fibrous structure through the fibrous structure making machine and/or sanitary tissue product manufacturing equipment.
  • Cross Machine Direction or “CD” as used herein means the direction parallel to the width of the fibrous structure making machine and/or sanitary tissue product manufacturing equipment and perpendicular to the machine direction.
  • Ply as used herein means an individual, integral fibrous structure.
  • Plies as used herein means two or more individual, integral fibrous structures disposed in a substantially contiguous, face-to-face relationship with one another, forming a multi-ply fibrous structure and/or multi-ply sanitary tissue product. It is also contemplated that an individual, integral fibrous structure can effectively form a multi-ply fibrous structure, for example, by being folded on itself.
  • Conser Relevant Property Value is the sum of 4, 5, or 6 specific property values of a fibrous structure.
  • “4-Factor Consumer Relevant Property Value” as used herein is the sum of Wet Bulk Density value, VFS Absorbent Capacity value, Wet CD TEA value, and Geometric Mean Dry Modulus value.
  • 6-Factor Consumer Relevant Property Value is the sum of Wet Bulk Density value, VFS Absorbent Capacity value, Wet CD TEA value, Geometric Mean Dry Modulus value, Residual Water value, and Dry Lint Score value as measured according to their specific test methods described herein.
  • the consumer relevant properties disclosed herein convert analytical measures into their Consumer Relevant Property Values via equations that differ depending on the property. Each property has a minimum value of zero and a maximum value of 100. It is appropriate for some of these equations to be nonlinear because a consumer's response to these properties is also nonlinear.
  • the 4-Factor, 5-Factor, and 6-Factor Consumer Relevant Property values represent the integration of these properties into a fibrous structure. The higher the 4-Factor and/or 5-Factor and/or 6-Factor Consumer Relevant Property value, the better the fibrous structure.
  • Weight Bulk Density value is the sum of the following equation that utilizes the basis weight of a fibrous structure divided by the fibrous structure's wet caliper as measured according to their test methods described herein:
  • the minimum Wet Bulk Density value is 0 and the maximum is 100.
  • the Wet Bulk Density value relates to the bulk of fibrous structures according to the present invention.
  • VFS Absorbent Capacity value is the difference of the following equation that utilizes the VFS of a fibrous structure as measured according to its test method described herein:
  • VFS Absorbent Capacity value 59.055 Ln(VFS) ⁇ 74.697.
  • the minimum VFS Absorbent Capacity value is 0 and the maximum is 100.
  • the VFS Absorbent Capacity value relates to the absorbent capacity of fibrous structures according to the present invention.
  • Weight CD TEA value is the difference of the following equation that utilizes the Wet CD TEA of a fibrous structure as measured according to its test method described herein:
  • the minimum Wet CD TEA value is 0 and the maximum is 100.
  • the Wet CD TEA value relates to the wet strength of fibrous structures according to the present invention.
  • GM Dry Modulus value is the sum of the following equation that utilizes the GM Dry Modulus of a fibrous structure as measured according to its test method described herein:
  • GM Dry Modulus Value 50.478 Ln(GM Dry Modulus)+418.49.
  • the minimum GM Dry Modulus value is 0 and the maximum is 100.
  • the GM Dry Modulus value relates to the softness of fibrous structures according to the present invention.
  • Residual Water value is the sum of the following equation that utilizes the Residual Water of a fibrous structure as measured according to its test method described herein:
  • Residual Water value ⁇ 360(Residual Water)+112.
  • the minimum Residual Water value is 0 and the maximum is 100.
  • the Residual Water value relates to the surface drying of fibrous structures according to the present invention.
  • Dry Lint Score value is the sum of the following equation that utilizes the Dry Lint Score of a fibrous structure as measured according to its test method described herein:
  • Dry Lint Score value ⁇ 11.194(Dry Lint Score) 2 +12.505(Dry Lint Score)+96.227.
  • the minimum Dry Lint Score value is 0 and the maximum is 100.
  • the Dry Lint Score value relates to the low Tinting of fibrous structures according to the present invention.
  • component or composition levels are in reference to the active level of that component or composition, and are exclusive of impurities, for example, residual solvents or by-products, which may be present in commercially available sources.
  • the fibrous structures of the present invention exhibit a 4-Factor and/or 5-Factor and/or 6-Factor Consumer Relevant Property Value that has never been achieved before and that consumers desire.
