US20110047636A1 - Crop Automated Relative Maturity System - Google Patents

Crop Automated Relative Maturity System Download PDF

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US20110047636A1
US20110047636A1 US12/861,513 US86151310A US2011047636A1 US 20110047636 A1 US20110047636 A1 US 20110047636A1 US 86151310 A US86151310 A US 86151310A US 2011047636 A1 US2011047636 A1 US 2011047636A1
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plants
plots
plot
maturity
field
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Walter Stachon
Ken Luebbert
Keith Bilyeu
Joe Strottman
Ryan Larson
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Syngenta Participations AG
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Syngenta Participations AG
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Priority to US12/861,513 priority Critical patent/US20110047636A1/en
Assigned to SYNGENTA PARTICIPATIONS AG reassignment SYNGENTA PARTICIPATIONS AG ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: LUEBBERT, KEN, STACHON, WALTER, BILYEU, KEITH, LARSON, RYAN, STROTTMAN, JOE
Publication of US20110047636A1 publication Critical patent/US20110047636A1/en
Priority to US13/619,834 priority patent/US20130019332A1/en
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01C—MEASURING DISTANCES, LEVELS OR BEARINGS; SURVEYING; NAVIGATION; GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS; PHOTOGRAMMETRY OR VIDEOGRAMMETRY
    • G01C11/00—Photogrammetry or videogrammetry, e.g. stereogrammetry; Photographic surveying
    • G01C11/02—Picture taking arrangements specially adapted for photogrammetry or photographic surveying, e.g. controlling overlapping of pictures
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G7/00—Botany in general
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
    • G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
    • G01N21/31—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry
    • G01N21/314—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry with comparison of measurements at specific and non-specific wavelengths
    • G01N21/3151—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry with comparison of measurements at specific and non-specific wavelengths using two sources of radiation of different wavelengths
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
    • A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
    • A01B79/005—Precision agriculture
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
    • A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
    • A01C21/007—Determining fertilization requirements
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/84—Systems specially adapted for particular applications
    • G01N2021/8466—Investigation of vegetal material, e.g. leaves, plants, fruits

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to a system for measuring relative maturity of a crop and, more specifically, to an automated relative maturity system for measuring quickly and efficiently relative maturity of a large number of plants of diverse varieties.
  • the growing season for agricultural crops varies from location to location. In the United States, the growing season is longer the farther south the crop growing location and shorter the farther north the crop growing location. While there is no standardized maturity zone map, for soybeans, most divide the United States into eleven or twelve maturity zones. farmers can improve their opportunity for high yields by planting seed of varieties that have maturities adapted to the growing season at the farmer's location. Accordingly, the seed of varieties of most major crops, including corn, rapeseed (or canola), soybeans, sunflower, and wheat, are sold by seed companies primarily into the maturity zone corresponding to the relative maturity of the variety. In the development of novel crop varieties, relative maturity is a critical characteristic that is tracked and measured by the seed companies.
  • the present invention consists of an automated relative maturity system for measuring the relative maturity of a large number of plots of diverse varieties of plants growing in a field or fields.
  • a field to be evaluated is laid out in multiple plots with a specific variety assigned to a preselected plot or plots and with areas set aside throughout the field for planting of check varieties of known relative maturity.
  • High-precision GPS is used with a planter to record the location of each plot within the field.
  • a radiometric crop sensor mounted on a vehicle is used to scan the plants in the plots to record readings of the plants synchronized to the GPS map locations, including the check plants of known relative maturity.
  • Software is used to calculate the relative maturity of each variety. In a preferred embodiment, this relative maturity data is passed on to a database of other characteristics of each individual variety evaluated in the field.
  • FIG. 1 is a representation of a map of a field in which pluralities of varieties of a crop are to be planted.
  • FIG. 2 is a representation of the field of FIG. 1 showing the path of a sensor transport traversing the field.
  • FIG. 3 is a front view of a sensor transport used in the present invention for moving a pair of radiometric sensors over plants in the field.
  • FIG. 4 is a rear side view of the sensor transport of FIG. 3 .
  • FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the arrangement of plots of Field A.
  • FIG. 6 is a diagram showing the arrangement of plots of Field C.
