US20090096492A1 - Output Driver Equipped with a Sensing Resistor for Measuring the Current in the Output Driver - Google Patents

Output Driver Equipped with a Sensing Resistor for Measuring the Current in the Output Driver Download PDF

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US20090096492A1
US20090096492A1 US12/337,131 US33713108A US2009096492A1 US 20090096492 A1 US20090096492 A1 US 20090096492A1 US 33713108 A US33713108 A US 33713108A US 2009096492 A1 US2009096492 A1 US 2009096492A1
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transistor
control
circuit
output driver
coupled
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US12/337,131
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Hendrikus Johannes Janssen
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03K—PULSE TECHNIQUE
    • H03K19/00—Logic circuits, i.e. having at least two inputs acting on one output; Inverting circuits
    • H03K19/01—Modifications for accelerating switching
    • H03K19/017—Modifications for accelerating switching in field-effect transistor circuits
    • H03K19/01707—Modifications for accelerating switching in field-effect transistor circuits in asynchronous circuits
    • H03K19/01714—Modifications for accelerating switching in field-effect transistor circuits in asynchronous circuits by bootstrapping, i.e. by positive feed-back
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03K—PULSE TECHNIQUE
    • H03K19/00—Logic circuits, i.e. having at least two inputs acting on one output; Inverting circuits
    • H03K19/003—Modifications for increasing the reliability for protection
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03K—PULSE TECHNIQUE
    • H03K17/00—Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking
    • H03K17/06—Modifications for ensuring a fully conducting state
    • H03K17/063—Modifications for ensuring a fully conducting state in field-effect transistor switches

