US20090188649A1 - Pyrolytic decomposition apparatus and method for pyrolytically decomposing organic substances - Google Patents

Pyrolytic decomposition apparatus and method for pyrolytically decomposing organic substances Download PDF

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US20090188649A1
US20090188649A1 US12/185,057 US18505708A US2009188649A1 US 20090188649 A1 US20090188649 A1 US 20090188649A1 US 18505708 A US18505708 A US 18505708A US 2009188649 A1 US2009188649 A1 US 2009188649A1
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gas
nonflammable
pyrolysis
pyrolytically
hydrocarbon
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Masashi Nakamura
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
    • C10B53/00—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J6/00—Heat treatments such as Calcining; Fusing ; Pyrolysis
    • B01J6/008—Pyrolysis reactions
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
    • C10B47/00—Destructive distillation of solid carbonaceous materials with indirect heating, e.g. by external combustion
    • C10B47/02—Destructive distillation of solid carbonaceous materials with indirect heating, e.g. by external combustion with stationary charge
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
    • C10B49/00—Destructive distillation of solid carbonaceous materials by direct heating with heat-carrying agents including the partial combustion of the solid material to be treated
    • C10B49/02—Destructive distillation of solid carbonaceous materials by direct heating with heat-carrying agents including the partial combustion of the solid material to be treated with hot gases or vapours, e.g. hot gases obtained by partial combustion of the charge
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
    • C10B53/00—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form
    • C10B53/07—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form of solid raw materials consisting of synthetic polymeric materials, e.g. tyres
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
    • C10G1/02—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal by distillation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
    • C10G1/10—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal from rubber or rubber waste
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/00049—Controlling or regulating processes
    • B01J2219/00051—Controlling the temperature
    • B01J2219/00074—Controlling the temperature by indirect heating or cooling employing heat exchange fluids
    • B01J2219/00087—Controlling the temperature by indirect heating or cooling employing heat exchange fluids with heat exchange elements outside the reactor
    • B01J2219/00103—Controlling the temperature by indirect heating or cooling employing heat exchange fluids with heat exchange elements outside the reactor in a heat exchanger separate from the reactor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/00049—Controlling or regulating processes
    • B01J2219/00051—Controlling the temperature
    • B01J2219/00074—Controlling the temperature by indirect heating or cooling employing heat exchange fluids
    • B01J2219/00105—Controlling the temperature by indirect heating or cooling employing heat exchange fluids part or all of the reactants being heated or cooled outside the reactor while recycling
    • B01J2219/00108—Controlling the temperature by indirect heating or cooling employing heat exchange fluids part or all of the reactants being heated or cooled outside the reactor while recycling involving reactant vapours
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/00049—Controlling or regulating processes
    • B01J2219/00245—Avoiding undesirable reactions or side-effects
    • B01J2219/00259—Preventing runaway of the chemical reaction
    • B01J2219/00263—Preventing explosion of the chemical mixture
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/30—Fuel from waste, e.g. synthetic alcohol or diesel
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/141—Feedstock
    • Y02P20/143—Feedstock the feedstock being recycled material, e.g. plastics

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a pyrolytic decomposition apparatus, such as a liquefaction/carbonization apparatus for pyrolytically decomposing an organic substance mainly into a gas, an oil and carbon.
  • a pyrolytic decomposition apparatus such as a liquefaction/carbonization apparatus for pyrolytically decomposing an organic substance mainly into a gas, an oil and carbon.
  • the present invention relates to various applications of the pyrolytic decomposition apparatus.
  • the present invention is directed to a method for pyrolytically decomposing organic substance into an oil component, a gas component, and a residual carbon.
  • foamed resins etc.
  • foamed styrol polystyrene foam
  • shock absorbers fish boxes
  • trays for foodstuff
  • waste they present a large volume and a significant cost is involved to transport them.
  • the waste facilities since it is becoming difficult to provide facilities for treating wastes in a city location because of increasing land prices and opposition by residents, the waste facilities must generally be situated in the outskirts far from the place of consumption.
  • other plastics are daily dumped in large amounts. Accordingly, there is a need to develop a method for treating plastics in a recyclable manner. From this perspective, liquefaction/carbonization apparatus (or simply referred to as liquefying apparatus), have been developed, which convert large amounts of plastics such as foamed resin into oil with good efficiency at a low cost.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,836,524 which is incorporated herein by reference, discloses a one-step thermal treatment process for liquefaction of solid wastes selected from the group consisting of printed circuit board wastes, plastic wastes, rubber wastes, scrap fires, used cables/wires, auto shredder residues, contaminated soils, and waste lubricating oils to recover valuable oil products.
  • Apparatus includes a means for continuous feeding, an inclined screw liquefaction reactor (ISLR), and means for handling oils and gas products. Wastes are liquefied into lubricating oils or recycled heavy oil product at relatively low temperatures, and non-liquefied inorganic materials are recovered.
