US20100012377A1 - System And Apparatus For Locating And Avoiding An Underground Obstacle - Google Patents
System And Apparatus For Locating And Avoiding An Underground Obstacle Download PDFInfo
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- US20100012377A1 US20100012377A1 US12/568,515 US56851509A US2010012377A1 US 20100012377 A1 US20100012377 A1 US 20100012377A1 US 56851509 A US56851509 A US 56851509A US 2010012377 A1 US2010012377 A1 US 2010012377A1
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- Prior art keywords
- borehole
- drill bit
- drill
- housing
- drill string
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- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B7/00—Special methods or apparatus for drilling
- E21B7/04—Directional drilling
- E21B7/046—Directional drilling horizontal drilling
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
- E21B47/02—Determining slope or direction
- E21B47/022—Determining slope or direction of the borehole, e.g. using geomagnetism
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the detection and avoidance of underground obstacles during Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) applications.
- the apparatus comprises a drill string, a boring tool, at least one transmitter, at least one receiver, and a processor.
- the drill string has a first end.
- the boring tool is operatively connected to the first end of the drill string.
- At least one transmitter is located proximate the boring tool.
- Said transmitter is adapted to transmit electromagnetic waves.
- At least one receiver is located proximate the boring tool.
- Said receiver is adapted to detect electromagnetic waves reflected from underground objects.
- the processor is adapted to determine the location of the underground object using the waves detected by the receiver.
- Another aspect of the present invention is directed to a method for locating an underground object.
- the method comprises defining a planned bore path, transmitting electromagnetic waves, receiving reflected waves, and processing the received reflected waves.
- the electromagnetic waves are transmitted from a location on a boring tool.
- the received waves are reflected from the underground object.
- the received reflected waves are processed to determine a location of the underground object.
- the apparatus comprises a boring tool and a shoe.
- the boring tool has a first end connectable to a drill string, a second end used for cutting, and a midsection.
- the second end comprises a cutting head.
- the shoe is operatively connected to the midsection of the boring tool.
- the shoe is adapted to be extended from the midsection of the boring tool.
- Still another aspect of the present invention is directed to downhole tool for use in directional drilling.
- the downhole tool comprises a housing, a drill head, and a rotation assembly.
- the housing is connectable to a drill string.
- the drill head is pivotally connected to the housing.
- the rotation assembly is supported by the housing, and adapted to pivot the drill head relative to the housing.
- FIG. 1 is a side view of an HDD machine drilling in the presence of existing underground obstacles with the aid of a downhole radar system of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a partially exploded view of a radar antenna set suitable for use with the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a partial perspective view of components of a downhole radar system.
- FIG. 4 is a sectional side view drawing of a directional drill head for use with the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a sectional side view of a ceramic directional head adapted to house antennas of a downhole radar system.
- FIG. 5A is a frontal view of the ceramic directional head shown in FIG. 5 .
- FIG. 6 is a sectional side view of a drill bit with a pneumatically controlled shoe for deflecting the drill bit from an existing bore hole.
- FIG. 7A is a sectional side view of a drill bit with a pivoting drill head for causing the drill bit to exit an existing bore hole.
- FIG. 7 f is a partial sectional side view of the pivoting drill head shown in FIG. 7A .
- FIG. 8 is a partial view of the end of the drill string showing the borehole after being redirected to avoid an object.
- FIG. 10 is a partial sectional side view of the drill bit being used to redirect the borehole.
- FIG. 10 is a side view of an alternate HDD machine backreaming in the presence of existing underground obstacles with the aid of the downhole radar system of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 shown therein is a preferential embodiment of an Object Locating System 10 .
- the system 10 is shown for use with a Horizontal Directional Drilling (“HDD”) unit 12 , the unit comprising a drilling machine 14 , a drill string 16 and a downhole tool 18 .
- the HDD unit 12 of the present invention is suitable for near-horizontal subsurface placement of utility services, for example under a roadway, building, river, or other obstacle.
- the drilling machine 14 is operatively connected to the drill string 16 at an uphole end 20 of the drill string 16 .
- the downhole tool assembly 18 is operatively connected to a downhole end 22 of the drill string 16 .
- the downhole tool 18 may be any of a variety of tools suitable for use during an HDD operation.
- the downhole tool 18 comprises a directional drill head 24 .
- FIG. 1 illustrates the usefulness of HDD operations by demonstrating that a borehole 26 can be made without disturbing an above-ground structure, for example a roadway or walkway.
- HDD operation begins by planning a bore path for placement of the utility.
- the drill string 16 carrying the downhole tool 18 is rotationally driven by the drilling machine 14 .
- monitoring the position of the downhole tool 18 is critical to accurate placement of the borehole and subsequently installed utilities.
- the Object Locating System 10 of the present invention is used for discovering underground objects 28 , whether known or unknown.
- the underground object 28 can be a buried utility or similar line, but the system 10 may also be used for locating other buried objects.
- the object 28 if encountered, may complicate the operation of the HDD unit 12 . For example, a drill head 24 striking a utility line may lead to loss of services in nearby buildings and dangerous conditions in the area of the strike.
- Some objects 28 are unknown at the time of drilling, while others are known but the precise location of the objects with respect to the advancing downhole tool 18 is unknown.
- the system 10 comprises a downhole radar system 30 .