  • FIG. 7 is a diagram showing a 48 range by 54 row section of Field A, check strips planted in rows 1-6 and 49-54 and experimental varieties in rows 7-48.
  • FIG. 8 is a diagram showing a 48 range by 52 row section of Field C, check strips planted in rows 1-4 and 49-52 and experimental varieties in rows 5-48.
  • FIG. 9 is a chart of radiometric relative maturity value vs. NDVI using the data from Table 3.
  • FIG. 10 is a chart of radiometric relative maturity value vs. NDVI using the data from Table 4.
  • FIG. 11 a Photograph of above canopy active sensor method for corn staygreen phenotyping methodology
  • FIG. 11 b Photograph of Corn Staygreen phenotyping methodology below canopy active sensor method
  • FIG. 12 a Graph depicting average staygreen visual readings and active sensor readings across 631 and 641
  • FIG. 12 b Graph depicting average staygreen visual readings and active sensor readings across 631 and 641
  • FIG. 13 a Graph depicting correlation of visual to active sensor readings, peak on week 5
  • FIG. 13 b Graph depicting correlation of hybrid rankings, visual to active sensor, stable for two weeks, 4 and 5
  • FIG. 13 c Graph depicting hybrid ⁇ 60% visual staygreen is a good indicator for center of two week stable scanning period
  • FIG. 13 d Graph depicting comparison of above and below scanning methods the below good on first date above best and stable for two weeks, 4 and 5
  • FIG. 13 e Graph depicting inbred correlation of visual to active sensor readings, peak on week 5
  • FIG. 13 f Graph depicting correlation of inbred rankings, visual to active sensor, relatively stable for three weeks, week 3, 4 and 5
  • FIG. 13 g Graph depicting inbred 50% visual staygreen is a good indicator for center of three week stable scanning period
  • Plants absorb and reflect specific wavelengths of light across the spectrum of natural light. The pattern of reflectance and absorbance changes through the life cycle of the plant. Indices comprised of specific wavelengths of reflected energy correlate with the condition of the plant.
  • spongy mesophyll leaf tissue has a high reflectance in the near infrared (NIR) generally defined as the range between approximately 700 and 1000 nm. Since the spongy mesophyll section of the leaf is structurally stable in a healthy leaf and will have a relatively high reflectance in the NIR, whereas the leaf tissue of plants undergoing senescence will have increasingly reduced reflectance in the NIR.
  • NIR near infrared
  • the chlorophyll in plants has a high absorbance in the range of between approximately 400 to 500 and 600 to 700 nm, referred to herein as blue and red light, respectively. Accordingly, as the amount of chlorophyll in the plant tissue decreases over time during senescence, the relative absorbance of visual light will decrease.
  • radiometric crop sensors that measure the reflectance and absorbance of one or more frequencies of light by plant tissues.
  • active sensors which use one or more internal light sources to illuminate the plants being evaluated
  • passive sensors which use ambient light only.
  • a preferred sensor is the GreenSeeker® RT100 sold by NTech Industries (Ukiah, Calif.) a Trimble Navigation Limited Company, Sunnyvale, Calif.
  • active light sources so-called passive sensors that utilize ambient light may also be used.
  • passive sensors may be adapted to use visual light, most commonly the red and NIR wavelengths to generate information about the conditions of plants.
  • a commonly used index in assessing crop conditions is the normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI).
  • NDVI normalized difference vegetative index
  • NIR is the reflectance in the NIR range and V is the reflectance in the visual range.
  • Preferred sensors for use with the present invention generate an output that is in NDVI units.
  • GPS Global Positioning Satellite
  • Pseudolites are ground- or near ground-based transmitters which broadcast a pseudorandom (PRN) code (similar to a GPS signal) modulated on an L-band (or other frequency) carrier signal, generally synchronized with GPS time. Each transmitter may be assigned a unique PRN code so as to permit identification by a remote receiver.
  • PRN pseudorandom
  • FIG. 1 illustrates an agricultural field 10 which has been planted in accordance with the methods described herein.
  • a planter equipped with a high-precision GPS receiver results in the development of a digital map of the agricultural field 10 .
  • the map defined through this operation may become the base map and/or may become a control feature for a machine guidance and/or control system to be discussed in further detail below.
  • the map should be of sufficient resolution so that the precise location of a vehicle within the area defined by the map can be determined to a few inches with reference to the map.