  • ISLR inclined screw liquefaction reactor
  • JPA2005-154509 which is incorporated herein by reference, discloses a liquefaction/carbonization apparatus which comprises a pyrolysis tank for vaporizing waste plastics by pyrolysis, a catalytic decomposition tank for thermally decomposing the obtained pyrolysis gases in the presence of a silicate catalyst, and a refluxer for separating high-boiling point components from gases from the catalytic decomposition tank, where a decomposition residue-discharging tank is arranged at the bottom of the pyrolysis tank and the residue is sucked out in a reduced pressure state and re-heated to be perfectly thermally pyrolyzed.
  • JPA 06-220459 which is incorporated herein by reference, discloses a waste plastic feeding system provided with a nitrogen-introducing line, a water- sealing vessel, a safety valve, and an oxygen content meter and/or a hydrocarbon content meter, while a pyrolysis oven is provided with a nitrogen-introducing line, a water-sealing vessel, and safety valves in order to provide pyrolysis-catalytic reforming type waste plastic liquefying equipment wherein combustible gas formed through pyrolysis of waste plastic is prevented from causing an explosion or a fire together with air entrained therein either in a waste plastic feeding system or in a pyrolysis oven.
  • a pyrolytic decomposition apparatus comprising:
  • the nonflammable gas supply means may also be connected to the pipe downstream of the pyrolytic system.
  • the pyrolytic decomposition apparatus may have a separator which separates the nonflammable gas from the mixed gas, and the separated nonflammable gas is again used as the carrier gas.
  • a gas mainly comprising nitrogen is preferably used.
  • the gas from the separator may be used as a heat source.
  • a gas release valve is preferably provided downstream of the pyrolytic system.
  • Such a pyrolytic decomposition apparatus of the present invention may be used in various liquefaction/carbonization apparatus which converts plastics into oils.
  • the present invention is directed to use of the pyrolytic decomposition apparatus of the present invention for separating hydrocarbon originated substances from a nonflammable substance or a substance having a melting point higher than the pyrolytic temperature.
  • the present invention particularly relates to a liquefaction/carbonization apparatus for treating at least one member selected from the group consisting of waste plastics, waste tires, organic wastes and medical wastes.
  • the present invention concerns a method for pyrolytically decomposing an organic substance in a pyrolysis apparatus, which comprising
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic view showing an outline of an exemplary apparatus according to the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is an exemplary schematic view showing an embodiment where the apparatus according to the present invention is applied to garbage treatment apparatus and
  • FIG. 3 shows a flowchart indicating an exemplary method for pyrolytically decomposing an organic substance according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic view showing an outline of an apparatus according to the present invention.
  • the pyrolytic decomposition apparatus relates to a pyrolytic decomposition apparatus which pyrolytically decomposes objects of hydrocarbon originated substances (organic substances) into hydrocarbon oils hydrocarbon gas and carbon.
  • hydrocarbon originated substance is intended herein to mean solid substances mainly composed of hydrogen atoms and carbon atoms, and may be used interexchangeably with the term “organic substances”.
  • the objects may contain minor components such as oxygen, sulfur phosphor and/or metals.
  • hydrocarbon substances include, but are not restricted to, plastics and resins such as thermoplastic plastics and thermosetting plastics, paper, wood (particularly waste wooden products), tires (particularly waste tires), and mixtures thereof.
  • non-flammable gas used as a carrier gas in the present invention means that it is nonflammable in the pyrolysis system, preferably it has a function to prevent gas explosion in the system.
  • Typical examples include, but not are restricted to inert gases such as helium, and nitrogen. From an economic perspective, the use of nitrogen gas is preferable.
  • solid hydrocarbon substance objects are first introduced into an inlet system 10 , and the substances are forcibly transferred into a pyrolysis system 11 .
  • the inlet system 10 may have a crusher which crushes large organic substances into a prescribed size, and any other optional devices known in the art.
  • the pyrolysis system 11 comprised of a normally sealed heating chamber heated by heated gas at a predetermined temperature (usually approximately 350 to 400° C.) at which the organic substances are decomposed into gaseous components, liquid components and carbon.
  • the non-flammable gas is heated in a heat exchanger 13 (line ( 2 )) by a burner (not shown) at a prescribed temperature and then introduced into the heated chamber.
  • the resulting heated gas generated by pyrolytic decomposition of organic substances is circulated via the heat exchanger (line ( 1 ): for detail, see later description).
  • the gaseous component resulting from the pyrolysis of the organic substance objects in the pyrolysis system comprises a hydrocarbon gas (mixture of low molecular weight hydrocarbons) and is transferred to a separation system 12 by pipe.
  • the separation system 12 mainly comprises a condenser which separates the organic substances into an oil component comprising hydrocarbons having a molecular weight higher than a prescribed level and gaseous component having a molecular weight higher than a prescribed level.