  • the fibrous structures of the present invention exhibit a 4-Factor Consumer Relevant Property Value of at least 250 and/or at least 275 and/or at least 300.
  • the fibrous structures of the present invention exhibit a 5-Factor Consumer Relevant Property Value of at least 340 and/or at least 360 and/or at least 375.
  • the fibrous structures of the present invention exhibit a 6-Factor Consumer Relevant Property Value of at least 430 and/or at least 440 and/or at least 450.
  • the fibrous structures of the present invention may comprise a plurality of filaments, a plurality of solid additives, such as fibers, and a mixture of filaments and solid additives.
  • the fibrous structures have been found to exhibit consumer-recognizable beneficial absorbent capacity.
  • the fibrous structures comprise a plurality of solid additives, for example fibers.
  • the fibrous structures comprise a plurality of filaments.
  • the fibrous structures comprise a mixture of filaments and solid additives, such as fibers.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 show schematic representations of an example of a fibrous structure in accordance with the present invention.
  • the fibrous structure 10 may be a co-formed fibrous structure.
  • the fibrous structure 10 comprises a plurality of filaments 12 , such as polypropylene filaments, and a plurality of solid additives, such as wood pulp fibers 14 .
  • the filaments 12 may be randomly arranged as a result of the process by which they are spun and/or formed into the fibrous structure 10 .
  • the wood pulp fibers 14 may be randomly dispersed throughout the fibrous structure 10 in the x-y plane.
  • the wood pulp fibers 14 may be non-randomly dispersed throughout the fibrous structure in the z-direction. In one example (not shown), the wood pulp fibers 14 are present at a higher concentration on one or more of the exterior, x-y plane surfaces than within the fibrous structure along the z-direction.
  • FIG. 3 shows a cross-sectional, SEM microphotograph of another example of a fibrous structure 10 a in accordance with the present invention shows a fibrous structure 10 a comprising a non-random, repeating pattern of microregions 15 a and 15 b .
  • the microregion 15 a (typically referred to as a “pillow”) exhibits a different value of a common intensive property than microregion 15 b (typically referred to as a “knuckle”).
  • the microregion 15 b is a continuous or semi-continuous network and the microregion 15 a are discrete regions within the continuous or semi-continuous network.
  • the common intensive property may be caliper.
  • the common intensive property may be density.
  • the layered fibrous structure 10 b comprises a first layer 16 comprising a plurality of filaments 12 , such as polypropylene filaments, and a plurality of solid additives, in this example, wood pulp fibers 14 .
  • the layered fibrous structure 10 b further comprises a second layer 18 comprising a plurality of filaments 20 , such as polypropylene filaments.
  • the first and second layers 16 , 18 are sharply defined zones of concentration of the filaments and/or solid additives.
  • the plurality of filaments 20 may be deposited directly onto a surface of the first layer 16 to form a layered fibrous structure that comprises the first and second layers 16 , 18 , respectively.
  • the layered fibrous structure 10 b may comprise a third layer 22 , as shown in FIG. 4 .
  • the third layer 22 may comprise a plurality of filaments 24 , which may be the same or different from the filaments 20 and/or 16 in the second 18 and/or first 16 layers.
  • the first layer 16 is positioned, for example sandwiched, between the second layer 18 and the third layer 22 .
  • the plurality of filaments 24 may be deposited directly onto a surface of the first layer 16 , opposite from the second layer, to form the layered fibrous structure 10 b that comprises the first, second and third layers 16 , 18 , 22 , respectively.
  • the layered fibrous structure 10 c comprises a first layer 26 , a second layer 28 and optionally a third layer 30 .
  • the first layer 26 comprises a plurality of filaments 12 , such as polypropylene filaments, and a plurality of solid additives, such as wood pulp fibers 14 .
  • the second layer 28 may comprise any suitable filaments, solid additives and/or polymeric films.
  • the second layer 28 comprises a plurality of filaments 34 .
  • the filaments 34 comprise a polymer selected from the group consisting of: polysaccharides, polysaccharide derivatives, polyvinylalcohol, polyvinylalcohol derivatives and mixtures thereof.
  • the material forming layers 26 , 28 and 30 may be in the form of plies wherein two or more of the plies may be combined to form a fibrous structure.
  • the plies may be bonded together, such as by thermal bonding and/or adhesive bonding, to form a multi-ply fibrous structure.