  • GPS receivers for example as the ProPak®-V3produced by NovAtel Inc. (Calgary, Alberta, Canada) are capable of such operations.
  • a tractor or other vehicle is used to tow a planter across the field 10 .
  • the planter is fitted with a GPS receiver which receives transmissions from GPS satellites and a reference station.
  • a monitoring apparatus which records the position of seeds as they are planted by the planter. In other words, using precise positioning information provided by the GPS receiver and an input provided by the planter, the monitoring apparatus records the location at which each seed is deposited by the planter in the field 10 .
  • a digital map is established wherein the location of each seed planted in field 10 is stored.
  • a map or other data structure which provides similar information may be produced on-the-fly as planting operations are taking place.
  • the map may make use of a previously developed map (e.g., one or more maps produced from earlier planting operations, etc.).
  • the previously stored map may be updated to reflect the position of the newly planted seeds.
  • a previously stored map is used to determine the proper location for the planting of the seeds/crops.
  • the determination as to when to make this planting is made according to a comparison of the planter's present position as provided by the GPS receiver and the seeding information from the database.
  • the planting information may accessible through an index which is determined according to the planter's current position (i.e., a position-dependent data structure).
  • a look-up table or other data structure can be accessed to determine whether a seed should be planted or not.
  • the seeding data need not be recorded locally at the planter. Instead, the data may be transmitted from the planter to some remote recording facility (e.g., a crop research station facility or other central or remote workstation location) at which the data may be recorded on suitable media.
  • some remote recording facility e.g., a crop research station facility or other central or remote workstation location
  • the overall goal, at the end of the seeding operation, is to have a digital map which includes the precise position (e.g., to within a few inches) of the location of each seed planted. As indicated, mapping with the GPS technology is one means of obtaining the desired degree of accuracy.
  • the development of novel varieties of crops typically involves growing a large number of varieties side-by-side in research fields in what are sometimes called preliminary yield trials.
  • a common arrangement is to plant each individual variety in a plot that includes a sufficient number of plants to generate valid data, leaving space between plots for access by workers and field equipment.
  • the field 10 is divided into a plurality of rectangular plots 12 divided by unplanted rows 14 and 16.
  • check plots 18 are included.
  • the check plots 18 are planted with varieties of known maturity to be used as a comparison for the relative maturity of plants in the research plots.
  • a number of different check varieties are planted to provide a range of maturities to span the expected maturities of the plants in the research plots.
  • the field 10 is organized in non-replicated blocks of 2122 plots 12 .
  • Most of the plots are planted with experimental varieties of similar parentage and a smaller number of the plots are planted with a selection of different check varieties ( FIGS. 7 and 8 ).
  • Each plot 12 has one row with a planting density of 10 seeds per foot and is approximately 7 feet long.
  • the unplanted rows 14 and 16 provide approximately three feet of walkway/vehicle access. It is common to plant experimental varieties having an expected range of maturities covering no more than three maturity zones so that all plants will reach maturity within approximately a one-month period. For soybeans, maturity is generally defined as plants having dropped all leaves and with 95% of pods having a mature brown color.
  • the latitude and longitude location of each plant in the field 10 is converted into a reference area within each of the plots 12 in the digital map of the field 10 , resulting in a map 20 as represented in FIG. 2 .
  • each data point collected from the radiometric sensor which preferably is in the form of an NDVI index, includes latitude and longitude information.
  • the data points are correlated to the location of the plants on the map 20 , including the check plots 18 .
  • the radiometric data collected from the check plots 18 is used to calibrate the sensor and the collected data from the experimental plots 12 .
  • the NDVI data for each plant is then assigned a relative maturity value based on its relationship to the NDVI data from the check plots 18 . In a preferred embodiment, the relative maturity data is passed to a comprehensive database of other characteristics of the experimental varieties.
  • One method of moving the radiometric sensor over the field 10 is manually. A worker simply carries the sensor through the field, holding it above each plant in each plot.
  • a more efficient way of taking the radiometric data is to mount one or more radiometric sensors on a vehicle that then travels the field 10 , collecting data on the fly.