  • an oil component comprising hydrocarbons having a molecular weight higher than a prescribed level and gaseous component having a molecular weight higher than a prescribed level.
  • the hydrocarbons having a higher molecular weight becomes oils, whereas hydrocarbons having a lower molecular weight like methane, ethane, butane, and the like remain in a gaseous state.
  • the condenser separates the hydrocarbon into gaseous components, which utilize circulation gas, and oils, which will be recovered.
  • the separated oil component is collected, and the gaseous component may be used as a heat source via a heat exchanger 13 residing downstream of the condenser.
  • the excess gas may be stored in a reserve tank (not shown).
  • the components other than hydrocarbon such as hydrogen sulfide may be purified through an optional waste gas treating means and then discharged out of the system in a safe manner (not shown), which is well-known in the art.
  • means 14 for introducing a nonflammable gas introduces a nonflammable gas into a position upstream of the pyrolysis system 11 and desirably a position downstream of the pyrolysis system 11 .
  • the introduction of nonflammable gas upstream of the pyrolysis system 11 is to provide a carrier gas which carries heated gas and the introduction of the nonflammable gas downstream of the pyrolysis system 11 is for the purpose of preventing explosion in an emergency.
  • the present invention includes means 11 for incorporating a nonflammable (inert) gas
  • the heated gas contains a prescribed percentage of the nonflammable gas. Consequently, at the time of pyrolytic decomposition of the organic substances, there is no fear of dangerous gas (having a possibility of explosion or such). What is more, if the nonflammable gas is incorporated downstream of the pyrolysis system, if any dangerous gas is generated, it can be diluted with the nonflammable gas. Consequently, the apparatus of the present invention may be operated in a much safer manner.
  • the apparatus of the present invention has a simple configuration for incorporating means ( 14 ) for introducing a nonflammable gas into an existing pyrolytically decomposing apparatus.
  • the means 14 comprises a nonflammable gas source and injection means (one for circulating the nonflammable gas and optionally the other for incorporation of the nonflammable gas in an emergency).
  • the bag filter also known as a bag house filter
  • the exhaust gases may be heated up to a higher temperature to decompose harmful halogen substances, or such.
  • the nonflammable gas which can be used is not specifically restricted as long as it suitable for preventing an explosion.
  • the nonflammable gas comprises nitrogen gas for ease of handling and cost.
  • the nonflammable gas may be incorporated in an earlier stage (upstream) of the pyrolysis system 11 depending upon the conditions of the gas flowing into the pyrolysis system to serve as a carrier gas.
  • the nonflammable gas may be introduced downstream of the pyrolysis system.
  • the pyrolytic decomposition apparatus of the present invention may have a configuration that components of the gas entering into the pyrolysis system 11 and/or the gas exiting the pyrolysis system 11 are monitored and the nonflammable gas is introduced when an oxygen concentration is unduly high.
  • the apparatus in this embodiment possesses a temperature sensor (not shown) and/or a sensor for detecting an oxygen concentration (not shown).
  • the pyrolytic decomposition apparatus of the present invention may have a release valve which discharges gas generated due to the pyrolytic treatment of the organic substance out of the apparatus.
  • introduction of the nonflammable gas for circulation together with the hydrocarbon gas allows the temperature of the gas to be kept constant, and the oxygen concentration to be decreased relatively.
  • the introduction of the nonflammable gas such as nitrogen gas into a pipe downstream of the pyrolysis system lowers the possibility of explosion at the fullest extent.
  • use of a nonflammable gas such as nitrogen gas stably responds to the amount of the pyrolytically decomposed gas generated relative to the amount of the heat source gas, exhibiting an advantageous effect that the amount of the pyrolytically decomposed gas generated follows the change in the heat source gas.
  • the pyrolytic decomposition apparatus according to the present invention may be applied to a wide variety of applications.
  • the pyrolytic decomposition apparatus of the present invention may be applied to a pyrolytic decomposition apparatus for removing organic substance from an object to be cleaned up, where the object is nonflammable or has a boiling point, melting point or decomposition point higher than the pyrolysis temperature.
  • an iron made article treated with rubber or a resin based paint may be pyrolytically treated using the pyrolytic decomposition apparatus according to the present invention, whereby the rubber or the paint can be decomposed and, thus, the iron made article cleaned.
  • the heating chamber of the pyrolysis system should have a size large enough to accommodate the article.
  • plastics, rubbers, paint or such can effectively removed from an article made of a pyrolytically stable substance such as a metal or a ceramic without the need for any chemical or mechanical force.
  • the pyrolytic decomposition apparatus may make up a liquefaction/carbonization apparatus.
  • the liquefaction/carbonization apparatus of the present invention can pyrolytically treat organic substances such as waste plastics, or waste tires, garbage, waste oils, medical wastes and the like.