  • FIG. 6 Another example of a fibrous structure of the present invention in accordance with the present invention is shown in FIG. 6 .
  • the fibrous structure 10 d may comprise two or more plies, wherein one ply 36 comprises any suitable fibrous structure in accordance with the present invention, for example fibrous structure 10 as shown and described in FIGS. 1 and 2 and another ply 38 comprising any suitable fibrous structure, for example a fibrous structure comprising filaments 12 , such as polypropylene filaments.
  • the fibrous structure of ply 38 may be in the form of a net and/or mesh and/or other structure that comprises pores that expose one or more portions of the fibrous structure 10 d to an external environment and/or at least to liquids that may come into contact, at least initially, with the fibrous structure of ply 38 .
  • the fibrous structure 10 d may further comprise ply 40 .
  • Ply 40 may comprise a fibrous structure comprising filaments 12 , such as polypropylene filaments, and may be the same or different from the fibrous structure of ply 38 .
  • Two or more of the plies 36 , 38 and 40 may be bonded together, such as by thermal bonding and/or adhesive bonding, to form a multi-ply fibrous structure. After a bonding operation, especially a thermal bonding operation, it may be difficult to distinguish the plies of the fibrous structure 10 d and the fibrous structure 10 d may visually and/or physically be a similar to a layered fibrous structure in that one would have difficulty separating the once individual plies from each other.
  • ply 36 may comprise a fibrous structure that exhibits a basis weight of at least about 15 g/m 2 and/or at least about 20 g/m 2 and/or at least about 25 g/m 2 and/or at least about 30 g/m 2 up to about 120 g/m 2 and/or 100 g/m 2 and/or 80 g/m 2 and/or 60 g/m 2 and the plies 38 and 42 , when present, independently and individually, may comprise fibrous structures that exhibit basis weights of less than about 10 g/m 2 and/or less than about 7 g/m 2 and/or less than about 5 g/m 2 and/or less than about 3 g/m 2 and/or less than about 2 g/m 2 and/or to about 0 g/m 2 and/or 0.5 g/m 2 .
  • Plies 38 and 40 when present, may help retain the solid additives, in this case the wood pulp fibers 14 , on and/or within the fibrous structure of ply 36 thus reducing lint and/or dust (as compared to a single-ply fibrous structure comprising the fibrous structure of ply 36 without the plies 38 and 40 ) resulting from the wood pulp fibers 14 becoming free from the fibrous structure of ply 36 .
  • the fibrous structures of the present invention may comprise any suitable amount of filaments and any suitable amount of solid additives.
  • the fibrous structures may comprise from about 10% to about 70% and/or from about 20% to about 60% and/or from about 30% to about 50% by dry weight of the fibrous structure of filaments and from about 90% to about 30% and/or from about 80% to about 40% and/or from about 70% to about 50% by dry weight of the fibrous structure of solid additives, such as wood pulp fibers.
  • the filaments and solid additives of the present invention may be present in fibrous structures according to the present invention at weight ratios of filaments to solid additives of from at least about 1:1 and/or at least about 1:1.5 and/or at least about 1:2 and/or at least about 1:2.5 and/or at least about 1:3 and/or at least about 1:4 and/or at least about 1:5 and/or at least about 1:7 and/or at least about 1:10.
  • the fibrous structures of the present invention and/or any sanitary tissue products comprising such fibrous structures may be subjected to any post-processing operations such as embossing operations, printing operations, tuft-generating operations, thermal bonding operations, ultrasonic bonding operations, perforating operations, surface treatment operations such as application of lotions, silicones and/or other materials and mixtures thereof.
  • post-processing operations such as embossing operations, printing operations, tuft-generating operations, thermal bonding operations, ultrasonic bonding operations, perforating operations, surface treatment operations such as application of lotions, silicones and/or other materials and mixtures thereof.
  • Non-limiting examples of suitable polypropylenes for making the filaments of the present invention are commercially available from Lyondell-Basell and Exxon-Mobil.
  • Any hydrophobic or non-hydrophilic materials within the fibrous structure, such as polypropylene filaments, may be surface treated and/or melt treated with a hydrophilic modifier.
  • surface treating hydrophilic modifiers include surfactants, such as Triton X-100.
  • melt treating hydrophilic modifiers that are added to the melt, such as the polypropylene melt, prior to spinning filaments include hydrophilic modifying melt additives such as VW351 and/or S-1416 commercially available from Polyvel, Inc. and Irgasurf commercially available from Ciba.
