US20100172873A1 - Strains and methods for improving ruminant health and/or performance - Google Patents
Strains and methods for improving ruminant health and/or performance Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20100172873A1 US20100172873A1 US12/629,497 US62949709A US2010172873A1 US 20100172873 A1 US20100172873 A1 US 20100172873A1 US 62949709 A US62949709 A US 62949709A US 2010172873 A1 US2010172873 A1 US 2010172873A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- strain
- nrrl
- enterococcus faecium
- identifying characteristics
- animal
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
- A61K35/66—Microorganisms or materials therefrom
- A61K35/74—Bacteria
- A61K35/741—Probiotics
- A61K35/742—Spore-forming bacteria, e.g. Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus subtilis, clostridium or Lactobacillus sporogenes
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/10—Animal feeding-stuffs obtained by microbiological or biochemical processes
- A23K10/16—Addition of microorganisms or extracts thereof, e.g. single-cell proteins, to feeding-stuff compositions
- A23K10/18—Addition of microorganisms or extracts thereof, e.g. single-cell proteins, to feeding-stuff compositions of live microorganisms
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/10—Animal feeding-stuffs obtained by microbiological or biochemical processes
- A23K10/16—Addition of microorganisms or extracts thereof, e.g. single-cell proteins, to feeding-stuff compositions
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/10—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for ruminants
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
- A61K35/66—Microorganisms or materials therefrom
- A61K35/74—Bacteria
- A61K35/741—Probiotics
- A61K35/744—Lactic acid bacteria, e.g. enterococci, pediococci, lactococci, streptococci or leuconostocs
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P39/00—General protective or antinoxious agents
- A61P39/02—Antidotes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N1/00—Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
- C12N1/20—Bacteria; Culture media therefor
- C12N1/205—Bacterial isolates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12R—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES C12C - C12Q, RELATING TO MICROORGANISMS
- C12R2001/00—Microorganisms ; Processes using microorganisms
- C12R2001/01—Bacteria or Actinomycetales ; using bacteria or Actinomycetales
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12R—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES C12C - C12Q, RELATING TO MICROORGANISMS
- C12R2001/00—Microorganisms ; Processes using microorganisms
- C12R2001/01—Bacteria or Actinomycetales ; using bacteria or Actinomycetales
- C12R2001/07—Bacillus
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12R—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES C12C - C12Q, RELATING TO MICROORGANISMS
- C12R2001/00—Microorganisms ; Processes using microorganisms
- C12R2001/01—Bacteria or Actinomycetales ; using bacteria or Actinomycetales
- C12R2001/46—Streptococcus ; Enterococcus; Lactococcus
Definitions
- the strains are strains having all of the identifying characteristics of strains 8G-1, 8G-73, or 8G-134. Further, each individual strain (8G-1, 8G-73, or 8G-134) or any combination of these strains can also provide one or more of the benefits described herein. It will also be clear that addition of other microbial strains, carriers, additives, enzymes, yeast, or the like will also provide control of acidosis and will not constitute a substantially different DFM.
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Mycology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
- Animal Husbandry (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Physiology (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Birds (AREA)
- Virology (AREA)
- Tropical Medicine & Parasitology (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Fodder In General (AREA)
- Medicines Containing Material From Animals Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
- Preparation Of Compounds By Using Micro-Organisms (AREA)
- Feed For Specific Animals (AREA)