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an electronic circuit comprising an output driver for providing a driving signal, which output driver comprises a transistor with a first main electrode, a second main electrode and a control electrode coupled to receive a control signal, a supply terminal, an output terminal to provide the driving signal, which output terminal is coupled to the second electrode, and a sensing resistor which is coupled between the supply terminal and the first main electrode.
  • FIG. 1 shows an output driver DRV.
  • Said output driver DRV receives a supply voltage between a supply terminal V SS and a further supply terminal V DD , and provides an output voltage U 0 to an output terminal OUT.
  • the output driver DRV comprises an output transistor T and a further output transistor T F , which are controlled by, respectively, a control circuit CNTRL and a further control circuit CNTRL F .
  • the output transistor T and the further output transistor T F are arranged in series between the supply terminal V SS and the further supply terminal V DD .
  • the control circuit CNTRL supplies a binary control signal V CNTRL .
  • the further control circuit CNTRL F similarly supplies a control signal to the gate of the further transistor T F which is in phase with the control signal V CNTRL .
  • the transistors T and T F are alternately conducting or non-conducting.
  • a sensing resistor R M is arranged in series with the source of the field effect transistor T. If the field effect transistor T carries a current, a voltage is applied across the sensing resistor R M , which is a measure of the current through the field effect transistor T, which current can be calculated using Ohm's law.
  • the voltage across the resistor R M has the adverse effect, however, that it causes the gate-source voltage of the field effect transistor T to be reduced. As a result, the maximum driving power of the driver DRV is reduced. In accordance with the general state of the art, this problem is frequently solved by the circuit as shown in FIG. 2 .
  • the sensing resistor R M is arranged in series only with the supply terminal V SS , while the full control voltage V CNTRL is available between the gate and the source of the field effect transistor T.
  • the voltage across the resistor R M is negative with respect to ground, or with respect to the substrate if an integrated circuit is used. This is undesirable, in particular, when the resistor is used in an integrated circuit because signal processing of the measured voltage becomes much more complicated.
  • an object of the invention to provide an electronic circuit with a driver, which is provided with a sensing resistor for measuring the current through the driver, wherein the available control voltage of the output transistor is reduced hardly, if at all, by the voltage across the sensing resistor, and wherein signal processing of the measured voltage is possible in a simple manner.
  • the output driver further comprises means for rendering ineffective said coupling between the control electrode and the control signal during a peak voltage across the sensing resistor.
  • Most of the time substantially no current flows through the transistor. Only for a comparatively short period of time, i.e. when the driving signal changes from a high logic value to a low logic value, a current of significant value flows through the transistor, thereby causing a peak voltage across the sensing resistor.
  • the control electrode, or the gate if a field effect transistor is used is decoupled from the control circuit that controls this control electrode most of the time.
  • the ever-present intrinsic capacitance between gate and source of the transistor makes sure that the voltage difference between gate and source of the transistor remains substantially constant during this peak voltage across the sensing resistor.
  • the potential on the gate of the transistor consequently exhibits a peak that corresponds to the peak voltage across the sensing resistor.
  • said means comprises a unipolar circuit that is arranged in series with the control electrode of the transistor.
  • This unipolar circuit makes sure that the coupling between the gate of the transistor and the control circuit is automatically interrupted as soon as the potential on the gate of the transistor approximates the maximum potential that can be supplied by the control circuit as a result of the peak voltage across the sensing resistor which also affects the gate of the transistor via its gate-source capacitance.
  • the unipolar circuit comprises a diode.
  • Said diode is a very simple implementation for the unipolar circuit.
  • the output driver further comprises current means which are coupled between a further supply terminal and the control electrode of the transistor.
  • the current means can be used to compensate for the possible slow leaking away of the gate-source voltage of the transistor during the time that the gate of the transistor is decoupled from the control circuit.
  • the value of the current to be supplied by the current means is very small. Consequently, a significant increase in power dissipation of the output driver does not take place. As the value for this small current may easily be chosen to be slightly too high, the potential on the gate of the transistor can become impermissibly high. This can be precluded by providing the output driver with limiting means for limiting the potential on the control electrode of the transistor.