  • the hydrophilic modifier may be associated with the hydrophobic or non-hydrophilic material at any suitable level known in the art.
  • the hydrophilic modifier is associated with the hydrophobic or non-hydrophilic material at a level of less than about 20% and/or less than about 15% and/or less than about 10% and/or less than about 5% and/or less than about 3% to about 0% by dry weight of the hydrophobic or non-hydrophilic material.
  • the fibrous structures of the present invention may include optional additives, each, when present, at individual levels of from about 0% and/or from about 0.01% and/or from about 0.1% and/or from about 1% and/or from about 2% to about 95% and/or to about 80% and/or to about 50% and/or to about 30% and/or to about 20% by dry weight of the fibrous structure.
  • Non-limiting examples of optional additives include permanent wet strength agents, temporary wet strength agents, dry strength agents such as carboxymethylcellulose and/or starch, softening agents, lint reducing agents, opacity increasing agents, wetting agents, odor absorbing agents, perfumes, temperature indicating agents, color agents, dyes, osmotic materials, microbial growth detection agents, antibacterial agents and mixtures thereof.
  • the fibrous structure of the present invention may itself be a sanitary tissue product. It may be convolutedly wound about a core to form a roll. It may be combined with one or more other fibrous structures as a ply to form a multi-ply sanitary tissue product.
  • a co-formed fibrous structure of the present invention may be convolutedly wound about a core to form a roll of co-formed sanitary tissue product.
  • the rolls of sanitary tissue products may also be coreless.
  • Table 1 sets forth the 4-Factor, 5-Factor, and 6-Factor Consumer Relevant Property Values of known and/or commercially available fibrous structures and a fibrous structure in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIG. 7 A non-limiting example of a method for making a fibrous structure according to the present invention is represented in FIG. 7 .
  • the method shown in FIG. 7 comprises the step of mixing a plurality of solid additives 14 with a plurality of filaments 12 .
  • the solid additives 14 are wood pulp fibers, such as SSK fibers and/or Eucalytpus fibers, and the filaments 12 are polypropylene filaments.
  • the solid additives 14 may be combined with the filaments 12 , such as by being delivered to a stream of filaments 12 from a hammermill 42 via a solid additive spreader 44 to form a mixture of filaments 12 and solid additives 14 .
  • the filaments 12 may be created by meltblowing from a meltblow die 46 .
  • the mixture of solid additives 14 and filaments 12 are collected on a collection device, such as a belt 48 to form a fibrous structure 50 .
  • the collection device may be a patterned and/or molded belt that results in the fibrous structure exhibiting a surface pattern, such as a non-random, repeating pattern of microregions.
  • the patterned belt may have a three-dimensional pattern on it that gets imparted to the fibrous structure 50 during the process.
  • the patterned belt 52 as shown in FIG. 8 , may comprise a reinforcing structure, such as a fabric 54 , upon which a polymer resin 56 is applied in a pattern.
  • the pattern may comprise a continuous or semi-continuous network 58 of the polymer resin 56 within which one or more discrete conduits 60 are arranged.
  • the fibrous structures are made using a die comprising at least one filament-forming hole, and/or 2 or more and/or 3 or more rows of filament-forming holes from which filaments are spun. At least one row of holes contains 2 or more and/or 3 or more and/or 10 or more filament-forming holes.
  • the die comprises fluid-releasing holes, such as gas-releasing holes, in one example air-releasing holes, that provide attenuation to the filaments formed from the filament-forming holes.
  • One or more fluid-releasing holes may be associated with a filament-forming hole such that the fluid exiting the fluid-releasing hole is parallel or substantially parallel (rather than angled like a knife-edge die) to an exterior surface of a filament exiting the filament-forming hole.
  • the fluid exiting the fluid-releasing hole contacts the exterior surface of a filament formed from a filament-forming hole at an angle of less than 30° and/or less than 20° and/or less than 10° and/or less than 5° and/or about 0°.
  • One or more fluid releasing holes may be arranged around a filament-forming hole.
  • one or more fluid-releasing holes are associated with a single filament-forming hole such that the fluid exiting the one or more fluid releasing holes contacts the exterior surface of a single filament formed from the single filament-forming hole.
  • the fluid-releasing hole permits a fluid, such as a gas, for example air, to contact the exterior surface of a filament formed from a filament-forming hole rather than contacting an inner surface of a filament, such as what happens when a hollow filament is formed.