- Micro-Organisms Or Cultivation Processes Thereof (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US12/629,497 US20100172873A1 (en) | 2008-12-02 | 2009-12-02 | Strains and methods for improving ruminant health and/or performance |
US14/554,726 US10172892B2 (en) | 2008-12-02 | 2014-11-26 | Strains and methods for energy partitioning in ruminants |
US16/239,187 US20190134112A1 (en) | 2008-12-02 | 2019-01-03 | Strains and methods for energy partitioning in ruminants |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US11925608P | 2008-12-02 | 2008-12-02 | |
US12/629,497 US20100172873A1 (en) | 2008-12-02 | 2009-12-02 | Strains and methods for improving ruminant health and/or performance |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US14/554,726 Continuation-In-Part US10172892B2 (en) | 2008-12-02 | 2014-11-26 | Strains and methods for energy partitioning in ruminants |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20100172873A1 true US20100172873A1 (en) | 2010-07-08 |
Family
ID=42233590
Family Applications (3)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US12/629,497 Abandoned US20100172873A1 (en) | 2008-12-02 | 2009-12-02 | Strains and methods for improving ruminant health and/or performance |
US14/554,726 Expired - Fee Related US10172892B2 (en) | 2008-12-02 | 2014-11-26 | Strains and methods for energy partitioning in ruminants |
US16/239,187 Abandoned US20190134112A1 (en) | 2008-12-02 | 2019-01-03 | Strains and methods for energy partitioning in ruminants |
Family Applications After (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US14/554,726 Expired - Fee Related US10172892B2 (en) | 2008-12-02 | 2014-11-26 | Strains and methods for energy partitioning in ruminants |
US16/239,187 Abandoned US20190134112A1 (en) | 2008-12-02 | 2019-01-03 | Strains and methods for energy partitioning in ruminants |
Country Status (13)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (3) | US20100172873A1 (zh) |
EP (1) | EP2370585B1 (zh) |
CN (3) | CN104762224B (zh) |
AU (1) | AU2009322439B2 (zh) |
BR (2) | BRPI0922723B1 (zh) |
CA (2) | CA2908112C (zh) |
DK (1) | DK2370585T3 (zh) |
ES (1) | ES2590482T3 (zh) |
MX (2) | MX337041B (zh) |
PL (1) | PL2370585T3 (zh) |
RU (1) | RU2528859C2 (zh) |
WO (1) | WO2010065625A1 (zh) |
ZA (1) | ZA201104742B (zh) |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US9089151B2 (en) | 2011-08-24 | 2015-07-28 | Dupont Nutrition Biosciences Aps | Enzyme producing Bacillus strains |
US20150216916A1 (en) * | 2008-12-02 | 2015-08-06 | Dupont Nutrition Biosciences Aps | Strains and methods for energy partitioning in ruminants |
WO2016083481A1 (en) * | 2014-11-26 | 2016-06-02 | Dupont Nutrition Biosciences Aps | Strains and methods for energy partitioning in ruminants |
US20170258111A1 (en) * | 2014-11-26 | 2017-09-14 | Dupont Nutrition Biosciences Aps | Strains and methods for energy partitioning in ruminants |
US20220061356A1 (en) * | 2018-12-14 | 2022-03-03 | ProAgni Pty Ltd | Animal feed composition |
Families Citing this family (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US10357046B2 (en) | 2014-05-13 | 2019-07-23 | Microbial Discovery Group, Llc | Direct-fed microbials and methods of their use |
CN106689705A (zh) * | 2015-11-16 | 2017-05-24 | 内蒙古伊利实业集团股份有限公司 | 一种改善适口性抗疾病犊牛精补料及其制备方法与应用 |
CN109561712A (zh) | 2016-02-29 | 2019-04-02 | 微生物发现集团有限责任公司 | 直接喂饲的微生物 |
CN109563472B (zh) * | 2016-05-25 | 2023-07-28 | 丘奇和德怀特有限公司 | 芽孢杆菌属组合物及用于反刍动物的方法 |
EP3562956A4 (en) * | 2016-12-28 | 2020-10-14 | Ascus Biosciences, Inc. | METHODS, APPARATUS AND SYSTEMS FOR ANALYZING STRAINS OF MICRO-ORGANISMS IN COMPLEX HETEROGENEOUS COMMUNITIES, DETERMINING THEIR INTERACTIONS AND FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIPS, AND MANAGEMENT OF DIAGNOSTICS AND BIOLOGICAL STATES BASED ON THEM |
AU2017386658A1 (en) * | 2016-12-28 | 2019-07-25 | Native Microbials, Inc. | Methods, apparatuses, and systems for analyzing complete microorganism strains in complex heterogeneous communities, determining functional relationships and interactions thereof, and identifying and synthesizing bioreactive modificators based thereon |
US11622569B2 (en) | 2017-07-24 | 2023-04-11 | Church & Dwight Co., Inc. | Bacillus microbial terroir for pathogen control in swine |