  • a vehicle used for detasseling corn such as a PDF 450G detassler (Product Design and Fabrication, Cedar Rapids, Iowa) is modified to create a sensor transport 22 ( FIGS. 3 and 4 ) to carry a pair of radiometric sensors 24 and 26 .
  • a forward horizontal tool bar 28 of the sensor transport 22 is mounted transversely of the direction of travel of the transport 22 .
  • the sensors 24 and 26 are mounted on the tool bar 28 , the vertical position of which is adjustable to position the sensors 24 and 26 the desired reading distance above the plant canopy.
  • the manufacturer recommends that the sensor be positioned between 32 inches and 48 inches above the plant canopy, typically about 30 inches for soybeans.
  • the present invention provides methods for generating high through put phenotype data that can be used to characterize plants.
  • This phenotypic data also can be employed in various types of plant breeding and selection including marker assisted breeding.
  • This data can be utilized in analyzing seeds or plant tissue material for genetic characteristics that associate with the relative maturity or stay green phenotype of the individual plants or plants which are genetically related.
  • the genetic characteristics associated with the plant evidencing the presences or absences of the phenotype can be determined by analytical methods. These methods can use markers or genomics data for the detection of chemical, allelic, polymorphic, base pair or amino acid differences.
  • Samples prepared from the phenotyped seeds or plant materials can be used to establish the desirable genetic attributes that are associated with the selected genotype. Once the selected genotype is identified, it can be used for plant selection thorough out the breeding or selection process.
  • the methods and devices of the present invention can be used in a breeding program to select plants or seeds having a desired trait, whether genetically modified or native trait or marker genotype associated with the phenotype detected with the high through put relative maturity or stay green data.
  • the methods of the present invention can be used in combination with any breeding methodology and can be used to select a single generation or to select multiple generations or plants or seeds.
  • breeding method depends on the mode of plant reproduction, the heritability of the trait(s) being improved, and the type of cultivar used (hybrid, inbred, varietal). It is further understood that this device produces phenotypic data for cultivars which can be utilized in a breeding program, in conjunction with selection on any number of other parameters such as emergence vigor, vegetative vigor, stress tolerance, disease resistance, branching, flowering, seed set, seed size, seed density, standability, and threshability etc. to make breeding selections or decisions.
  • the methods of the present invention are used to determine the genetic characteristics of seeds or plants in a marker-assisted breeding program.
  • Such methods allow for improved marker-assisted breeding programs wherein direct seed or tissue sampling can be conducted while maintaining the identity of individuals from the field.
  • the marker-assisted breeding program results in a “high-throughput” platform wherein a subpopulation of seeds/plants having a desired trait, marker or genotype can be more effectively selected and bulked in a shorter period of time, with less field and labor resources required.
  • Field A Two fields were planted on a farm located near Ames, Iowa. Field A was planted on May 21. Field A comprised 21 acres (1920 feet by 480 feet) and was divided into 36,864 plots as shown in FIG. 5 .
  • Check variety S08-M8 was planted in rows 1 and 2 and 49 and 50, and check varieties S15-R2, S21-N6, S25-B9 and S30-F5 were planted in rows 2-6 and 51-54, respectively.
  • Experimental varieties were planted in the other plots. Specifically, experimental varieties A-N were planted in rows 7-20, respectively, and across range 1 ( FIG. 7 ).
  • Field C was planted June 17 the same year. Field C comprised 20 acres (1800 feet by 480 feet) and was divided into 34,560 plots as shown in FIG. 6 .
  • Check varieties S15-R2, S21-N6, S25-B9 and 530-F5 were planted in rows 1-4 and 49-52, respectively. Experimental varieties were planted in the other plots. Specifically, experimental varieties O-Z and A1-D1 were planted in rows 5-20, respectively, and across rangel ( FIG. 8 ). The check varieties covered maturity groups 0.8-3, as set out in Tables 1 and 2.
  • the seed was planted at a density of 10 seeds per foot and a row width 30 inches and a GPS map of the seed planted in the fields was created at the time of planting.
  • Data was collected from Field A on September 2, and from Field C on September 23 and 26 of the same year. Data was collected using the PDF 450G detasseling machine, modified as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 .
  • the speed of the detassler was approximately 3 mph and it was driven transverse to the rows.