  • the die comprises a filament-forming hole positioned within a fluid-releasing hole.
  • the fluid-releasing hole 62 may be concentrically or substantially concentrically positioned around a filament-forming hole 64 such as is shown in FIG. 9 .
  • the fibrous structure 50 may be calendered, for example, while the fibrous structure is still on the collection device.
  • the fibrous structure 50 may be subjected to post-processing operations such as embossing, thermal bonding, tuft-generating operations, moisture-imparting operations, and surface treating operations to form a finished fibrous structure.
  • post-processing operations such as embossing, thermal bonding, tuft-generating operations, moisture-imparting operations, and surface treating operations to form a finished fibrous structure.
  • a surface treating operation that the fibrous structure may be subjected to is the surface application of an elastomeric binder, such as ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), latexes, and other elastomeric binders.
  • EVA ethylene vinyl acetate
  • Such an elastomeric binder may aid in reducing the lint created from the fibrous structure during use by consumers.
  • the elastomeric binder may be applied to one or more surfaces of the fibrous structure in a pattern, especially a non-random, repeating pattern of microregions, or in a manner that covers or substantially covers the entire surface(s) of the fibrous structure.
  • the fibrous structure 50 and/or the finished fibrous structure may be combined with one or more other fibrous structures.
  • another fibrous structure such as a filament-containing fibrous structure, such as a polypropylene filament fibrous structure may be associated with a surface of the fibrous structure 50 and/or the finished fibrous structure.
  • the polypropylene filament fibrous structure may be formed by meltblowing polypropylene filaments (filaments that comprise a second polymer that may be the same or different from the polymer of the filaments in the fibrous structure 50 ) onto a surface of the fibrous structure 50 and/or finished fibrous structure.
  • the polypropylene filament fibrous structure may be formed by meltblowing filaments comprising a second polymer that may be the same or different from the polymer of the filaments in the fibrous structure 50 onto a collection device to form the polypropylene filament fibrous structure.
  • the polypropylene filament fibrous structure may then be combined with the fibrous structure 50 or the finished fibrous structure to make a two-ply fibrous structure—three-ply if the fibrous structure 50 or the finished fibrous structure is positioned between two plies of the polypropylene filament fibrous structure like that shown in FIG. 6 for example.
  • the polypropylene filament fibrous structure may be thermally bonded to the fibrous structure 50 or the finished fibrous structure via a thermal bonding operation.
  • the fibrous structure 50 and/or finished fibrous structure may be combined with a filament-containing fibrous structure such that the filament-containing fibrous structure, such as a polysaccharide filament fibrous structure, such as a starch filament fibrous structure, is positioned between two fibrous structures 50 or two finished fibrous structures like that shown in FIG. 6 for example.
  • a filament-containing fibrous structure such as a polysaccharide filament fibrous structure, such as a starch filament fibrous structure
  • two plies of fibrous structure 50 comprising a non-random, repeating pattern of microregions may be associated with one another such that protruding microregions, such as pillows, face inward into the two-ply fibrous structure formed.
  • the process for making fibrous structure 50 may be close coupled (where the fibrous structure is convolutedly wound into a roll prior to proceeding to a converting operation) or directly coupled (where the fibrous structure is not convolutedly wound into a roll prior to proceeding to a converting operation) with a converting operation to emboss, print, deform, surface treat, or other post-forming operation known to those in the art.
  • direct coupling means that the fibrous structure 50 can proceed directly into a converting operation rather than, for example, being convolutedly wound into a roll and then unwound to proceed through a converting operation.
  • the process of the present invention may include preparing individual rolls of fibrous structure and/or sanitary tissue product comprising such fibrous structure(s) that are suitable for consumer use.
  • a 20%:27.5%47.5%:5% blend of Lyondell-Basell PH835 polypropylene: Lyondell-Basell Metocene MF650W polypropylene: Exxon-Mobil PP3546 polypropylene: Polyvel S-1416 wetting agent is dry blended, to form a melt blend.
  • the melt blend is heated to 475° F. through a melt extruder.
  • the solid additive spreader turns the pulp fibers and distributes the pulp fibers in the cross-direction such that the pulp fibers are injected into the meltblown filaments in a perpendicular fashion through a 4 inch ⁇ 15 inch cross-direction (CD) slot.