US11627741B2 (en) | 2018-09-28 | 2023-04-18 | Microbial Discovery Group, Llc | Microorganisms for plant pathogen inhibition |
MX2021003691A (es) * | 2018-10-02 | 2021-06-04 | Microbial Discovery Group Llc | Microbios para animales. |
AU2021207984A1 (en) | 2020-01-17 | 2022-08-25 | AgBiome, Inc. | Compositions and methods for controlling undesirable microbes and improving animal health |
CN113519718A (zh) * | 2021-07-12 | 2021-10-22 | 广西壮族自治区兽医研究所 | 一种肉鸡益生素饲料添加剂及其制备方法和应用 |
CN114908019B (zh) * | 2022-05-31 | 2023-05-09 | 西南民族大学 | 一种屎肠球菌复合菌剂及其复配方法和应用 |
CN116355881B (zh) * | 2023-03-10 | 2024-02-23 | 云南师范大学 | 酸耐受性提高的β-木糖苷酶突变体D395G及其应用 |
Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0287699A2 (en) * | 1987-02-25 | 1988-10-26 | The Calpis Food Industry Co., Ltd. | Feeds containing bacillus subtilis C-3102 |
US5529793A (en) * | 1994-11-16 | 1996-06-25 | Nutrition Physiology Corporation | Compositions for improving the utilization of feedstuffs by ruminants |
US5534271A (en) * | 1994-11-16 | 1996-07-09 | Nutrition Physiology | Process for improving the utilization of feedstuffs by ruminants |
US20070071738A1 (en) * | 1998-04-17 | 2007-03-29 | The Board Of Regents For Oklahoma State University | Propionibacterium P-63 for use in direct fed microbials for animal feeds |
US20080118472A1 (en) * | 2004-12-06 | 2008-05-22 | Sage Biosciences Inc. | Method of growing bacteria to deliver bioactive compounds to the intestine of ruminants |
US20080233104A1 (en) * | 1998-08-24 | 2008-09-25 | Sean Farmer | Probiotic, lactic acid-producing bacteria and uses thereof |
Family Cites Families (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
RU2205216C2 (ru) * | 2000-10-10 | 2003-05-27 | Морозов Василий Юрьевич | Штамм бактерий enterococcus faecium в-2240d - продуцент оптически чистой l(+)-молочной кислоты и промышленный способ получения l(+)-молочной кислоты или ее солей |
MXPA06013754A (es) * | 2004-05-25 | 2007-02-08 | Pfizer Prod Inc | Uso novedoso. |
CN101253934B (zh) * | 2008-04-07 | 2013-07-24 | 中国农业科学院北京畜牧兽医研究所 | 奶牛饲料用复合微生物添加剂及其制备方法 |
MX337041B (es) * | 2008-12-02 | 2016-02-09 | Dupont Nutrition Biosci Aps | Cepas y metodos para mejorar la salud y/o desempeño de los rumiantes. |
US9415062B2 (en) * | 2011-03-03 | 2016-08-16 | Burim N. Ametaj | Use of bacterial endotoxins and lipoteichoic acids to improve postpartal health and productivity of dairy cows and their newborns |
CA2845576C (en) * | 2011-08-24 | 2020-09-15 | Dupont Nutrition Biosciences Aps | Enzyme producing bacillus strains |
-
2009
- 2009-12-02 MX MX2011005786A patent/MX337041B/es active IP Right Grant
- 2009-12-02 BR BRPI0922723-7A patent/BRPI0922723B1/pt active IP Right Grant
- 2009-12-02 CA CA2908112A patent/CA2908112C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2009-12-02 CN CN201410643188.1A patent/CN104762224B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2009-12-02 WO PCT/US2009/066392 patent/WO2010065625A1/en active Application Filing
- 2009-12-02 CA CA2745643A patent/CA2745643C/en active Active
- 2009-12-02 ES ES09831041.0T patent/ES2590482T3/es active Active
- 2009-12-02 DK DK09831041.0T patent/DK2370585T3/en active
- 2009-12-02 RU RU2011121243/10A patent/RU2528859C2/ru active
- 2009-12-02 EP EP09831041.0A patent/EP2370585B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2009-12-02 US US12/629,497 patent/US20100172873A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2009-12-02 PL PL09831041T patent/PL2370585T3/pl unknown
- 2009-12-02 AU AU2009322439A patent/AU2009322439B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2009-12-02 CN CN200980148513.4A patent/CN102549162B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2011
- 2011-06-27 ZA ZA2011/04742A patent/ZA201104742B/en unknown
-
2014
- 2014-11-26 US US14/554,726 patent/US10172892B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2015
- 2015-11-25 MX MX2017006886A patent/MX2017006886A/es unknown
- 2015-11-25 BR BR112017011067A patent/BR112017011067A2/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2015-11-25 CN CN201580074305.XA patent/CN107205435A/zh active Pending
-
2019