  • Said limiting means can be equipped, for example, with a zener diode that is coupled between the gate of the transistor and the supply terminal, or between the gate and the source of the transistor.
  • FIG. 1 shows a known electronic circuit comprising an output driver equipped with a sensing resistor for measuring the current through the output driver;
  • FIG. 2 shows an alternative, known electronic circuit comprising an output driver equipped with a sensing resistor for measuring the current through the output driver;
  • FIG. 3 shows a first embodiment of an electronic circuit comprising an output driver equipped with a sensing resistor for measuring the current through the output driver in accordance with the invention
  • FIG. 4 shows a second embodiment of an electronic circuit comprising an output driver equipped with a sensing resistor for measuring the current through the output driver in accordance with the invention
  • FIG. 5 shows a third embodiment of an electronic circuit comprising an output driver equipped with a sensing resistor for measuring the current through the output driver in accordance with the invention.
  • FIG. 3 shows a first embodiment of an electronic circuit including an output driver DRV comprising a supply terminal V SS , a further supply terminal V DD , an output field effect transistor T, a further output field effect transistor T F , a control circuit CNTRL, a further control circuit CNTRL F , a diode D, a sensing resistor R M , and an output terminal OUT for supplying a driving signal U 0 .
  • the control circuit CNTRL supplies a control signal V CNTRL which can be supplied via the diode D to the gate of the transistor T.
  • the further control circuit CNTRL F directly supplies a control signal to the further transistor T F .
  • the sensing resistor R M is coupled between the source of the transistor T and the supply terminal V SS that is also connected to ground. Like the drain of transistor T F , the drain of transistor T is coupled to the output terminal OUT. The source of the further transistor T F is connected to the further supply terminal V DD .
  • the transistors T and T F will not carry current if the driving signal U 0 has a high logic value or a low logic value for a good length of time. The transistor T only carries current in the transition phase from the high to the low logic value of the driving signal U 0 .
  • the control signal V CNTRL would diminish in the known circuit in accordance with FIG. 1 . This does not occur however in the circuit shown in FIG. 3 . This can be attributed to the fact that at that instant the diode D is turned off. At said instant, the voltage V P between the gate of the transistor T and the supply terminal V SS is decoupled from the control voltage V CNTRL . As a result, the potential on the gate will follow the potential on the source of the transistor T, so that the gate-source voltage of the transistor T remains substantially constant. This has the advantage that the maximum output current that can be drawn from the output terminal OUT in the transistor T is not limited.
  • FIG. 4 shows a second embodiment of an electronic circuit comprising an output driver DRV.
  • the control circuit CNTRL is equipped with a conventional inverter comprising an N-type field effect transistor and a P-type field effect transistor, with the diode D of FIG. 3 being arranged, in this case, in series with the drain of said P-type field effect transistor.
  • the terminal 1 receives the input signal, and terminal 2 receives a supply voltage.
  • the operation of the circuit is similar to that of the circuit shown in FIG. 3 . Most of the time, i.e. when there is no peak voltage across the sensing resistor R M , the voltage between the gate and the source is determined by V CNTRL , which is fully imposed by the control circuit CNTRL.
  • the diode D is reverse biased, as a result of which the signal between the gate and the source is not dictated by the control circuit CNTRL but by the transistor T itself.
  • the voltage V P thus corresponds to the voltage V P as indicated in FIG. 3 .
  • FIG. 5 shows a third embodiment of an electronic circuit comprising an output driver DRV.
  • the gate-source voltage of the field effect transistor T remains relatively constant as a result of the gate-source capacitance. However, the voltage decreases gradually as a result of leakage. This can be compensated for by using current means which, in FIG. 5 , are implemented using the current source J that is coupled to the gate of the field effect transistor T.
  • the current value supplied by the current source J must be very small. If the current value is too large, the potential on the gate of the field effect transistor T may become impermissibly high.
  • a zener diode may be coupled between the gate and the supply terminal V SS , or a zener diode may be coupled between the gate and the source of the field effect transistor T.
  • the latter solution is preferred as it leads to a direct limitation of the gate-source voltage.
  • the electronic circuit in accordance with the invention can be applied in an integrated circuit or implemented in a discrete manner.
  • field effect transistors are applied in all embodiments, it is alternatively possible to substitute, for example, the output transistor T with a bipolar transistor. In that case, the current value to be supplied by the current source J must be much higher in general. It is also possible to substitute all P-type transistors with N-type transistors, provided also all N-type transistors are replaced by P-type transistors, the diode's polarity is reversed, and the supply voltage polarity is reversed.