  • a forming box surrounds the area where the meltblown filaments and pulp fibers are commingled. This forming box is designed to reduce the amount of air allowed to enter or escape from this commingling area; however, there is an additional 4 inch ⁇ 15 inch spreader opposite the solid additive spreader designed to add cooling air. Approximately 1000 SCFM of air at approximately 80° F. is added through this additional spreader.
  • the fibrous structure formed by this process comprises about 75% by dry fibrous structure weight of pulp and about 25% by dry fibrous structure weight of meltblown filaments.
  • meltblown layer of the meltblown filaments can be added to one or both sides of the above formed fibrous structure.
  • This addition of the meltblown layer can help reduce the lint created from the fibrous structure during use by consumers and is preferably performed prior to any thermal bonding operation of the fibrous structure.
  • the meltblown filaments for the exterior layers can be the same or different than the meltblown filaments used on the opposite layer or in the center layer(s).
  • the fibrous structure may be convolutedly wound to form a roll of fibrous structure.
  • the end edges of the roll of fibrous structure may be contacted with a material to create bond regions.
  • a Consumer Relevant Property Value for a fibrous structure and/or sanitary tissue product comprising a fibrous structure is determined by measuring the following properties of the fibrous structure and/or sanitary tissue product comprising the fibrous structure: VFS Absorbent Capacity, Wet CD TEA, GM Dry Modulus, Wet Bulk (Basis Weight/Wet Caliper), Residual Water and Dry Lint Score.
  • the Vertical Full Sheet (VFS) test method determines the amount of distilled water absorbed and retained by a fibrous structure of the present invention. This method is performed by first weighing a sample of the fibrous structure to be tested (referred to herein as the “dry weight of the sample”), then thoroughly wetting the sample, draining the wetted sample in a vertical position and then reweighing (referred to herein as “wet weight of the sample”). The absorptive capacity of the sample is then computed as the amount of water retained in units of grams of water absorbed by the sample. When evaluating different fibrous structure samples, the same size of fibrous structure is used for all samples tested.
  • the apparatus for determining the VFS capacity of fibrous structures comprises the following:
  • An electronic balance with a sensitivity of at least ⁇ 0.01 grams and a minimum capacity of 1200 grams.
  • the balance should be positioned on a balance table and slab to minimize the vibration effects of floor/benchtop weighing.
  • the balance should also have a special balance pan to be able to handle the size of the sample tested (i.e.; a fibrous structure sample of about 11 in. by 11 in.).
  • the balance pan can be made out of a variety of materials. Plexiglass is a common material used.
  • FIGS. 10 and 10A A sample support rack ( FIGS. 10 and 10A ) and sample support rack cover ( FIGS. 11 and 11A ) is also required. Both the rack and cover are comprised of a lightweight metal frame, strung with 0.012 in. diameter monofilament so as to form a grid as shown in FIG. 10 . The size of the support rack and cover is such that the sample size can be conveniently placed between the two.
  • the VFS test is performed in an environment maintained at 23 ⁇ 1° C. and 50 ⁇ 2% relative humidity.
  • a water reservoir or tub is filled with distilled water at 23 ⁇ 1° C. to a depth of 3 inches.
  • the sample, support rack and cover are allowed to drain vertically (at angle greater than 60° but less than 90° from horizontal) for 60 ⁇ 5 seconds, taking care not to excessively shake or vibrate the sample. While the sample is draining, the rack cover is removed and excess water is wiped from the support rack. The wet sample and the support rack are weighed on the previously tared balance. The weight is recorded to the nearest 0.01 g. This is the wet weight of the sample.
  • the procedure is repeated for with another sample of the fibrous structure, however, the sample is positioned on the support rack such that the sample is rotated 90° in plane compared to the position of the first sample on the support rack.
  • the gram per fibrous structure sample absorptive capacity of the sample is defined as (wet weight of the sample—dry weight of the sample).
  • the calculated VFS is the average of the absorptive capacities of the two samples of the fibrous structure.
  • each sample is wetted by submerging the sample in a distilled water bath for 30 seconds. The wet property of the wet sample is measured within 30 seconds of removing the sample from the bath.
  • Thwing-Albert Intelect II Standard Tensile Tester Thiwing-Albert Instrument Co. of Philadelphia, Pa.
  • the break sensitivity is set to 20.0 grams and the sample width is set to 1.00 inch.
