US20090316855A1 - Control Means for Heat Load in X-Ray Scanning Apparatus - Google Patents
Control Means for Heat Load in X-Ray Scanning Apparatus Download PDFInfo
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- US20090316855A1 US20090316855A1 US12/485,897 US48589709A US2009316855A1 US 20090316855 A1 US20090316855 A1 US 20090316855A1 US 48589709 A US48589709 A US 48589709A US 2009316855 A1 US2009316855 A1 US 2009316855A1
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- 238000003384 imaging method Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 claims 3
- 230000000415 inactivating effect Effects 0.000 claims 2
- 238000002591 computed tomography Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004846 x-ray emission Methods 0.000 description 1
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
- A61B6/02—Arrangements for diagnosis sequentially in different planes; Stereoscopic radiation diagnosis
- A61B6/03—Computed tomography [CT]
- A61B6/032—Transmission computed tomography [CT]
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
- A61B6/40—Arrangements for generating radiation specially adapted for radiation diagnosis
- A61B6/4007—Arrangements for generating radiation specially adapted for radiation diagnosis characterised by using a plurality of source units
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
- A61B6/40—Arrangements for generating radiation specially adapted for radiation diagnosis
- A61B6/4007—Arrangements for generating radiation specially adapted for radiation diagnosis characterised by using a plurality of source units
- A61B6/4014—Arrangements for generating radiation specially adapted for radiation diagnosis characterised by using a plurality of source units arranged in multiple source-detector units
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N23/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00
- G01N23/02—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material
- G01N23/04—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and forming images of the material
- G01N23/046—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and forming images of the material using tomography, e.g. computed tomography [CT]
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
- G01V5/00—Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity
- G01V5/20—Detecting prohibited goods, e.g. weapons, explosives, hazardous substances, contraband or smuggled objects
- G01V5/22—Active interrogation, i.e. by irradiating objects or goods using external radiation sources, e.g. using gamma rays or cosmic rays
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J35/00—X-ray tubes
- H01J35/02—Details
- H01J35/04—Electrodes ; Mutual position thereof; Constructional adaptations therefor
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J35/00—X-ray tubes
- H01J35/02—Details
- H01J35/04—Electrodes ; Mutual position thereof; Constructional adaptations therefor
- H01J35/045—Electrodes for controlling the current of the cathode ray, e.g. control grids
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J35/00—X-ray tubes
- H01J35/24—Tubes wherein the point of impact of the cathode ray on the anode or anticathode is movable relative to the surface thereof
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05G—X-RAY TECHNIQUE
- H05G1/00—X-ray apparatus involving X-ray tubes; Circuits therefor
- H05G1/08—Electrical details
- H05G1/60—Circuit arrangements for obtaining a series of X-ray photographs or for X-ray cinematography
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
- A61B6/40—Arrangements for generating radiation specially adapted for radiation diagnosis
- A61B6/4021—Arrangements for generating radiation specially adapted for radiation diagnosis involving movement of the focal spot
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2223/00—Investigating materials by wave or particle radiation
- G01N2223/40—Imaging
- G01N2223/419—Imaging computed tomograph
Definitions
- the present invention relates to X-ray scanning in which X-rays are directed through an object from a number of positions around the object and the X-rays transmitted through the object are detected and used to build up an image of the object.
- This type of scanning is referred to as computed tomography (CT) scanning.
- One method of CT scanning involves rotating an X-ray source around the object so that it directs X-rays through the object in different directions.
- Another method for example as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,274,005, involves positioning a number of X-ray sources around the object and then operating the sources in turn so that the active source position scans round the object.
- the present invention provides an X-ray imaging apparatus comprising X-ray production means arranged to produce X-rays from a plurality of source positions spaced around an object location and spaced from each other by a source spacing, a plurality of X-ray sensors arranged to be spaced around the object position so as to detect X-rays emitted from the source positions and passing through the object position, and control means arranged to control the order in which the source positions are active such that the average smallest displacement between an active source position in one emission period and an active source position in the subsequent period is greater than the source spacing.