- 2019-01-03 US US16/239,187 patent/US20190134112A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0287699A2 (en) * | 1987-02-25 | 1988-10-26 | The Calpis Food Industry Co., Ltd. | Feeds containing bacillus subtilis C-3102 |
US5529793A (en) * | 1994-11-16 | 1996-06-25 | Nutrition Physiology Corporation | Compositions for improving the utilization of feedstuffs by ruminants |
US5534271A (en) * | 1994-11-16 | 1996-07-09 | Nutrition Physiology | Process for improving the utilization of feedstuffs by ruminants |
US20070071738A1 (en) * | 1998-04-17 | 2007-03-29 | The Board Of Regents For Oklahoma State University | Propionibacterium P-63 for use in direct fed microbials for animal feeds |
US20080233104A1 (en) * | 1998-08-24 | 2008-09-25 | Sean Farmer | Probiotic, lactic acid-producing bacteria and uses thereof |
US20080118472A1 (en) * | 2004-12-06 | 2008-05-22 | Sage Biosciences Inc. | Method of growing bacteria to deliver bioactive compounds to the intestine of ruminants |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
http://www.atcc.org/ATCCAdvancedCatalogSearch/tabid/112/Default.aspx (accessed 6/18/2012) * |
Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20150216916A1 (en) * | 2008-12-02 | 2015-08-06 | Dupont Nutrition Biosciences Aps | Strains and methods for energy partitioning in ruminants |
US10172892B2 (en) * | 2008-12-02 | 2019-01-08 | Dupont Nutrition Biosciences Aps | Strains and methods for energy partitioning in ruminants |
US9089151B2 (en) | 2011-08-24 | 2015-07-28 | Dupont Nutrition Biosciences Aps | Enzyme producing Bacillus strains |
US10058110B2 (en) | 2011-08-24 | 2018-08-28 | Dupont Nutrition Biosciences Aps | Enzyme producing bacillus strains |
WO2016083481A1 (en) * | 2014-11-26 | 2016-06-02 | Dupont Nutrition Biosciences Aps | Strains and methods for energy partitioning in ruminants |
US20170258111A1 (en) * | 2014-11-26 | 2017-09-14 | Dupont Nutrition Biosciences Aps | Strains and methods for energy partitioning in ruminants |
US20220061356A1 (en) * | 2018-12-14 | 2022-03-03 | ProAgni Pty Ltd | Animal feed composition |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN102549162B (zh) | 2015-01-07 |
AU2009322439B2 (en) | 2012-04-26 |
MX337041B (es) | 2016-02-09 |
ZA201104742B (en) | 2012-02-29 |
EP2370585B1 (en) | 2016-06-22 |
RU2528859C2 (ru) | 2014-09-20 |
PL2370585T3 (pl) | 2017-08-31 |
AU2009322439A1 (en) | 2011-06-23 |
MX2011005786A (es) | 2011-11-18 |
BRPI0922723B1 (pt) | 2021-10-19 |
US20150216916A1 (en) | 2015-08-06 |
EP2370585A1 (en) | 2011-10-05 |
MX2017006886A (es) | 2018-02-09 |
CN104762224B (zh) | 2019-05-28 |
US20190134112A1 (en) | 2019-05-09 |
DK2370585T3 (en) | 2016-09-26 |
WO2010065625A1 (en) | 2010-06-10 |
RU2011121243A (ru) | 2013-01-10 |
CA2908112A1 (en) | 2010-06-10 |
EP2370585A4 (en) | 2013-08-14 |
CN107205435A (zh) | 2017-09-26 |
CA2745643C (en) | 2015-12-01 |
CA2908112C (en) | 2019-07-02 |
CN104762224A (zh) | 2015-07-08 |
CA2745643A1 (en) | 2010-06-10 |
BRPI0922723A2 (pt) | 2020-10-06 |
CN102549162A (zh) | 2012-07-04 |
BR112017011067A2 (pt) | 2018-01-09 |
US10172892B2 (en) | 2019-01-08 |
ES2590482T3 (es) | 2016-11-22 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
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AS | Assignment |
Owner name: DANISCO A/S, DENMARK Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:MERTZ, KEITH J.;REHBERGER, THOMAS G.;REEL/FRAME:023907/0270 Effective date: 20100106 |
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AS | Assignment |
Owner name: LALLEMAND, INC., CANADA Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:MERTZ, KEITH J;REHBERGER, THOMAS G.;REEL/FRAME:024845/0713 Effective date: 20100106 |
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AS | Assignment |
Owner name: DUPONT NUTRITION BIOSCIENCES APS, DENMARK Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:DANISCO A/S;REEL/FRAME:033700/0025 Effective date: 20120514 |
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AS | Assignment |
Owner name: DUPONT NUTRITION BIOSCIENCES APS, DENMARK Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:LALLEMAND, INC.;REEL/FRAME:034060/0636 Effective date: 20140122 |
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STCB | Information on status: application discontinuation |
Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION |