US20100158438A1 - Fiber Optic Diffraction Grating - Google Patents

Fiber Optic Diffraction Grating Download PDF

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Publication number
US20100158438A1
US20100158438A1 US12/642,498 US64249809A US2010158438A1 US 20100158438 A1 US20100158438 A1 US 20100158438A1 US 64249809 A US64249809 A US 64249809A US 2010158438 A1 US2010158438 A1 US 2010158438A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
predetermined
diffraction grating
core
fiber
optical fiber
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US12/642,498
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English (en)
Inventor
Victor Churikov
Victor Il'ich Kopp
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Chiral Photonics Inc
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Chiral Photonics Inc
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Chiral Photonics Inc filed Critical Chiral Photonics Inc
Priority to US12/642,498 priority Critical patent/US20100158438A1/en
Publication of US20100158438A1 publication Critical patent/US20100158438A1/en
Priority to US15/612,246 priority patent/US10481324B2/en
Assigned to CHIRAL PHOTONICS, INC. reassignment CHIRAL PHOTONICS, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: KOPP, VICTOR IL'ICH
Assigned to CHIRAL PHOTONICS, INC. reassignment CHIRAL PHOTONICS, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: TCHOURIKOV, VICTOR
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02057—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating comprising gratings
    • G02B6/02076—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings
    • G02B6/0208—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by their structure, wavelength response
    • G02B6/021—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by their structure, wavelength response characterised by the core or cladding or coating, e.g. materials, radial refractive index profiles, cladding shape
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02295—Microstructured optical fibre
    • G02B6/02314—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes
    • G02B6/02342—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes characterised by cladding features, i.e. light confining region
    • G02B6/02357—Property of longitudinal structures or background material varies radially and/or azimuthally in the cladding, e.g. size, spacing, periodicity, shape, refractive index, graded index, quasiperiodic, quasicrystals
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02295—Microstructured optical fibre
    • G02B6/02314—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes
    • G02B6/02342—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes characterised by cladding features, i.e. light confining region
    • G02B6/02361—Longitudinal structures forming multiple layers around the core, e.g. arranged in multiple rings with each ring having longitudinal elements at substantially the same radial distance from the core, having rotational symmetry about the fibre axis
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02295—Microstructured optical fibre
    • G02B6/02314—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes
    • G02B6/02342—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes characterised by cladding features, i.e. light confining region
    • G02B6/02376—Longitudinal variation along fibre axis direction, e.g. tapered holes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02057—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating comprising gratings
    • G02B6/02076—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings
    • G02B6/0208—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by their structure, wavelength response
    • G02B6/02085—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by their structure, wavelength response characterised by the grating profile, e.g. chirped, apodised, tilted, helical
    • G02B2006/0209—Helical, chiral gratings

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to fiber grating type structures, and more particularly to an optical fiber grating capable of diffracting a portion of a light signal transmission therethrough at at least one predefined wavelength thereof.
  • Fiber gratings are incorporated into components that form the backbone of modern information and communications technologies, and are suitable for a wide range of applications, such as information processing and optical fiber communication systems utilizing wavelength division multiplexing (WDM).
  • WDM wavelength division multiplexing
  • fiber Bragg gratings are useful in lasing, filtering and sensing applications.
  • Various Bragg grating configurations also include chirped fiber gratings useful in chromatic dispersion compensators and apodized fiber gratings that are used to eliminate sidelobes in signal transmission spectra.
  • a long period grating is typically used for coupling the mode of the fiber core into the fiber cladding.
  • a long period grating has a spectral characteristic with multiple transmission gaps. The positions of these gaps along the spectral range depend on the refractive index of a medium outside the cladding of the fiber. Thus, changing the outside refractive index produces a shift in the transmission gaps.
  • the period of a long period grating is significantly longer than the wavelength of light passing through the grating.
  • an optical fiber grating for controlling the light signal transmission therethrough by diffracting a portion of the transmitted light signal at at least one predefined wavelength thereof, causing at least one of: at least one predetermined spectral dip, and/or at least one predetermined peak, in the resulting light transmission spectrum, each corresponding to the at least one wavelength of the diffracted portions(s) of the transmitted light signal. It would also be desirable to provide the above-described fiber optic diffraction grating that may be readily fabricated in its entirety from a single material.
  • FIG. 1A shows a schematic diagram of a cross-sectional view of a first exemplary embodiment of the fiber optic diffraction grating of the present invention
  • FIG. 1B shows a schematic diagram of a side view of the first exemplary embodiment of the fiber optic diffraction grating of FIG. 1A ;
  • FIG. 2A shows a schematic diagram of a cross-sectional view of a second exemplary embodiment of the fiber optic diffraction grating of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2B shows a schematic diagram of a side view of the second exemplary embodiment of the fiber optic diffraction grating of FIG. 2A .
  • the present invention is directed to an optical fiber grating having a core, that is capable of controlling the light signal transmission therethrough by causing at least one of: at least one spectral peak, and/or at least one spectral dip in its core light transmission spectrum, corresponding to at least one predetermined wavelength.
  • the inventive optical fiber diffraction grating comprises at least one longitudinally positioned structural element of a predetermined geometric profile and that is configured for diffracting a portion of the transmitted light signal at at least one predefined wavelength thereof, from at least one core mode into at least one of: at least one cladding mode and/or at least one radiating mode.
  • Various embodiments of a number of novel techniques for fabrication of the inventive optical fiber diffraction grating are provided, inclusive of a novel technique for fabricating the inventive grating from a single material.
  • such novel fabrication techniques rely on configuration of a desired geometric profile for the at least one structural element portion of the novel grating, each profile comprising a number of readily configurable parameters that can be selected and/or adjusted during fabrication, to produce a variety of novel fiber diffraction gratings, each having a corresponding specific desirable core transmission spectrum having at least one of: least one spectral peak, and/or at least one spectral dip therein, corresponding to at least one specific desired wavelength, dependent on the configuration of the applicable geometric profile.
  • the present invention is directed to an optical fiber grating having a core, that is capable of controlling the light signal transmission therethrough by causing at least one of: at least one spectral peak, and/or at least one spectral dip in its core light transmission spectrum, corresponding to at least one predetermined wavelength.
  • the inventive optical fiber diffraction grating accomplishes the above, by providing at least one longitudinal structural element therein of a predetermined geometric profile and that is configured for diffracting a portion of the transmitted light signal at at least one predefined wavelength thereof, from at least one core mode into at least one of: at least one cladding mode and/or at least one radiating mode.
  • an number of novel techniques for fabrication thereof are provided, inclusive of a novel technique for fabricating the inventive grating from a single material.
  • the various novel fabrication techniques provided for the novel fiber diffraction grating in accordance with the present invention rely on configuration of a desired geometric profile for the at least one structural element portion of the novel grating, each profile comprising a number of readily configurable parameters that can be selected and/or adjusted during fabrication, to produce a variety of novel fiber diffraction gratings, each having a corresponding specific desirable core transmission spectrum having at least one of: least one spectral peak, and/or at least one spectral dip therein, corresponding to at least one specific desired wavelength, dependent on the configuration of the applicable geometric profile.
  • MS optical fibers are fibers that enable a different way of guiding light through their cores, and that can be fabricated from a single material (without necessity for doping the core).
  • the MS fibers instead of a conventional core, the MS fibers in essence provide a “virtual” core, that is defined by a set of specially configured and positioned predetermined longitudinal elements disposed around the fiber's central longitudinal axis.
  • these longitudinal elements may be a periodic array of longitudinal channels (i.e., “holes”) in the cladding positioned around the fiber's central axis to define a “core”, with light transmitted therethrough now being guided in such a core.
  • This advantageous light confinement to/within the MS fiber core takes effect, and is determined by, at least one of the following two main reasons:
  • the novel optical fiber diffraction grating may be readily produced and configured, either by processing a conventional MS fiber structure in a novel manner (as described below in connection with FIGS. 1A and 1B ), and/or by preparing a specially configured novel structure based on, but departing, at least in part, from MS fiber principles.
  • diffraction grating 10 a first embodiment of the inventive optical fiber diffraction grating is shown as diffraction grating 10 , based on a MS fiber structure perform 12 a having a virtual core 14 , and having at least one MS element 16 a positioned and configured to produce a sufficient degree of light confinement to define the core 14 (for example, as shown in FIG. 1A , at least one MS element 16 a may comprise a plurality of concentrically positioned sets of longitudinal channels in the fiber structure.
  • This MS fiber 12 a configuration produces a core mode in the core 14 , however at least some portion of the energy of a light signal transmitted through the core 14 in fact propagates into the cladding 18 , essentially forming light transmission spectrum “tails” (in the direction of the channels)
  • the diffraction grating 10 is produced by twisting the MS structure preform 12 a, to produce a modified structure 12 having at least one structural element 16 b therein, of a predefined geometric profile, comprising specifically selected values for at least a twist helical pitch HP (e.g., at a certain pitch angle), and a twist helical diameter HD (and in connection with this inventive embodiment also comprising a “twist profile”).
  • a twist helical pitch HP e.g., at a certain pitch angle
  • HD twist helical diameter
  • the abovementioned “tails” begin to cross the forming at least one structural element 16 b, and with a properly selected geometric profile (i.e., for predetermined values of HP and HD), Bragg reflections, configured to diffract the light signal from a core mode of at least one predetermined wavelength traveling through the core 14 , for at least one particular desired wavelength, away from the core 14 (thus essentially extracting at least a portion of the light signal from the core 14 , and causing a corresponding dip in the core transmission spectrum).
  • the resulting core transmission may appear similar to that of a long period grating (although in the case of the inventive grating 10 , the spectral dips in the transmission spectrum would not me sensitive to any outside medium).
  • the various parameters (HP, HD, etc.) of the geometric profile of the at least one structural element 16 b may be selected and/or configured to produce at least one spectral dip, and/or at least one spectral peak in the core transmission spectrum for one or more predefined desired wavelengths.
  • the geometric profile of the at least one structural element 16 b may be also selected and/or configured to produce at least one radiating mode (i.e., in which Bragg reflections cause the diffracted portion of the light signal to leave the fiber completely). Therefore, advantageously, the novel diffraction grating 10 , may achieve the desired diffraction in at least one of: at least one cladding mode, and/or at least one radiating mode.
  • the at least one MS element 16 a can be filled with different materials (e.g., vacuum, air, a predetermined gaseous substance, or a predetermined dielectric material, etc.) or may otherwise comprise regions of a different refractive index from the cladding 18 .
  • different materials e.g., vacuum, air, a predetermined gaseous substance, or a predetermined dielectric material, etc.
  • the advantage of this approach is that it allows a greater level of control of the index contrast between the core 14 and the cladding 18 .
  • the MS elements 16 a may comprise a plurality of groves (not shown).
  • diffraction grating 40 a second embodiment of the inventive optical fiber diffraction grating is shown as diffraction grating 40 , based on a specially configured MS fiber structure 50 , having a virtual core 52 , and having a plurality of structural elements 56 positioned and configured to produce a sufficient degree of light confinement to define the core 52 , and to also produce at least one predefined distortion in lateral periodicity 58 , between the plural structural elements thereof, that advantageously results in at least one predefined narrow defect state in the light transmission spectrum in a transverse direction, which causes a corresponding at least one spectral dip in the core transmission spectrum for at least one wavelength that corresponds to the at least one defect state.
  • Distortion 58 can be achieved in a number of different ways. For example, if distances between each concentric set of different plural structural elements 56 are substantially the same (e.g., D 1 ), then the least one predefined distortion in lateral periodicity 58 may be readily produced by configuring the distance between two predetermined plural element 56 sets (selected based on the needed spectral position corresponding to the desired defect state), can be configured as D 2 , different from other uniform D 1 s.
  • Other inventive ways of achieving at least one distortion 58 for example by altering the size of one or more particular concentric sets of plural elements 56 , or by using one or more particular concentric sets of plural elements 56 composed of a different material than core 54 (i.e., having different refractive indices therefrom).
  • the diffracting grating 40 is advantageous in that it does not require the structure 50 to be twisted or to otherwise be physically manipulated (other than the pre-configuration necessary to produce the at least one distortion 58 ).