Abstract

An electronic circuit has an output driver for providing a driving signal. The output driver has a transistor with a first main terminal, a second main terminal and a control terminal coupled to receive a control signal, a power supply terminal, an output terminal for providing the driving signal that is coupled to the second main terminal, and a sensing resistor coupled between the power supply terminal and the first main terminal. The output driver further has means for temporarily disabling the coupling between the control terminal and the control signal during a peak voltage across the sensing resistor. The means may have a circuit that has a unidirectional current behavior, such as a diode, in series with the control terminal of the transistor.

Description

  • The invention relates to an electronic circuit comprising an output driver for providing a driving signal, which output driver comprises a transistor with a first main electrode, a second main electrode and a control electrode coupled to receive a control signal, a supply terminal, an output terminal to provide the driving signal, which output terminal is coupled to the second electrode, and a sensing resistor which is coupled between the supply terminal and the first main electrode.
  • Such an electronic circuit is known from the general state of the art, as shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2. FIG. 1 shows an output driver DRV. Said output driver DRV receives a supply voltage between a supply terminal VSS and a further supply terminal VDD, and provides an output voltage U0 to an output terminal OUT. The output driver DRV comprises an output transistor T and a further output transistor TF, which are controlled by, respectively, a control circuit CNTRL and a further control circuit CNTRLF. The output transistor T and the further output transistor TF are arranged in series between the supply terminal VSS and the further supply terminal VDD. The control circuit CNTRL supplies a binary control signal VCNTRL. The further control circuit CNTRLF similarly supplies a control signal to the gate of the further transistor TF which is in phase with the control signal VCNTRL. As a result, the transistors T and TF are alternately conducting or non-conducting. For certain applications it is desirable to know the current through the output driver DRV. For this purpose, in the general state of the art as shown in FIG. 1, a sensing resistor RM is arranged in series with the source of the field effect transistor T. If the field effect transistor T carries a current, a voltage is applied across the sensing resistor RM, which is a measure of the current through the field effect transistor T, which current can be calculated using Ohm's law. The voltage across the resistor RM has the adverse effect, however, that it causes the gate-source voltage of the field effect transistor T to be reduced. As a result, the maximum driving power of the driver DRV is reduced. In accordance with the general state of the art, this problem is frequently solved by the circuit as shown in FIG. 2. This means that the sensing resistor RM is arranged in series only with the supply terminal VSS, while the full control voltage VCNTRL is available between the gate and the source of the field effect transistor T. On the assumption that the further supply terminal VDD receives a positive voltage with respect to the supply terminal VSS, the voltage across the resistor RM is negative with respect to ground, or with respect to the substrate if an integrated circuit is used. This is undesirable, in particular, when the resistor is used in an integrated circuit because signal processing of the measured voltage becomes much more complicated.
  • Therefore, it is an object of the invention to provide an electronic circuit with a driver, which is provided with a sensing resistor for measuring the current through the driver, wherein the available control voltage of the output transistor is reduced hardly, if at all, by the voltage across the sensing resistor, and wherein signal processing of the measured voltage is possible in a simple manner.
  • To achieve this object, the output driver further comprises means for rendering ineffective said coupling between the control electrode and the control signal during a peak voltage across the sensing resistor. Most of the time substantially no current flows through the transistor. Only for a comparatively short period of time, i.e. when the driving signal changes from a high logic value to a low logic value, a current of significant value flows through the transistor, thereby causing a peak voltage across the sensing resistor. During this peak voltage, the control electrode, or the gate if a field effect transistor is used, is decoupled from the control circuit that controls this control electrode most of the time. The ever-present intrinsic capacitance between gate and source of the transistor makes sure that the voltage difference between gate and source of the transistor remains substantially constant during this peak voltage across the sensing resistor. The potential on the gate of the transistor consequently exhibits a peak that corresponds to the peak voltage across the sensing resistor.
  • In an embodiment of an electronic circuit comprising an output driver in accordance with the invention said means comprises a unipolar circuit that is arranged in series with the control electrode of the transistor. This unipolar circuit makes sure that the coupling between the gate of the transistor and the control circuit is automatically interrupted as soon as the potential on the gate of the transistor approximates the maximum potential that can be supplied by the control circuit as a result of the peak voltage across the sensing resistor which also affects the gate of the transistor via its gate-source capacitance.
  • In an embodiment of an electronic circuit comprising an output driver in accordance with the invention the unipolar circuit comprises a diode. Said diode is a very simple implementation for the unipolar circuit.