  • the liquefaction/carbonization apparatus of the present invention may be employed in a safer manner.
  • any abnormality may be rapidly measured by the presence of a large moisture content.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic view showing an embodiment where the apparatus according to the present invention is applied to garbage treatment apparatus.
  • the heated gas (for example, at 450 degree C.) carried by a nonflammable gas is circulated in a double layered heating chamber in a closed manner.
  • the double layered heating chamber allows substances to be treated to be introduced while ensuring that the interior of the chamber remains sealed.
  • Circulation of heated gas containing a nonflammable gas pyrolytically decomposes the organic substance having a large moisture content into steam, hydrocarbon gas, and residues mainly composed of carbon powder.
  • the gas is further heated up to avoid generation of harmful halogen compounds as well known in the art.
  • the heated gas is introduced into water to recover halogen components in water.
  • nonflammable (inert) gas is introduced into the circulation gas to maintain the gas in a safe state.
  • the apparatus of the present invention can be utilized for treating organic substances having a relatively high moisture content, for example, as much as 70%.
  • a solar heat storage system comprises a heat collecting lens; a heat collecting container provided to enable the heat collected through the lens to be received and containing a medium oil having a specific gravity of 1 to 2.5 g/cm3; a circulating passage of the oil having an oil feed tube, a feeding pipe and a return pipe; a thermal storage tank provided in the way of the circulating passage and containing a thermal storage oil for heat exchanging with the medium oil and a heat insulator covering the periphery of the oil; and a heating oil channel in which a heated oil flows.
  • the heating oil is heated by the thermal storage oil in the tank, flowed outside to warm the water in a heat exchanger.
  • the heat source may be employed instead of the heat collecting lens.
  • the stored heat can be effectively utilized for heat source for power generation.
  • FIG. 3 shows a flowchart indicating a method for pyrolytically decomposing an organic substance according to the present invention.
  • an organic substance to be treated is introduced into a pyrolysis zone (heating chamber of the pyrolysis system). Then the heating zone is heated at a prescribed temperature.
  • the organic substances begin to pyrolytically decompose into a hydrocarbon gas and a residual carbon.
  • the resulting hydrocarbon gas is then separated into an oil component, which may be stored and a gaseous component, part of which may be circulated, and the remaining part stored.
  • the circulated gas is carried by introducing a nonflammable gas as a carrier gas and it is then heat-exchanged to be a prescribed temperature.
  • the circulated gas is then introduced into the heating zone. While the circulation gas (a mixture of the hydrocarbon gas with the nonflammable gas) is circulating, i.e., during the course of the pyrolytic decomposition of the organic substances, the condition of the circulation gas is monitored. If any abnormality is detected, nonflammable gas is incorporated downstream of the heating zone.
  • circulation gas a mixture of the hydrocarbon gas with the nonflammable gas

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
  • Separation, Recovery Or Treatment Of Waste Materials Containing Plastics (AREA)
  • Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)

Abstract

A pyrolytic decomposition apparatus mainly comprising: an inlet system for incorporating an object; a pyrolysis system having at least one heating chamber and a heating means which pyrolytically decomposing the object within incorporated from the inlet system; a recovery and cooling system which recovers a part of the gas generated due to the pyrolytic decomposition as an oil component through a pipe; and a gas temperature adjusting system, which makes heat exchange between a part of the gas from the recovery system and a part of the gas from pyrolysis system to allow the pyrolytically decomposed gas at a prescribed temperature for flowing into the pyrolysis system is disclosed. The apparatus is characterized in that said apparatus has a nonflammable gas supply means which supply a nonflammable gas into the pyrolytically decomposed gas as a carrier gas circulated with the apparatus.

Description

    CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
  • This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(a)-(d), 35 U.S.C. §365(b), and 37 CFR §1.55 of Japanese Patent Application Number 2008-045221 filed on Jan. 30, 2008, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
    • FIELD OF THE INVENTION
  • The present invention relates to a pyrolytic decomposition apparatus, such as a liquefaction/carbonization apparatus for pyrolytically decomposing an organic substance mainly into a gas, an oil and carbon. In addition, the present invention relates to various applications of the pyrolytic decomposition apparatus. Also, the present invention is directed to a method for pyrolytically decomposing organic substance into an oil component, a gas component, and a residual carbon.
    • BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
  • In recent year, so-called foamed resins, etc. such as foamed styrol (polystyrene foam) are used as shock absorbers, fish boxes, trays for foodstuff, and once used become waste. As waste they present a large volume and a significant cost is involved to transport them. From the viewpoint of the fact that it is difficult to secure a landfill, they are reclaimed only with difficulty. In addition, since it is becoming difficult to provide facilities for treating wastes in a city location because of increasing land prices and opposition by residents, the waste facilities must generally be situated in the outskirts far from the place of consumption. Similarly, other plastics are daily dumped in large amounts. Accordingly, there is a need to develop a method for treating plastics in a recyclable manner. From this perspective, liquefaction/carbonization apparatus (or simply referred to as liquefying apparatus), have been developed, which convert large amounts of plastics such as foamed resin into oil with good efficiency at a low cost.