- This increase in average spacing between successively active source positions helps to spread the thermal load in the X-ray source.
- said average smallest displacement is at least twice the source spacing. This can most easily be achieved by ensuring that the control means is arranged such that no active source position in any one emission period is adjacent a source position active in the next emission period.
- the control means may arranged so that in each emission period only one source position is active.
- control means may arrange such that in each emission period a plurality of source positions are active simultaneously. This can reduce the scanning time and increase the scanning rate.
- the control means is preferably arranged such that in each emission period, there is no overlap between the groups of sensors for said plurality of source positions. This ensures that the detected X-rays from each of the simultaneously active sources can be distinguished.
- each emission period Preferably in each emission period at least half of the sensors are arranged to receive X-rays from the active source positions. More preferably in each emission period substantially all of the sensors are arranged to receive X-rays from the active source positions.
- the apparatus comprises a plurality of X-ray tubes each providing a plurality of said source positions.
- control means is preferably arranged such that in each emission period the active source position is in a different tube from the active source position in the previous emission period.
- the order in which the source positions are active is arranged such that in each emission period the active source position is non-adjacent to the source position active in the previous emission period.
- FIG. 1 shows an X-ray emitter suitable for use with the invention
- FIG. 2 is a diagram of an X-ray imaging system according to the invention including a number of emitter units as shown in FIG. 1 ;
- FIG. 3 is a diagram of the layout of an X-ray imaging system according to a second embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram of the layout of an X-ray imaging system according to a third embodiment of the invention.
- a multi-focus X-ray tube 10 comprises a ceramic former 12 and an emitter element 18 extending along between the sides 14 , 16 of the former.
- a number of grid elements in the form of grid wires 20 are supported on the former 12 and extend over the gap between its two sides 14 , 16 perpendicular to the emitter element 18 , but in a plane which is parallel to it.
- a number of focusing elements in the form of focusing wires 22 are supported in another plane on the opposite side of the grid wires to the emitter element.
- the focusing wires 22 are parallel to the grid wires 20 and spaced apart from each other with the same spacing as the grid wires, each focusing wire 22 being aligned with a respective one of the grid wires 20 .
- the source 10 is enclosed in a housing 24 of an emitter unit 25 with the former 12 being supported on the base 24 a of the housing.
- the focusing wires 22 are supported on two support rails 26 a, 26 b which extend parallel to the emitter element 18 , and are spaced from the former 12 , the support rails being mounted on the base 24 a of the housing.
- the support rails 26 a, 26 b are electrically conducting so that all of the focusing wires 22 are electrically connected together.
- One of the support rails 26 a is connected to a connector 28 which projects through the base 24 a of the housing to provide an electrical connection for the focusing wires 22 .
- Each of the grid wires 20 extends down one side 16 of the former and is connected to a respective electrical connector 30 which provide separate electrical connections for each of the grid wires 20 .
- An anode 32 is supported between the side walls 24 b, 24 c of the housing.
- the anode extends parallel to the emitter element 18 .
- the grid and focusing wires 20 , 22 therefore extend between the emitter element 18 and the anode 32 .
- An electrical connector 34 to the anode extends through the side wall 24 b of the housing.
- the emitter element 18 is supported in the ends of the former and is heated by means of an electric current supplied to it via further connectors 36 , 38 in the housing.
- a pair of adjacent grid wires 20 can be connected to an extracting potential which is positive with respect to the element 18 while the remaining grid wires are connected to a blocking potential which is negative with respect to the element 18 .
- the position of the beam of electrons can be chosen.
- the position of the X-ray source can also be chosen by choosing the extracting pair of grid wires.
- the focusing elements 22 are all kept at a positive potential with respect to the grid wires 20 so that electrons extracted between any pair of the grid wires will also pass between, and be focussed by, a corresponding pair of focusing elements 22 .
- an X-ray scanner 50 is set up in a conventional geometry and comprises an array of emitter units 25 arranged in an arc around a central scanner axis X, and orientated so as to emit X-rays towards the scanner axis X.
- a ring of sensors 52 is placed inside the emitters, directed inwards towards the scanner axis.
- the sensors 52 and emitter units 25 are offset from each other along the axis X so that X-rays emitted from the emitter units pass by the sensors nearest to them, through the object, and are detected by a number of sensors furthest from them.
- the number of sensors 52 that will detect X-rays from each source depends on the width of the fan of X-rays that is emitted from each source position in the tubes 25 .
- the scanner is controlled by a control system which operates a number of functions represented by functional blocks in FIG. 5 .
- a system control block 54 controls, and receives data from, an image display unit 56 , an X-ray tube control block 58 and an image reconstruction block 60 .
- the X-ray tube control block 58 controls a focus control block 62 which controls the potentials of the focus wires 22 in each of the emitter units 25 , a grid control block 64 which controls the potential of the individual grid wires 20 in each emitter unit 25 , and a high voltage supply 68 which provides the power to the anode 32 of each of the emitter blocks and the power to the emitter elements 18 .
- the image reconstruction block 60 controls and receives data from a sensor control block 70 which in turn controls and receives data from the sensors 52 .
- an object to be scanned is passed along the axis X, and X-ray beams are directed through the object from the X-ray tubes 25 .
- each source position in each tube 25 is used once, the scanning cycle being repeated as the object moves along the axis X.
- Each source position produces a fan of X-rays which after passing through the object are detected by a number of the sensors 52 .
- the order in which the tubes and the positions within the tubes are used is controlled as will now be described.
- the order of X-ray emission from the source positions in the tubes 25 is chosen so as to minimize the thermal load on the X-ray tube. This is achieved by ordering the emissions so that each source position is non-adjacent to, and therefore spaced from, the previous one and the subsequent one. This ordering applies both to the source positions within each tube 25 , and also to the tubes themselves. Therefore each source position is in a different tube to the previous one and the next one. In fact the best distribution of thermal load is achieved if the source position cycles through all of the tubes, using one position from each tube, and then cycles through the tubes again using a different source position within each tube. The cycling is then repeated until all of the source positions in all of the tubes have been used once. This completes one scanning cycle which can then be repeated.
- each tube the source positions are taken in an order which spreads the thermal load within the tube. This is achieved by ordering the source positions so that the distance between each source position and the next one in that tube, and the previous one in that tube, are both maximized. Firstly, therefore, if the number of source positions per tube allows it, each source position in the tube should be non-adjacent to the next and previous ones in that tube. Then, depending on the number of source positions, the ordering is chosen so as to distribute the thermal load as much as possible.
- each one can produce X-rays from 5 source positions 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , also numbered in order along the tube 60 as 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, then best ordering for the source positions within each tube is 1, 3, 5, 2, 4.
- the same sequence is also used for ordering the tubes so as to maximize the angular separation between successive emissions. This produces an emission ordering as follows, where the source positions are numbered in order round the object 75 starting at the left hand end of the tube 60 at the left end of the row and counting to the right hand end of the tube 64 at the right end of the row.
- Source Position Overall Source Tube in Tube position 1 1 1 3 1 11 5 1 21 2 1 6 4 1 16 1 3 3 3 13 5 3 23 2 3 8 4 3 18 1 5 5 3 5 15 5 5 5 25 2 5 10 4 5 20 1 2 2 3 2 12 5 2 22 2 7 4 2 17 1 4 4 3 4 14 5 4 24 2 4 9 4 4 19
- a plurality of X-ray sources 80 are spaced around an axis X, with a plurality of sensors 82 axially offset from the sources 80 as in the first embodiment.
- the sources 80 a emits an X-ray beam 84 this diverges, passes through the object 86 and reaches a number of the sensors 82 .
- the number of sensors 82 which will detect X-rays from each of the sources depends on the width of the beam of X-rays, which is a known quantity for any give system, and can be quantified in terms of a half-angle. This is the angle between the centre of the beam and the edge of the beam.
- source positions can be selected which can emit simultaneously, provided that they do not require any common detectors. For example if there are 24 source positions 80 and 24 sensors 82 and each source position requires 5 sensors, then four of the sensors 80 a, 80 b, 80 c, 80 d, spaced around the object at 90° intervals can be used simultaneously.
- N ⁇ ⁇ N s /2.
- the ordering of the emission positions can be varied in a large number of ways for any given number of emission positions, and that the optimum ordering will also vary depending on the number of emission positions and the number of X-ray tubes.
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Abstract
The present invention is an X-ray scanning system having at least one multi-focus X-ray tubes spaced around an axis and arranged to emit X-rays through an object on the axis. The emitted X-rays are detected by sensors. Each multi-focus X-ray tube can emit X-rays from a plurality of source positions. In an exemplary scanning cycle, each of the source positions in each X-ray tube is used at least once and ordered to minimize the thermal load on the tubes.
Description
- This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/554,656 filed on Oct. 25, 2005 which is a 371 national stage application of PCT/GB04/01729 which was filed on and relies on for priority UK Patent Application No. 0309387, filed on Apr. 25, 2003.
- The present invention relates to X-ray scanning in which X-rays are directed through an object from a number of positions around the object and the X-rays transmitted through the object are detected and used to build up an image of the object. This type of scanning is referred to as computed tomography (CT) scanning.
- One method of CT scanning involves rotating an X-ray source around the object so that it directs X-rays through the object in different directions. Another method, for example as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,274,005, involves positioning a number of X-ray sources around the object and then operating the sources in turn so that the active source position scans round the object.
- As the use of X-ray scanners, for example in security applications, increases, there is an increasing demand for scanners which operate quickly and which have a long lifetime.
- Accordingly the present invention provides an X-ray imaging apparatus comprising X-ray production means arranged to produce X-rays from a plurality of source positions spaced around an object location and spaced from each other by a source spacing, a plurality of X-ray sensors arranged to be spaced around the object position so as to detect X-rays emitted from the source positions and passing through the object position, and control means arranged to control the order in which the source positions are active such that the average smallest displacement between an active source position in one emission period and an active source position in the subsequent period is greater than the source spacing.
- This increase in average spacing between successively active source positions helps to spread the thermal load in the X-ray source.
- Preferably said average smallest displacement is at least twice the source spacing. This can most easily be achieved by ensuring that the control means is arranged such that no active source position in any one emission period is adjacent a source position active in the next emission period.
- The control means may arranged so that in each emission period only one source position is active.
- Alternatively the control means may arrange such that in each emission period a plurality of source positions are active simultaneously. This can reduce the scanning time and increase the scanning rate.
- Where the source positions are each arranged to produce X-rays which will be detected by a corresponding group of sensors, the control means is preferably arranged such that in each emission period, there is no overlap between the groups of sensors for said plurality of source positions. This ensures that the detected X-rays from each of the simultaneously active sources can be distinguished.
- Preferably in each emission period at least half of the sensors are arranged to receive X-rays from the active source positions. More preferably in each emission period substantially all of the sensors are arranged to receive X-rays from the active source positions.
- Preferably the apparatus comprises a plurality of X-ray tubes each providing a plurality of said source positions.
- In this case the control means is preferably arranged such that in each emission period the active source position is in a different tube from the active source position in the previous emission period.
- Conveniently only one source position is active in each emission period and the active source positions are provided in each of the tubes in turn.
- Preferably, within each tube, the order in which the source positions are active is arranged such that in each emission period the active source position is non-adjacent to the source position active in the previous emission period.
- Preferred embodiments of the present invention will now be described by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
-
FIG. 1 shows an X-ray emitter suitable for use with the invention, -
FIG. 2 is a diagram of an X-ray imaging system according to the invention including a number of emitter units as shown inFIG. 1 ; -
FIG. 3 is a diagram of the layout of an X-ray imaging system according to a second embodiment of the invention; and -
FIG. 4 is a diagram of the layout of an X-ray imaging system according to a third embodiment of the invention. - Referring to
FIG. 1 , amulti-focus X-ray tube 10 comprises a ceramic former 12 and anemitter element 18 extending along between thesides grid wires 20 are supported on the former 12 and extend over the gap between its twosides emitter element 18, but in a plane which is parallel to it. A number of focusing elements in the form of focusingwires 22 are supported in another plane on the opposite side of the grid wires to the emitter element. The focusingwires 22 are parallel to thegrid wires 20 and spaced apart from each other with the same spacing as the grid wires, each focusingwire 22 being aligned with a respective one of thegrid wires 20. - The
source 10 is enclosed in ahousing 24 of anemitter unit 25 with the former 12 being supported on thebase 24 a of the housing. The focusingwires 22 are supported on twosupport rails emitter element 18, and are spaced from the former 12, the support rails being mounted on thebase 24 a of the housing. Thesupport rails wires 22 are electrically connected together. One of thesupport rails 26 a is connected to aconnector 28 which projects through thebase 24 a of the housing to provide an electrical connection for the focusingwires 22. Each of thegrid wires 20 extends down oneside 16 of the former and is connected to a respectiveelectrical connector 30 which provide separate electrical connections for each of thegrid wires 20. - An
anode 32 is supported between theside walls emitter element 18. The grid and focusingwires emitter element 18 and theanode 32. Anelectrical connector 34 to the anode extends through theside wall 24 b of the housing. - The
emitter element 18 is supported in the ends of the former and is heated by means of an electric current supplied to it viafurther connectors - In order to produce a beam of electrons from one position, a pair of
adjacent grid wires 20 can be connected to an extracting potential which is positive with respect to theelement 18 while the remaining grid wires are connected to a blocking potential which is negative with respect to theelement 18. By selecting which pair ofwires 20 is used to extract electrons, the position of the beam of electrons can be chosen. As the X-rays will be emitted from theanode 32 at a point where the electrons strike it, the position of the X-ray source can also be chosen by choosing the extracting pair of grid wires. The focusingelements 22 are all kept at a positive potential with respect to thegrid wires 20 so that electrons extracted between any pair of the grid wires will also pass between, and be focussed by, a corresponding pair of focusingelements 22. - Referring to
FIG. 2 , anX-ray scanner 50 is set up in a conventional geometry and comprises an array ofemitter units 25 arranged in an arc around a central scanner axis X, and orientated so as to emit X-rays towards the scanner axis X. A ring ofsensors 52 is placed inside the emitters, directed inwards towards the scanner axis. Thesensors 52 andemitter units 25 are offset from each other along the axis X so that X-rays emitted from the emitter units pass by the sensors nearest to them, through the object, and are detected by a number of sensors furthest from them. The number ofsensors 52 that will detect X-rays from each source depends on the width of the fan of X-rays that is emitted from each source position in thetubes 25. The scanner is controlled by a control system which operates a number of functions represented by functional blocks inFIG. 5 . Asystem control block 54 controls, and receives data from, animage display unit 56, an X-raytube control block 58 and animage reconstruction block 60. The X-raytube control block 58 controls afocus control block 62 which controls the potentials of thefocus wires 22 in each of theemitter units 25, agrid control block 64 which controls the potential of theindividual grid wires 20 in eachemitter unit 25, and a high voltage supply 68 which provides the power to theanode 32 of each of the emitter blocks and the power to theemitter elements 18. The image reconstruction block 60 controls and receives data from a sensor control block 70 which in turn controls and receives data from thesensors 52. - In operation, an object to be scanned is passed along the axis X, and X-ray beams are directed through the object from the
X-ray tubes 25. In each scanning cycle each source position in eachtube 25 is used once, the scanning cycle being repeated as the object moves along the axis X. Each source position produces a fan of X-rays which after passing through the object are detected by a number of thesensors 52. However, the order in which the tubes and the positions within the tubes are used is controlled as will now be described. - The order of X-ray emission from the source positions in the
tubes 25 is chosen so as to minimize the thermal load on the X-ray tube. This is achieved by ordering the emissions so that each source position is non-adjacent to, and therefore spaced from, the previous one and the subsequent one. This ordering applies both to the source positions within eachtube 25, and also to the tubes themselves. Therefore each source position is in a different tube to the previous one and the next one. In fact the best distribution of thermal load is achieved if the source position cycles through all of the tubes, using one position from each tube, and then cycles through the tubes again using a different source position within each tube. The cycling is then repeated until all of the source positions in all of the tubes have been used once. This completes one scanning cycle which can then be repeated. - Within each tube the source positions are taken in an order which spreads the thermal load within the tube. This is achieved by ordering the source positions so that the distance between each source position and the next one in that tube, and the previous one in that tube, are both maximized. Firstly, therefore, if the number of source positions per tube allows it, each source position in the tube should be non-adjacent to the next and previous ones in that tube. Then, depending on the number of source positions, the ordering is chosen so as to distribute the thermal load as much as possible.