- the radar system 30 is preferably positioned proximate the downhole tool 18 .
- the radar system 30 comprises a transmitter or emitter 32 , a receiver 34 , a communication transmitter 36 , and a processor 38 .
- the radar system 30 functions to detect the object 28 and may communicate information concerning the object to an operator 40 at an above ground location.
- the operator 40 receives the information at a receiving unit 42 preferably including a display 44 .
- the emitter 32 From the radar system 30 , the emitter 32 produces emitted waves 46 .
- the waves 46 are preferably electromagnetic and propagate through the earth.
- the emitter 32 preferably directs the waves 46 substantially along the intended path for the borehole 26 .
- the emitted waves may encounter a discontinuity in the dielectric constant or the electrical conductivity of the soil, such as may be caused by the presence of the object 28 .
- a portion of energy from the waves is reflected back in the form of reflected waves 48 .
- the receiver 34 is adapted to detect the reflected waves 48 .
- the receiver 46 is positioned proximate the emitter 32 .
- the receiver 34 is operatively connected to the processor 38 and communicates data signals representative of the reflected waves 48 to the processor 38 .
- the processor 38 is adapted to receive and process the data signals.
- the processor 38 may determine the distance of the object 28 from the downhole tool 18 , the reflectivity, and the angular orientation of the object 28 .
- angular orientation is intended to mean the x, y, z coordinates of the object 28 with the system 30 as the origin.
- the transmitter 36 is operatively connected to the processor 38 and is adapted to transmit the processed information to the receiving unit 42 .
- the display 44 may be used to display the information about the object 28 so that it can be viewed by the operator 40 .
- the transmitter 36 may communicate information up the drill string 16 to a receiving unit 42 located at the drilling machine 14 .
- the mounting 49 comprises a protective plate 50 .
- the plate 50 provides protection from abrasion for the emitter 32 and receiver 34 .
- the plate 50 is made of electromagnetically transparent material, so as not to disrupt the transmission of the emitted waves 46 nor the receipt of the reflected waves 48 .
- the plate 50 will be made of a ceramic material.
- the plate 50 will have a dielectric constant approximating that of the surrounding soil.
- the plate 50 must be capable of withstanding abrasive forces associated with horizontal drilling.
- other portions of the HDD system 12 adapted for use with the Object Locating System 10 may be constructed of such electromagnetically transparent material.
- the radar system 30 illustrated herein is capable of “seeing” about twenty inches beyond the face of the emitter 32 in “typical” soils and about twenty-eight inches in ideal conditions.
- the distance the radar system 30 can “see” means the practical range at which sufficiently strong reflected waves 48 will be returned from the object 28 to be detected by the receiver 34 .
- the object 28 can be avoided by redirecting the downhole tool 18 to construct an alternative borehole 26 .
- automated shut-down of aggressive progress of the downhole tool 18 may be instigated.
- shut-down is instigated upon receipt of a suspicious reflected wave 48 .
- One skilled in the art can implement such control principles disclosed in U.S. Patent Application No. 2004/0028476 and in U.S. Pat. No. 6,550,547 by Payne, et. al., which are incorporated herein by reference.
- the system 30 comprises the emitter 32 and receiver 34 antennas mounted at the forward end of the downhole tool 18 .
- the antennas 32 , 34 have an aperture of about 150° and are located in a recess 52 in the downhole tool 18 .
- the antennas 32 , 34 are protected by the electromagnetically transparent plate 50 .
- Both antennas 32 , 34 lie on the face of the drill head 24 , which is preferably inclined approximately 300 off the axial centerline of the drill head.
- the incline is preferably steeper than the 10°-15° incline common to slant-faced drill bits 24 .
- the antennas 32 , 34 are operatively connected to an electronics module 54 adjacent the drill bit 16 .
- the electronics module 54 comprises a housing 56 for the processor 38 and the transmitter 36 .
- the module 54 may also comprise a battery module 58 for power.
- the antennas 32 , 34 are preferably connected to the transmitter 36 by a coaxial cable or other electrical connection.
- the downhole radar system 30 is powered by the battery terminal 58 , eliminating the need for additional power cables or electronics within the drill string 16 .
- the transmitter 36 provides the downhole tool 18 with a communications link to the receiving unit 42 .
- the communication may be bi-directional, allowing aspects of the downhole radar system 30 to be remotely controlled from the receiving unit 42 .
- An additional receiver (not shown) may be disposed in the electronics module 54 to facilitate bi-directional communication.
- a particularly useful feature of the system 30 is the ability to control ON/OFF operation of emitted waves 46 to conserve battery power during pauses in operation of the HDD system 12 .
- ON/OFF signals may be instigated automatically in accordance with certain operational functions of the HDD system 12 .
- an operational function that triggers the operation of the downhole radar system 30 is the combination of pumping drilling fluid and advancing or rotating the drill string 16 .
- the system 30 may also be used to change, the interval between emitted waves 46 .
- This technique is useful to adjust for variations in soil that may occur along a given borehole 26 .
- Such a technique is useful to overcome interference caused by emitted 46 and reflected 48 waves without having to build in pauses between the emitted waves.
- the data signals transmitted to the receiving unit 42 may be reduced and have enhanced information by effecting additional downhole processing of the reflected waves 48 .
- a rotational sensor (not shown) is located near the downhole radar system 30 .
- the rotational sensor is capable of dynamically indicating the roll angle of the downhole tool 18 .
- the reflected waves 48 can be accumulated in relationship to their respective roll angles. These accumulated relationships can be averaged over several revolutions of the drill head 24 . This will mitigate spurious returns as well as reduce the data signals to be sent by the transmitter 36 .
- the reflected waves 48 may be compiled into angular rotational subsets, such as quadrants, of rotational position of the drill head 24 , and transmitted as four or more signals per revolution.
- Another preferred method is to assemble data into the preferred method of display and send a compressed image to the receiving unit 42 instead of individual data signals.
- Power to and data signals to and from the radar system 30 may alternatively be through a wireline inside the drill string 16 .
- data signals may be sent up the drill string 16 as directly coupled or induced transmission of electromagnetic signals commonly termed drill string telemetry.
- Reverse communication from the drill unit 14 to the downhole tool 18 might preferably be transmitted via drill string telemetry.
- automated notification or shut-down of forward progress of the drill string 16 may be implemented whenever the reflected waves 48 are detected with parameters indicating danger of striking an object.
- Automated notification or shut-down can be accomplished by equipping the downhole tool 18 with additional processing, as previously mentioned.
- One skilled in the art can readily implement the additional control logic to provide the notification or shut-down feature.
- Automated notification can be accomplished by using a warning light or any number of other methods known to those skilled in the art.
- FIGS. 5 and 5A An alternative embodiment of the downhole tool 18 is shown in FIGS. 5 and 5A , Shown therein is the drill bit 24 having an offset conical shape.
- the recess 52 in the drill bit 24 is located on the non-slanted side of the bit.
- the recess 52 is covered by a protective plate 60 .
- the protective plate 60 is preferably made of electromagnetically transparent material, so as not to disrupt the transmission of the emitted waves 46 nor the receipt of the reflected waves 48 .
- drill bit 24 is intended for boring applications with little or no fluid assistance. While conventional bits are constructed of steel, drill bit 24 is preferably cast from an electromagnetically transparent material. More preferably, the bit 24 is cast from ceramic material. Suitable material is characterized by having low magnetic permeability, high resistivity, and an appropriate dielectric constant to closely match that of the surrounding soil. Preferably, a “family” of bits 24 may be constructed, providing a matching dielectric constant for multiple types of soil. Preferably, the electrical properties of the bit 24 and the antennas 32 , 34 match that of the surrounding soil. Approximating this ideal reduces transmission losses for emitted 46 and reflected 48 waves.
- Typical use of a HDD unit 12 is to construct a borehole 26 along a generally predetermined path. If, during the construction of the borehole 26 , an object 28 is detected, three options exist. The operator may attempt to steer the downhole tool 18 around the object 28 , abandon the borehole 26 , or pull back a prescribed distance and attempt to redirect.
- a HDD unit 12 has difficulty breaking out of an existing borehole 26 .
- Traditional slant-faced drill heads rely on an angled surface to steer through soil. Rotation of the drill bit 24 will enable the creation of a straight borehole 26 . Pushing the bit 24 without rotation will cause the borehole 26 to curve away from the slanted face of the bit. When attempting to break out of an existing borehole 26 , as to avoid the object 28 , there is no soil to exert the force on the slanted face of the bit 24 .
- FIG. 6 Shown therein is a preferred embodiment of a downhole tool 62 for redirecting the borehole 26 .
- the downhole tool 62 comprises the drill bit 24 , an extension assembly 63 and a protruding shoe 72 .
- the extension assembly 63 preferably comprises a pressurized gas tank 64 , a pressure regulator 66 , valve assemblies 68 , and a piston 70 . Air is released from the gas tank 64 into the valve assemblies 68 by the regulator 66 . The increased pressure in the valve assemblies 68 causes the piston 70 to extend. When the piston 70 extends, it forces the shoe 72 to protrude from a wall of the downhole tool 62 .
- the drill string 16 When the shoe 72 is protruding from the downhole tool 62 into a wall of the borehole 26 , the drill string 16 will be deflected into the opposite wall of the borehole.
- the shoe 72 Preferably, the shoe 72 will be positioned on the opposite side of the borehole 26 as the straight end of the slant-faced bit 24 . In this way, the bit will be pushed into the opposite wall of the existing borehole 26 to steer the drill string 16 away from the object 30 .
- FIGS. 7A and 7B Shown therein is an alternate preferred embodiment of a downhole tool 74 for redirecting the borehole 26 .
- the downhole tool 74 comprises a housing 75 , the drill bit 24 pivotally connected to the housing, and a rotation assembly 77 adapted to rotate the drill bit relative to the housing.
- the housing 75 is connectable to the drill string 16 .
- the rotation assembly 77 preferably comprises a motor 76 , a gearhead 78 , a cam mechanism 80 , a pivot pin 82 , and the drill bit 24 .
- the motor 76 is initiated.
- the motor 76 is powered by the battery terminal 58 .
- the motor 76 causes the rotation of the gearhead 78 , which is rotatably coupled with the cam mechanism 80 (shown in FIG. 7A in partial sectional cutaway).
- the cam mechanism 80 may comprise a threaded nut 79 coupled to the end of the gearhead 78 .
- the nut 79 engages a cylinder 84 (shown inside the cutaway housing 75 in FIG. 7B ) defining a crosscut slot 86 .
- the slot 86 in the cylinder 84 engages a pin 88 on a lever end 90 of the drill bit 24 .
- the cam mechanism 80 when engaged, causes the drill bit 24 to pivot about the pivot pin 82 .
- the bit 24 is continuously variable from zero to ten degrees of rotation about the pivot pin 82 .
- the tool 74 of FIG. 7 is shown as used to break out of a drilled borehole 26 .
- the HDD unit 12 may not have the time or distance to steer the drill bit 24 around the object.
- the drill string 16 and drill bit 24 are retracted in the borehole 26 a predetermined distance to position the drill bit 24 at a point remote from an end 81 of the borehole 26 .
- the distance for retracting the drill bit 24 remote from the end 81 of the borehole 26 is preferably determined by accounting for the soil type and size of the object 28 to allow the drill bit 24 to be steered and redirected around the object.
- the distance the drill string 16 and drill bit are retracted will be at least 5 feet to allow for the drill bit to break out of the borehole 26 .
- the tool 74 is operated to pivot the drill 24 as described above and as shown in FIG. 9 . Pivoting the bit 24 causes the bit to push into the side wall of the existing borehole 26 , remote from an end of the borehole.
- the pivoted bit 24 will cause the drill string to break out of the existing borehole 26 .
- the boring operation can be continued by rotating and advancing the drill bit 24 .
- the bit must have a zero degree offset to function properly.
- the drill bit 24 will automatically reset before rotation is initiated.
- Additional antenna sets can be utilized in any embodiment of the Object Locating system 10 to provide desired detection of objects in the soil.
- One example of an alternate antenna location is shown in FIG. 10 .
- a set of antennas is placed radially proximate the downhole tool 18 .
- Antennas may be placed at various locations and angles along the drill string 16 to accommodate the particular application of the system 10 .
Abstract
A method and apparatus for detecting and avoiding an underground object during a horizontal directional drilling operation. The apparatus comprises a boring tool with a ground penetrating radar detection system. The boring tool is operatively connected to a drill string and advanced through the earth to create a borehole. The radar detection system includes at least one transmitter, at least one detector, and a processor. The transmitter is located on a surface of the boring tool and is adapted to transmit electromagnetic waves. At least one detector is located on the surface of the boring tool, and detects the electromagnetic waves reflected by underground objects. The processor determines the location of the underground object from characteristics of the reflected waves. Using this information, the drill string may be pulled back up the borehole or redirected to avoid the object. The boring tool may be caused to breakout of the existing borehole using a pivoting boring tool. Alternatively, a shoe protruding from the boring tool may be engaged to push the boring tool into an opposite wall of the borehole.
Description
- This application claims the benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/560,785, filed Nov. 16, 2006, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/738,209, filed Nov. 16, 2005 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/738,210, filed Nov. 16, 2005, the contents of which are incorporated fully herein by reference.
- The present invention relates to the detection and avoidance of underground obstacles during Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) applications.
- One aspect of the present invention is directed to an apparatus for locating an underground object. The apparatus comprises a drill string, a boring tool, at least one transmitter, at least one receiver, and a processor. The drill string has a first end. The boring tool is operatively connected to the first end of the drill string. At least one transmitter is located proximate the boring tool. Said transmitter is adapted to transmit electromagnetic waves. At least one receiver is located proximate the boring tool. Said receiver is adapted to detect electromagnetic waves reflected from underground objects. The processor is adapted to determine the location of the underground object using the waves detected by the receiver.
- Another aspect of the present invention is directed to a method for locating an underground object. The method comprises defining a planned bore path, transmitting electromagnetic waves, receiving reflected waves, and processing the received reflected waves. The electromagnetic waves are transmitted from a location on a boring tool. The received waves are reflected from the underground object. The received reflected waves are processed to determine a location of the underground object.
- Another aspect of the present invention is directed to an apparatus for redirecting a drill string from an existing bore hole. The apparatus comprises a boring tool and a shoe. The boring tool has a first end connectable to a drill string, a second end used for cutting, and a midsection. The second end comprises a cutting head. The shoe is operatively connected to the midsection of the boring tool. The shoe is adapted to be extended from the midsection of the boring tool.
- Still another aspect of the present invention is directed to downhole tool for use in directional drilling. The downhole tool comprises a housing, a drill head, and a rotation assembly. The housing is connectable to a drill string. The drill head is pivotally connected to the housing. The rotation assembly is supported by the housing, and adapted to pivot the drill head relative to the housing.
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FIG. 1 is a side view of an HDD machine drilling in the presence of existing underground obstacles with the aid of a downhole radar system of the present invention. -
FIG. 2 is a partially exploded view of a radar antenna set suitable for use with the present invention. -
FIG. 3 is a partial perspective view of components of a downhole radar system. -
FIG. 4 is a sectional side view drawing of a directional drill head for use with the present invention. -
FIG. 5 is a sectional side view of a ceramic directional head adapted to house antennas of a downhole radar system. -
FIG. 5A is a frontal view of the ceramic directional head shown inFIG. 5 . -
FIG. 6 is a sectional side view of a drill bit with a pneumatically controlled shoe for deflecting the drill bit from an existing bore hole. -
FIG. 7A is a sectional side view of a drill bit with a pivoting drill head for causing the drill bit to exit an existing bore hole. -
FIG. 7 f is a partial sectional side view of the pivoting drill head shown inFIG. 7A . -
FIG. 8 is a partial view of the end of the drill string showing the borehole after being redirected to avoid an object. -
FIG. 10 is a partial sectional side view of the drill bit being used to redirect the borehole. -
FIG. 10 is a side view of an alternate HDD machine backreaming in the presence of existing underground obstacles with the aid of the downhole radar system of the present invention. - Turning to
FIG. 1 , shown therein is a preferential embodiment of an Object LocatingSystem 10. Thesystem 10 is shown for use with a Horizontal Directional Drilling (“HDD”)unit 12, the unit comprising adrilling machine 14, adrill string 16 and adownhole tool 18. TheHDD unit 12 of the present invention is suitable for near-horizontal subsurface placement of utility services, for example under a roadway, building, river, or other obstacle. Thedrilling machine 14 is operatively connected to thedrill string 16 at anuphole end 20 of thedrill string 16. Thedownhole tool assembly 18 is operatively connected to adownhole end 22 of thedrill string 16. Thedownhole tool 18 may be any of a variety of tools suitable for use during an HDD operation. For discussion purposes and as shown inFIG. 1 , thedownhole tool 18 comprises adirectional drill head 24. -
FIG. 1 illustrates the usefulness of HDD operations by demonstrating that aborehole 26 can be made without disturbing an above-ground structure, for example a roadway or walkway. Typically HDD operation begins by planning a bore path for placement of the utility. To cut or drill theborehole 26, thedrill string 16 carrying thedownhole tool 18 is rotationally driven by thedrilling machine 14. When theHDD unit 12 is used for drilling aborehole 26, monitoring the position of thedownhole tool 18 is critical to accurate placement of the borehole and subsequently installed utilities. - The Object Locating
System 10 of the present invention is used for discoveringunderground objects 28, whether known or unknown. Theunderground object 28 can be a buried utility or similar line, but thesystem 10 may also be used for locating other buried objects. Theobject 28, if encountered, may complicate the operation of theHDD unit 12. For example, adrill head 24 striking a utility line may lead to loss of services in nearby buildings and dangerous conditions in the area of the strike. Someobjects 28 are unknown at the time of drilling, while others are known but the precise location of the objects with respect to the advancingdownhole tool 18 is unknown. - With continued reference to
FIG. 1 , thesystem 10 comprises adownhole radar system 30. Theradar system 30 is preferably positioned proximate thedownhole tool 18. Theradar system 30 comprises a transmitter oremitter 32, areceiver 34, acommunication transmitter 36, and aprocessor 38. Theradar system 30 functions to detect theobject 28 and may communicate information concerning the object to anoperator 40 at an above ground location. Theoperator 40 receives the information at a receivingunit 42 preferably including adisplay 44. - From the
radar system 30, theemitter 32 produces emitted waves 46. Thewaves 46 are preferably electromagnetic and propagate through the earth. Theemitter 32 preferably directs thewaves 46 substantially along the intended path for theborehole 26. As thewaves 46 travel through the earth, the emitted waves may encounter a discontinuity in the dielectric constant or the electrical conductivity of the soil, such as may be caused by the presence of theobject 28. When the emitted waves 46 encounter such a discontinuity, a portion of energy from the waves is reflected back in the form of reflected waves 48. - The
receiver 34 is adapted to detect the reflected waves 48. Preferably, thereceiver 46 is positioned proximate theemitter 32. Thereceiver 34 is operatively connected to theprocessor 38 and communicates data signals representative of the reflected waves 48 to theprocessor 38. Theprocessor 38 is adapted to receive and process the data signals. Preferably, theprocessor 38 may determine the distance of theobject 28 from thedownhole tool 18, the reflectivity, and the angular orientation of theobject 28. As used herein, angular orientation is intended to mean the x, y, z coordinates of theobject 28 with thesystem 30 as the origin. - The
transmitter 36 is operatively connected to theprocessor 38 and is adapted to transmit the processed information to the receivingunit 42. At the receivingunit 42, thedisplay 44 may be used to display the information about theobject 28 so that it can be viewed by theoperator 40. In an alternative embodiment, thetransmitter 36 may communicate information up thedrill string 16 to a receivingunit 42 located at thedrilling machine 14. - Turning now to
FIG. 2 , shown therein is a preferred embodiment for a mounting 49 of theemitter 32 and thereceiver 34. In any configuration, mounting of theemitter 32 and thereceiver 34 requires that no metallic material obscures their faces nor their approximately 150° aperture. As shown inFIG. 2 , the mounting 49 comprises aprotective plate 50. Theplate 50 provides protection from abrasion for theemitter 32 andreceiver 34. Preferably, theplate 50 is made of electromagnetically transparent material, so as not to disrupt the transmission of the emitted waves 46 nor the receipt of the reflected waves 48. More preferably, theplate 50 will be made of a ceramic material. Most preferably, theplate 50 will have a dielectric constant approximating that of the surrounding soil. Other similar material such as plastics may be suitable for transmission of thewaves 46. Theplate 50 must be capable of withstanding abrasive forces associated with horizontal drilling. To further prevent interference with thewaves HDD system 12 adapted for use with theObject Locating System 10 may be constructed of such electromagnetically transparent material. - The