  • In an embodiment of an electronic circuit comprising an output driver in accordance with the invention the output driver further comprises current means which are coupled between a further supply terminal and the control electrode of the transistor. The current means can be used to compensate for the possible slow leaking away of the gate-source voltage of the transistor during the time that the gate of the transistor is decoupled from the control circuit. The value of the current to be supplied by the current means is very small. Consequently, a significant increase in power dissipation of the output driver does not take place. As the value for this small current may easily be chosen to be slightly too high, the potential on the gate of the transistor can become impermissibly high. This can be precluded by providing the output driver with limiting means for limiting the potential on the control electrode of the transistor. Said limiting means can be equipped, for example, with a zener diode that is coupled between the gate of the transistor and the supply terminal, or between the gate and the source of the transistor.
  • These and other aspects of the invention are apparent from and will be elucidated with reference to the embodiments described hereinafter.
  • In the drawings:
  • FIG. 1 shows a known electronic circuit comprising an output driver equipped with a sensing resistor for measuring the current through the output driver;
  • FIG. 2 shows an alternative, known electronic circuit comprising an output driver equipped with a sensing resistor for measuring the current through the output driver;
  • FIG. 3 shows a first embodiment of an electronic circuit comprising an output driver equipped with a sensing resistor for measuring the current through the output driver in accordance with the invention;
  • FIG. 4 shows a second embodiment of an electronic circuit comprising an output driver equipped with a sensing resistor for measuring the current through the output driver in accordance with the invention; and
  • FIG. 5 shows a third embodiment of an electronic circuit comprising an output driver equipped with a sensing resistor for measuring the current through the output driver in accordance with the invention.
    •
  • In these Figures, like reference numerals refer to like parts or elements.
  • FIG. 3 shows a first embodiment of an electronic circuit including an output driver DRV comprising a supply terminal VSS, a further supply terminal VDD, an output field effect transistor T, a further output field effect transistor TF, a control circuit CNTRL, a further control circuit CNTRLF, a diode D, a sensing resistor RM, and an output terminal OUT for supplying a driving signal U0. The control circuit CNTRL supplies a control signal VCNTRL which can be supplied via the diode D to the gate of the transistor T. The further control circuit CNTRLF directly supplies a control signal to the further transistor TF. The sensing resistor RM is coupled between the source of the transistor T and the supply terminal VSS that is also connected to ground. Like the drain of transistor TF, the drain of transistor T is coupled to the output terminal OUT. The source of the further transistor TF is connected to the further supply terminal VDD. Next, a description will be given of the operation of the circuit. On the assumption that no significant DC load is coupled to the output terminal OUT, the transistors T and TF will not carry current if the driving signal U0 has a high logic value or a low logic value for a good length of time. The transistor T only carries current in the transition phase from the high to the low logic value of the driving signal U0. As a result, the control signal VCNTRL would diminish in the known circuit in accordance with FIG. 1. This does not occur however in the circuit shown in FIG. 3. This can be attributed to the fact that at that instant the diode D is turned off. At said instant, the voltage VP between the gate of the transistor T and the supply terminal VSS is decoupled from the control voltage VCNTRL. As a result, the potential on the gate will follow the potential on the source of the transistor T, so that the gate-source voltage of the transistor T remains substantially constant. This has the advantage that the maximum output current that can be drawn from the output terminal OUT in the transistor T is not limited.
  • FIG. 4 shows a second embodiment of an electronic circuit comprising an output driver DRV. The control circuit CNTRL is equipped with a conventional inverter comprising an N-type field effect transistor and a P-type field effect transistor, with the diode D of FIG. 3 being arranged, in this case, in series with the drain of said P-type field effect transistor. The terminal 1 receives the input signal, and terminal 2 receives a supply voltage. The operation of the circuit is similar to that of the circuit shown in FIG. 3. Most of the time, i.e. when there is no peak voltage across the sensing resistor RM, the voltage between the gate and the source is determined by VCNTRL, which is fully imposed by the control circuit CNTRL. During a peak voltage across the sensing resistor RM, the diode D is reverse biased, as a result of which the signal between the gate and the source is not dictated by the control circuit CNTRL but by the transistor T itself. In this period, the voltage VP thus corresponds to the voltage VP as indicated in FIG. 3.
  • FIG. 5 shows a third embodiment of an electronic circuit comprising an output driver DRV. During the peak voltage across the sensing resistor RM, the gate-source voltage of the field effect transistor T remains relatively constant as a result of the gate-source capacitance. However, the voltage decreases gradually as a result of leakage. This can be compensated for by using current means which, in FIG. 5, are implemented using the current source J that is coupled to the gate of the field effect transistor T. The current value supplied by the current source J must be very small. If the current value is too large, the potential on the gate of the field effect transistor T may become impermissibly high. To preclude this, a zener diode may be coupled between the gate and the supply terminal VSS, or a zener diode may be coupled between the gate and the source of the field effect transistor T. The latter solution is preferred as it leads to a direct limitation of the gate-source voltage.
  • The electronic circuit in accordance with the invention can be applied in an integrated circuit or implemented in a discrete manner. Although field effect transistors are applied in all embodiments, it is alternatively possible to substitute, for example, the output transistor T with a bipolar transistor. In that case, the current value to be supplied by the current source J must be much higher in general. It is also possible to substitute all P-type transistors with N-type transistors, provided also all N-type transistors are replaced by P-type transistors, the diode's polarity is reversed, and the supply voltage polarity is reversed.