- For example, if as in a second embodiment of the invention shown in
FIG. 3 , there are fiveX-ray tubes tube 60 as 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, then best ordering for the source positions within each tube is 1, 3, 5, 2, 4. The same sequence is also used for ordering the tubes so as to maximize the angular separation between successive emissions. This produces an emission ordering as follows, where the source positions are numbered in order round theobject 75 starting at the left hand end of thetube 60 at the left end of the row and counting to the right hand end of thetube 64 at the right end of the row. -
Source Position Overall Source Tube in Tube position 1 1 1 3 1 11 5 1 21 2 1 6 4 1 16 1 3 3 3 3 13 5 3 23 2 3 8 4 3 18 1 5 5 3 5 15 5 5 25 2 5 10 4 5 20 1 2 2 3 2 12 5 2 22 2 2 7 4 2 17 1 4 4 3 4 14 5 4 24 2 4 9 4 4 19 - The same ordering could also be used with, for example, 25 source positions in a single tube which is shaped around the
object 75. - It will be appreciated that, for X-ray tubes with less than 5 source positions it is not possible to avoid using adjacent positions in subsequent emissions. However, for tubes with 5 or more source positions, this can be avoided.
- Referring to
FIG. 4 , in a third embodiment of the invention a plurality of X-ray sources 80 are spaced around an axis X, with a plurality ofsensors 82 axially offset from the sources 80 as in the first embodiment. When one of thesources 80a emits anX-ray beam 84 this diverges, passes through theobject 86 and reaches a number of thesensors 82. The number ofsensors 82 which will detect X-rays from each of the sources depends on the width of the beam of X-rays, which is a known quantity for any give system, and can be quantified in terms of a half-angle. This is the angle between the centre of the beam and the edge of the beam. - When the
sensors 82 which are needed to detect X-rays from each of the source positions 80 are known, source positions can be selected which can emit simultaneously, provided that they do not require any common detectors. For example if there are 24 source positions 80 and 24sensors 82 and each source position requires 5 sensors, then four of thesensors - In practice the number of source positions and sensors is likely to be higher than this. To satisfy the Nyquist sampling theorem, it is necessary to match the number of source positions Nφ to the number of sensors Ns of width d that are required to cover the linear dimension of the object Nsd. This leads to the result
-
N φ =πN s/2. - For example an image where Ns=64 will require Nφ=100 sampling points to satisfy the Nyquist sampling criterion.
- It will be appreciated that the ordering of the emission positions can be varied in a large number of ways for any given number of emission positions, and that the optimum ordering will also vary depending on the number of emission positions and the number of X-ray tubes.
Claims (16)
1-13. (canceled)
14. An X-ray imaging apparatus comprising:
at least one X-ray tube comprising a first X-ray source and a second X-ray source, wherein each of said first and second X-ray sources produce X-rays and wherein the first X-ray source and the second X-ray source are adjacent each other and spaced from each other by a first spacing;
at least one X-ray sensor to detect X-rays emitted from the at least one X-ray tube; and
a controller for activating said first X-ray source when said second X-ray source is inactive and for activating said second X-ray source when said first X-ray source is inactive.
15. The X-ray imaging apparatus of claim 1 wherein said X-ray tube comprises a third X-ray source and wherein said third X-ray source is spaced from said first X-ray source by a second spacing.