  • the energy units are set to TEA and the tangent modulus (Modulus) trap setting is set to 38.1 g.
  • the instrument tension can be monitored. If it shows a value of 5 grams or more, the fibrous structure sample strip is too taut. Conversely, if a period of 2-3 seconds passes after starting the test before any value is recorded, the fibrous structure sample strip is too slack.
  • Peak CD TEA (Wet CD TEA) (in-g/in 2 )
  • Basis weight of a fibrous structure sample is measured by selecting twelve (12) individual fibrous structure samples and making two stacks of six individual samples each. If the individual samples are connected to one another vie perforation lines, the perforation lines must be aligned on the same side when stacking the individual samples.
  • a precision cutter is used to cut each stack into exactly 3.5 in. ⁇ 3.5 in. squares. The two stacks of cut squares are combined to make a basis weight pad of twelve squares thick. The basis weight pad is then weighed on a top loading balance with a minimum resolution of 0.01 g. The top loading balance must be protected from air drafts and other disturbances using a draft shield. Weights are recorded when the readings on the top loading balance become constant.
  • the Basis Weight is calculated as follows:
  • Basis ⁇ ⁇ Weight ⁇ ( lbs ⁇ / ⁇ 3000 ⁇ ⁇ ft 2 ) Weight ⁇ ⁇ of ⁇ ⁇ basis ⁇ ⁇ weight ⁇ ⁇ pad ⁇ ⁇ ( g ) ⁇ 3000 ⁇ ⁇ ft 2 453.6 ⁇ ⁇ g ⁇ / ⁇ lbs ⁇ 12 ⁇ ⁇ samples ⁇ [ 12.25 ⁇ ⁇ in 2 ⁇ ⁇ ( Area ⁇ ⁇ of ⁇ ⁇ basis ⁇ ⁇ weight ⁇ ⁇ pad ) / 144 ⁇ ⁇ in 2 ]
  • Basis ⁇ ⁇ Weight ⁇ ( g ⁇ / ⁇ m 2 ) Weight ⁇ ⁇ of ⁇ ⁇ basis ⁇ ⁇ weight ⁇ ⁇ pad ⁇ ⁇ ( g ) ⁇ 10 , 000 ⁇ ⁇ cm 2 ⁇ / ⁇ m 2 79.0321 ⁇ ⁇ cm 2 ⁇ ( Area ⁇ ⁇ of ⁇ ⁇ basis ⁇ ⁇ weight ⁇
  • the Wet Caliper of a sample of fibrous structure and/or sanitary tissue product comprising a fibrous structure is determined by cutting a sample of the fibrous structure and/or sanitary tissue product comprising a fibrous structure such that it is larger in size than a load foot loading surface where the load foot loading surface has a circular surface area of about 3.14 in 2 .
  • Each sample is wetted by submerging the sample in a distilled water bath for 30 seconds.
  • the caliper of the wet sample is measured within 30 seconds of removing the sample from the bath.
  • the sample is then confined between a horizontal flat surface and the load foot loading surface.
  • the load foot loading surface applies a confining pressure to the sample of 95 g/in 2 .
  • the caliper is the resulting gap between the flat surface and the load foot loading surface. Such measurements can be obtained on a VIR Electronic Thickness Tester Model II available from Thwing-Albert Instrument Company, Philadelphia, Pa. The caliper measurement is repeated and recorded at least five (5) times so that an average caliper can be calculated. The result is reported in mils.
  • the Residual Water Test Method determines the amount (in grams) of distilled water absorbed/left behind by a fibrous structure.
  • a 3 place top loading analytical balance (capacity of 650 g minimum) is used with an 11 inch ⁇ 11 inch adjustable balance stand with a 6.25 inch diameter circle cut in center to fit over a 4 inch diameter balance pan.
  • the balance surface (a 6 inch diameter flat surface made with #304 standard stainless steel) made to fit over the 4 inch diameter balance pan is placed on the balance pan. Wipe the balance surface to ensure that the balance surface is dry and free of any debris or contaminant.
  • the balance surface is placed on the balance pan. Tare the balance.
  • sample 11 inch ⁇ 11 inch maximum
  • two Lexan plates 0.063 inch thick, 12.5 inch ⁇ 12.5 inch, with an 8 inch diameter circle cut out
  • Residual Water value is reported as the average weight of the remaining water on the balance surface for the ten samples. Record Residual Water value to the nearest 0.1 g.