  • the GreenSeeker® RT100 sensor was set to collect data at 50 msec (20 data points per second) to match the GPS data stream from the NovAtel ProPak®-V3 device. To reduce row to row sample contamination, 15 inches of each 30 inch row was considered the target collection area. At 3 mph, 15 inches is covered in 0.28 sec, giving 5.7 data points per plot, which was deemed an acceptable number of data points per plot.
  • the data output of the GPS and radiometric crop sensor taken from Field A is set out in Table 3.
  • the data output of the GPS and radiometric crop sensor taken from Field C is set out in Table 5.
  • the NDVI data is correlated to maturity groups by a graph of relative maturity value (RMT_N), determined by the average NDVI for each check variety, versus NDVI.
  • the graph from Field A is shown in FIG. 9 and the graph from Field C is shown in FIG. 10 .
  • FIG. 9 The graph from Field A is shown in FIG. 9 and the graph from Field C is shown in FIG. 10 .
  • the data shows the final average maturity of field A was a maturity of 2.2 and field C was 2.0.
  • FIGS. 11 a and 11 b An experiment using the devices shown in FIGS. 11 a and 11 b were employed on maize to detect the staygreen of plants in trials. Staygreen is a function of plant health, plant stress, insect and disease pressures on the plant These stay green trials were maize inbred trials and maize hybrids trials. The hybrid trials had 8, 30 inch rows, 40 foot long plots. The data was collected with canopy readings taken between rows four and five, of all 65 plots. Below canopy readings taken between rows four and five, on the first set of 16 plots.
  • the inbred trial had 1, 30 inch row, 20 foot long plots. The above canopy readings taken over the row, for the first 100 plots. In all the trials, five readings, one per week, were taken. Some frost damage occurred between the 4 th reading and last collection date. Average staygreen readings were taken as visual readings and active sensor readings as shown in FIGS. 12 a and 12 b.
  • the graphs in FIGS. 13 a - g depict the correlation of the staygreen visual and active sensor readings across time.
  • the 60% for hybrids and the 50% staygreen for inbreds is a good indicator for peak correlation of visual phenotype detection with the active sensor readings.
  • the sensor was employed to identify nine of the top ten staygreen hybrids ranked by visual selection.
  • This phenotypic data can be used in a trait mapping experiment to develop genetic characteristics that associate with the phenotype of staygreen. This high through put automated data collection can be utilized in indentifying markers that associate with staygreen phenotypes. The phenotypic data can then be employed in the development of a marker assisted breeding programs. This data can also be captured across time to identify the most critical time for silage production or the prime harvesting timeframes for inbreds or hybrids. This data can be sent from the device to a remote location for analysis of the data.
  • the method of the present invention include capturing the sensor data and analyzing the data for use in phenotyping, marker validation and selection, marker assisted breeding, selections, and producing breeding programs with inbreds and hybrid combination and the seeds and plants and progeny thereof that have the phenotypic traits introgressed through use of the breeding material mapped or selected for relative maturity, staygreen, health, disease, stress, vigor and the like.
  • the seed was planted at a density of 10 seeds per foot and a row width 30 inches and a GPS map of the seed planted in the fields was created at the time of planting.
  • Data was to be collected from the soybean field for determination of relative maturity. However, prior to the time period for data collection the field was highly impacted by Sudden Death Syndrome (SDS). This disease causes plants particularly those in the R4-R6 stage to die prematurely. Premature death of part of the plants in the field most susceptible to Sudden Death Syndrome would skew any relative maturity ratings. It was determined that data will be collected using the PDF 450G detasseling machine, modified as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 . The speed of the detassler will be approximately 3 mph and driven transverse to the rows.
  • the GreenSeeker® RT100 sensor will initially be set to collect data at 50 msec (20 data points per second) to match the GPS data stream from the NovAtel ProPak®-V3 device. To reduce row to row sample contamination, 15 inches of each 30 inch row will be considered the target collection area. At 3 mph, 15 inches is covered in 0.28 sec, giving 5.7 data points per plot, which is deemed an acceptable number of data points per plot. However, by employing two sensors per row at a slightly lower rate, 63 Hz, 4.5 data points per second from 2 sensors provides 9 data points per plot. Instead of collecting data to determine the relative maturity of the plants, the data is being collected to determine which plants in the plots are susceptible to SDS and which are more tolerant.

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