radar system 30 illustrated herein is capable of “seeing” about twenty inches beyond the face of theemitter 32 in “typical” soils and about twenty-eight inches in ideal conditions. As used herein, the distance theradar system 30 can “see” means the practical range at which sufficiently strong reflectedwaves 48 will be returned from theobject 28 to be detected by thereceiver 34. Once detected, theobject 28 can be avoided by redirecting thedownhole tool 18 to construct analternative borehole 26. Alternatively, automated shut-down of aggressive progress of thedownhole tool 18 may be instigated. Preferably, shut-down is instigated upon receipt of a suspicious reflectedwave 48. One skilled in the art can implement such control principles disclosed in U.S. Patent Application No. 2004/0028476 and in U.S. Pat. No. 6,550,547 by Payne, et. al., which are incorporated herein by reference. - Turning now to
FIGS. 3-4 , the components of an embodiment of adownhole radar system 30 are shown in greater detail, Thesystem 30 comprises theemitter 32 andreceiver 34 antennas mounted at the forward end of thedownhole tool 18. Preferably, theantennas recess 52 in thedownhole tool 18. Preferably, theantennas transparent plate 50. Bothantennas drill head 24, which is preferably inclined approximately 300 off the axial centerline of the drill head. To project the emitted waves 46 in a more forward direction, the incline is preferably steeper than the 10°-15° incline common to slant-faceddrill bits 24. - Preferably, the
antennas electronics module 54 adjacent thedrill bit 16. Theelectronics module 54 comprises ahousing 56 for theprocessor 38 and thetransmitter 36. Themodule 54 may also comprise abattery module 58 for power. Theantennas transmitter 36 by a coaxial cable or other electrical connection. - Preferably, the
downhole radar system 30 is powered by thebattery terminal 58, eliminating the need for additional power cables or electronics within thedrill string 16. Thetransmitter 36 provides thedownhole tool 18 with a communications link to the receivingunit 42. In an alternative embodiment, the communication may be bi-directional, allowing aspects of thedownhole radar system 30 to be remotely controlled from the receivingunit 42. An additional receiver (not shown) may be disposed in theelectronics module 54 to facilitate bi-directional communication. - Preferably, a particularly useful feature of the
system 30 is the ability to control ON/OFF operation of emittedwaves 46 to conserve battery power during pauses in operation of theHDD system 12. Alternately, ON/OFF signals may be instigated automatically in accordance with certain operational functions of theHDD system 12. Preferably, an operational function that triggers the operation of thedownhole radar system 30 is the combination of pumping drilling fluid and advancing or rotating thedrill string 16. - The
system 30 may also be used to change, the interval between emitted waves 46. This technique is useful to adjust for variations in soil that may occur along a givenborehole 26. Such a technique is useful to overcome interference caused by emitted 46 and reflected 48 waves without having to build in pauses between the emitted waves. - The data signals transmitted to the receiving
unit 42 may be reduced and have enhanced information by effecting additional downhole processing of the reflected waves 48. Preferably, a rotational sensor (not shown) is located near thedownhole radar system 30. The rotational sensor is capable of dynamically indicating the roll angle of thedownhole tool 18. Preferably, the reflected waves 48 can be accumulated in relationship to their respective roll angles. These accumulated relationships can be averaged over several revolutions of thedrill head 24. This will mitigate spurious returns as well as reduce the data signals to be sent by thetransmitter 36. More preferably, the reflected waves 48 may be compiled into angular rotational subsets, such as quadrants, of rotational position of thedrill head 24, and transmitted as four or more signals per revolution. Another preferred method is to assemble data into the preferred method of display and send a compressed image to the receivingunit 42 instead of individual data signals. Those skilled in the art would recognize that numerous digital manipulations of the data are possible and, depending on the application, an alternative manipulation may produce superior results. - Power to and data signals to and from the
radar system 30 may alternatively be through a wireline inside thedrill string 16. Preferably, data signals may be sent up thedrill string 16 as directly coupled or induced transmission of electromagnetic signals commonly termed drill string telemetry. Reverse communication from thedrill unit 14 to thedownhole tool 18 might preferably be transmitted via drill string telemetry. - Preferably, automated notification or shut-down of forward progress of the
drill string 16 may be implemented whenever the reflected waves 48 are detected with parameters indicating danger of striking an object. Automated notification or shut-down can be accomplished by equipping thedownhole tool 18 with additional processing, as previously mentioned. One skilled in the art can readily implement the additional control logic to provide the notification or shut-down feature. Automated notification can be accomplished by using a warning light or any number of other methods known to those skilled in the art. - An alternative embodiment of the
downhole tool 18 is shown inFIGS. 5 and 5A , Shown therein is thedrill bit 24 having an offset conical shape. In this embodiment, therecess 52 in thedrill bit 24 is located on the non-slanted side of the bit. Therecess 52 is covered by aprotective plate 60. Theprotective plate 60 is preferably made of electromagnetically transparent material, so as not to disrupt the transmission of the emitted waves 46 nor the receipt of the reflected waves 48. - The offset conical shape of the
drill bit 24 is intended for boring applications with little or no fluid assistance. While conventional bits are constructed of steel,drill bit 24 is preferably cast from an electromagnetically transparent material. More preferably, thebit 24 is cast from ceramic material. Suitable material is characterized by having low magnetic permeability, high resistivity, and an appropriate dielectric constant to closely match that of the surrounding soil. Preferably, a “family” ofbits 24 may be constructed, providing a matching dielectric constant for multiple types of soil. Preferably, the electrical properties of thebit 24 and theantennas - Typical use of a