  • For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,836,524, which is incorporated herein by reference, discloses a one-step thermal treatment process for liquefaction of solid wastes selected from the group consisting of printed circuit board wastes, plastic wastes, rubber wastes, scrap fires, used cables/wires, auto shredder residues, contaminated soils, and waste lubricating oils to recover valuable oil products. Apparatus is provided and includes a means for continuous feeding, an inclined screw liquefaction reactor (ISLR), and means for handling oils and gas products. Wastes are liquefied into lubricating oils or recycled heavy oil product at relatively low temperatures, and non-liquefied inorganic materials are recovered.
  • Also, JPA2005-154509, which is incorporated herein by reference, discloses a liquefaction/carbonization apparatus which comprises a pyrolysis tank for vaporizing waste plastics by pyrolysis, a catalytic decomposition tank for thermally decomposing the obtained pyrolysis gases in the presence of a silicate catalyst, and a refluxer for separating high-boiling point components from gases from the catalytic decomposition tank, where a decomposition residue-discharging tank is arranged at the bottom of the pyrolysis tank and the residue is sucked out in a reduced pressure state and re-heated to be perfectly thermally pyrolyzed. According to this apparatus, residues formed in pyrolysis tanks can be safely discharged and the need for suspension of operations therefor in an apparatus for a chemical recycling method for pyrolyzing waste plastics can be eliminated to reutilize them as raw materials for petrochemistry.
  • In addition, JPA 06-220459, which is incorporated herein by reference, discloses a waste plastic feeding system provided with a nitrogen-introducing line, a water- sealing vessel, a safety valve, and an oxygen content meter and/or a hydrocarbon content meter, while a pyrolysis oven is provided with a nitrogen-introducing line, a water-sealing vessel, and safety valves in order to provide pyrolysis-catalytic reforming type waste plastic liquefying equipment wherein combustible gas formed through pyrolysis of waste plastic is prevented from causing an explosion or a fire together with air entrained therein either in a waste plastic feeding system or in a pyrolysis oven.
  • As described above, various liquefaction apparatus and/or liquefaction/carbonization apparatus have been developed to improve decomposition efficiency and safety measure for generated gases.
  • However, since these liquefaction apparatus and/or liquefaction/carbonization apparatus use hydrocarbon gas as an energy source in a closed system, it would be desirable to develop a safer liquefaction apparatus and/or liquefaction/carbonization.
  • Also, it would be desirable to develop a safe liquefaction apparatus and/or liquefaction/carbonization having a simplified construction.
    • SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
  • According to the present invention, there is provided a pyrolytic decomposition apparatus comprising:
      • an inlet system for introducing an object;
      • a pyrolysis system having at least one heating chamber and a heating means for pyrolytically decomposing the object introduced by the inlet system;
      • a recovery and cooling system which recovers a part of the gas generated due to the pyrolytic decomposition as an oil component through a pipe; and
      • a gas temperature adjusting system, which allows heat exchange between a part of the gas from the recovery system and a part of the gas from the pyrolysis system to allow the pyrolytically decomposed gas attain a prescribed temperature before flowing into the pyrolysis system;
      • said apparatus having a non-flammable gas (typically nitrogen gas) supply means for supplying a nonflammable gas into the pyrolytically decomposed gas as a carrier gas to be circulated within the apparatus.
  • In the pyrolytic decomposition apparatus of the present invention, the nonflammable gas supply means may also be connected to the pipe downstream of the pyrolytic system.
  • In the pyrolytic decomposition apparatus of the present invention, the pyrolytic decomposition apparatus may have a separator which separates the nonflammable gas from the mixed gas, and the separated nonflammable gas is again used as the carrier gas.
  • Also, in the pyrolytic decomposition apparatus of the present invention, a gas mainly comprising nitrogen is preferably used.
  • In the pyrolytic decomposition apparatus of the present invention, the gas from the separator may be used as a heat source.
  • In the pyrolytic decomposition apparatus of the present invention, a gas release valve is preferably provided downstream of the pyrolytic system.
  • Such a pyrolytic decomposition apparatus of the present invention may be used in various liquefaction/carbonization apparatus which converts plastics into oils.
  • Specifically, the present invention is directed to use of the pyrolytic decomposition apparatus of the present invention for separating hydrocarbon originated substances from a nonflammable substance or a substance having a melting point higher than the pyrolytic temperature.
  • Also provided is use of the pyrolytic decomposition apparatus of the present invention for a liquefaction/carbonization apparatus which converts solid organic substance into an oil and hydrocarbon gas.