Claims (18)

1. An electronic circuit comprising an output driver for providing a driving signal, the output driver including:
at least two transistors, each transistor having a first main electrode, a second main electrode and a control electrode, the second main electrode of each of the at least two transistors being coupled together, and the control electrode of one of the transistors being coupled to receive a control signal;
a supply terminal;
an output terminal to provide the driving signal, the output terminal coupled to the second main electrode;
a sensing resistor coupled between the supply terminal and the first main electrode of the one transistor; and
means for rendering ineffective said coupling between the control electrode and the control signal during a peak voltage across the sensing resistor, said means being a unipolar circuit arranged in series with the control electrode of the one transistor.
2. The electronic circuit of claim 1, wherein the unipolar circuit comprises a diode.
3. The electronic circuit of claim 1, wherein the output driver further includes current means coupled between a further supply terminal and the control electrode of the one transistor.
4. An electronic circuit as claimed in claim 1, wherein the output driver further includes limiting means for limiting the voltage on the control electrode of the one transistor.
5. The electronic circuit of claim 1, wherein the output driver further includes limiting means for limiting the voltage between the control electrode and the first main electrode of the one transistor.
6. The electronic circuit of claim 4, wherein the limiting means comprise a zener diode.
7. The electronic circuit of claim 1, wherein the control signal is a binary signal.
8. The electronic circuit of claim 7, wherein the output driver further includes a control circuit to supply the control signal, the control circuit including an inverter having an N-type field effect transistor and a P-type field effect transistor, the unipolar circuit being arranged in series with a drain of the P-type field effect transistor.
9. The electronic circuit of claim 8, wherein the output driver further includes a further control circuit to supply a further control signal to the control electrode of the other one of the transistors.
10. The electronic circuit of claim 1, wherein the output driver further includes a control circuit to supply a further control signal to the control electrode of the other one of the transistors.
11. An electronic circuit comprising an output driver for providing a driving signal, the output driver including:
a supply terminal;
a control circuit coupled to the supply terminal and configured and arranged to apply a voltage to a transistor control electrode;
at least two transistors, each transistor having a first main electrode, a second main electrode and a control electrode, the second main electrode of each of the transistors being coupled together, the control electrode of one of the transistors being coupled to receive a control signal from the control circuit, and the first main electrode of said one transistor being coupled to the supply terminal;
a sensing resistor coupled between the supply terminal and the first main electrode of said one transistor; and
an output terminal to provide the driving signal, the output terminal coupled to the second main electrode;
a unipolar circuit between the control circuit and the control electrode of said one transistor to decouple the control electrode from the control circuit during a peak voltage condition across the sensing resistor, wherein the supply terminal is coupled to the control circuit during the peak voltage condition.
12. The electronic circuit of claim 11, wherein the control signal is a binary signal.
13. The electronic circuit of claim 12, wherein the control circuit includes an inverter having an N-type field effect transistor and a P-type field effect transistor, the unipolar circuit arranged in series with a drain of the P-type field effect transistor.
14. The electronic circuit of claim 13, wherein the output driver further includes a further control circuit coupled to the control electrode of the other one of the transistors and configured to supply a further control signal to the control electrode of the other transistor.
15. The electronic circuit of claim 11, wherein the unipolar circuit is a diode.
16. The electronic circuit of claim 11, wherein the output driver further includes a further supply terminal and a current source coupled between the control electrode of said one transistor and the further supply terminal, wherein the current source supplies a current to the control electrode of said one transistor.
17. The electronic circuit of claim 11, wherein the output driver further includes a zener diode coupled between the control electrode of said one transistor and the supply terminal, wherein the zener diode limits a voltage between the control electrode of said one transistor and the first main electrode of said one transistor.
18. The electronic circuit of claim 11, wherein the output driver further includes a further control circuit coupled to the control electrode of the other one of the transistors and configured to supply a further control signal to the control electrode of the other transistor.
US12/337,131 2001-07-25 2008-12-17 Output Driver Equipped with a Sensing Resistor for Measuring the Current in the Output Driver Abandoned US20090096492A1 (en)

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US10/484,354 US7492211B2 (en) 2001-07-25 2002-07-22 Output driver equipped with a sensing resistor for measuring the current in the output driver
PCT/IB2002/003159 WO2003010891A2 (en) 2001-07-25 2002-07-22 Output driver equipped with a sensing resistor for measuring the current in the output driver
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JP4204465B2 (en) 2009-01-07
WO2003010891A3 (en) 2003-10-16
KR20040019347A (en) 2004-03-05
WO2003010891A2 (en) 2003-02-06
JP2004537213A (en) 2004-12-09
US20050174151A1 (en) 2005-08-11
EP1415398A2 (en) 2004-05-06
US7492211B2 (en) 2009-02-17

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