HDD unit 12 is to construct aborehole 26 along a generally predetermined path. If, during the construction of theborehole 26, anobject 28 is detected, three options exist. The operator may attempt to steer thedownhole tool 18 around theobject 28, abandon theborehole 26, or pull back a prescribed distance and attempt to redirect. - One skilled in the art will appreciate that a
HDD unit 12 has difficulty breaking out of an existingborehole 26. Traditional slant-faced drill heads rely on an angled surface to steer through soil. Rotation of thedrill bit 24 will enable the creation of astraight borehole 26. Pushing thebit 24 without rotation will cause the borehole 26 to curve away from the slanted face of the bit. When attempting to break out of an existingborehole 26, as to avoid theobject 28, there is no soil to exert the force on the slanted face of thebit 24. - Turning again to
FIG. 1 , one can see how this problem might impact the effectiveness of the present invention. When the presence of theobject 28 is detected by thedownhole radar 30, steps may be taken to alter theborehole 26. However, if thebit 24 is too close to theobject 28 when the object is detected, it may not be practical to use traditional slant-faced steering methods to avoid striking the object. It may be equally difficult to pull thedrill string 16 back up the borehole 26 to break out of the borehole, due to the above issues. - An aspect of this invention to overcome this difficulty is shown in
FIG. 6 . Shown therein is a preferred embodiment of adownhole tool 62 for redirecting theborehole 26. Thedownhole tool 62 comprises thedrill bit 24, anextension assembly 63 and a protrudingshoe 72. Theextension assembly 63 preferably comprises apressurized gas tank 64, apressure regulator 66,valve assemblies 68, and apiston 70. Air is released from thegas tank 64 into thevalve assemblies 68 by theregulator 66. The increased pressure in thevalve assemblies 68 causes thepiston 70 to extend. When thepiston 70 extends, it forces theshoe 72 to protrude from a wall of thedownhole tool 62. - When the
shoe 72 is protruding from thedownhole tool 62 into a wall of theborehole 26, thedrill string 16 will be deflected into the opposite wall of the borehole. Preferably, theshoe 72 will be positioned on the opposite side of the borehole 26 as the straight end of the slant-facedbit 24. In this way, the bit will be pushed into the opposite wall of the existingborehole 26 to steer thedrill string 16 away from theobject 30. - Another aspect of this invention that overcomes the difficulty in borehole breakout is given by
FIGS. 7A and 7B . Shown therein is an alternate preferred embodiment of adownhole tool 74 for redirecting theborehole 26. Thedownhole tool 74 comprises ahousing 75, thedrill bit 24 pivotally connected to the housing, and arotation assembly 77 adapted to rotate the drill bit relative to the housing. Thehousing 75 is connectable to thedrill string 16. Therotation assembly 77 preferably comprises amotor 76, agearhead 78, acam mechanism 80, apivot pin 82, and thedrill bit 24. When breakout of aborehole 26 is desired, themotor 76 is initiated. Preferably, themotor 76 is powered by thebattery terminal 58. Themotor 76 causes the rotation of thegearhead 78, which is rotatably coupled with the cam mechanism 80 (shown inFIG. 7A in partial sectional cutaway). Thecam mechanism 80 may comprise a threadednut 79 coupled to the end of thegearhead 78. Thenut 79 engages a cylinder 84 (shown inside thecutaway housing 75 inFIG. 7B ) defining acrosscut slot 86. Theslot 86 in thecylinder 84 engages apin 88 on alever end 90 of thedrill bit 24. As the threadednut 79 is rotated, the nut will engage thecylinder 84 of thecam mechanism 80 and cause the cylinder to advance or retract within thehousing 75. Thecam mechanism 80, when engaged, causes thedrill bit 24 to pivot about thepivot pin 82. Preferably, thebit 24 is continuously variable from zero to ten degrees of rotation about thepivot pin 82. - With reference now to
FIGS. 8 and 9 , thetool 74 ofFIG. 7 is shown as used to break out of a drilledborehole 26. As described earlier, when anobject 28 is identified in the projected path of thedrill bit 24, theHDD unit 12 may not have the time or distance to steer thedrill bit 24 around the object. In such a case, thedrill string 16 anddrill bit 24 are retracted in the borehole 26 a predetermined distance to position thedrill bit 24 at a point remote from anend 81 of theborehole 26. The distance for retracting thedrill bit 24 remote from theend 81 of theborehole 26 is preferably determined by accounting for the soil type and size of theobject 28 to allow thedrill bit 24 to be steered and redirected around the object. More preferably, the distance thedrill string 16 and drill bit are retracted will be at least 5 feet to allow for the drill bit to break out of theborehole 26. Once thedrill bit 24 is retracted, thetool 74 is operated to pivot thedrill 24 as described above and as shown inFIG. 9 . Pivoting thebit 24 causes the bit to push into the side wall of the existingborehole 26, remote from an end of the borehole. When thedrill string 16 is subsequently advanced without rotation, the pivotedbit 24 will cause the drill string to break out of the existingborehole 26. When a new direction for theborehole 26 is established, the boring operation can be continued by rotating and advancing thedrill bit 24. Each time rotation of thedrill bit 24 is initiated, the bit must have a zero degree offset to function properly. Preferably, thedrill bit 24 will automatically reset before rotation is initiated. - Additional antenna sets can be utilized in any embodiment of the
Object Locating system 10 to provide desired detection of objects in the soil. One example of an alternate antenna location is shown inFIG. 10 . In this alternative embodiment, a set of antennas is placed radially proximate thedownhole tool 18. Antennas may be placed at various locations and angles along thedrill string 16 to accommodate the particular application of thesystem 10. - Various modifications can be made in the design and operation of the present invention without departing from the spirit thereof. Thus, while the principal preferred construction and modes of operation of the invention have been explained in what is now considered to represent its best embodiments, which have been illustrated and described, it should be understood that the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically illustrated and described.