  • The present invention particularly relates to a liquefaction/carbonization apparatus for treating at least one member selected from the group consisting of waste plastics, waste tires, organic wastes and medical wastes.
  • Also, the present invention concerns a method for pyrolytically decomposing an organic substance in a pyrolysis apparatus, which comprising
      • incorporating an organic substance into a pyrolysis zone heated at a prescribed temperature to decompose the organic substance into hydrocarbon gas, an oil on which hydrocarbon is based, and the residual carbon; and
      • circulating the resulting hydrocarbon gas heated at a prescribed temperature through a heat exchanger;
      • said method is characterized by incorporating a non-flammable gas into a place upstream of said pyrolysis zone.
    BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic view showing an outline of an exemplary apparatus according to the present invention,
  • FIG. 2 is an exemplary schematic view showing an embodiment where the apparatus according to the present invention is applied to garbage treatment apparatus and
  • FIG. 3 shows a flowchart indicating an exemplary method for pyrolytically decomposing an organic substance according to the present invention.
    •  DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
  • The present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the attached drawings.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic view showing an outline of an apparatus according to the present invention.
  • The pyrolytic decomposition apparatus according to the present invention relates to a pyrolytic decomposition apparatus which pyrolytically decomposes objects of hydrocarbon originated substances (organic substances) into hydrocarbon oils hydrocarbon gas and carbon.
  • The term “hydrocarbon originated substance” is intended herein to mean solid substances mainly composed of hydrogen atoms and carbon atoms, and may be used interexchangeably with the term “organic substances”. The objects may contain minor components such as oxygen, sulfur phosphor and/or metals.
  • Typical examples of hydrocarbon substances include, but are not restricted to, plastics and resins such as thermoplastic plastics and thermosetting plastics, paper, wood (particularly waste wooden products), tires (particularly waste tires), and mixtures thereof.
  • The term “non-flammable gas” (hereinafter referred to as “nonflammable gas” used as a carrier gas in the present invention means that it is nonflammable in the pyrolysis system, preferably it has a function to prevent gas explosion in the system. Typical examples include, but not are restricted to inert gases such as helium, and nitrogen. From an economic perspective, the use of nitrogen gas is preferable.
  • Referring to FIG. 1, in the pyrolytic decomposition apparatus 1 of the present invention, solid hydrocarbon substance objects are first introduced into an inlet system 10, and the substances are forcibly transferred into a pyrolysis system 11.
  • The inlet system 10 may have a crusher which crushes large organic substances into a prescribed size, and any other optional devices known in the art.
  • The pyrolysis system 11 comprised of a normally sealed heating chamber heated by heated gas at a predetermined temperature (usually approximately 350 to 400° C.) at which the organic substances are decomposed into gaseous components, liquid components and carbon.
  • Firstly, the non-flammable gas is heated in a heat exchanger 13 (line (2)) by a burner (not shown) at a prescribed temperature and then introduced into the heated chamber. The resulting heated gas generated by pyrolytic decomposition of organic substances is circulated via the heat exchanger (line (1): for detail, see later description).
  • The gaseous component resulting from the pyrolysis of the organic substance objects in the pyrolysis system comprises a hydrocarbon gas (mixture of low molecular weight hydrocarbons) and is transferred to a separation system 12 by pipe.
  • The separation system 12 mainly comprises a condenser which separates the organic substances into an oil component comprising hydrocarbons having a molecular weight higher than a prescribed level and gaseous component having a molecular weight higher than a prescribed level. Depending on the set temperature of the circulation gas the hydrocarbons having a higher molecular weight becomes oils, whereas hydrocarbons having a lower molecular weight like methane, ethane, butane, and the like remain in a gaseous state. The condenser separates the hydrocarbon into gaseous components, which utilize circulation gas, and oils, which will be recovered.
  • The separated oil component is collected, and the gaseous component may be used as a heat source via a heat exchanger 13 residing downstream of the condenser.
  • If the resulting volume of gas is excessive, the excess gas may be stored in a reserve tank (not shown).
  • As may be required, the components other than hydrocarbon such as hydrogen sulfide may be purified through an optional waste gas treating means and then discharged out of the system in a safe manner (not shown), which is well-known in the art.
  • In the apparatus of the present invention, means 14 for introducing a nonflammable gas introduces a nonflammable gas into a position upstream of the pyrolysis system 11 and desirably a position downstream of the pyrolysis system 11. The introduction of nonflammable gas upstream of the pyrolysis system 11 is to provide a carrier gas which carries heated gas and the introduction of the nonflammable gas downstream of the pyrolysis system 11 is for the purpose of preventing explosion in an emergency.