16. The X-ray imaging apparatus of claim 15 wherein said second spacing is greater than said first spacing.
17. The X-ray imaging apparatus of claim 16 wherein said controller first activates said first X-ray source while keeping inactive the second X-ray source and the third X-ray source.
18. The X-ray imaging apparatus of claim 17 wherein said controller activates said third X-ray source, while keeping inactive the first and second X-ray sources, immediately after inactivating said first X-ray source.
19. The X-ray imaging apparatus of claim 14 further comprising a second X-ray tube comprising a first X-ray source and a second X-ray source, wherein each of said first and second X-ray sources produce X-rays and wherein the first X-ray source and the second X-ray source are adjacent each other and spaced from each other by a spacing;
20. The X-ray imaging apparatus of claim 19 wherein the controller immediately activates the first X-ray source in the second X-ray tube after inactivating the first X-ray source in the at least one X-ray tube and before activating the second X-ray source in the at least one X-ray tube.
21. An X-ray imaging apparatus comprising
a first X-ray tube comprising a first plurality of source positions, including a first source position and a second source position, wherein the first source position and the second source position are adjacent each other and spaced from each other by a first source spacing;
a second X-ray tube comprising a second plurality of source positions, including a third source position and a fourth source position, wherein the third source position and the fourth source position are adjacent each other and spaced from each other by a second source spacing;
at least one X-ray sensor to detect X-rays emitted from the first or second X-ray tubes; and
a controller for controlling an order in which the first, second, third, and fourth source positions are active such that a displacement between an active source position in one emission period and an active source position in a period immediately after the emission period is greater than an amount related to said first and second source spacing.
22. The imaging apparatus of claim 21 wherein said displacement is at least twice the first source spacing.
23. The imaging apparatus of claim 21 wherein said displacement is at least twice the second source spacing.
24. The imaging apparatus of claim 21 wherein an active source position in the emission period is not adjacent a source position that is active in the period immediately after the emission period.
25. The imaging apparatus of claim 21 wherein only one of the first, second, third or fourth source position in an X-ray tube is active in each emission period.
26. The imaging apparatus of claim 21 wherein one source in said first X-ray tube and one source in said second X-ray tube are active simultaneously in each emission period.
27. The imaging apparatus of claim 21 wherein, in each emission period, more than one source position is active and each of said active source positions is located in a different X-ray tube.
28. The imaging apparatus of claim 21 wherein only one source position in each X-ray tube is active in each emission period and each X-ray tube is active in a sequential order.
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US10976271B2 (en) | 2005-12-16 | 2021-04-13 | Rapiscan Systems, Inc. | Stationary tomographic X-ray imaging systems for automatically sorting objects based on generated tomographic images |
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US10585206B2 (en) | 2017-09-06 | 2020-03-10 | Rapiscan Systems, Inc. | Method and system for a multi-view scanner |
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US11551903B2 (en) | 2020-06-25 | 2023-01-10 | American Science And Engineering, Inc. | Devices and methods for dissipating heat from an anode of an x-ray tube assembly |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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WO2004097386A8 (en) | 2005-01-20 |
CN1781018A (en) | 2006-05-31 |
GB0309387D0 (en) | 2003-06-04 |
CN1781018B (en) | 2011-06-08 |
GB2416654B (en) | 2006-12-13 |
JP2006524809A (en) | 2006-11-02 |
ATE443253T1 (en) | 2009-10-15 |
DE602004023188D1 (en) | 2009-10-29 |
GB2416654A (en) | 2006-02-01 |
WO2004097386A1 (en) | 2004-11-11 |
US7564939B2 (en) | 2009-07-21 |
EP1618368A1 (en) | 2006-01-25 |
US20070172023A1 (en) | 2007-07-26 |
GB0520903D0 (en) | 2005-11-23 |
EP1618368B1 (en) | 2009-09-16 |
JP4861818B2 (en) | 2012-01-25 |
ES2333331T3 (en) | 2010-02-19 |
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