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Diffracting Gratings Or Hologram Optical Elements (AREA)
  • Light Guides In General And Applications Therefor (AREA)
US12/642,498 2008-12-18 2009-12-18 Fiber Optic Diffraction Grating Abandoned US20100158438A1 (en)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US12/642,498 US20100158438A1 (en) 2008-12-18 2009-12-18 Fiber Optic Diffraction Grating
US15/612,246 US10481324B2 (en) 2008-12-18 2017-06-02 Fiber optic diffraction grating

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US13890708P 2008-12-18 2008-12-18
US12/642,498 US20100158438A1 (en) 2008-12-18 2009-12-18 Fiber Optic Diffraction Grating

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US15/612,246 Continuation US10481324B2 (en) 2008-12-18 2017-06-02 Fiber optic diffraction grating

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US15/612,246 Active US10481324B2 (en) 2008-12-18 2017-06-02 Fiber optic diffraction grating

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EP (1) EP2376958A4 (fr)
CN (1) CN102317825A (fr)
CA (1) CA2750080A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2010071861A2 (fr)

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CA2750080A1 (fr) 2010-06-24
WO2010071861A2 (fr) 2010-06-24
US10481324B2 (en) 2019-11-19
WO2010071861A3 (fr) 2010-08-26
EP2376958A4 (fr) 2012-07-04
EP2376958A2 (fr) 2011-10-19
CN102317825A (zh) 2012-01-11

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