Claims (14)
1. An apparatus for redirecting a drill string from an existing borehole, the apparatus comprising:
a housing supported on the drill string;
a drill bit operatively connected to the housing; and
a redirection assembly adapted to force the drill bit into a side wall of an existing borehole at a point remote from an end of the existing borehole.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising an underground object locating system.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the underground object locating system comprises:
at least one transmitter located proximate the drill bit, wherein said transmitter is adapted to transmit electromagnetic waves;
at least one receiver located proximate the drill bit, wherein said receiver is adapted to detect electromagnetic waves reflected from underground objects; and
a processor adapted to determine a location of the underground object using the waves detected by the receiver.
4. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein the at least one transmitter transmits ground penetrating radar.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the redirection assembly comprises:
a shoe operatively connected to the housing; and
an extension assembly operatively connected to the shoe;
wherein the extension assembly operates to extend the shoe from the housing.
6. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein the extension assembly comprises a piston.
7. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein the drill bit comprises a slant-faced bit.
8. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein the shoe is extended from the housing proximate the slant-faced side of the drill bit.
9. The apparatus of claim 21 wherein the redirection assembly comprises a rotation assembly supported by the housing, wherein the rotation assembly is adapted to pivot the drill bit relative to the housing.
10. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein the drill bit comprises a slant-faced bit.
11. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein the rotation assembly comprises:
a gearhead supported in the housing;
a cam mechanism operatively coupled to the gearhead and the drill bit; and
a pivot pin adapted to rotatably connect the housing to the drill bit; and
wherein rotation of the gearhead causes the cam mechanism to pivot the drill bit about the pivot pin.
12. A method for redirecting a drill string from an existing borehole, the method comprising:
detecting an object in a projected path of a drill bit on an end of a drill string;
retracting the drill string a predetermined distance in the borehole such that the drill bit is at a position remote from an end of the borehole;
pivoting the drill bit at the end of the drill string such that the drill bit is forced into a side wall of the borehole; and
advancing the drill string without rotation so the drill bit exits the borehole through the side wall of the borehole.
13. The method of claim 12 wherein the drill string is retracted 5 feet from the end of the borehole.
14. The method of claim 12 further comprising advancing and rotating the drill bit so a new borehole is created.
Priority Applications (1)
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US12/568,515 US20100012377A1 (en) | 2005-11-16 | 2009-09-28 | System And Apparatus For Locating And Avoiding An Underground Obstacle |
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US73820905P | 2005-11-16 | 2005-11-16 | |
US73821005P | 2005-11-16 | 2005-11-16 | |
US11/560,785 US20090183917A1 (en) | 2005-11-16 | 2006-11-16 | System and apparatus for locating and avoiding an underground obstacle |
US12/568,515 US20100012377A1 (en) | 2005-11-16 | 2009-09-28 | System And Apparatus For Locating And Avoiding An Underground Obstacle |
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US11/560,785 Continuation-In-Part US20090183917A1 (en) | 2005-11-16 | 2006-11-16 | System and apparatus for locating and avoiding an underground obstacle |
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US20100012377A1 true US20100012377A1 (en) | 2010-01-21 |
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ID=41529290
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US12/568,515 Abandoned US20100012377A1 (en) | 2005-11-16 | 2009-09-28 | System And Apparatus For Locating And Avoiding An Underground Obstacle |
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IT201600108740A1 (en) * | 2016-10-27 | 2018-04-27 | Eureka Srls | DRILLING HEAD WITH DETECTION SENSOR AND DRILL PERFORMANCE METHOD |
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US11473418B1 (en) | 2020-01-22 | 2022-10-18 | Vermeer Manufacturing Company | Horizontal directional drilling system and method |
US11927090B2 (en) | 2020-01-22 | 2024-03-12 | Vermeer Manufacturing Company | Horizontal directional drilling system and method |
US20220171149A1 (en) * | 2020-11-30 | 2022-06-02 | Cciip Llc | Roadway access hole cutter having a utility avoidance safety device, method of cutting a hole in a roadway, method of cutting a horizontal hole under a roadway |
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