  • Since the present invention includes means 11 for incorporating a nonflammable (inert) gas, the heated gas contains a prescribed percentage of the nonflammable gas. Consequently, at the time of pyrolytic decomposition of the organic substances, there is no fear of dangerous gas (having a possibility of explosion or such). What is more, if the nonflammable gas is incorporated downstream of the pyrolysis system, if any dangerous gas is generated, it can be diluted with the nonflammable gas. Consequently, the apparatus of the present invention may be operated in a much safer manner. In addition, the apparatus of the present invention has a simple configuration for incorporating means (14) for introducing a nonflammable gas into an existing pyrolytically decomposing apparatus.
  • The means 14 comprises a nonflammable gas source and injection means (one for circulating the nonflammable gas and optionally the other for incorporation of the nonflammable gas in an emergency).
  • After the pyrolytic treatment, the gas is exhausted in a conventional manner using a bag filter. The bag filter (also known as a bag house filter) collects particle matters in a gas in order to exhaust gas out of atmosphere to meet a given environmental standard. The exhaust gases may be heated up to a higher temperature to decompose harmful halogen substances, or such.
  • In the present invention, the nonflammable gas which can be used is not specifically restricted as long as it suitable for preventing an explosion. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the nonflammable gas comprises nitrogen gas for ease of handling and cost.
  • The nonflammable gas may be incorporated in an earlier stage (upstream) of the pyrolysis system 11 depending upon the conditions of the gas flowing into the pyrolysis system to serve as a carrier gas. In an emergency (e.g., the temperature of the gas exiting from the pyrolysis system becoming unduly high), the nonflammable gas may be introduced downstream of the pyrolysis system.
  • In addition, or alternatively, the pyrolytic decomposition apparatus of the present invention may have a configuration that components of the gas entering into the pyrolysis system 11 and/or the gas exiting the pyrolysis system 11 are monitored and the nonflammable gas is introduced when an oxygen concentration is unduly high.
  • Consequently, the apparatus in this embodiment possesses a temperature sensor (not shown) and/or a sensor for detecting an oxygen concentration (not shown). Also, as well known in the art, the pyrolytic decomposition apparatus of the present invention may have a release valve which discharges gas generated due to the pyrolytic treatment of the organic substance out of the apparatus.
  • As described above, introduction of the nonflammable gas for circulation together with the hydrocarbon gas allows the temperature of the gas to be kept constant, and the oxygen concentration to be decreased relatively.
  • Furthermore, in an emergency, the introduction of the nonflammable gas such as nitrogen gas into a pipe downstream of the pyrolysis system lowers the possibility of explosion at the fullest extent. Specifically, use of a nonflammable gas such as nitrogen gas stably responds to the amount of the pyrolytically decomposed gas generated relative to the amount of the heat source gas, exhibiting an advantageous effect that the amount of the pyrolytically decomposed gas generated follows the change in the heat source gas.
  • This increases safety in comparison with the prior art where a nonflammable gas is merely introduced in an emergency. The circulated nonflammable gas may be separated from the circulation gas to be ready for the next use.
  • The pyrolytic decomposition apparatus according to the present invention may be applied to a wide variety of applications.
  • For example, the pyrolytic decomposition apparatus of the present invention may be applied to a pyrolytic decomposition apparatus for removing organic substance from an object to be cleaned up, where the object is nonflammable or has a boiling point, melting point or decomposition point higher than the pyrolysis temperature.
  • For example, an iron made article treated with rubber or a resin based paint may be pyrolytically treated using the pyrolytic decomposition apparatus according to the present invention, whereby the rubber or the paint can be decomposed and, thus, the iron made article cleaned. In this case, the heating chamber of the pyrolysis system should have a size large enough to accommodate the article.
  • In such an application, plastics, rubbers, paint or such can effectively removed from an article made of a pyrolytically stable substance such as a metal or a ceramic without the need for any chemical or mechanical force.
  • Similarly the pyrolytic decomposition apparatus according to the present invention may make up a liquefaction/carbonization apparatus. The liquefaction/carbonization apparatus of the present invention can pyrolytically treat organic substances such as waste plastics, or waste tires, garbage, waste oils, medical wastes and the like. Specifically, the liquefaction/carbonization apparatus of the present invention may be employed in a safer manner.
  • It is possible to treat a mixture of organic substance such as a mixture of garbage having a large moisture content with plastics (i.e., mixed type garbage) in the apparatus of the present invention. In which case, any abnormality may be rapidly measured by the presence of a large moisture content.
  • When the present apparatus of the present invention is used for treating substances containing or consisting essentially of biodegradable materials such as garbage, for example, the apparatus may have the constitution as shown in the following FIG. 2. FIG. 2 is a schematic view showing an embodiment where the apparatus according to the present invention is applied to garbage treatment apparatus.