  • the amount of lint generated from a fibrous structure sample is determined with a Sutherland Rub Tester.
  • the Sutherland Rub Tester may be obtained from Testing Machines, Inc. (Amityville, N.Y., 1701). This tester uses a motor to rub a weighted felt 5 times over the fibrous structure sample, while the fibrous structure sample is restrained in a stationary position. The Hunter Color L value is measured before and after the rub test. The difference between these two Hunter Color L values is then used to calculate a lint value.
  • the fibrous structure sample is first prepared by removing and discarding any product which might have been abraded in handling, e.g. on the outside of the roll.
  • this test can be used to make a lint measurement on the multi-ply product, or, if the plies can be separated without damaging the specimen, a measurement can be taken on the individual plies making up the product. If a given sample differs from surface to surface, it is necessary to test both surfaces and average the values in order to arrive at a composite lint value.
  • products are made from multiple-plies of fibrous structures such that the facing-out surfaces are identical, in which case it is only necessary to test one surface.
  • Felt Preparation Cut six pieces of black felt (F-55 or equivalent from New England Gasket, 550 Broad Street, Bristol, Conn. 06010) to the dimensions of 2.25 inch ⁇ 8.5 inch ⁇ 0.0625 inch. Place the felt on top of the unscored, green side of the cardboard such that the long edges of both the felt and cardboard are parallel and in alignment. Make sure the fluffy side of the felt is facing up. Also allow about 0.5 inches to overhang the top and bottom most edges of the cardboard. Snugly fold over both overhanging felt edges onto the backside of the cardboard with Scotch brand tape. Prepare a total of six of these felt/cardboard combinations.
  • the Sutherland Rub Tester must first be calibrated prior to use. First, turn on the Sutherland Rub Tester by moving the tester switch to the “cont” position. When the tester arm is in its position closest to the user, turn the tester's switch to the “auto” position. Set the tester to run 5 strokes (back and forth) at a rate of 42 cycles/minute by moving the pointer arm on the large dial to the “five” position setting. One stroke is a single and complete forward and reverse motion of the weight. The end of the rubbing block should be in the position closest to the operator at the beginning and at the end of each test.
  • v. Hunter Color Meter Calibration Adjust the Hunter Color Difference Meter for the black and white standard plates according to the procedures outlined in the operation manual of the instrument. Also run the stability check for standardization as well as the daily color stability check if this has not been done during the past eight hours. In addition, the zero reflectance must be checked and readjusted if necessary. Place the white standard plate on the sample stage under the instrument port. Release the sample stage and allow the sample plate to be raised beneath the sample port. Using the “L-Y”, “a-X”, and “b-Z” standardizing knobs, adjust the instrument to read the Standard White Plate Values of “L”, “a”, and “b” when the “L”, “a”, and “b” push buttons are depressed in turn.
  • the first step in the measurement of lint is to measure the Hunter color values of the black felt/cardboard samples prior to being rubbed on the fibrous structure sample.
  • the first step in this measurement is to lower the standard white plate from under the instrument port of the Hunter color instrument. Center a felt covered cardboard, with the arrow pointing to the back of the color meter, on top of the standard plate. Release the sample stage, allowing the felt covered cardboard to be raised under the sample port.
  • the felt width is only slightly larger than the viewing area diameter, make sure the felt completely covers the viewing area. After confirming complete coverage, depress the L push button and wait for the reading to stabilize. Read and record this L value to the nearest 0.1 unit.
  • a D25D2A head If a D25D2A head is in use, lower the felt covered cardboard and plate, rotate the felt covered cardboard 90 degrees so the arrow points to the right side of the meter. Next, release the sample stage and check once more to make sure the viewing area is completely covered with felt. Depress the L push button. Read and record this value to the nearest 0.1 unit. For the D25D2M unit, the recorded value is the Hunter Color L value. For the D25D2A head where a rotated sample reading is also recorded, the Hunter Color L value is the average of the two recorded values.
  • the lint is obtained which is applicable to that particular fibrous structure sample.
  • the following formula is used:
  • Lint ⁇ ⁇ Value Lint ⁇ ⁇ Value , first ⁇ - ⁇ side + Lint ⁇ ⁇ Value , second ⁇ - ⁇ side 2
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WO2011053955A3 (en) 2011-11-24
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CA2780158A1 (en) 2011-11-05
MX2012005109A (es) 2012-05-22

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