  • As shown in FIG. 2, the heated gas (for example, at 450 degree C.) carried by a nonflammable gas is circulated in a double layered heating chamber in a closed manner. The double layered heating chamber allows substances to be treated to be introduced while ensuring that the interior of the chamber remains sealed. Circulation of heated gas containing a nonflammable gas pyrolytically decomposes the organic substance having a large moisture content into steam, hydrocarbon gas, and residues mainly composed of carbon powder. After the circulation, the gas is further heated up to avoid generation of harmful halogen compounds as well known in the art. Optionally, the heated gas is introduced into water to recover halogen components in water.
  • In circulating the heated gas, nonflammable (inert) gas is introduced into the circulation gas to maintain the gas in a safe state. By such a configuration, the apparatus of the present invention can be utilized for treating organic substances having a relatively high moisture content, for example, as much as 70%.
  • For example, the generated heat may e stored as described in JPA 2002-327962. According to the solar heat storage system described in JPA 2002-327962, a solar heat storage system comprises a heat collecting lens; a heat collecting container provided to enable the heat collected through the lens to be received and containing a medium oil having a specific gravity of 1 to 2.5 g/cm3; a circulating passage of the oil having an oil feed tube, a feeding pipe and a return pipe; a thermal storage tank provided in the way of the circulating passage and containing a thermal storage oil for heat exchanging with the medium oil and a heat insulator covering the periphery of the oil; and a heating oil channel in which a heated oil flows. The heating oil is heated by the thermal storage oil in the tank, flowed outside to warm the water in a heat exchanger. In the apparatus of the present invention, the heat source may be employed instead of the heat collecting lens. The stored heat can be effectively utilized for heat source for power generation.
  • Next a method for pyrolytically decomposing an organic substance in the pyrolytic decomposition apparatus according to the present invention will now be described by referring to FIG. 3.
  • FIG. 3 shows a flowchart indicating a method for pyrolytically decomposing an organic substance according to the present invention.
  • First, an organic substance to be treated is introduced into a pyrolysis zone (heating chamber of the pyrolysis system). Then the heating zone is heated at a prescribed temperature.
  • As the temperature is increased the organic substances begin to pyrolytically decompose into a hydrocarbon gas and a residual carbon.
  • The resulting hydrocarbon gas is then separated into an oil component, which may be stored and a gaseous component, part of which may be circulated, and the remaining part stored.
  • The circulated gas is carried by introducing a nonflammable gas as a carrier gas and it is then heat-exchanged to be a prescribed temperature.
  • The circulated gas is then introduced into the heating zone. While the circulation gas (a mixture of the hydrocarbon gas with the nonflammable gas) is circulating, i.e., during the course of the pyrolytic decomposition of the organic substances, the condition of the circulation gas is monitored. If any abnormality is detected, nonflammable gas is incorporated downstream of the heating zone.
  • From the aforementioned explanation, those skilled in the art ascertain the essential characteristics of the present invention and can make the various modifications and variations to the present invention to adapt it to various usages and conditions without departing from the spirit and scope of the claims.

Claims (8)

1. A pyrolytic decomposition apparatus comprising:
an inlet system for introducing an object;
a pyrolysis system having at least one heating chamber and a heating means for pyrolytically decomposing the object introduced by the inlet system;
a recovery and cooling system which recovers a part of the gas generated due to the pyrolytic decomposition as an oil component through a pipe; and
a gas temperature adjusting system, which allows heat exchange between a part of the gas from the recovery system and a part of the gas from the pyrolysis system to allow the pyrolytically decomposed gas attain a prescribed temperature before flowing into the pyrolysis system;
said apparatus having a nonflammable gas supply for supplying a nonflammable gas into the pyrolytically decomposed gas as a carrier gas circulated with the apparatus.
2. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein said nonflammable gas supply means is also connected to the pipe downstream of the pyrolytic system.
3. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein said apparatus further comprises a separator for separating the nonflammable gas from the gas from the pyrolysis system and re-using the separated nonflammable gas as the carrier gas.
4. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein said nonflammable gas comprises nitrogen.
5. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1, which is used for separating hydrocarbon originated substances from a nonflammable substance or a substance having a melting point higher than the pyrolytically decomposed temperature.
6. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1 which is used for a liquefaction/carbonization apparatus which converts solid organic substance into an oil and hydrocarbon gas.
7. The apparatus as claimed in claim 6, wherein said solid organic substance comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of waste plastics, waste tires, organic wastes and medical wastes.
8. A method for pyrolytically decomposing an organic substance in a pyrolysis apparatus, the method comprising:
incorporating an organic substance into a pyrolysis zone heated at a prescribed temperature to decompose the organic substance into hydrocarbon gas, an oil on which hydrocarbon is based, and the residual carbon; and
circulating the resulting hydrocarbon gas heated at a prescribed temperature through a heat exchanger;
said method is characterized by incorporating a nonflammable gas into a place upstream of said pyrolysis zone.
US12/185,057 2008-01-30 2008-08-01 Pyrolytic decomposition apparatus and method for pyrolytically decomposing organic substances Abandoned US20090188649A1 (en)

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